西摩島Seymour Island is an island in the chain of 16 major islands around the tip of the Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. Graham Land is the closest part of Antarctica to South America.[2] It lies within the section of the island chain that resides off the west side of the peninsula's northernmost tip. Within that section, it is separated from Snow Hill Island by Picnic Passage, and sits just east of the larger key, James Ross Island, and its smaller, neighboring island, Vega Island. Seymour Island is sometimes called Marambio Island or Seymour-Marambio Island, taking its resident Argentine base as its namesake. A wooden plaque and rock cairn stand at Penguins Bay, on the southern coast of Seymour Island. The plaque was placed on 10 November 1903 by the crew of the Argentinian Corvette Uruguay on a mission to rescue the members of the Swedish expedition led by Otto Nordenskiöld.島上無人居住，英國、阿根廷和智利在南極條約體系下擱置對該群島的領土主權要求。
- 一隊來自美國及英國的專家團隊近日在南極考察時，意外發現一座全新的小島，拓闊了人類的足迹。團隊相信，通過研究該座面積如英國溫莎堡大的小島，將有助探索南極地區地質學的歷史。一行人於是登上小島，將小島命名為希芙（Sif）。希芙是北歐神話中的女神，亦是雷神索爾（Thor）的妻子。希芙島的面積約為五萬九千平方米，它由花崗岩組成，以往被冰架覆蓋，有小量海豹在此棲息。有專家估計，希芙島約於二○一○年方開始從冰雪中露出；在冰層漸融下，希芙島的岩石陸地才因而被發現。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200303/00180_038.html
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and currently has 54 parties.[2] The treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. Since September 2004, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters has been located in Buenos Aires, Argentina.The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.[4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58. The twelve countries that had significant interests in Antarctica at the time were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[1] These countries had established over 55 Antarctic stations for the IGY. The treaty was a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific co-operation that had been achieved "on the ice".
- china
- [国家成长的足印 published by hk federation of education workers] when china was acceded to the treaty in 1983, it was not allowed to vote and was asked to leave the meeting because china 在南极没有设站
- The Antarctic Treaty System's yearly Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) are the international forum for the administration and management of the region. Only 29 of the 54 parties to the agreements have the right to participate in decision-making at these meetings, though the other 25 are still allowed to attend. The decision-making participants are the Consultative Parties and, in addition to the 12 original signatories, include 17 countries that have demonstrated their interest in Antarctica by carrying out substantial scientific activity there.
- china
competing interests
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-05/24/content_29470004.htmChina called for better understanding, protection and development of Antarctica as it hosted the start of the 40th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting on Tuesday.
- "who owns antarctica" ft 25may18
fisheries
- 南極海洋生物資源養護委員會多年來爭取在南極建立大型海洋保育區，應對氣候變化及保護海洋生態系統，禁止漁民在約三百萬平方公里的地方捕魚。中國和俄羅斯上周在澳洲舉行的會議上第八度反對有關建議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191104/00178_012.html
seed bank
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170225/00180_038.html位於北極圈內的斯瓦爾巴全球種子庫，最近收到來自全球各地約五萬粒種子樣本，目前累積的種子數量已接近一百萬粒，其主要作用是要確保一旦出現各種天災人禍，都可以繼續維持全球糧食供應穩定。
preservation
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/02/plan-create-worlds-biggest-nature-reserve-antarctic-rejected A plan to turn a huge tract of pristine Antarctic ocean into the world’s biggest sanctuary has been rejected, throwing the future of one of the Earth’s most important ecosystems into doubt. Environmental groups said Russia, China and Norway had played a part in blocking the proposal, with the other 22 members of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, the organisation set up to protect Antarctic waters, backing the proposal.
history
- maps
- map for antarctic expedition in 1936-7 re south pole and surrounding waters
russian orthodox church
- [tr berg] domination of norwegian names
- In February 2016, he visited the Russian Orthodox Holy Trinity Church in Antarctica, where he prayed and went up to the bell tower. https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331655-hollywood-stars-orthodox
usa
- 美國太空總署（NASA）日前宣布，下月在南極測試一輛水下探測車，因為該地區冰封海域環境與木衞二環境相似，有助日後將探測車送到該衞星，探索是否有生命的迹象。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191126/00180_039.html
brazil
- 巴西政府代表團 15日在南極喬治 王島，為重建後的費拉茲司令南極科學 考察站（簡稱費拉茲站）舉行落成典 禮，巴西副總統莫朗與多名部長，以及 承建方中國電子進出口有限公司總裁曲 惠民等中方代表出席典禮。巴西自加入《南極條約》成為正式會 員國以來，參與南極科研已近40年。 費拉茲站工程總面積達4,900平方米， 設置東區、西區、技術區、臭氧和環境 監測站、天線、風力發電機等約 20項施 工項目，全站最多可容納64人，造價達1 億美元（約合港幣7.8億元）。 巴西費拉茲站於1984年投入運作，但在 2012年發生大火，被嚴重燒毀。巴西於 2015年為重建進行國際招標，由中方承建 商投得，工程遂於 2016年底展開，預計 今年3月完成設備測試並正式交付。巴方 代表前日向中國電子進出口有限公司頒發 臨時竣工證書，並對該公司致以感謝。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/17/a11-0117.pdf
argentina
- https://www.ft.com/content/a54dcf58-dbdf-11e6-9d7c-be108f1c1dce “As Antarctica becomes more relevant for the world, we have to strengthen our presence to protect our interests,” she told accompanying journalists. “What happens to Antarctica happens to Argentina.” Argentina first established a permanently inhabited base in Antarctica in 1904, almost a decade before Captain Robert Scott’s fateful South Pole expedition. Its main foothold today is the Carlini research station, which undertakes scientific work including the effects of climate change on the region.
uk
- https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-antarctic-territory
The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a UK Overseas Territory and is administered in London by staff in the Polar Regions Department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The government of the Territory has its own legislative framework and makes a range of legal and administrative appointments. The BAT government also has an advisory body on Place-Names and operates four Post Offices. The BAT has no indigenous population and presence in the Territory is provided by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), who operate 3 scientific stations and the United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust (UKAHT), who manage the historical base at Port Lockroy.
- The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60°S latitude and between longitudes 20°W and 80°W, forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory). The Territory was formed on 3 March 1962, although the UK's claim to this portion of the Antarctic dates back to Letters patent of 1908 and 1917. The area now covered by the Territory includes three regions which, before 1962, were administered by the British as separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands: Graham Land, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands. Since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961, Article 4 of which states "No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty shall be asserted while the present Treaty is in force." Most countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica.[3] The United Kingdom has ratified the treaty. In 2012, the southern part of the territory was named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of Queen Elizabeth II. The territory is inhabited by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations, and stations of Argentina, Chile and other countries.There are no native inhabitants.The United Kingdom has had a continuous presence in the far South Atlantic since 1833 when it reasserted sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. In 1908, the UK extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over "South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, the Sandwich Islands, and Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude".[3] All these territories were administered as Falkland Islands Dependencies from Stanley by the Governor of the Falkland Islands.In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole(thus encompassing all of the present-day British Antarctic Territory). In 1943, at the height of World War II, the UK undertook a military operation known as Operation Tabarin to provide reconnaissance and meteorological information in the South Atlantic Ocean. This "secret" wartime project became the civilian Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and later the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). BAS is responsible for most of the United Kingdom's scientific research in Antarctica. In the 1950s, the Antarctic Treaty was negotiated to demilitarise the region and retain Antarctica – defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude – for peaceful research purposes. The treaty was passed in 1961.
- The territory is fully a part of the British Overseas Territories for nationality purposes. It is possible to hold British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC) by virtue of a connection with the territory. Additionally, since the relevant provisions of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 came into force on 21 May 2002, a BOTC connected with the territory would also hold British citizenship.Although this territory's immigration laws would not allow for naturalisation, a person born in the territory before 1983 would hold BOTC (and British citizenship) on that basis. British citizenship and BOTC would also extend to the first generation born overseas. No people currently fall into this category. While Emilio Palma was born in the Antarctic territories claimed by the UK, he has not claimed British citizenship. Since his parents were both Argentine citizens and he was born at an Argentine base, he was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the Argentine government. Changes to British nationality law from 1 January 1983 mean that children born in the territory can only gain BOTC and/or British citizenship if his/her father or mother holds BOTC and/or British citizenship or if his/her father or mother is "ordinarily resident" in the territory in compliance with the relevant immigration legislation.[12] This effectively prevents any more children born in Argentine or Chilean bases within the area of the British claim being able to claim BOTC or British citizenship by virtue of being born within the territory.
uae
- 澳洲南極署及一間阿聯酋的能源公司，於南極凱西考察站興建的新太陽能發電廠周二開幕。一隻好奇的企鵝趁工作人員拍攝宣傳片時，擅自走入廠內考察設施，似是代表動物界來監察工程的質素。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190322/00180_034.html
australia
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-02/21/content_28291905.htm The Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) is investigating to build a year-round runway in Antarctica. Currently the AAD's access to Australian research sites on the remote continent by plane is restricted to a single ice-runway that is only operational during certain months of the year. However, if a year-round runway is built at one of the sites currently being investigated, the AAD's capacity to explore Antarctica will increase significantly.
new zealand
- 新西蘭南極研究所原計劃在今年10月到 明年3月期間，進行36項研究，預算為2000 萬紐幣。該機構9日發表聲明稱，其中23個 項目都將暫停，僅保留斯科特基地周圍的長 期科學監測、必要的經營活動以及計劃好的 維護工作。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200610/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
japan
- Showa Station (Japanese: 昭和基地, Hepburn: Shōwa Kichi), sometimes alternately spelled Syowa Station, is a Japanese permanent research station on East Ongul Island in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Built in 1957, Showa Station is named for the era in the Japanese calendar during which it was established, the Shōwa period.
china
- china daily 31oct19 in 1986 transport vessel jidi set off from qingdao marking china's third antarctic expedition
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-12/14/content_27663727.htm Chinese astronomers are applying for government funding to begin construction of a radio telescope in Antarctica that could help solve the mysteries behind stars and galaxies. The proposed facility, to be built on a giant ice cap known as Dome A, has been designed to observe terahertz, a band of electromagnetic waves normally too weak for ground-based stations to receive.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2095273/china-plans-new-science-station-antarctica China has pledged to further expand its presence in Antarctica, including building its fifth research station on the largely uninhabited continent. Since 1985, China has built four stations in Antarctica, two in the past decade, with the Kunlun station occupying the highest spot on the continent, Dome A. The location of the fifth station had been chosen and a second ice-breaking vessel had been under construction since last October, said Lin Shanqing, deputy director of the SOA. The US has five research stations in Antarctica and Russia has eight.
- 中国企业首次为其他国家打造的南极科考站——巴西费拉兹司令南极科学考察站（简称费拉兹站）预计将于明年3月在南极乔治王岛落成。在气候环境“极端”的南极，中国企业靠多项“极限建造”技术让科考站屹立在南极风雪中。费拉兹站採用的是全装配式建站模式，即内部是预製的集装箱功能模块，外层是现场安装的保温板，全部模块运至南极进行组装。採取全装配式施工，就如同搭乐高积木。中国企业在国内製造好全部集装箱模块、钢结构和保温层，施工现场所有的土建、设备安装和精装修仅靠组装完成。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170905/PDF/b11_screen.pdf
- usa
history
- in maps
- The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later. The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
japan
- Showa Station (Japanese: 昭和基地, Hepburn: Shōwa Kichi), sometimes alternately spelled Syowa Station, is a Japanese permanent research station on East Ongul Island in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Built in 1957, Showa Station is named for the era in the Japanese calendar during which it was established, the Shōwa period.
1951年（昭和26年）に国際地球観測年が提唱されると、日本はこれに参加を希望した。当初、赤道観測を行う予定であったが、予定地の領有権を持つアメリカの許可が出ず、1955年2月、南極観測に切り替え、12か国による共同南極観測に参加した。本来は2次で終了する予定であった。準備期間が短く、観測船「宗谷」も旧船を急ぎ改造したものであった。観測隊出発まで基地の場所は決まらず、決定は隊長に一任されていた。1956年に出発した南極観測船「宗谷」で、永田武隊長率いる第1次南極観測隊53名が東オングル島に到着。1957年1月29日に永田らが上陸、昭和基地と命名する。1月31日の正式決定のあと2月1日から建設が始まる。2月8日、永田はここで一夜を明かした。永田らは2月15日に離岸する。このとき完成していた棟は4つで、うち1つは発電棟だった。隊員のうち西堀栄三郎副隊長兼越冬隊長以下11名が越冬した。1次隊は観測器具が凍りつくなどの極度の困難が続いた。このときに輸送などで活躍したのが、樺太犬による犬ぞりであった。一方、2月15日に離岸した「宗谷」は分厚い氷に完全に閉じ込められ、28日に当時の最新鋭艦だった旧ソ連の「オビ」号に救出された。
china
- china daily 31oct19 in 1986 transport vessel jidi set off from qingdao marking china's third antarctic expedition
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-12/14/content_27663727.htm Chinese astronomers are applying for government funding to begin construction of a radio telescope in Antarctica that could help solve the mysteries behind stars and galaxies. The proposed facility, to be built on a giant ice cap known as Dome A, has been designed to observe terahertz, a band of electromagnetic waves normally too weak for ground-based stations to receive.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2095273/china-plans-new-science-station-antarctica China has pledged to further expand its presence in Antarctica, including building its fifth research station on the largely uninhabited continent. Since 1985, China has built four stations in Antarctica, two in the past decade, with the Kunlun station occupying the highest spot on the continent, Dome A. The location of the fifth station had been chosen and a second ice-breaking vessel had been under construction since last October, said Lin Shanqing, deputy director of the SOA. The US has five research stations in Antarctica and Russia has eight.
- 中国企业首次为其他国家打造的南极科考站——巴西费拉兹司令南极科学考察站（简称费拉兹站）预计将于明年3月在南极乔治王岛落成。在气候环境“极端”的南极，中国企业靠多项“极限建造”技术让科考站屹立在南极风雪中。费拉兹站採用的是全装配式建站模式，即内部是预製的集装箱功能模块，外层是现场安装的保温板，全部模块运至南极进行组装。採取全装配式施工，就如同搭乐高积木。中国企业在国内製造好全部集装箱模块、钢结构和保温层，施工现场所有的土建、设备安装和精装修仅靠组装完成。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170905/PDF/b11_screen.pdf
- 中國第34次南極科學考察隊將於明日（8日）前往南極執行科學考察任務。此次，科考隊將首次通過航空和航海兩種方式進入南極，並啟動新建中國第五個南極考察站建設的前期工作，根據計劃，該考察站將於2022年正式建成並投入使用。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/11/07/a17-1107.pdf
- 中国第34次南极科考队建设新科考站的前期准备工作已全面展开，在南极罗斯海海域恩克斯堡岛上，目前科考队的住宿舱已通电，海水淡化设备也已能基本满足生活用水需要。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180128/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- 11日，中国国家海洋局第一海洋研究所公布，隶属于这个研究所的“向阳红01”船首次在南极半岛东侧鲍威尔海成功布放了两套深水潜标，长期监测这个海域的海洋“律动”与“脉搏”，就像给这片海域做“动态心电图”。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180212/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- 中國首次南極阿蒙森海綜合調查，首次在南極發現了海底熱液與冷泉並存的現象等，取得多項突破性考察成果。包括在南極半島海域和戴維斯海首次檢測出微塑料，獲取了普里茲灣冰間湖和埃默里冰架前緣海域為期一年的長期連續觀測數據。
http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/04/22/a13-0422.pdf
- 北極問題專家李乃勝接受大公報訪問時一針見血指出， 北極航道通航首要的問題就是國際秩序的建立，目前情況 下，中俄應強強聯手，優勢互補，開展海冰和氣象等領域科 學調查，確立科學保障運輸體系，從而打破北極航道沿線港口 「各自為政」 的局面。他建議，現在就要從港口信息技術、基礎設 施建設及技術指標等方面建立智慧港口的互聯體系，為日後大規模 船舶運輸做好準備。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180621/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- 中國第三十五次南極考察隊將於下月二日乘搭雪龍號前往南極，官方指本次任務是要在南極冰蓋上開始興建中國第一個永久機場。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181029/00178_022.html
- 11日，中国国家海洋局第一海洋研究所公布，隶属于这个研究所的“向阳红01”船首次在南极半岛东侧鲍威尔海成功布放了两套深水潜标，长期监测这个海域的海洋“律动”与“脉搏”，就像给这片海域做“动态心电图”。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180212/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- 中國首次南極阿蒙森海綜合調查，首次在南極發現了海底熱液與冷泉並存的現象等，取得多項突破性考察成果。包括在南極半島海域和戴維斯海首次檢測出微塑料，獲取了普里茲灣冰間湖和埃默里冰架前緣海域為期一年的長期連續觀測數據。
http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/04/22/a13-0422.pdf
- 北極問題專家李乃勝接受大公報訪問時一針見血指出， 北極航道通航首要的問題就是國際秩序的建立，目前情況 下，中俄應強強聯手，優勢互補，開展海冰和氣象等領域科 學調查，確立科學保障運輸體系，從而打破北極航道沿線港口 「各自為政」 的局面。他建議，現在就要從港口信息技術、基礎設 施建設及技術指標等方面建立智慧港口的互聯體系，為日後大規模 船舶運輸做好準備。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180621/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- 中國第三十五次南極考察隊將於下月二日乘搭雪龍號前往南極，官方指本次任務是要在南極冰蓋上開始興建中國第一個永久機場。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181029/00178_022.html
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181218/PDF/a20_screen.pdf 中國第35次南極科學考察隊近日在南極冰蓋考察時，發現一處適合建設大型機場的成片藍冰區。科考隊對此將展開進一步勘探考察。這片藍冰區位於中國南極內陸考察出發基地西南方向直線距離約10公里處。據第35次南極科考隊領隊孫波介紹，藍冰機場可直接滿足各類大型飛機的起降要求，且飛機原有的起落裝置並不需要改造。目前，各國在南極共建有8個藍冰機場。
- 中國第35次南極科學考察隊隊員搭乘「雪龍」號極地考察船靠泊上海中國極地考察國內基地碼頭。本次科考期間，考察隊克服南極嚴酷自然環境帶來的各種困難，在距離中山站12千米的地方開啟鑽探科考。1月23日開鑽、5天後突破淺冰層、2月10日鑽探取得突破，鑽到191米時進入冰岩夾層，成功鑽取了南極冰下基岩http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190702/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- usa
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/06/WS5d725e36a310cf3e3556a33b_2.html First Chinese-made polar cruise ship handed to US company 據了解，此次交付的「1號郵輪」是招商工業與美國SunStone公司簽訂建造7+3艘極地探險郵輪合同的首製船，去年3月16日在招商工業海門基地開工建造。一年半建造周期內，技術團隊攻克了薄板焊接變形、安全返港等一百多項技術難題，順利下水、試航，比合同工期提前兩個月交付。招商工業總經理胡賢甫表示，「1號郵輪」雖不大，但建造難度極高。該郵輪具有系統複雜、符合極地航行高要求等特點，與經濟型大型郵輪不同，作為服務特定市場、高端乘客的小型極地郵輪，其單位空間結構及系統更複雜，對設計與施工的要求也更高。儀式上，船東方SunStone公司將該郵輪正式命名為「GREG MORTIMER」。據悉，SunStone公司已將該郵輪承租給澳洲極地探險公司Aurora Expeditions，入籍巴哈馬，郵輪交付後將開啟為期12天的南極首航之旅。「我對這艘船的質量非常滿意，它將不僅代表SunStone，也將成為招商工業的新名片。」SunStone公司CEO Niels Erik Lund表示，除此次交付的第一艘郵輪外，10艘極地探險郵輪合同中的其他郵輪也將陸續建成，他期待未來雙方能有更多合作。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190907/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
history
- in maps
- https://www.quora.com/If-Antarctica-was-not-discovered-until-the-year-1818-then-why-does-it-seem-to-appear-on-many-older-maps-dated-medieval-and-before
- The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later. The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
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