- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/English/Pages/Introduction.aspx
- The Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/English/Pages/Introduction.aspx
- a unit from the Federal Executive Branch of the Government of Mexico, which has among its objectives promoting the execution of a policy of support, which allows producers to improve their production practices, utilizing in a more efficient manner the competitive advantages from our agricultural, livestock and fisheries sectors, and integrating the economic activities from rural areas into larger productive chains, encouraging the participation of organizations of producers with economic projects on their own, as well as with the proposal of goals and objectives for the agricultural sector within the National Development Plan.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-security-guard/mexican-national-guard-expands-into-capital-to-address-crime-surge-idUSKCN1TS2OB Mexico’s new militarized National Guard police force will expand to the capital Mexico City in an effort to tackle a deteriorating security situation, President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said on Thursday. “We need a stronger presence of security forces and more protection for residents of the capital,” Lopez Obrador said in his daily news conference. He pointed to a crime surge in Mexico City, where homicides, kidnapping and extortion have increased as drug cartels fight for control of areas of the city, one of the world’s largest.
- Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said on Monday he would like to disband the army and put national security in the hands of the new National Guard militarised police force, though he recognised the proposal was unlikely to happen.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/mexico-army-disband-pacifist-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-national-guard-police-a8983811.html
Acapulco de Juárez
- The name "Acapulco" comes from Nahuatl language Aca-pōl-co, and means "where the reeds were destroyed or washed away". The "de Juárez" was added to the official name in 1885 to honor Benito Juárez, former President of Mexico (1806–1872). The seal for the city shows broken reeds or cane. The island and municipality of Capul, in the Philippines, derives its name from Acapulco; Capul was the western end of the trans-Pacific sailing route from Acapulco to what was then a Spanish colony.
- note the acapulco fairs (goods from manila galleon trade route were traded)
acayucan
- [manuscript hunter] the court of former royal family of the region, which has become the capital of the district of the same name since the spanish city of espirito-santo was abandoned
- main trading center for coatzacoalcows valley and its surrounding region. If it weren't for wars tgat have ravaged mexico, the town could prosper and flourish
阿尔班山遗址是距离瓦哈卡市10公里的一处考古遗址。自前古典中期的圣何塞莫戈特衰落（公元前1500年至前700年）以来到9世纪日落之城崛起，这很长一段时间内阿尔班山都是瓦哈卡中部峡谷的主导性强权的所在地。该城最早的名字是前古典晚期的萨波特克人起的，常常是今人研究的内容。根据一些文献，它最初被称为Dani Baá。不过更常为人所知的名字则是Yucucúi（米斯特克语：Yúcu-cúi，“绿色的山”）。Monte Albán was important for nearly one thousand years as the pre-eminent Zapotec socio-political and economic center. Founded toward the end of the Middle Formative period at around 500 BC, by the Terminal Formative (ca.100 BC-AD 200) Monte Albán had become the capital of a large-scale expansionist polity that dominated much of the Oaxacan highlands and interacted with other Mesoamerican regional states, such as Teotihuacan to the north (Paddock 1983; Marcus 1983). The city lost its political pre-eminence by the end of the Late Classic (ca. AD 500-750), and soon thereafter was largely abandoned. Small-scale reoccupation, opportunistic reuse of earlier structures and tombs, and ritual visitations marked the archaeological history of the site into the Colonial period.The etymology of the site's present-day name is unclear. Tentative suggestions regarding its origin range from a presumed corruption of a native Zapotec name to a colonial-era reference to a Spanish soldier by the name Montalbán or to the Alban Hills of Italy. The ancient Zapotec name of the city is not known, as abandonment occurred centuries before the writing of the earliest available ethnohistorical sources.
- [the cambridge encyclopedia 4th ed 2000] Its artificially-levelled hilltop plaza contains platform pyramids and a ballcourt, while the slopes below are terraced to form c2000 house and farm plots
Baja California Sur
- Magdalena Bay (Spanish: Bahía Magdalena) is a 50 km long bay in Comondú Municipality along the western coast of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur.
- an american company secured from mexico rights over a tract of land surrounding magdalena bay, the venture was unsuccessful and the mortgagee foreclosed and was in negotiation for sale to some japanese private purchasers. Before before concluding the bargain us state department was consulted and unfavourable view was given, and the matter brought before senate in 1912.
- [manuscript hunter] a small mixe town, recent newcomers mainly from us
坎佩切 Campeche (Spanish pronunciation: [kamˈpe.tʃe]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Campeche), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.The name of Campeche is derived from the Maya name of a settlement called “Ah-Kin-Pech” where the city of Campeche is now. When the Spanish first arrived to the area in 1517, they called it Lazaro, since "the day of our landing was St. Lazarus' Sunday".[15]:20 The native name means “place of snakes and ticks.”The first people to dominate the state were the Maya, who arrived to Campeche from Guatemala, Honduras and Chiapas. The main Mayan cities were Edzna, Xtampak, and later Calakmul and Becán. The Maya civilization reached its height between 600 AD and 900 AD. From 1000 AD on, the Maya cities collapsed and were abandoned for unknown reasons. This led to the establishment of smaller settlements and a mixing of the Maya and Chontal people in the south of the state, which had commercial ties to the central highland cultures of Mexico. From the 11th century to the 16th century, Campeche was divided into smaller dominions.
- city wall was constructed between 1686 and 1704 in reaction to pirate attacks
chalchiuheuecan
- [manuscript hunter] a mexican city near veracruz but no longer exists today
契瓦瓦州（西班牙語：Chihuahua）officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua (English: Free and Sovereign State of Chihuahua)州名源於州的首府。「契瓦瓦」這個名字的來源不詳，但在西班牙人來到前已經存在，可能出自納瓦特爾語的Xicuahua，意思是「乾燥、多沙的」。
chinameca
- [manuscript hunter] inhabited by aztec indians
chivela
- manuscript hunter - before arrival of louisiana tehuantepec company, chivela was nothing more than a hacienda owned by don estavan maqueo, a milanese merchant who has been living in the state of oaxaca for the last thirty years, having found both his fortune and a wife there
Coatzacoalcos (Spanish pronunciation: [ko.at.sa.ko.ˈal.kos]) is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz, on the Coatzacoalcos River. Coatzacoalcos comes from an indigenous word meaning "Site of the Snake" or "Where the snake hides". According to the legend, this is the place where the god Quetzalcoatl made his final journey to the sea around the year 999 and where he made his promise to return.
- [manuscript hunter] guazacoalcos is the american corruption. Many disputes have arisen with regard to the orthography of this name (written in six different ways in offical dispatches of hernan cortes to emperor charles V)
- pechugui was the zaptoec name of the city that the spanish-basing themselves on its mexican name. In ancient times it was the commercial hub of the isthmus in the north, just like tehuantepec was in the south
- laisne de la ville l'eveque, alog with other frenchmen, had obtained a land grant on the shores in an attempt to found a colony in 1830 but failed
- upper-coatzacoalcos is sometimes called rio del corte, del paso, or suchil
coahuila
- 托雷翁Torreón (Spanish pronunciation: [toreˈon] ) is a city and seat of Torreón Municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. City is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila, as well as one of Mexico's most important economic and industrial centers. The cities of Torreón; Gómez Palacio, Durango; Lerdo, Durango; Matamoros; Francisco I. Madero; San Pedro; Bermejillo, Durango; and Tlahualilo, Durango form the area of La Laguna or the Comarca Lagunera, a basin within the Chihuahuan Desert.The area was originally a center for ranching. With irrigation, the city became an important center for farming and the processing of cotton. In the middle of the 20th century, it became an industrial city. The cities (i.e. the metropolitan area) have industries in textiles, clothing and metals processing. Some important industries and companies have business here, like Peñoles, Motores John Deere, Grupo Lala, Yura Corporation, as well as stores like Soriana, Cimaco, and Extra. There are also several shopping malls in the city, including Galerias Laguna, Almanara, Plaza Cuatro Caminos, and InterMall.Torreón is served by Francisco Sarabia International Airport, an airport with flights to several cities in Mexico and the United States.
- The first Spanish mission arrived in 1566, led by Fr. Pedro Espinareda. However, the city developed only in the independent Mexican era, around a Torreón ("Big Tower") built to monitor Río Nazas's floods, in conjunction with the creation of a railroad connecting to the US border city of El Paso, which gave an economic boom to the city and therefore a population boom as well. The population grew from 200 in 1892 to 34,000 in 1910. Torreón received city status in 1907.During the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), the city was taken more than once; the most prominent character ever to take the city was the revolutionary general Pancho Villa.
- chinese
{suspicious} It was also the location of the 1911 Torreón massacre, where 303 Chinese immigrants were killed by the revolutionaries over a ten-hour period. During the revolution, Torreón was also the site of an important convention that led to a deal between the rebellious armies. The city is 56 km (35 mi) southwest of historic San Pedro de las Colonias, where some of the Mexican Revolution battles occurred.
- 19世紀不少華人及華工移居至墨西哥參與鐵路建設，不少墨西哥人怨恨華人壟斷商貿、提供大量廉價勞動力。1911年5月，反對墨西哥獨裁者迪亞斯的革命軍，攻陷華人聚居的托雷翁市，在市內洗劫及屠殺，直至革命軍領袖馬德羅趕到並制止。馬德羅上台後，曾與滿清政府交涉，同意賠償，但他於1913年遇刺身亡，事件亦不了了之。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210519/00180_005.html
- carlos gerardo garciz vega, strategic projects coordinator visited cgcc in oct 2017
Coatzacoalcos valley
- [manuscript hunter] fertile soil, extraordinary climate and geographical location - the land yields 100 times what the hand of man sows, and for the same amount of work it produces at least six times as much as united states does. The land yields a wide variety of valuable timber as wel1 as india rubber, vanilla, sarsaparilla, indigo, dragon's blood, cacao, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, corn, honey, pita, etc. In order to prepare their milpas, or fields, the natives merely burn the forest down to midtrunk.
- ixtle (similar to agave) grew wild on the isthmus. Indians use it to make thread, ropes, mats, bags, and clothes as well as the hammocks, and paper. The juices that are extracted from the plants are used to make caustic to heal wounds. In the morning they gather the dew that collects in the hollow of the plant's large leaves in order to wash with this liquid, which preserves them from skin disease, protects their complexion, and prevents premature wrinkles. Their thorns are used to make pins and needles. Moreover, in several regions they extract a delicious distilled beverage from the plant's roots, which in guatemala is known as comiteco.
- abasol-titlan was formerly the center of french concession
- El Cedral es una pequeña comunidad en la Isla de Cozumel, en el estado Mexicano de Quintana Roo.
- The Festival of Santa Cruz and El Cedral Fair is a historical tradition held in the town of El Cedral, in the south of Cozumel Island at the end of April. This annual event is said to have been started over 150 years ago by Casimiro Cárdenas. Cárdenas was one of a group that fled to the island from the village of Saban, on the mainland, after an attack during the Caste War of Yucatánin 1848. The attackers killed other villagers, but Cárdenas survived whilst clutching a small wooden cross. Legend has it that Cárdenas vowed to start an annual festival wherever he settled, to honor the religious power of this crucifix. Today, the original Holy Cross (Santa Cruz) Festival forms part of the wider Festival of El Cedral, which includes fairs, traditional feasts, rodeos, bullfights, music and competitions. The celebrations last about 5 days in all and are held every year at the end of April or beginning of May.
dani-guivedchi
- manuscript hunter - also known as tiger mountain
Santo Domingo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo] meaning "Saint Dominic"), officially Santo Domingo de Guzmán
- manuscript hunter - has a covento/presbystery which is the home of a young and friendly priest of dominican order
瓜達拉哈拉市Guadalajara (/ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/,[5] Spanish: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa] ) is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco. The conquistador, Cristóbal de Oñate, named the city in honor of the conqueror of western Mexico, Nuño de Guzmán, who was born in Guadalajara, Spain. The name comes from the Arabic وادي الحجارة (wādī al-ḥajārah), which means 'Valley of the Stone', or 'Fortress Valley'.
- 墨西哥哈利斯科州檢察官辦公室前日公布，在西部城市瓜達拉哈拉的市郊發現一個亂葬崗，至少埋有廿五具遺體，另找到裝有人體遺骸的五個袋子，死者身份暫時未明。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200512/00180_032.html
瓜納華托州 Guanajuato (Spanish pronunciation: [gwanaˈxwato]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato). The name Guanajuato comes from Purépecha kuanhasï juáta (or in older orthography "quanax huato"), which means “frog hill”.
- In the pre-Hispanic era, the Bajio saw the most human development due to the fertility of the soil and the presence of surface water for agriculture.[18] The oldest group to inhabit the area were the people now known as the Chupícuarios, who dominated the center of the Bajío area and were active between 800 BCE and 300 CE.[22][23] Their largest city is now the site called Chupícuaro, and their influence was widespread being found in the modern states of Zacatecas, Querétaro, Colima, Nayarit, Hidalgo, State of Mexico, Michoacán and Guerrero. Chupícuaro cities were associated with the Toltec city of Tula and when this city fell, these agricultural cities of Guanajuato also went into decline.[22] This and a prolonged drought cause these cities to be abandoned between the 10th and 11th centuries with only the Guamares left ethnically.Then Chichimeca and other nomadic groups entered the area. These nomadic indigenous groups are generically referred to as Chichimeca, but in reality they were a variety of ethnicities such as the Guachichiles, Pames and Zacatecos. These groups were warlike, semi nomadic and did not practice significant agriculture, nor did they construct cities.[22] Part of the state was also inhabited by the Otomi but they were mostly displaced or dominated by the Purépecha in the southwest and the Chichimeca in other parts.[24] By the 16th century, most of Mesoamerica was dominated by either the Aztec Empire or Purépecha Empire, but Guanajuato was under the control of neither. It was on the northern border of the Purépecha Empire with southern Guanajuato showing significant cultural influence in the southern valleys, and Aztecs had ventured into the area looking for minerals. However, most of the state was dominated by various Chichimeca tribes as part of what the Spanish would call the "Gran Chichimeca". These Chichimeca were mostly nomadic with some scattered agricultural communities, mostly in the north.
- In the León area 獅子城 there are ten distinct archeological zones, dating from the pre-classic Mesoamerican period.[12] Most of these are identified with the Chupícuaro culture.[13] By the Classic period, the area was under Teotihuacan and Toltec influence. In the 13th century, the Chichimecas, mostly of the Guamare and Guachichil subgroups, overran the area, migrating from an area of what is now San Luis Potosí. They remained through the Colonial period.
La Huasteca is a geographical and cultural region located in Mexico along the Gulf of Mexicowhich includes parts of the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Puebla, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro and Guanajuato. It is roughly defined as the area in which the Huastec people had influence when their civilization was at its height in the Mesoamerican period. Today, the Huastecs occupy only a fraction of this region with the Nahua people now the most numerous indigenous group. However, those who live in the region share a number of cultural traits such as a style of music and dance, along with religious festivals such as Xantolo.
-墨西哥國家人類學和歷史研究所（INAH）近日宣布，有農民於元旦當日在瓦斯特卡（Huasteca）地區一處桔林發現一座1.8米高、估計擁有至少500年歷史的女性雕像。惟雕像刻畫的對象是誰，至今仍是個謎。該雕像可追溯到1450年至1521年之間，可見一名張大嘴巴及睜大眼睛的女子，戴有精緻假髮及具身份標誌飾物。考古學家沃特（Maria Eugenia Maldonado Vite）從雕像的着裝及姿勢估計，它可能代表一名統治者，而非女神。雕像或是從某個未知的原始地點轉移至出土地點，或受墨西哥古文明阿茲特克文化影響。阿茲特克於16世紀時曾經是世界上最先進的文明之一，當地女性受到高度重視，女性出任統治者的情況並不罕見。西班牙1519年抵達並開始殖民統治後，當地女性地位始急劇下降。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210113/00180_043.htmlHuatulco (Spanish pronunciation: [wa'tulko]; wah-TOOL-coh), formally Bahías de Huatulco, centered on the town of La Crucecita, is a tourist development in Mexico.
- manuscript hunter
- in the remote past, boats had often come from far-off lands in the west, in other words from china and japan, to trade with the merchant princes of huatulco
- manuscript hunter- village name means hill of salt
ixhuatlan
- [manuscript hunter]known as san cristobal ishuatlan, mostly inhabited by indians
jaltipan
- [manuscript hunter] according to some is the birthplace of marina, whose legend is still alive today. She was first cortes' slave and later his mistress, played an important role at the start of the conquest. Spanish crown gave the island of tacamichapa to marina for services rendered to cortes.
juchitan
- [manuscript hunter] mostly zapotec and mixe residents; could not bear to be controlled by tehuantepec, where the majority mestizo and creole population had a stranglehold on power
- began war with city of tehuantepec in 1850; a new tax on salt extracted form the isthmus' salt flats had just been levied while at the same time cholera was ravaging the province. Jose Gregorio Melendez (sought to became governor of tehuantepec but denied, he blamed the state leaders living in the city of oaxaca and harbored a great deal of resentment against them) was able to persuade fellow citizens that the creoles were responsible for both plagues. Being victorious, juchitecos tortured or killed residents of the city. In the case of the creole population, singling out people based solely on their origins. As a result many residents went into hiding or fled to the city of oaxaca. Govt forced to abolish salt tax as well as land registry. Melendez was amply rewarded. During the presidency of santa anna, the creole faction endeavoured to regain its former predominance and tehuantepec sought to avenge itself by oppressing juchitan. But the revolt led by juan alvarez quickly brought about the dictator santa anna's abdication and leveled the playing field.
los almagres
- [manuscript hunter] known as village of hidalgotitlan
San Juan Guichicovi is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Juchitán District in the west of the Istmo de Tehuantepec region. The town was founded on 15 March 1825: Guichicovi means "New Town" in Zapotec.
- [manuscript hunter] mixe people, a valiant national who long resisted waves of attacks first from the chiapanec, then the mixtec, the zapotec, and finally the mexicans.
mictlan
- manuscript hunter - zapotec names for the city - yopaa or sometimes lyobaa, which means the place of sepulchers
Minatitlan
- [manuscript hunter] founded at the beginning of revolution, was named in honour of general mina. Ti means elegance or a tie, tlan indicates a position between, in the center or near. It implies a sort of generality or plurality, so minatitlan is literally between or near the minas. The mexicans, who came up with this name and others like hidalgo-titlan, did not understand a single word of nahuatl
- cosoleacaque, a village 7 miles west of the town, was inhabited by infustrious indians of aztec origin who all soeak the mexican language. 2 or 3 miles west is otiapa with a mixed population of indians who speak mexican and of mestizos.
Palenque (Spanish pronunciation: [pa'leŋke]; Yucatec Maya: Bàakʼ /ɓàːkʼ/), also anciently known as Lakamha (literally: "Big Water"), was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the 7th century. The Palenque ruins date from ca. 226 BC to ca. AD 799.
river petapa
- [manuscript hunter] the tributary area were long ago swarmed with a multitude of nations, who had developed ways to make mountains fertile and who also often opposed spanish rule. Large scale landscaping by natives (horizontal furrows on slopes of towering foothills to moderate flow of water and retain the soil in these walled terraces) are reminiscent of those built by the israelites in palestine
petapa town
- [manuscript hunter] was home to more than ten thousand residents of same origins as the inhabitants of guichicovi. In fact, people of these towns were descendants of those who originally came from the ancient indigenous cities of guie-xila, guie-vixia, and guichilona whose ruins can be found along the daunting precipices of surrounding mountains. This entire region belonged to a single nation, with a reputation for unsurpassed bravery, known as the mixes.
- santa maria de petepa, previously composed the city of petapa, is said to be the oldest spanish settlement on the isthmus of tehuantepec
- hk
- under secretary of promotion and economic competitiveness visited cgcc on 7sep18 (cgcc vision oct18 issue)
tehuantepec (city)
- [manuscript hunter] spanish called guadalcazar
- densely populated at the time of conquest
- lands fertile and productive; controlled by dominicans; an important commercial center; the port where cortes built his ships was one of new spain's main depots
- fishing main activity; rich merchants there trade with mexico, peru, philippines
- during spanish domination (3 centuries), the city's prosperity along with its population diminished; population most diverse - zapotec indians and mestizos
- it suffered from the violent struggles that broke out with its neighbouring town, juchitan. These rivalries that are so common between different indigenous groups and which the spaniards exploited so effectively in conquering this region, had been more or less suppressed under foreign rule.
- economist 6jun2020 "taking soundings in teotihuacan" an ancient city may soon hear again the music of long-lost instruments
texistepec
- [manuscript hunter] inhabited by indians who speak mexican
Tlaxcala (Classical Nahuatl: Tlaxcallān [tɬaʃ.ˈká.lːaːn̥] "place of maize tortillas") was a pre-Columbian city and state in central Mexico.During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Tlaxcala allied with the Spaniards against the Aztecs, supplying a large contingent for – and at times the majority of – the Spanish-led army that eventually destroyed the Aztec empire.
- 特拉斯卡拉王国La República de Tlaxcallan, también conocida como Confederación de Tlaxcala (1348-1520), fue la unión de cuatro altepetl (o Estados) de lengua nahuatl: Tepeticpac, Tizatlán, Ocotelulco y Quiahuiztlán, que se ubicaban en la parte oriental del valle de México, en los actuales estados de Tlaxcala y Puebla.
- The Tlaxcalans, or Tlaxcaltecs, are an indigenous group of Nahua ethnicity who inhabited the republic of Tlaxcala and present-day Mexican state of Tlaxcala.- spain
- freed slaves of the natives were loyal to Spaniards and became translators. The best example is Malintzin, a native slave freed by Cortés who became his lover and most trusted translator and even advisor against the native powers. She changed her name to Spanish as Lady Marina, natives called her Malintzin and Spanish soldiers Lady Marina. She was right next to Cortés every time he had a meeting with a native ruler, she translated for him and councelled him in those meetings.https://www.quora.com/How-were-the-Spaniards-able-to-understand-native-languages-without-prior-knowledge
Tultepec is a city and municipality located in State of Mexico, Mexico. The area was first settled by the Chichimecas, followed by the Otomis in the seventh century. After the Spanish Conquest, Tultepec was given to the conquistador Alonso Ávila along with the current municipalities of Zumpango, Xaltocán, Huehuetoca, Coyotepec, Teoloyucan and others, as part of the Encomienda de Cuautitlán. The modern town of Tultepec began to take shape around 1610 in the valley next to a small elevation called San Martín. Franciscanscame to evangelize the new community, dedicating it to the Nativity of Holy Mary and constructing a temple in 1618. This temple, later a parish, was renovated between 1948 and 1955.
- Many pioneers in pyrotechnics came from Tultepec, including Agustín, Miguel and Gregorio Fiesco (1880); José Solano Urbán (1900–1920), who revolutionized firework sets and castles; Felipe Reyes, who worked on the colors red and yellow around 1920; Ángel Guadalupe Flores, who around 1920 invented star fireworks and sparklers as well a several types of rockets; Cirilo Sánchez (1920), who worked on aerostatic balloons; as well as Tomás Romero, Ángel Urbán Rivero, Marcos Romero, and Felipe Fiesco, who innovated such items as the electric target, the spider bomb, and two-figure wheels between 1930 and 1934. The city and municipality hosts the annual National Pyrotechnic Festival.
- On 20 December 2016, at least 36 people were killed and 59 were injured when fireworks exploded at the San Pablito Market. In (at least) 8 explosion accidents in the years 1997, 1998, 1999, (15 September) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2012 a total of 20 persons have died before.
- 墨西哥首都墨西哥城一間煙花工場，周四早上突然發生爆炸，大批救援人員趕往現場之際，火勢蔓延波及另一煙花工場再度引發爆炸，導致廿四人死亡，四十九人受傷。死者包括至少六名救援人員及一名兒童，當局對意外深表遺憾。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180707/00180_013.html
Tiburón Island is the largest island in the Gulf of California and the largest island in Mexico. Tiburón Island is part of the traditional homeland of some bands (or clans) of the Seri people, probably for many centuries if not millennia. During the 1960s and early 1970s, a small hunting and fishing camp on the northern end of the island was operated by Jesus Olivas, a resident of Hermosillo. He constructed several buildings, a dock and an airstrip near the historic Seri encampment at Tecomate. The camp was popular with American visitors to the area. The remains of the structures and airstrip are still in place (although the airstrip was rendered unusable by the Mexican military around 1995 in an attempt to keep it from being used by smugglers who were active in the area at the time). In 1975, the Mexican government, through a decree by President Echeverría, gave the Seri recognition and title of communal property ("reconocimiento y titulación de terrenos comunales") with respect to Tiburón Island.
- Tiburón is Spanish for shark.
Tulum (Spanish pronunciation: [tu'lum], Yucatec: Tulu'um) is the site of a pre-Columbian Mayan walled city serving as a major port for Cobá.[1] The ruins are situated on 12-meter (39 ft) tall cliffs along the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico.[1] Tulum was one of the last cities built and inhabited by the Maya; it was at its height between the 13th and 15th centuries and managed to survive about 70 years after the Spanish began occupying Mexico. Old World diseases brought by the Spanish settlers appear to have resulted in very high fatalities, disrupting the society and eventually causing the city to be abandoned.This Maya site may formerly have been known by the name Zama, meaning City of Dawn, because it faces the sunrise. Tulum stands on a bluff facing east toward the Caribbean Sea. Tulúm is also the Yucatan Mayan word for fence, wall[1] or trench. The walls surrounding the site allowed the Tulum fort to be defended against invasions. Tulum had access to both land and sea trade routes, making it an important trade hub, especially for obsidian. From numerous depictions in murals and other works around the site, Tulum appears to have been an important site for the worship of the Diving or Descending god.La cité côtière de Tulum était une forteresse de commerçants alliée à la cité de Mayapan.
- La fondation de la cité semble remonter à 564 comme l’indiquent certaines inscriptions. La cité maya de Cobá, dont l’apogée se situe vers 650 utilisait le site de Tulum comme un important port de pêche et peut être aussi de commerce pour les échanges vers d’autres cités de la région. Des artefacts en silex, des poteries de la péninsule du Yucatan, des objets en obsidienne ou en jade du Guatemala et des grelots et anneaux en cuivre du plateau central mexicain, démontrent l’importance de ces échanges. La structure 59 montre également l’empreinte du style de l'époque classique maya. Mais la majeure partie des vestiges datent de la période postclassique tardive, c'est-à-dire après 1200. Certaines fresques découvertes à l'intérieur des bâtiments laissent suggérer une influence mixtèque. De récentes analyses tendent à démontrer que Tulum eut un rôle majeur du xiiie au xive siècle. L’archéologue Ernesto Vargas a montré[réf. nécessaire] que la cité se trouvait stratégiquement placée entre les provinces (kuchkabaloob) de Cochuah et Cozumel, ce qui, si on ajoute son édification sur le point le plus élevé de la Côte et son système de murailles défensives, l’ont placé dans un lieu inévitable pour n’importe quelle route commerciale et pour l’exploitation des importantes ressources maritimes de la région. Comme le montrent les fresques peintes et certains bas-reliefs, Tulum semble avoir été un site majeur dédié au culte du Dieu Plongeur. À partir de 1250 (époque postclassique tardive), Tulum va occuper un statut civique, administratif, religieux et résidentiel, qui convertit la cité en un point stratégique du commerce péninsulaire jusqu'à la conquête espagnole. La cité était encore habitée par les populations mayas lors de l'arrivée des conquistadors espagnols, mais elle fut abandonnée au cours du xvie siècle. Jusqu'au début du xxe siècle, certains villageois des environs avaient l'habitude d'apporter des offrandes à Tulum, mais les visites continues des touristes provoquèrent la fin de cette pratique.
Veracruz (Spanish pronunciation: [beɾaˈkɾus]), officially known as Heroica Veracruz, is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexicanstate of Veracruz. The name Veracruz (originally Vera Cruz), derives from the Latin Vera Crux (True Cross). Having established the settlement of Villa Rica (Rich Village) on Good Friday, April 22, 1519, Cortés dedicated the place to the True Cross as an offering. The Spanish captain Juan de Grijalva, along with Bernal Díaz del Castillo, first arrived in 1518 at the island later known as San Juan de Ulúa. The Spanish gave it that name because they landed on the Christian feast of John the Baptist (June 24), and in honor of the captain.[11] De Ulúa is derived from the local name for the Aztecs, coluha or acolhua. According to tradition, when the Spanish arrived, they found two young men who had been sacrificed. When they asked the locals what had happened, they said the Aztecs had ordered the sacrifice. The word for Aztec evolved into Ulúa.
Xochimilco (Spanish pronunciation: [sotʃiˈmilko]; Nahuatl: Xōchimīlco, pronounced [ʃoːtʃiˈmiːlko] ) is one of the 16 mayoralities (Spanish: alcaldías) or boroughs within Mexico City. The borough is centered on the formerly independent city of Xochimilco, which was established on what was the southern shore of Lake Xochimilco in the pre-Hispanic period. Today, the borough consists of the eighteen “barrios” or neighborhoods of this city along with fourteen “pueblos” or villages that surround it.Xochimilco is best known for its canals, which are left from what was an extensive lake and canal system that connected most of the settlements of the Valley of Mexico.
Yucatan
- state government www.yucatan.gob.mx
Association
- Centro de Investigacion para el Desarrollo A.C. is a non-profit independent think tank devoted to the study and interpretation of Mexican reality and the presentation of viable proposals for the development of Mexico in the medium and long term. It formulates proposals that: contribute to strengthening the rule of law and creating conditions which encourage the economic and social development of Mexico; that enrich public opinion; and that contain the elements necessary to be useful in society's decision-making process. CIDAC offers the results of its work to the general public as well as to decision makers like congressmen, government officials at the federal, state and municipal level, business people and union leaders. CIDAC was founded in 1984, when the Institute of Bank and Finance (IBAFIN) was transformed to a center for research in the area of economic development.
- In 1980, the Bank and Finances Institute (IBAFIN) was founded as an entity dedicated to the instruction of executives in the financial sector (public, private, banks and companies). By 1984, IBAFIN was transformed into a research center in the field of economic development, giving way to the Center of Investigation for Development A.C, fund, CIDAC (by its Spanish acronym), changing its management, from an institution essentially dedicated to teaching to one oriented toward investigation.The creation of CIDAC came about in a context in which it was perceived that the country would face a great process of change and structural economic reforms. However, the pillars of the old political regime (corporative and control over the press) remained, the political opposition continued to be incipient and the social sector was just emerging.
- financial
- The Bank of Mexico (Spanish: Banco de México), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico, is Mexico's central bank, monetary authority and lender of last resort. Plans for a national bank of Mexico began as early as the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide with his idea of a Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano (Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire).[1] This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds.[2] In 1827 Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans. The first bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the regime of Anastasio Bustamante under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, Lucas Alamán. The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. But due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was closed in 1842 by President Antinio López de Santa Anna. Private banking officially began in Mexico under the rule of Emperor Maximiliano in 1864 when the Banco de Londres, México y Sud America (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City.[2] In the 1870s the Banco de Santa Eulalia opened in Chihuahua and the Monte de Piedad, which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the Banco Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President Manuel González.In 1884 the Banco Nacional Mexicano soon merged with Banco Mercantil Mexicano (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the Banco Nacional de México (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury. The next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the Monte de Piedad temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money.
- The Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas (IMEF) (English: Mexican Institute of Financial Executives) was founded in 1961 as a private nonprofit organization for finance executives in Mexico. On September 21, 1961, the Mexican Institute of Financial Executives (IMEF) was created as an organization dedicated to the technical development of its associates in the financial area, based on the professional excellence and human quality. The affiliated members of the IMEF have been, throughout the years, the financial management leaders of Mexico's major enterprises and bovernment institutions in both public and private sectors, and a distinguished group of academics and researchers highly committed to the economic and financial challenges of Mexico and Latin America. The foundation of the institute is established by the influence, leadership and significance of its partners since 1961 who have contributed to strengthen the Institute and its position in Mexico. In the years 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2012 IMEF was host of the annual IAFEI World Congress.
- food
- consejo nacional agropecuario http://www.cna.org.mx/, http://www.mexbest.com/en/inicio/
- Mexican Beef Exporters Association (Mexican Beef) http://www.mexicanbeef.org/, a non profit association comprised of Mexican companies focused on beef exports
- hkej 15Mar17 a17
- international maize and wheat improvement centre http://www.cimmyt.org/
- Premio Nacional Agroalimentario http://pna.org.mx/
- asociación mexicana de filmadoras a.c https://www.facebook.com/amfiorg
Company
- conglomerate
- Plenum http://www.plenumsoft.com.mx/Portal/
- Grupo Financiero Banorte, S.A.B. de C.V., doing business as Banorte (Banco Mercantil del Norte) and as Ixe, is a Mexican banking and financial services holding company with headquarters in Monterrey and Mexico City. It is one of the four largest commercial banks of Mexico by assets and loans, and the largest retirement fund administrator. Grupo Financiero Banorte operates its commercial bank under the brands Banorte and Ixe, offering savings accounts, credit cards, payday loans, mortgages, commercial loans and auto loans. Banorte is the primary subsidiary of Grupo Financiero Banorte, one of Mexico's largest and oldest financial institutions, which has been present in Mexico since 1899. The "Banorte" trademark is a well-known mark in Mexico. The web domain name "banorte.com" was created on October 13, 1998.It was established in 1889 as Banco Mercantil de Monterrey and in 1985 merged with Banco Regional del Norte to form Banco Mercantil del Norte (Banorte). In late 2001, Banorte acquired Bancrecer in US$125 millions. Bancrecer had been taken over in 1999 by IPAB. Bancrecer had itself taken over another bank, Banco del Noroeste (Banoro), in 1997.In 1992, it was purchased from the Mexican Government by a group of investors headed by the Mexican businessman Roberto González Barrera. Banorte expanded their business to leasing services (Arrendadora Banorte) in 1990, to warehousing and factoring services (Almacenadora Banorte and Factor Banorte) in 1991. In 1997, Banorte established an alliance with the Italian group Generali, a main European insurance company, to offer insurances, pension funds and Afore's services through their subsidiaries Afore Banorte-Generalli, Seguros Banorte-Generalli and Pensiones Banorte-Generalli. Also, Banorte has operations in New York (Banorte Securities) and Grand Cayman (Banorte Grand Cayman Branch). In less than 10 years, Banorte transformed itself from a regional bank, based mainly in the northern Mexico, to one with nationwide coverage.
- Pemex, Mexico's state oil company
- Vista Oil & Gas, S.A.B. de C.V. operates as an oil and gas company. The Company explores and produces oil and gas. Vista Oil & Gas serves energy sector in Latin America. https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/VISTAA:MM-vista-oil-&-gas-sab-de-cv
- petrochem
- https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-vista-oil-gas-to-acquire-argentine/brief-vista-oil-gas-to-acquire-argentine-oil-gas-assets-idUSASB0C6AF
- Mexichem is a Mexican producer in plastic pipes, and one of the largest chemical and petrochemical companies. It was founded in 1953. The company delivers an extended portfolio of products used in high growth sectors such as infrastructure, housing, telecommunications, drinking and potable water in Mexico, the USA, Europe, Asia, Africa (South Africa), Middle East (Oman), and Latin America. The Company has been traded on the Mexican Securities Exchange for more than 30 years. Headquarters are located in Tlalnepantla, Mexico.
- mass media
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-05/pvc-pipe-giant-mexichem-changes-name-amid-plastics-backlash Mexichem SAB, one of the world’s largest makers of plastic PVC pipes, says its recently announced name change reflects a step away from petrochemicals and toward new businesses in agriculture, water and infrastructure. After more than 80 acquisitions since 2003, only about 9% of the business is related to Mexico, where the company is based. Chemicals account for approximately 15%, said Chief Executive Officer Daniel Martinez-Valle. As of Thursday, Mexichem is now called Orbia Advance Corp.
- Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. (Spanish pronunciation: [teleˈβisa]) is a Mexican multimedia mass media company, and the second largest in Hispanic America as well as the first of all the Spanish-speaking world.[4] It is a major international entertainment business, with much of its programming airing in the United States on Univision, with which it has an exclusive contract. Since its beginning the company has been owned by the Azcárraga family. The company has been led and owned by three generations of Azcárraga each has marked an era for the company, and each has passed the ownership of the company to his son after his death.
- Grupo Televisa SAB soared as much as 37% after agreeing to sell its content and media assets to U.S. partner Univision Holdings Inc. in a $4.8 billion deal that deepens the ties between the two giants of Spanish-language TV.The new entity will be a colossus of Spanish-language programming, drawing on the more than 86,000 hours of content that Televisa produces a year. The business will get four free-to-air channels from Televisa, as well as 27 pay-TV networks and stations; the Videocine movie studio; the Blim video-on-demand service; and the Televisa trademark.Univision, meanwhile, already has its namesake broadcast network in the U.S., plus the UniMás channel, nine Spanish-language cable networks, 61 TV stations and 58 radio stations. It also recently introduced a streaming service called PrendeTV.Televisa and Univision have a long history that goes back to 1961, when the Azcarraga family bought the first Spanish-only TV outlet in the U.S. Univision Holdings Inc. was formed in 1987, owned by Televisa and Hallmark. After subsequent ownership changes, Televisa and Univision forged a truce in 2010 after years of acrimony, striking a deal to share programming. Televisa bought a 5% equity stake and debt that could be converted into an additional 30% holding. It paid about $1.2 billion.Since then, both companies have struggled to keep up with the streaming revolution. U.S. media giants such as Netflix Inc., Walt Disney Co. and Amazon.com Inc. have built online-video empires, and they’re increasing making content in non-English tongues, including Spanish.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-13/televisa-univision-reach-4-8-billion-deal-to-merge-media
- Prosa
- aviation
- http://www.gemalto.com/press/Pages/PROSA-and-Gemalto-Partner-to-Offer-Mobile-Payments-in-Mexico.aspxGemalto (Euronext NL0000400653 GTO), the world leader in digital security and PROSA, one of the largest payment processors in Latin America, announce a partnership to bring mobile payments to Mexico. PROSA has operations in eight Latin American countries and will provide mobile payment services to all customers, which include 95% of credit, debit and prepaid card issuers in Mexico. Gemalto's Allynis Trusted Service Hub (TSH) enables easy new customer onboarding, which allows banks to swiftly launch their own NFC mobile payment wallets utilizing host card emulation (HCE). Another important feature of Gemalto's TSH is its ability to provision payment wallets from device manufacturers and mobile network operators as they launch in Mexico.
- http://www.100franquicias.com.mx/Noticias/general-23-08-2011.htm PROSA y FINTRAX son por lo tanto los pioneros en introducir este exitoso servicio en México, orientado al visitante extranjero y a las transacciones que realice con tarjetas bancarias. DCC patentado por Fintrax en nuestro país, también permite al banco adquiriente generar una nueva fuente de ingresos.
- Interjet (official legal name ABC Aerolíneas, S.A. de C.V.), is a Mexican airline headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico’s third largest airline after Aeroméxico and Volaris. The airline is a family business: the president and CEO is Miguel Alemán Magnani, son of Miguel Alemán Velasco, who is president of the group that owns the airline, Grupo Alemán. Alemán Velasco is son of ex-president Miguel Alemán Valdés, who amassed a fortune while in office 1946–1952, thus building the family fortune.
- The third largest Mexican airline Interjet announced on Wednesday it is seeking an alliance with China's Hainan Airlines in the second half of 2018 to attract more tourists from Asia.http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201804/12/WS5acf1e8ea3105cdcf6517e75.html
- food
- Sukarne http://sukarne.com/en/
- http://www.praderashuastecas.com/main.html
- http://www.keken.com.mx/index.php
- naturkost.mx
- glasfirma
- exhibited at tdc 2017 toy fair
- latex occidental exportadora
- electronics
- exhibited at tdc 2017 toy fair
- dianming mexico
- exhibited at tdc 2019 electronics fr spring ed
- air-cond equipment
- http://www.airtemp.com.mx/
Minimum wage and wage of civil servants
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21612255-name-curbing-inflation-government-hurting-workers-stingy-any
airport
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-airport/incoming-mexico-government-starts-airport-consultation-business-leaders-worry-idUSKCN1MZ2VN Mexico’s incoming government opened polls on Thursday for a public consultation to decide whether to ditch a multi-billion-dollar new airport, a possibility that worries markets and business leaders.The poll from Oct. 25 to Oct. 28 will show if the government of leftist President-elect Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador should finish the ambitious but costly new Mexico City airport or scrap it and upgrade a military air base to complement a current hub.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-bonds-airport/mexico-offers-to-buy-debt-of-canceled-airport-but-work-continues-idUSKBN1O303Y Mexico said on Monday it would repurchase some of the debt used to fund a partly-built airport canceled by the new president, even as work at the site continued for the time being.On the first weekday of his new administration, the Mexico City Airport Trust said it would buy back up to $1.8 billion of $6 billion in debt issued to fund the airport, in an offer that runs through the start of January.
- ft 14dec18 Holders of about half of the $6bn in debt issued to finance a Mexico City airport project that is now destined to be scrapped rejected the government’s enhanced proposal on Wednesday, saying it was better, but still nowhere near good enough.
High-speed rail
- http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1674127/mexico-publish-preliminary-terms-new-high-speed-rail-tender
Trade policy
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21694488-difficult-times-mexico-and-its-firms-retain-their-faith-globalisation-open-business
In difficult times Mexico and its firms retain their faith in globalisation
Special economic zone
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21701134-free-trade-areas-aim-boost-growth-impoverished-south-how-bottom-half?fsrc=rss%5C%7Cfec
trade and investment environment
- tariff
- https://www.ft.com/content/850a886c-108c-11e7-b030-768954394623 Mexico, the world’s biggest buyer of US corn, is considering offering duty-free access to Brazilian and Argentine maize as an alternative to American imports in a move that could have big consequences for US farmers worried about Donald Trump’s trade and tax agenda. Mexico at present imports 98 per cent of its corn from the US, and total US farm sales to Mexico were $17.7bn last year — five times greater than when the North American Free Trade Agreement came into force in 1994. Mexican corn imports from the US were worth $2.3bn in 2015, according to the US Department of Agriculture. But Mr Trump, US president, has slammed Nafta as unfair to the US, vowing to renegotiate the deal or walk away, impelling Mexico to speed up a search for alternative suppliers in South America.
- food prices
- Mexican anger grows at prospect of rising food prices ft 12jan17
- https://in.reuters.com/article/pemex-trackingstock/mexico-eyes-tracking-stock-for-states-pemex-sources-idINN2748942220090327 Mexico is studying the creation of a special class of shares for state oil company Pemex that would trade on the local stock market, according to two people who have seen a government presentation on the subject.They declined to be identified because they were not authorized to discuss the matter.The plan, which is in its early stages, calls for Pemex to issue a “tracking stock” which would pay a dividend based on the company’s performance but which would not grant the holder any ownership interest in Pemex or a vote at corporate meetings.
- ft 4oct19 mexico's risky bet on oil
- arms
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2147977/mexicos-only-gun-store-sells-38-firearms-day The only gun shop in all of Mexico is behind a fortresslike wall on a heavily guarded military base. To enter the Directorate of Arms and Munitions Sales, customers must undergo months of background checks – six documents are required – and then be frisked by uniformed soldiers. The army-run store on the outskirts of Mexico City embodies the country’s cautious approach to firearms, and a visit here illustrates the dramatically different ways two neighbouring countries view guns, legally and culturally. Like the Second Amendment in the United States, Mexico’s Constitution guarantees the right to bear arms, but it also stipulates that federal law “will determine the cases, conditions, requirements and places” of gun ownership.
- 墨西哥聯邦政府自本年起，首次負責為國內的農民分發肥料，延遲逾月卻未有任何回應。有農民擔心趕不及在雨季前夕施肥，周日在格雷羅州奇拉帕市攔截三輛貨車，並搶走車上面的肥料抗議。格雷羅州的農民上月多次抗議，指政府長期延遲派送肥料，多次更改受惠者的名單，甚至減少分發肥料。有關的援助計劃已經存在二十四年，早前獲得聯邦政府介入。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190711/00180_025.html
Industry
- bank
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21656210-technology-taking-finance-where-banks-fear-tread-light-darkness OME mountainous parts of Mexico are so remote that the electricity grid fails to reach them, let alone the banking system. A five-year-old social enterprise, Iluméxico, hopes to change that. It provides more than 20,000 people with loans to buy low-cost solar panels and batteries, enabling them to switch lights on, watch television and charge mobile phones, sometimes for the first time. It also introduces them to the financial system via those same mobile phones. It has launched a pilot project enabling them to pay off the loans in instalments via an SMS-based payment system, Transfer, owned by Banamex, one of Mexico’s biggest banks. Most have no credit history, so Iluméxico takes a big risk in lending to them. Manuel Wiechers, its boss, says they are often late with their payments because rural incomes are unstable. But they are keen to maintain access to credit, so their ultimate default rates (currently 5.8%) are only slightly above the national average.
- manufacturing
- http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1714113/cheaper-costs-beckon-manufacturers-china-mexico Manufacturers are relocating from China to Mexico to take advantage of the lower production costs and the proximity of the United States market, according to a Mexican diplomat and a consulting firm. The relationship between the two countries is not only complicated by the recent suspension of a high-speed rail project in Mexico, but also by the competition for investment in manufacturing. Boston Consulting Group said manufacturing in Mexico was now 4 per cent cheaper than in China, while a decade ago it was 6 per cent more expensive. Alicia Buenrostro Massieu, Mexico's consul general, said the relationship between the two countries in the manufacturing shift was "complementary" rather than competitive. Massieu said in many cases, imports from China were used for making end products that would be shipped to the US. She said the Mexican government was actively promoting the country in Shenzhen and Guangzhou as a place for manufacturing. "We are bringing our [small and medium-sized enterprises] to Hong Kong to take advantage of the added-value chain that China is moving for," she said. "We are also trying to convey the message to Hong Kong businessmen that have manufacturing in mainland China to move to Mexico and take advantage of Mexico having the Nafta (North America Free Trade Agreement) and the same time zone as the US.
- energy
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21632504-countrys-energy-reforms-may-transform-not-just-oil-and-gas-business-whole-its
- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21657802-opening-mexicos-energy-market-and-busting-open-its-top-security-jail-are-linked
The opening of Mexico’s energy market and the busting open of its top-security jail are linked - oil refinery
- https://www.ft.com/content/60726932-7257-11e9-bbfb-5c68069fbd15
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Mexico's president, has stepped up his commitment to an $8bn refinery project, rejecting three private sector bids as too costly and vowing that state oil company Pemex will build the plant. The leftist nationalist president batted aside concerns about the ability of the government and Pemex to deliver on a tight budget and timeline, where private companies could not. “We’ll work harder,” he told his daily morning news conference on Thursday. “We’ve done it before,” he added, referring to the construction of an upper tier to urban highways during his time as Mexico City mayor from 2000-05. Pemex is highly indebted and the need for the refinery is contested, with critics believing the project makes little financial sense. Arturo Herrera, deputy finance minister, told the FT recently that the project would be postponed because of spiralling costs.
- lng
- education
People- https://www.ft.com/content/cbe7f748-e2a8-11e8-8e70-5e22a430c1ad The plan for Mexico’s first terminal for exporting liquefied natural gas has taken a big step forward by signing agreements to use all of the plant’s production, stealing a march on some of its US rivals. Sempra Energy, the US group that aims to build the Energia Costa Azul LNG plant in Baja California, about 50 miles south of San Diego, has signed heads of agreements with Total of France and Mitsui and Tokyo Gas of Japan. The announcements come as several companies are working on plans to develop new LNG export plants along the Gulf of Mexico coast of the US, but most have not yet reached any agreements with buyers. The Mexican plant is a rival to the US projects both because it will compete in some of the same markets, and because it is intended to liquefy American gas, from the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico.
- education
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/640d606e-3044-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html The CNTE rallied its members to stage strikes and protests in four states after Gabino Cué, Oaxaca governor, on Tuesday ejected the union from its 22-year stranglehold on education in the southern state. The move, co-ordinated with Mr Peña Nieto’s government, was equivalent to throwing down the gauntlet to a union that has paralysed implementation of the education reform in Oaxaca and three other states. “They will not take what is ours,” Rubén Nuñez, a leader of the Oaxaca chapter of the union, vowed at a rally in the city’smain square as the union prepared to define its full response on Wednesday. “This is a really important, even brave announcement,” said Marco Fernández, a professor at the Tecnológico de Monterrey and researcher at the México Evalúa and Wilson Center think-tanks. “Unavoidably there will be conflict in the coming days.”
- 錫納羅亞販毒集團（西班牙語：Cártel de Sinaloa或CDS）[1]是一個總部位於墨西哥錫納羅亞州庫利亞坎的犯罪集團，從事販毒和洗錢等犯罪活動[2]，活動範圍包括下加利福尼亞州、杜蘭戈州、索諾拉州和奇瓦瓦州[3][4]。這一集團還被稱作古茲曼-洛埃拉集團、太平洋販毒集團（因為該集團來自墨西哥太平洋海岸）、聯盟或血聯盟[3][5][6][7]。 The Sinaloa Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Sinaloa),[10][11] also known as the Guzmán-Loera Organization, the Pacific Cartel,[12] the Federation and the Blood Alliance,[13][14][15][16] is an international drug trafficking, money laundering, and organized crime syndicate[17] established during the late 1980s.[18] The cartel is primarily based in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa,[19] with operations in the Mexican states of Baja California, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua.[13][20] The 'Federation' was partially splintered when the Beltrán-Leyva brothers broke apart from the Sinaloa Cartel.The United States Intelligence Community considers the Sinaloa Cartel "the most powerful drug trafficking organization in the world"[22] and in 2011, the Los Angeles Times called it "Mexico's most powerful organized crime group."[23] The Sinaloa Cartel operates in the "Golden Triangle", the states of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua. The region is a major producer of Mexican opium and marijuana.[21] According to the U.S. Attorney General, the Sinaloa Cartel was responsible for importing into the United States and distributing nearly 200 short tons (180 t) of cocaine and large amounts of heroin between 1990 and 2008.[24] According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, within the U.S. the Sinaloa Cartel is primarily involved in the distribution of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana and MDMA.[25] It is also the majority supplier of illicit fentanyl to North America.
- Benito Pablo Juárez García (Spanish: [beˈnito ˈpaβlo ˈxwaɾes garˈsi.a] ; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872)[1][2] was a Mexican lawyer and liberal politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca. He was of poor, rural, indigenous origins, but he became a well-educated, urban professional and politician, who married a socially prominent woman of Oaxaca City, Margarita Maza.[3] He identified primarily as a Liberal and he wrote only briefly about his indigenous heritage.[4] He was a key figure in the group of professional men in Mexico's indigenous south, and his rise to national power had its roots in that power base.He held power during the tumultuous decade of the Liberal Reform and French invasion. In 1858 as head of the Supreme Court, he became president of Mexico by the succession mandated by the Constitution of 1857 when moderate liberal President Ignacio Comonfort was forced to resign by Mexican conservatives. Juárez remained in the presidential office until his death by natural causes in 1872. He weathered the War of the Reform(1858–60), a civil war between Liberals and Conservatives, and then the French invasion (1862–67), which was supported by Mexican Conservatives.
- [manuscript hunter]
- the us envoy extraordinary mr mclane recognised juarez presidnecy without having been fully authorised to do so by washington. Juarez was was only officially recognised as president of mexico in order to benefit mr la seve
- in 1860 two parties split mexico apart - on the one hand there were the supposed defenders of the catholic church, who occupied the capital city, parts of the federal district, and the states of jalisco, guanajuato, queretaro, puebla and veracruz. This group was headed by general miramon, a young officer; on the other hand, in the remaining states of mexican confederation, there was the president of the so-called liberal party. Benito juarez's authority as nominally recognised. There were all sorts of incidents of arson and looting. Througout the isthmus, bandits, alternatively known as patricios (irish deserters from us army's invading forces, in several provinces, the name was later attributed to the soldiers, who suppprted miramon) or juchitecos (residents of juchitan - an indian town near tehuantepec that has almost always supported the liberals) robbed and murdered travelers with impunity, depending on which party the victims were deemed to belong to.
- Emiliano Zapata Salazar (Spanish pronunciation: [emiˈljano saˈpata]; 8 August 1879 – 10 April 1919) was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in the state ofMorelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo.
- Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlasaɾo ˈkarðenas]; May 21, 1895 – October 19, 1970) was a general in the Mexican Revolution and a statesman who served as President of Mexico between 1934 and 1940. He is best known for nationalization of the oil industry in 1938 and the creation of Pemex, the government oil company.Originally Cárdenas was the hand-picked candidate of former president Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), who founded the Partido Nacional Revolucionario in 1929 and who remained the power behind the president. Cárdenas out-maneuvered Calles politically and forced the former president into exile, establishing Cárdenas' legitimacy and power in his own right. His administration overhauled agrarian reform, initiated by the Mexican Revolution, and created ejidos in the Mexican agricultural sector, which gave peasants access to land, but did not give individual titles to it. He granted asylum to exiles from the Spanish Civil War, and strengthened the educational system. Porfirio Díaz of Oaxaca was the last president before Cárdenas not to come from the north.During Cárdenas' presidency, the government enacted land reform that was "sweeping, rapid, and, in some respects, innovative".[11] He redistributed large commercial haciendas, some 180,000 km2 of land to peasants.[12] With the powers of Article 27 of the Mexican constitution, he created agrarian collectives, or ejidos, which in early twentieth-century Mexico were an uncommon form of landholding.[11] Two high-profile regions of expropriation for Cárdenas's agrarian reform were in the productive cotton-growing region in northern Mexico, known as La Laguna, the other was in Yucatán, where the economy was dominated by henequen production. Other areas that saw significant land reform were Baja California and Sonora in northern Mexico and his home state of Michoacan and Chiapas in southern Mexico.
- Carlos Slim
- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21597899-just-america-bust-its-trusts-century-ago-so-mexico-needs-take-its-near-monopolies
- Emilio Azcárraga
- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21597899-just-america-bust-its-trusts-century-ago-so-mexico-needs-take-its-near-monopolies
- Albert C. Zapanta is an American businessman. He serves as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the United States-Mexico Chamber of Commerce.
- historian
- Francisco Burgoa (b. Oaxaca, c.1600; d. Tepozotlán in 1681) was a historian of the Dominican Order in Mexico. He entered the Dominican Order on 2 August 1629, and soon became a master in theology. The voluminous books written by him on the past of his native Mexican province of Antequera, (now called Oaxaca), are very rare and valuable, though not absolutely reliable on several topics.
- Bernardino de Sahagún (Spanish: [bernarˈðino ðe saaˈɣun]; c. 1499 – October 23, 1590) was a Franciscan friar, missionary priest and pioneering ethnographer who participated in the Catholic evangelization of colonial New Spain (now Mexico). Born in Sahagún, Spain, in 1499, he journeyed to New Spain in 1529. He learned Nahuatl and spent more than 50 years in the study of Aztec beliefs, culture and history. Though he was primarily devoted to his missionary task, his extraordinary work documenting indigenous worldview and culture has earned him the title as “the first anthropologist." He also contributed to the description of the Aztec language Nahuatl. He translated the Psalms, the Gospels, and a catechism into Nahuatl. Sahagún is perhaps best known as the compiler of the Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España—in English, General History of the Things of New Spain—(hereinafter referred to as Historia General).[3] The most famous extant manuscript of the Historia General is the Florentine Codex. It is a codex consisting of 2,400 pages organized into twelve books, with approximately 2,500 illustrations drawn by native artists using both native and European techniques.
- Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez Hurtado de Luna, generally known as Juan Álvarez, (27 January 1790 – 21 August 1867) was a general, long-time caudillo (regional leader) in southern Mexico, and interim president of Mexico for two months in 1855, following the liberals ouster of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Álvarez had risen to power in the Tierra Caliente, in southern Mexico with the support of indigenous peasants whose lands he protected. He fought along with heroes of the insurgency, José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero in the War of Independence, and went on to fight in all the major wars of his day, from the "Pastry War", to the Mexican-American War, and the War of the Reform to the war against the French Intervention. A liberal reformer, a republican and a federalist, he was the leader of a revolution in support of the Plan de Ayutla in 1854, which led to the deposition of Santa Anna from power and the beginning of the political era in Mexico's history known as the Liberal Reform. Juan Álvarez was born on 27 January 1790 at Santa María de la Concepción de Atoyac, now Atoyac de Álvarez, Mexico. He was a criollo of Spanish heritage. His father was a wealthy ranchero of Galician descent,[2] from Santiago de Compostela, and his mother was from a rich family from Mexico's Pacific Ocean port of Acapulco. Because of his Spanish roots, Álvarez would be known as "The Galician" during the Mexican Independence war.
- obrador government
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-09/mexico-passes-austerity-law-with-stiff-revolving-door-ban Mexican lawmakers on Tuesday approved President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador’s sweeping “austerity law” that seeks to end excessive spending by government officials while also banning work in the private sector within 10 years of serving as a regulator.
- Mole (/ˈmoʊleɪ/, /ˈmoʊli/ Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmole]; from Nahuatl mōlli, "sauce") is a traditional sauce originally used in Mexican cuisine, as well as for dishes based on these sauces. Outside Mexico, it often refers specifically to mole poblano. In contemporary Mexico, the term is used for a number of sauces, some quite dissimilar, including black, red / colorado, yellow, green, almendrado, de olla, huaxmole, guacamole, and pipián. Generally, a mole sauce contains a fruit, chili pepper, nut, and such spices as black pepper, cinnamon, cumin. Two states in Mexico claim to be the origin of mole: Puebla and Oaxaca[1] The best-known moles are native to these two states, but other regions in Mexico also make various types of mole sauces.Moles come in various flavors and ingredients, with chili peppers as the common factor. However, the classic mole version is the variety called mole poblano, which is a dark red or brown sauce served over meat. The dish has become a culinary symbol of Mexico’s mestizaje, or mixed indigenous and European heritage, both for the types of ingredients it contains and because of the legends surrounding its origin.
- Mezcal or mescal (/mɛˈskæl/, Spanish: [mesˈkal] ) is a Mexican distilled alcoholic beverage made from any type of agave. The word mezcal comes from Nahuatl mexcalli [meʃˈkalːi], which means "oven-cooked agave", from metl [met͡ɬ] and ixcalli [iʃˈkalːi].[1]
Agaves or magueys are found mainly in many parts of Mexico and all the way down to the equator, though most mezcal is made in Oaxaca.[2] It can also be made in Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, Michoacan and the recently approved Puebla. The agave was one of the most sacred plants in pre-Spanish Mexico, and had a privileged position in religious rituals, mythology and the economy. Cooking of the "piña" or heart of the agave and fermenting its juice was practiced. The origin of this drink has a myth. It is said that a lightning bolt struck an agave plant, cooking and opening it, releasing its juice. For this reason, the liquid is called the "elixir of the gods".[12] However, it is not certain whether the native people of Mexico had any distilled liquors prior to the Spanish Conquest.
Beaner is derogatory slang for Mexicans or people of Mexican descent. The term originates from the prevalence of pinto beans and other beans in Mexican cuisine. According to The Historical Dictionary of American Slang, the word was first seen in print in 1965, although the term has reportedly been in use at least since the 1940s (perhaps having evolved from previous slurs such as "bean-eater" and "bean-bandit" that were in use since as far back as the 1910s.) It appears that the term may be going through a phase of melioration, where the negative connotation of an ethnic slur is "reclaimed" by those against whom it is directed and used in a neutral or even positive manner.
language- The Pame languages are a group of languages in Mexico that is spoken by around 10,000 Pame people in the state of San Luis Potosí. It belongs to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family.
- 帕 姆 語 （Pame languages） 是 屬 於 歐 托 — 曼 格 語 系 （Oto-Manguean） 的一種分支語系， 在墨西哥聖路易斯波托西州約有 15,000人使用。帕姆語最接近於瓜納 華托州的Chichimeca Jonaz語言，它 們一起構成了Pamean語言群體。 帕姆語包含三種不同的語種：北 帕姆語，中帕姆語以及南帕姆語。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/03/a17-0103.pdf
Catholicism
- Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe (Spanish: Virgen de Guadalupe), is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a venerated image enshrined within the Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City. [note the sign of roses during virgin's appearance]
- The 1709 shrine was built near the hill of Tepeyac, where the Virgin Mary is believed to have appeared to Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin. The basilica structure which now contains Diego's cloak was completed in 1974. This site is also known as La Villa de Guadalupe or, in a more popular sense, La Villa, and has several churches and related buildings. One of the most important pilgrimagesites of Catholicism, the basilica and tilma(cloak) are visited by several million people every year, especially around 12 December, Our Lady of Guadalupe's Feast day.
Feminist movement
- Xicana Literature is a form of literature that has emerged from the Chicana Feminist movement. It aims to redefine Chicana archetypes in an effort to provide positive models for Chicanas today. Chicana writers redefine their relationships with what Gloria Anzaldúa has called "Las Tres Madres" of Mexican culture by depicting them as feminist sources of strength and compassion. According to the Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society, “Chicana feminist writings helped to develop a discourse in opposition to the Eurocentric frameworks.” Chicana writing grew out of Chicana feminism, through the feminist journals founded since the 1960s – one of which led to Norma Alarcón’s Third Woman Press; the assertions of Chicana feminism in essays; and the portrayal of the gender crisis in the Chicano Movement in the poetry and fiction of Chicana authors.
Mariachi (/mɑːriˈɑːtʃi/; Spanish: [maˈɾjatʃi]) is a musical expression that dates back to at least 19th century Western Mexico. It is a tradition that can be defined by eight socio-musical elements: mariachi instrumentation and texture, musical genres and subgenres, performance methods and styles, singing styles and forms, dance styles, performative space, performance clothing, and the word "mariachi". Each element has its own history, originated at varying moments in time and in different regions of the Western Mexican countryside, and some, not all, had to have converged in order for the mariachi tradition to be what it has become. From the 19th to 20th century, migrations from rural areas into cities such as Guadalajara and Mexico City, along with the Mexican government's cultural promotion gradually re-labeled it as Sonstyle, with its alternative name of “mariachi” becoming used for the “urban” form. Modifications of the music include influences from other music such as polkas and waltzes, the addition of trumpets and the use of charro outfits by mariachi musicians. The musical style began to take on national prominence in the first half of the 20th century, with its promotion at presidential inaugurations and on the radio in the 1920s.
- note that mariachi festivals are also held in US in addition to mexico.
music
- Lorenzo Barcelata (July 24, 1898 – July 13, 1943) was a Mexican composer and actor born in Tlalixcoyan, Veracruz. He died in Mexico City from cholera, shortly before his 45th birthday.Barcelata came from a musically oriented family. He wrote his first song, "Arroyito", at the age of 14. He later moved to Tampico where he formed the quartet "Cuarteto Tamaulipeco", with composer Ernesto Cortázar. Their fame quickly spread throughout the region and they received international fame when the Mexican government sent them on a tour of Cuba. While there, they were signed to perform a 52-week tour of the United States. After two of the members were fatally injured in an automobile accident, Barcelata returned to Mexico. He reformed the quartet as his fame continued to grow. Beginning in 1932, he entered the Mexican film industry and became a prominent film composer until his death. He also achieved fame as an actor as he played roles in several films.His most famous song is "María Elena", (many know her as "yours is my heart" in Mexico) originally written for "Lucia Martínez García" at the request of Ernesto Soto Reyes, Lucía's husband and for which he paid $ 10,000 pesos from then, shortly after Before registering it, Barcelata shows it to his businessman friend Anacarsis "Carcho" Peralta who loves it and curiously it appears shortly afterwards as "María Elena", the name of a girlfriend the businessman had. Maria Elena was featured in the Mexican film by the same name. A version of it was also included on the soundtrack to the American film Bordertown. It was later translated into English and performed by the Lawrence Welk orchestra. Another English version was recorded by Jimmy Dorsey. Dorsey's version topped the charts in 1941. Wayne King also recorded an English version which reached the No.2 position during the week of June 14, runner-up only to the Dorsey version. A vocal version by Tony Pastor also reached the Top 10 during that month. Maria Elena has since been recorded internationally by several different musicians. In 1958, the Brazilian group Los Indios Tabajaras recorded a version that became popular throughout Latin America and later (in 1963) reached the No.6 position in the US charts & No.5 in the UK charts.The popularity of Maria Elena in the US in the early-1940s resulted in Barcelata touring the country once again. He returned to Mexico in 1943 where he was scheduled to produce several radio programs. However, he died on July 13, before recording could begin. In total, he left behind a catalog of 214 songs, including Por ti aprendí a querer, and El Cascabel, among others.A recording of "El Cascabel" was one of the pieces of music on the Voyager Golden Record. This version was a mariachi interpretation performed by Antonio Maciel y Las Aguilillas with El Mariachi México de Pepe Villa. The 12 inch album (complete with stylus, cartridge and instructions for use) which was launched into deep space aboard the Voyager space probes in the late 1970s.
- note that mariachi festivals are also held in US in addition to mexico.
Alebrijes (Spanish pronunciation: [aleˈβɾixes]) are brightly colored Mexican folk art sculptures of fantastical (fantasy/mythical) creatures. The first alebrijes, along with use of the term, originated with Pedro Linares. In the 1930s, Linares fell very ill and while he was in bed, unconscious, Linares dreamt of a strange place resembling a forest. There, he saw trees, animals, rocks, clouds that suddenly turned into something strange, some kind of animals, but, unknown animals. He saw a donkey with butterfly wings, a rooster with bull horns, a lion with an eagle head, and all of them were shouting one word, "Alebrijes". Upon recovery, he began recreating the creatures he saw in cardboard and papier-mâché and called them Alebrijes. His work caught the attention of a gallery owner in Cuernavaca, in the south of Mexico and later, of artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo. In the 1980s, British filmmaker Judith Bronowski arranged an itinerant Mexican art craft demonstration workshop in the United States featuring Pedro Linares, Manuel Jiménez and a textile artisan Maria Sabina from Oaxaca. Although the Oaxaca valley area already had a history of carving animals and other types of figures from wood, it was at this time, when Bronowski's workshop took place, that artisans from Oaxaca learned of the alebrijes paper mache sculptures. Linares demonstrated his designs on family visits and which were adapted to the carving of a local wood called copal; this type of wood is said to be magical, made from unitado magic. The paper mache-to-wood carving adaptation was pioneered by Arrazola native Manuel Jiménez. This version of the craft has since spread to a number of other towns, most notably San Martín Tilcajete and La Unión Tejalapan, and has become a major source of income for the area, especially for Tilcajete. The success of the craft, however, has led to the depletion of the native copal trees.
music
- Lorenzo Barcelata (July 24, 1898 – July 13, 1943) was a Mexican composer and actor born in Tlalixcoyan, Veracruz. He died in Mexico City from cholera, shortly before his 45th birthday.Barcelata came from a musically oriented family. He wrote his first song, "Arroyito", at the age of 14. He later moved to Tampico where he formed the quartet "Cuarteto Tamaulipeco", with composer Ernesto Cortázar. Their fame quickly spread throughout the region and they received international fame when the Mexican government sent them on a tour of Cuba. While there, they were signed to perform a 52-week tour of the United States. After two of the members were fatally injured in an automobile accident, Barcelata returned to Mexico. He reformed the quartet as his fame continued to grow. Beginning in 1932, he entered the Mexican film industry and became a prominent film composer until his death. He also achieved fame as an actor as he played roles in several films.His most famous song is "María Elena", (many know her as "yours is my heart" in Mexico) originally written for "Lucia Martínez García" at the request of Ernesto Soto Reyes, Lucía's husband and for which he paid $ 10,000 pesos from then, shortly after Before registering it, Barcelata shows it to his businessman friend Anacarsis "Carcho" Peralta who loves it and curiously it appears shortly afterwards as "María Elena", the name of a girlfriend the businessman had. Maria Elena was featured in the Mexican film by the same name. A version of it was also included on the soundtrack to the American film Bordertown. It was later translated into English and performed by the Lawrence Welk orchestra. Another English version was recorded by Jimmy Dorsey. Dorsey's version topped the charts in 1941. Wayne King also recorded an English version which reached the No.2 position during the week of June 14, runner-up only to the Dorsey version. A vocal version by Tony Pastor also reached the Top 10 during that month. Maria Elena has since been recorded internationally by several different musicians. In 1958, the Brazilian group Los Indios Tabajaras recorded a version that became popular throughout Latin America and later (in 1963) reached the No.6 position in the US charts & No.5 in the UK charts.The popularity of Maria Elena in the US in the early-1940s resulted in Barcelata touring the country once again. He returned to Mexico in 1943 where he was scheduled to produce several radio programs. However, he died on July 13, before recording could begin. In total, he left behind a catalog of 214 songs, including Por ti aprendí a querer, and El Cascabel, among others.A recording of "El Cascabel" was one of the pieces of music on the Voyager Golden Record. This version was a mariachi interpretation performed by Antonio Maciel y Las Aguilillas with El Mariachi México de Pepe Villa. The 12 inch album (complete with stylus, cartridge and instructions for use) which was launched into deep space aboard the Voyager space probes in the late 1970s.
- featured in wong kar wai's a fei jing chuen
painting
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/18/b06-0718.pdf壁畫三傑
Indigenous people- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/18/b06-0718.pdf壁畫三傑
- 塔拉烏馬拉人 The Rarámuri or Tarahumara are a Native American people of northwestern Mexico who are renowned for their long-distance running ability. In their language, the term rarámuri refers specifically to the men, women are referred to as mukí (individually) and as omugí or igómale (collectively).Originally inhabitants of much of the state of Chihuahua, the Rarámuri retreated to the high sierras and canyons such as the Copper Canyon in the Sierra Madre Occidental on the arrival of Spanish invaders in the 16th century.[1] The area of the Sierra Madre Occidental which they now inhabit is often called the Sierra Tarahumara because of their presence.
- In "boy to man" series, people were shown playing violin like instruments (bow size is strange)
- https://www.quora.com/Did-cavemen-brush-their-hair I have lived and worked among the northern Raramouri (Tarahumara) people in the Sierra Madre of Mexico, some of whom live in caves today.
- In the 15th century, the Aztecs labeled the region of the Totonac "Totonacapan"; which then extended roughly from Papantla in the north to Cempoala in the south. Totonacapan was largely hot and humid. Along with the normal agricultural crops of maize, manioc, squash, beans, pumpkin and chili peppers, the region was noted for its production of liquid amber and cotton. Even during the disastrous central Mexican famine of 1450-1454, the region remained a reliable agricultural center. At that time, many Aztecs were forced to sell themselves or their family members as slaves to the Totonac in exchange for subsistence maize.
- [manuscript hunter]located along the isthumus's border with thr state of chiapas, and mouth of uspanapa river
- [manuscript hunter] During 14th and 15th c, the zapotec kings progressively took control of their most prized territories, and in order to maintain their independence they were reduced to settling in some of the harshest, most bitterly cold mountain regions. The exploits of their last king, known as condoy, brought back some measure of the dying nation's prestiage. Legend has it that he had neither father nor mother. He emerged one day from the caves at the foot of mount zempoaltepec, leading a powerful army and in just a few months he drove out their enemies briefly restoring his people's former glory. Their capital xaltepec was renowned for being one of the region's most thriving cities and was captured and burned to the ground after a long siege by neighbouring princes.
- most descendants of these people live in guichicovi
- of all the animals imported from europe, mules found the greatest favor with the indians of guichicovi. They built a considerable trade selling them to the people of oaxaca, chiapas, and tehuantepec. Each year on the day of the feast of saint john, their church's patron saint, there is a fair in guichicovi where the village's finest mule is brought to majordomos from various brotherhoods. The animal is blessed at a ceremony. Don jose eustaquio manzano was one of patricios' most feared leaders
- [manuscript hunter]
- fleed from an unknown region in the south, traveled up the pacific coast until coming ashore along the lagoons that extend between tehunatepc and tonala, where they still live today as hardworking fishermen. At the time of their arrival, they took control of the surrounding area from the coast to the foot of mountains by force of arms. Two or three centuries later, they were subdued by ahuitzotl, the mexican ruler and uncle of his successor Montezuma II. Soon zapotec forces, under their king, cocijoeza, took advantage of the mexican withdrawal from the territory of tehuantepec, to bring it under their control. The mexicans tried in vain to regain control of this prized possession but in the end, cocijoeza's arms and bravery shone brighter than his adversary's. As a result of his lossess on the battlefield, ahuitzotl signed a treaty with the zapotec king and married him to his niece, snowflake. They had a son cocijopij, whom his father placed on the throne of tehuantepec. He was in the prime of his life when the news of cortes' march on mexico city sounded the alarm throughout all of america's kingdoms. Both cocijopij and his father presented their crowns to the king of spain as tribute and the son welcomed pedro de alvarado wehn the spanish warrier passed through this territory on his way to conquer guatemala. Cortes arrived in tehuantepec a few years after his lieutenant's visit. He built the brigantines in the port city of la ventosa that he sailed on the journey that led him to california. The indigenous prince received cortes with highest honors. Cortes, in turn, compelled the prince to be baptised, despite his obvious reluctance and the opposition of his royal court. Thus cocijopij was baptised with the name don juan cores de montezuma. He proceeded to build a convent for the dominicans. When he was arrested by dominicans for his apostasy, a furious mass rushed towards the monastery. Ultimately he was punished by losing his states and domains along with all sovereignty and his title.
- Cáhita is a group of Indigenous peoples of Mexico, which includes the Yaqui and Mayo people. Numbering approximately 40,000, they live in west coast of the states of Sonora and Sinaloa. Their languages, the Yaqui and Mayo languages, form the Cáhitan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
- At the time of cocijopij, the wabi fishermen went to the promontories and small islands to offer mysterious sacrifices to the heart of the kingdo, one of quetzalcatl's many titles. They do this in underground temples on the enchanted island called monopostiac.
- 普雷佩查人 The Purépecha or Tarascans (endonym P'urhépecha [pʰuˈɽepet͡ʃa]) are a group of indigenous people centered in the northwestern region of Michoacán, Mexico, mainly in the area of the cities of Cherán and Pátzcuaro.They are also known by the pejorative "Tarascan", an exonym, applied by outsiders and not one they use for themselves.
- Matlatzinca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [mat͡ɬat͡sinka]) is a name used to refer to different indigenous ethnic groups in the Toluca Valley in the state of México, located in the central highlands of Mexico. The term is applied to the ethnic group inhabiting the valley of Toluca and to their language, Matlatzinca.When used as an ethnonym, Matlatzinca refers to the people of Matlatzinco. Matlatzinco was the Aztec (Nahuatl) term for the Toluca Valley. The political capital of the valley was also referred to as “Matlatzinco”; this was a large city whose ruins are today known as the archaeological site of Calixtlahuaca. In Prehispanic times the Toluca Valley was the home to speakers of at least four languages: Otomi, Matlatzinca, Mazahua, and Nahuatl.
History
- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish), officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States andMexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–48). With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the US to pay $15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million. It gave the United States theRio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the US ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights. Over 90% chose to become US citizens.
- **** [from manuscript hunter] year 1848 - mexico, as seen by Louis Napoleon and brasseur, is a rising power
- Maximilian (Spanish: Maximiliano; bornFerdinand Maximilian Joseph; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire. He was a younger brother of the Austrian emperorFrancis Joseph I. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy, he accepted an offer by Napoleon III of France to rule Mexico. France (along with the United Kingdom and Spain, who both withdrew the following year after negotiating agreements with Mexico's democratic government) had invaded Mexico in the winter of 1861, as part of the War of the French Intervention. Seeking to legitimize French rule in the Americas, Napoleon III invited Maximilian to establish a new Mexican monarchy for him. With the support of the French army, and a group ofconservative Mexican monarchists hostile to the liberal administration of new Mexican President Benito Juárez, Maximilian traveled to Mexico. Once there, he declared himself Emperor of Mexico on 10 April 1864. The Empire managed to gain recognition by major European powers including Britain, Austria, and Prussia. The United States however, continued to recognize Juarez as the legal president of Mexico. Maximilian never completely defeated the Mexican Republic; Republican forces led by President Benito Juárez continued to be active during Maximilian's rule. With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the United States (which had been too distracted by its own civil war to confront the Europeans' 1861 invasion of what it considered to be its sphere of influence) began more explicit aid of President Juárez's forces. Matters worsened for Maximilian after the French armies withdrew from Mexico in 1866. His self-declared empire collapsed, and he was captured and executed by the Mexican government in 1867.
- 10 July 1863: The “Proclamation of Empire” was issued, and the new government was given the title of “Regency of the Empire”. With the French presence installed in Mexico City and overseeing proceedings, Maximilian was offered the imperial throne and the Regency government subsequently nominated a commission charged with leaving for Europe in order to present the offer to the Austrian prince.https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/the-mexican-campaign-1862-1867/
- brasseur was asked to serve onnthe commission
- Cinco de Mayo (pronounced: [ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo]; Spanish for "Fifth of May") is a celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's unlikely victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. In the U.S. the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican-American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken to be Mexico's Independence Day—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain.
USA
- 1846-48 war
- hkej 16feb17 shum article
- 1848 agreement
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4e1a53ee-7322-11e6-bf48-b372cdb1043a.html Mexico is to consider revoking a series of bilateral treaties — including the 1848 agreement that transferred half its territory to the US — if the Republican candidate wins the presidency and rips up the North American Free Trade Agreement, according to a bill to be presented to Congress. The initiative, to be proposed on Tuesday by Armando Ríos Piter, a leftwing senator, follows last week’s much-criticised meeting between Mexico’s President Enrique Peña and the US presidential contender Donald Trump, which inflamed public opinion and sparked a cabinet rift.
- https://www.quora.com/How-come-Mexico-doesnt-harbor-long-term-revanchism-over-losing-half-of-its-territory-to-the-US-in-the-Mexican-American-War-of-1848-even-though-similar-situations-in-Europe-have-lead-to-World-Wars
- 墨西哥總統奧夫拉多爾提出《國家安全法》修正案，要求限制外國特工在墨西哥的活動範圍，並取消他們的外交豁免權。美國譴責修正案將影響美墨關係，危及特工、線人及兩國公民安全。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201217/00180_025.html
- border trade
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21708666-its-not-just-wall-appals-what-trumponomics-means-border-region
- http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21716057-rural-republican-states-have-most-lose-farmers-and-texans-would-lose-most
- https://www.ft.com/content/22a0b652-f081-11e8-ae55-df4bf40f9d0d Mexico’s incoming government is under pressure not to bow to President Donald Trump’s demand that it act as a buffer for Central American migrants seeking to come to the US, as the country prepares for the inauguration of president-elect Andrés Manuel López Obrador. The incoming administration denied reports that it had struck a so-called Remain in Mexico deal with senior US officials under which migrants would wait on the Mexican border until their asylum claims were processed by US courts. No formal agreement is possible until the new government takes office next Saturday. But the incoming team did not deny that such a plan — which would align with the US president’s attempts to block thousands of migrants at the border and, at the current pace, could keep migrants in Mexico for months or years — had been discussed.
- 墨西哥總統奧夫拉多爾計劃，向美國總統拜登提出一項有關中美洲移民北美洲的新政策。他提議美方考慮讓移民先在墨西哥種植樹木或農作物3年，換取美國工作簽證半年，3年後若表現良好就有權申請美國公民身份。美國政府未有回應。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210420/00180_032.html
- wall
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170608/PDF/b14_screen.pdf美國白宮官員透露，特朗普日前與幾名國會高層會談時，提議在高牆上安裝太陽能板，作為支付築牆費用的資金來源。美國國會也暫未就築牆事宜提撥款項。美國國土安全部目前已經從預算中其他地方提撥2000萬美元（約合1.6億港元）來支持建造高牆模型。
- https://www.ft.com/content/7a95ea1c-68c8-11e8-8cf3-0c230fa67aec The peso plunged on Tuesday after Mexico imposed tariffs on US imports including bourbon, apples, potatoes, cheese and pork in retaliation to the Trump administration’s levies on steel and aluminium. The announcement of tariffs ranging from 15 per cent to 25 per cent came as the future of the Nafta trade agreement came under fresh attack from the White House. “An open trade war has finally erupted in the backyard of the US, with potentially dire repercussions for the survival of Nafta,” said Eswar Prasad, a professor of trade policy and economics at Cornell University. Mexico’s peso, which has lost 13 per cent from mid-April under pressure from the strong dollar, was hostage to a tariff conflict that could damage relations between the allies, said Juan Francisco Caudillo, a senior technical analyst at Monex, a Mexican bank.
- airport link
- The Cross Border Xpress is the first project to join a site in the U.S. with a foreign airport terminal. It opens 9 a.m. Wednesday and will be open 24/7. Tickets are on sale now. The $120-million private venture aims to serve about 2.4 million fliers each year who usually would have to queue up in busy border crossings at San Ysidro and Otay Mesa on the California side. The San Diego terminal is between those two crossing sites. The bridge is restricted to ticketed Tijuana airport passengers flying out within 24 hours. Passengers arriving at the airport may use the border crossing within two hours of landing.
- corn
- http://money.cnn.com/2017/02/13/news/economy/mexico-trump-us-corn/ Mexico is one of the top buyers of American corn in the world today. And Mexican senator Armando Rios Piter, who leads a congressional committee on foreign relations, says he will introduce a bill this week where Mexico will buy corn from Brazil and Argentina instead of the United States.
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-21/u-s-mexico-reach-deal-to-suspend-tomato-dumping-probe-tariffs The U.S. reached a deal to suspend tariffs on tomatoes from Mexico and implement import restrictions demanded by Florida growers to protect their industry. The agreement, which also ends a dumping probe by the Trump administration, is expected to head off calamity for the Mexican tomato export industry, the world’s largest. It’s also likely to avert spikes in prices at U.S. supermarkets and restaurants. The deal was reached around midnight on Tuesday in Washington, a group of Mexican agriculture industry associations said in a joint statement. It represented the final opportunity to end the dumping probe and allow for 30 days of public comment.
- people
- Louis Hargous was born in Philadelphia in 1810. His wife was Susan J. Hargous. He went to Mexico at a young age, where he developed his business knowledge. In the 1840s, Hargous lived in Veracruz, Mexico. He served as United States Consul at Veracruz for 17 years, beginning no later than 1842. His firm, L.S. Hargous & Co., did business with the Mexican government. His partner, Emile Voss, had a one-third interest in the firm. The Mexican-American War, in which Hargous fought for the U.S. and attained the rank of colonel, lasted from 1846 to 1848. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, $3.25 million from the United States's purchase of land from Mexico was to be reserved for the payment of Mexican debts held by Americans. L.S. Hargous & Co. claimed some of that money. George Hammeken was born in New York City in 1811. He lived in Texas for a time, and then in New Orleans from 1844 to 1850. In 1856, Hammeken entered an agreement with the Mexican government to build a short railroad from Mexico City to Tacubaya, tax-free for fifteen years. He was not able to sell enough shares in the company, so he took on significant debt. After a coup in 1858, the new conservative government controlled Mexico City. The ousted liberal government controlled the city and state of Veracruz. The Mexican Reform War between the conservatives and the ousted liberals lasted until 1861, during which time the new government prevented Hammeken from operating the railway and then began to tax it. Hammeken was ruined. American diplomats brought Hammeken's situation to the attention of Benito Juárez, whose liberal faction won the war.http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00251
- 美國國務院估計，目前約有150萬名美國人居於墨西哥。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/11/a15-0811.pdf
Canada
- Canada’s largest restaurant chain, which has 4,492 outlets in North America and the Middle East, announced a master franchise joint venture on Friday with a group of investors in Mexico, but did not divulge how many restaurants it plans to open in its first Latin American endeavour. Financial post 28jan17
Argentina
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2016-08/09/content_39053008.htm Mexico would like to reach a free trade agreement (FTA) with Argentina to rapidly increase the bilateral trade worth 2.5 billion U.S. dollars annually, Mexico's Economy Minister Ildefonso Guajardo said on Monday.
The minister made the remark one week after an official visit by Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto to Argentina.
bolivia- 玻利維亞前總統莫拉萊斯上月下台後一度流亡墨西哥，墨西哥外交部周一投訴，一百五十名玻利維亞情報人員自周末起，包圍墨西哥駐玻利維亞大使的官邸，並且攔截及試圖搜查大使的汽車，被指違反外交保護權。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191225/00180_020.html
EU
- https://www.ft.com/content/2d78afac-460f-11e8-8ae9-4b5ddcca99b3 The EU and Mexico have brokered a deal to upgrade their trade agreement by slashing tariffs on agricultural imports and opening up public procurement markets. The accord has been a priority for the EU, which has responded to rising protectionism in the US by intensifying negotiations with other leading economies, saying it wants to work with like-minded countries to uphold international trade. The new deal, which has been under negotiation for almost two years, upgrades an accord from 1997 that was mainly focused on liberalisation of trade in industrial goods.
UK
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-to-sign-landmark-agreement-to-boost-economic-growth-in-uk-and-mexico The Foreign Secretary will today launch a new partnership with Mexico aimed at boosting sustainable and inclusive economic growth both here in the United Kingdom and in Mexico. The landmark Partnership Agreement, to be signed during the Foreign Secretary’s first official visit to Mexico City, is the most wide-ranging agreement ever concluded between the UK and Mexican Governments. Alongside greater political co-operation including on global challenges such as climate change, the partnership promotes greater investment and trade in the sectors of advanced manufacturing, energy, financial services, health, education and green finance and technology.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8c9b0cb0-33a7-11e4-ba62-00144feabdc0.html Mexico is capping its unprecedented reform drive with plans for a $9.16bn new airport that architect Lord Foster says will be “a soaring, sculptural, trailblazing structure”. The “X” shaped design, with a vaulted roof with three-times the span of a normal airport, is being billed as the proud new gateway to a modernised Mexico, which is betting on energy and other long-delayed structural reforms to put it on the map as a major 21st century trade power and reinvigorated tourist destination.
France
- The second French intervention in Mexico (Spanish: Segunda intervención francesa en México), also known as the Maximilian Affair, Mexican Adventure, the War of the French Intervention, the Franco-Mexican War or the Second Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico in late 1861 by the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by theUnited Kingdom and Spain. It followed President Benito Juárez's suspension of interest payments to foreign countries on 17 July 1861, which angered these three major creditors of Mexico. Emperor Napoleon III of France was the instigator, justifying military intervention by claiming a broad foreign policy of commitment to free trade. For him, a friendly government in Mexico would ensure European access to Latin American markets. Napoleon also wanted the silver that could be mined in Mexico to finance his empire. Napoleon built a coalition with Spain and Britain while the U.S. was deeply engaged in its civil war. The three European powers signed the Treaty of London on 31 October 1861, to unite their efforts to receive payments from Mexico. On 8 December the Spanish fleet and troops arrived at Mexico's main port, Veracruz. When the British and Spanish discovered that France planned to seize all of Mexico, they quickly withdrew from the coalition. The subsequent French invasion resulted in the Second Mexican Empire.
spain
- The Estela de Luz (Pillar of Light) is a monument in Mexico City built in 2011 to commemorate the bicentenary of Mexico's independence from Spanish rule. Its design was the winning entry in an invited competition to seek the best combination of Mexico's past and future;[citation needed] the design uses quartz and electric lighting to achieve this effect.[1] Though it is a tall structure, it was not built to be the tallest and in fact was built near the Torre Mayor which is one of the tallest buildings in Latin America. The main use of the Estela De Luz will be for cultural events. The monument is popularly known as the suavicrema (a brand of ice cream wafer).
Japan
- 榎本移民
- http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2019/3/13/takeaki-enomoto-1/
- http://www.ims.sdu.edu.cn/__local/3/09/23/D33C5951F9F7626436B17727AAB_3FC9D82F_64CD7.pdf 1613 年( 庆长 18 年) 10 月 28 日，受仙台藩主伊达政宗的委派，由支仓常长等人率领的遣欧使节团从月浦港扬帆出航。支仓常长使节团出访的目的有两个，一是与西班牙及其殖民地墨西哥缔结通商条约，日墨定期通过太平洋进行贸易; 二是允许在仙台藩内传播基督教，请求罗马教皇向仙台藩派遣传教士。1614 年 1 月，共有 180 人的支仓常长使节团抵达墨西哥太平洋沿岸的阿卡普尔科港，然后经陆路到达墨西哥大西洋沿岸，搭乘西班牙军舰跨越大西洋抵达西班牙，再从西班牙经地中海到达罗马。但从墨西哥前往罗马的使节团成员仅有 15 人，其余人员滞留墨西哥等待与支仓常长会合一起回国，78 人在墨西哥接受了洗礼。支仓常长使节团从出国到归国，历经 7 年，支仓常长在欧洲滞留了 3 年。1617 年在墨西哥与支仓常长会合归国的使节团成员只有少数人，大部分人都与当地人结婚定居。② 支仓常长使节团于 1620 年回到日本。这是日本与墨西哥的最早接触。由于德川幕府实行闭关锁国政策，日墨交流中断。明治政府成立后，日本对外交往日益密切。1874 年墨西哥工程部次官迪亚斯·科瓦鲁维亚斯( Francisco Díaz Covarrubias) 率领的墨西哥金星观测队( 共五人) 前往横滨野毛山开展天文观测，归国后科瓦鲁维亚斯根据在日期间的见闻撰写了《日本旅行记》，使得墨西哥人对远隔万里的日本及日本人有了初步认识。1876 年波菲里奥·迪亚斯( Porfirio Díaz) 就任墨西哥总统后，开始大力推进国家的现代化建设。由于墨西哥地广人稀，国内财政状况差，工业发展基础薄弱，迪亚斯政府以政府主导、优先发展工矿产业、依赖外资来推动经济发展。但由于大地产制盛行，庄园遍布，剩余劳动力大多被外资大型农场所吸收，一些失业者缺乏工作技能，同时南部、北部边境土地大多不适宜种植，几乎处于无人居住的状态，为墨西哥政府维护国界和国土安全埋下了隐患。因此引进移民，开垦边疆荒地不仅具有经济价值，也有深远的政治意义。相较于欧美国家，亚洲各国经济发展水平低，人口相对充裕、劳动力薪酬不高，在大量华人劳工赴墨定居、开设华埠之后，墨西哥政府又将目光投向了同处东亚的人口大国———日本。与此同时，日本政府在修改不平等条约方面的努力遭遇挫折，不得不调低外交目标，即同英、法、美、俄之外的国家建立平等的外交关系。在日墨双方努力下，1888 年 11 月两国签订了《日本国及墨西哥合众国修好通商条约》，正式建立外交关系。日墨建交后，双边贸易额不断扩大，人员往来逐年增多，墨西哥成为日本移民最早进入的拉美国家。明治时期( 1868 － 1912年) 日本移民数量最多的拉美国家就是墨西哥( 秘鲁和巴西分列第二位和第三位) 。1903 年前墨西哥共有日本移民 580 人。1903 年、1904 年、1905 年和 1906 年，分别有 281 名、1261 名、346 名和5068 名日本移民入境墨西哥，截至 1907 年入境墨西哥的日本劳工数量已突破一万人，太平洋战争前共有14 667名日本移民入境墨西哥。日裔赴墨移民活动最初始于榎本武扬与墨西哥政府签订的购地契约，尝试在墨西哥建立日本移民社区。榎本武扬( 1836 － 1908 年) 是幕末和明治时期的传奇人物，他曾是佐幕的核心人物之一，投靠明治政府后，提出迁移江户 30 万户居民赴北海道从事开发的方案。由于北海道土地大多被新政府赐予德川家族及其旧部，大规模移民北海道会引发局势动荡，因而未被采纳。由于地少人多，早在江户时代不少失去土地的农民就大量流入城市务工。明治时期人口出生率急剧上升，新兴的资本主义经济无法消化、吸纳“过剩人口”，农民和失业城市民众成为社会不稳定的潜在因素。如何缓解因人口压力带来的矛盾，成为明治政府面临的一个急迫问题。榎本武扬先后任明治政府的驻外使节、海军大臣、邮政大臣、农商务大臣、文部大臣和外务大臣等职。1891 年( 明治 24 年) 就任外务大臣的榎本武扬，在外务省特设了移民课，力图在海外建立移民殖民地，多次派人赴海外进行调查活动，寻找适宜日本人定居的区域。榎本武扬认为，输出移民可以达到四个目的，即“解决人口问题”、“以移民作为和平手段扩大日本领”、“以移民促进贸易与确保海权”和“打破锁国的日本风气”。① 榎本武扬还对以往输出劳工以获取劳务报酬的移民模式进行了反思，认为这种移民模式并没有缓解国内人口压力，因此不可持续。榎本武扬指出: 美国出现排华风潮的重要原因，即中国移民“单身独行流寓无常”，没有“恒产恒心”。“现今我邦人所受待遇还未同支那人一样，他日若蒙受同样的排斥，这不仅是在外移民个人的不幸，甚至可以上升到是我们国家的耻辱，政府当局应当尽快想方设法应对。”最早向榎本武扬建议向墨西哥移民的是日本驻旧金山领事馆的书记员藤田敏郎。1891 年，藤田从领事馆雇佣的外籍员工口中得知墨西哥欢迎外来移民的消息，立即上报榎本武扬并建议向墨西哥移民。榎本采纳了藤田的建议，日本于当年 10 月在墨西哥设立领事馆，并任命藤田为代理领事。当时的外务省通商局局长安藤太郎也热衷于移民事业。藤田根据当局指令，赴墨西哥太平洋沿岸地区进行调查，外务省还派遣森尾茂助、恒屋盛服、高野省三、榎本龙吉等人与藤田同行。经过调查，得出结论，即墨西哥是一个适合日本人移居的国家。墨西哥政府对日本移民持欢迎态度，农商大臣致函日本政府，特为日本移民预留了恰帕斯州( Chiapas) 的八处国有土地。1883 年墨西哥政府颁布了《未垦地拓殖法》，承诺将土地公司经过测量而未开垦的 1 /3 的土地，转让给土地公司进行开垦，转让土地面积不超过 2500 公顷。1894 年又对该法进行了修改，取消了土地转让的上限，结果外国土地公司占有的墨西哥土地面积急剧扩大，19世纪末有 3300 万公顷土地被外国土地公司占有，约占墨西哥国土面积的 14% 。
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21664198-unusual-japanese-mexican-venture-runs-trouble-auditors-covenant-salt
chinese
- chinese in mexico
- 墨西哥政府周日拍賣早前涉販毒被捕的華裔商人葉真理豪宅，最後以一億零二百萬墨西哥披索（約四千一百一十五萬港元）成交，比底價九千七百三十萬披索（約三千九百二十一萬港元）高。當局表示收益將作為獎金，發放予參加泛美運動會的墨西哥運動員。葉真理在二○○七年被指製毒及販毒，當時警方在其家中搜出重兩噸、約值十六億港元的現金，是當地史上單次繳獲最大金額的贓款，葉真理其後潛逃到美國。美方於二○一一年同意將他引渡回墨西哥，惟其律師一直設法推遲交移時間及提出上訴。直至二○一六年，美國最高法院駁回上訴，葉真理被引渡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190813/00180_017.html
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200316/00269_003.html 華人一般都是自己開設公司，進行貿易或者餐飲，最近開始多了一些華人開設工廠，例如台灣商人發展大型地下水管製造。
- Sonora state https://m.facebook.com/mexchamhk/photos/a.197897180378385/1789628844538536/
China
- trade
- http://www.ejinsight.com/20161021-mexico-to-double-berry-output-in-four-years-with-china-s-help/ Mexico expects its berry production to double in the coming four years with rising demand from China, the world’s second largest economy.“We are directly competing with Chile and Peru in the Chinese market. They have free trade deals with China but we don’t… we are facing a very high duty of 25 percent, which is a negative factor,” Andrade said. He hopes the Chinese government will cancel the 25 percent tariff on Mexican berries. He said Mexican berries are more competitive than those from Chile and Peru as Mexico can offer up to nine months’ supply due to seasonal advantages. Also, the production of blueberries in Mexico is growing 70 percent every year and will become one of the biggest categories in the country’s agricultural sector, he said. Chile and Peru, both of which are major copper exporters, signed free trade agreements with China in 2005 and 2009, respectively. They enjoy zero tariff for many of their agricultural produce to China, including berries. Chilean blueberries have been shipped to China since 2012 while the Peruvian variety will be shipped from next month.
At present, Canada, Chile and Mexico are among the world’s biggest suppliers of blueberries.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-11/14/content_18913034.htm Pena Nieto announces $2.4 billion fund for infrastructure construction Mexico welcomes participation by Chinese enterprises in building infrastructure and hopes to launch a $2.4 billion investment fund with China to support infrastructure, mining and energy projects as soon as possible, Mexico's president said on Thursday.
- opportunities in mexico abound for energy firms http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-08/14/content_18306064.htm
- oil
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-oil-auction-first-idUSKBN13U2I2
- railway infrastructure
- 墨西哥高鐵招標 中國公司無對手 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/10/18/a15-1018.pdf, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-10/21/content_18774166.htm
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-03/china-jumps-into-mexico-with-4-3-billion-rail-deal.html, http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1632098/railway-infrastructure-shares-rally-mexican-high-speed-rail, hkej 5nov14 a15, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-11/05/content_18867332.htm, singtao 5nov14 b5, http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201411/1105/HA08B05COWW.pdf, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20141105/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
- 墨西哥反口 中國高鐵外闖首遇阻http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/first/20141108/18927627, http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/11/08/a16-1108.pdf, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c10c40f2-668a-11e4-9c0c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3IRYG7WqW, http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1634225/fast-train-nowhere-mexico-derails-chinese-bullet-train-deal, http://www1.hkej.com/dailynews/finnews/article/931466/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%AA%81%E6%92%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%98%E9%90%B5%E5%90%88%E7%B4%84, http://www.hket.com/eti/article/68b89819-03ba-4ff5-bbd9-f150ad30ec03-528418, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20141108/PDF/a6_screen.pdf, http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201411/1108/HZ14B08CCXX.pdf
- 墨國指中鐵建可索償 http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20141109/18928591, http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201411/1109/HA03B09CGCA.pdf, http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/11/09/a06-1109.pdf, hkej 10nov14 a4
- 中鐵建 considers seeking compensation from Mexican govt http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201411/1110/HA10B10CZXX.pdf, http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/11/10/b03-1110.pdf, http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1637799/china-firm-may-sue-over-cancelled-rail-contract-mexico
- Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto battled an emerging controversy over his wife's purchase of a mansion built by a company that later briefly won a lucrative bullet train contract. http://news.yahoo.com/mexico-first-ladys-mansion-causes-stir-002801448.html, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/more-protests-mexico-president-also-faces-ethics-questions-n245431, singtao 11nov14 a24, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1636918/mystery-mexicos-president-luxury-mansion-and-cancelled-us37b-bullet-train, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6d184730-681e-11e4-bcd5-00144feabdc0.html, hkej 11nov a22, http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20141111/00180_001.html, http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21632565-questions-about-financing-president-pe-house-add-his-woes-bad-worse
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20141112/00180_017.html 墨西哥四十三名失蹤學生傳遭黑幫處決燒屍引發的示威持續，學生家長等數千名示威者前日往旅遊勝地阿卡普爾科（Acapulco）抗議，封鎖國際機場向政府施壓，與警方衝突，更叫正在訪華的總統涅托不要回國。
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1653845/mexico-pays-chinese-rail-firm-over-100-million-yuan-after-pulling-out
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-02/china-rail-stocks-sink-after-mexico-shelves-high-speed-rail-line On Friday, Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto said the Yucatan peninsula rail project fell victim to broader budget cuts. The nation, which depends on oil revenue to fund about a third of federal spending, is reducing 2015 outlays by 124.3 billion pesos ($8.3 billion) on expectations oil prices may continue to slump for years. West Texas Intermediate crude is trading near the lowest since March 2009. http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201502/0201/HA01201CGAA.pdf, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-01/31/content_19457578.htm, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150201/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1702862/china-could-be-back-frame-stalled-mexico-rail-project-diplomat
- http://www.ecns.cn/business/2016/05-25/211802.shtml China Railway Construction Corp (CRCC) on Tuesday denied media reports saying the Mexican government plans to offer the company 8.1 million yuan ($1.24 million) for canceling a high-speed rail contract. The reports are "not correct," Yu Xingxi, board secretary of CRCC, told the Global Times on Tuesday. "Both sides are still negotiating the amount of the compensation." Yu didn't reveal more details. The Embassy of Mexico in Beijing couldn't be reached for comment on Tuesday. Mexico plans to compensate CRCC 8.1 million yuan for canceling a high-speed rail contract, Chinese financial publication Caixin reported on Tuesday.
A Chinese-led consortium, which included CRCC, entered the only bid to build a high-speed railway in Mexico in November 2014. The Mexican government announced on January 31, 2015 that it would suspend the project because of fiscal constraints, according to the Xinhua News Agency in February 2015. CRCC filed for compensation in February 2015, said Xinhua. It's hard to say why the two parties haven't reached an agreement on the amount of compensation, Luo Renjian, chief research fellow at the Institute of Comprehensive Transportation under the National Development and Reform Commission, told the Global Times on Tuesday.
- industrial park
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1873142/chinas-state-owned-construction-group-unveils-plan
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-01/03/content_27842714.htm The planned new air route linking Guangzhou and Mexico City is anticipated to enhance trade and travel between South China and the Latin American country. China Southern Airlines plans to launch the Guangzhou-Vancouver-Mexico City route in May, flying Boeing 787 Dreamliners three times a week, said the Guangzhou-based carrier.
- Hainan Airlines, China's largest private airline, will launch direct flights between China and Mexico from March 21. It will also become the first Chinese carrier to operate nonstop flights between China and Latin America.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/06/WS5a790bf3a3106e7dcc13afe5.html
- http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1753684/mexico-wants-involve-china-construction-new-airport Mexico is trying to get Chinese state-run companies involved in the construction of a new US$11 billion airport as it seeks to make up for a tainted rail tender that soured relations with Beijing, a source said. Mexico announced in September last year that it would build the new Mexico City airport to relieve congestion and transform the capital into a major regional hub with six runways eventually serving 120 million passengers a year. The airport is one of Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto's flagship infrastructure projects.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170203/PDF/a8_screen.pdf 墨西哥汽车公司Giant Motors与中国安徽江淮汽车公司，以及分销商Chori将联合向该州一座已有的工厂注资44亿比索，生产运动型多功能汽车（SUV）。该座工厂未来还可能生产电动汽车。
- Carlos Slim’s Giant Motors will begin manufacturing cars in Mexico in a joint venture with China’s JAC Motors as they focus on the Latin market. This comes as some carmakers have fallen foul of Donald Trump’s “America first” policies because they manufacture in the low-cost nation. Two Chinese-designed and largely Chinese-manufactured sport utility vehicles will be launched on Tuesday as the new venture aims to cash in on Mexico’s booming domestic car market. https://www.ft.com/content/db0c27fa-12be-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c
- 長城汽車(2333)正考慮在墨西哥兩個州建造一家車廠。長城汽車的工廠將在明年開建，造價約5億美元（約34.5億元人民幣）。該工廠每年將生產約25 萬輛汽車，銷往美國和墨西哥市場。消息人士稱，長城汽車有意在墨西哥北部新萊昂州(Nuevo Leon)或是中部的聖路易斯波托西州(San Luis Potosi)建造一家車廠。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/06/b03-0406.pdf
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/motoring/2017-04/13/content_28904802.htm Automobile component producer Huizhou Toneluck Electro-Mechanics Co Ltd plans to set up a factory in Mexico to strengthen its foothold in the North American market.Total investment of 50 million yuan ($7.24 million) will be made in the first phase of the project by the Huizhou, Guangdong-based company. Construction of the factory is currently "at the stage of preparation", said Huang Zihong, managing director of the company. "We plan to buy land in Mexico by the end of this year and begin construction next year. The factory is expected to come into operation by 2019." The factory is projected to generate an annual output value of more than 300 million yuan, he said. Toneluck is one of the world's major suppliers for switches of automobile door locks, accounting for roughly 13 percent of the global market share in the sector.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/21/c_137621758.htm China's ride-hailing giant DiDi Chuxing will launch its transport services in Mexico's capital on Wednesday, in a bid to further expand business in the country. Home to some 22 million people with Internet access and a lack of reliable transportation, Mexico City and the metropolitan area presents an attractive market, said Pablo Mondragon, the company's head of operations for the nation's capital and nearby Toluca.
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-06/26/content_29889690.htm To win market share in China, Uruapan's producers are betting on the superior taste and quality of avocados grown in Michoacan, a state that underpins Mexico's goal of becoming the world's top avocado supplier, providing seven out of 10 avocados consumed globally. Michoacan produced nearly 1.5 million tons of avocado in 2016, or 78 percent of the 1.8 million tons produced nationally, according to the federal government's annual agricultural records.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/30/c_138351540.htm Global Frut, a Mexican horticultural company, and Longling County of Baoshan City in southwest China's Yunnan Province have agreed to jointly develop an avocado planting and processing project. With an investment of about 280 million yuan (39 million U.S. dollars), a total of 1,000 hectares of avocados will be planted in Mengnuo Township of Longling and its surrounding areas within five years. Avocado processing production lines, refrigeration storage and nursery gardens are also expected to be built in the area. Global Frut and three Chinese companies will jointly invest in the project. As Mexico's largest avocado grower, Global Frut is currently planning to expand its growing areas.
- aquaculture
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2016-09/06/content_15491361.html The governments of Mexico and China have signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on aquaculture, in order to deepen technical, scientific and commercial know-how in the field, according to the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture. The agreement was signed during the visit of a Chinese delegation to Mexico. Mario Aguilar Sanchez, the national commissioner for aquaculture and fishing, said this deal would lead to the exchange of personnel and the sharing of information on freshwater aquaculture, sanitary standards, and the conservation of fishery resources, the Ministry announced on Sunday. The note said this agreement would also lead to the development of genetic improvements, the prevention and eradication of diseases, aquaculture production methods, equipment and processing and the development of rural aquaculture. The Chinese delegation, led by Zheng Zhiling, the vice president of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), visited the northern state of Sinaloa to research private and public aquaculture initiatives. This region of Mexico is one of Latin America's leading centers for shrimp farming and the delegation learned from examples of extensive, semi-intensive and hyper-intensive fisheries, larva laboratories and the training of human resources. Aguilar Sánchez added that China's experience in fisheries has been a reference for Mexico, especially in terms of public policies and in the successful increase of seafood consumption by its population.
- tourism
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-06/17/content_21025169.htm Mexico and other Pacific Alliance nations are looking to simplify visa proceduresand improve transport solutions to attract more Chinese tourists, especially thosetraveling to the United States. It is estimated that Chinese tourists traveling to the United States will reach 20million by 2020. We want to be part of that tourism opportunity," said Jose ManuelGutierrez-Mizera, Mexico's consul general to the Hong Kong and Macao specialadministrative regions. Mizera said the tourist numbers are based on a study conducted by the GlobalTourism Economy Research Center, founded by prominent businesswoman PansyHo.
- http://www.scmp.com/tech/article/2093662/xiaomi-debuts-new-smartphone-line-mexico-push-overseas-growth Xiaomi is doubling down on Latin America by debuting a new product line in Mexico as the Chinese smartphone major looks beyond its home market for growth. Beijing-based Xiaomi launched a new line that includes its Redmi 4X and Redmi Note 4 models, which start at 3,999 pesos (US$208) and 5,499 pesos respectively, in the Mexico market on Tuesday at the company’s first official product launch event in the country.
- broadband
- http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/17/mexico-china-telecommunications-idUSL1N0UW0EA20150117 China's third-largest carrier China Telecom is studying a possible investment in Mexico, a company spokesman said on Saturday, a day after Reuters reported that it is preparing a possible bid for Mexico's new $10 billion mobile broadband network. singtao 18jan15
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1693584/mexico-shuts-down-planned-chinese-trade-centre-near-cancun, singtao 29jan15 b6
- investors from China
- http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/11/08/icbc-world-largest-bank-granted-operating-license-in-mexico/, http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201411/1109/HA03B09CGCA.pdf
- Risen Energy from Ningbo, Zhejiang province, is planning the largest ever investment deal between China and Mexico, which company officials say will kickstart further Latin Americanexpansion. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2014-10/24/content_18794691.htm
- kiv vani-zuma monkey king promotion in mexico
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-04/25/c_136233121.htm The first China-themed library in Mexico was inaugurated on Monday in a bid to promote cultural exchange. Books on Chinese history, art, culture, traditional medicine and music, among other topics, as well as digital and video archives, can be found at the new Chinese Library at Mexico City's Anahuac University.
Hong Kong
- cg in hk
- Signing off article in scmp 21may16
- event organised by HKCGCC on hk mexico cooperation cgcc magazine aug 2014
- delegation to mexico
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2015-02/11/content_19550723.htm HKUST delegation to mexico
- delegation to hk
- https://www.facebook.com/hkgcc/photos/a.178498662211351.46439.173760186018532/1057291910998684/ Julián Ventura, Ambassador of Mexico in the People’s Republic of China, called on the Chamber on 28 January to discuss increasing awareness among Hong Kong companies of the advantages that Mexico offers to companies doing business in North America. He explained that manufacturing makes up 80% of the country's economy and its labor costs are lower than in the Mainland. In addition, the NAFTA deal enables goods manufactured in Mexico to enter the USA and Canada duty free. Accompanied by Alicia Buenrostro Massieu, Consul General of Mexico in Hong Kong, the visitors were welcomed by the Americas Committee Chairman Thomas Wong, Vice Chairmen Gary Ahjua and Mario Artaza and members.
- emigraton
- 移民顧問公司EU Emigration創辦人兼行政總裁Charles P表示，港人一般聽到移民墨西哥會印象不好，覺得「淒涼」，但當地是低消費、低移民門檻以開展新生活的地方。 https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200316/00269_001.html
- hk people in mexico
- 90後港人Jeffrey在17歲時輟學並遠赴墨國創業，26歲已年賺過百萬港元。當年他出走，因有感低學歷在香港發展空間不大，而父親早年已移居南美洲做服裝貿易生意，於是到當地幫父親打理生意。其後，他發現墨西哥近年大力推動工業，有發展空間，就在當地經營海參批發生意。他認為，墨西哥適合學歷不高、資金不多，但又希望創業的人，當中飲食和技術行業尤其吃香。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200316/00269_002.html
- 華人陳先生早前成功入籍墨西哥，他在當地開小店出售中國雜貨，現時已僱用八名員工。他在中國購買一些雜貨例如USB線、文具、廉價飾物等，再在墨西哥出售。以USB線為例，買入價連稅項大概二點五元人民幣，到墨西哥後以約四美元價錢出售。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200316/00269_003.html
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