- チベットの周辺諸国が古くから用いて来た呼称「tubat」（モンゴル語・満州語）、「tbt」（アラビア語）等に由来し、チベット人自身は「プー (bod) 」（チベット語）と称する。日本語のチベットは英語「Tibet」経由で明治期に成立した呼称である。チベット全域をさす漢字表記による総称としては、他に清代に通用した土伯特、
- lhasa チベット語「ラ(lha)」は神（デーヴァまたは仏、または王）を、「サ(sa)」は土地を意味し、すなわち「神の地」を意味する。吐蕃時代の中国の文献には邏娑あるい邏些の名で記される。一年を通じ晴天が多い事から「太陽のラサ (nyi ma lha sa)」とも呼ばれる。古い日本語資料では「ラッサ」という表記も見られた。
班襌喇嘛
- 美國國務卿蓬佩奧及西藏流亡政府，近日多次要求中方交代失蹤廿五年、第十一世班禪喇嘛根敦確吉尼瑪的下落。中國外交部發言人趙立堅前日表示，根敦確吉尼瑪目前已經大學畢業，有一份穩定的工作。趙立堅透露，現年卅一歲的根敦確吉尼瑪接受了免費義務教育，後來通過高考入大學，現有一份工作。他指出，無論是根敦確尼瑪還是其家庭都不願被打擾「目前正常的生活」，警告美國不要利用西藏議題干涉中國內部事務。第十四世達賴喇嘛在一九九五年五月十四日依照藏傳佛教傳統，確認當年六歲的根敦確吉尼瑪為十世班禪喇嘛的轉世靈童，中方人員三日後帶走他與家人，從此音信全無。蓬佩奧聲稱中國政府綁架根敦確吉尼瑪，促請北京交代其行蹤。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200521/00178_006.html
nobles
- arts and crafts
- the jewels of transcdence exhibition at cuhk arts museum in 2018/19 showcased tibetan noble woman's gold gau box, tibetan noble man's gold ceremonial ornament, tibetan noble man's gold damascened iron forearm guards
- 西藏黨政高層近期正在進行一輪大規模調整，涉及多位省部級高官。調整方式同時覆蓋中央與地方、省際之間、本地三種，且頻度集中，並不多見。增量方面，青海省委常委、副省長嚴金海（藏族）調升西藏自治區黨委副書記，成西藏的第五號人物；山南市市長普布頓珠就地擢升西藏政府副主席，是首位七○後藏族幹部。減量方面，西藏區委常務副書記丁業現、區委常委兼宣傳部長邊巴扎西、政府副主席石謀軍等均調出西藏。邊巴扎西進京擔任國家民族事務委員會副主任，石謀軍調升甘肅省委常委兼秘書長。丁業現去向尚待官宣，但料將等待本月底政治局會議後見分曉。在內地三十一個省、自治區、直轄市中，西藏的黨政機構最為特殊，獨一無二。其他各省基本都是黨委設十三名常委、政府設「一正八副」，間或小有出入。常委中包括書記和二名副書記，一位兼任行政首腦，一位是專職副書記。新疆雖然有三位副書記，但因其中一個名額是生產建設兵團政委的例牌兼職，除此之外，與其他省份並無二致。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200727/00184_010.html
Spiti valley is a research and cultural centre for Buddhists. Highlights include Ki Monastery and Tabo Monastery, one of the oldest monasteries in the world and a favourite of the Dalai Lama. It was the location of the spectacular scenery and cinematography in the Indian films Paap andMilarepa, a biographical adventure tale about one ofBuddhism's most famous Tibetan saints. The Buddhist monastery in the valley served as the locus of the set and some of the monks appeared in the film.
Mount Kailash (also Mount Kailas; Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ) (Sanskrit: कैलासः) (Kailāsaḥ) is a peak in the Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains), which forms part of the Transhimalaya in Tibet. It lies near the source of some of the longest rivers in Asia: the Indus River, the Sutlej River (a major tributary of the Indus River), the Brahmaputra River, and the Karnali River (a tributary of the River Ganga). It is considered a sacred place in four religions: Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. 冈仁波齐是世界公认的神山，同时被中国西藏雍仲本教,印度教、藏传佛教、 以及古耆那教认定为世界的中心。岗仁波齐并非这一地区最高的山峰，但是只有它终年积雪的峰顶能够在阳光照耀下闪耀着奇异的光芒，夺人眼目。据说佛教中最著名的须弥山也就是指冈仁波齐。
- The mountain is known as either Kailāśa (कैलाश) or Kailāsa (कैलास) in Sanskrit. The name may be derived from the word kelāsa (केलास), which means "crystal". In his Tibetan-English dictionary, Chandra (1902: p. 32) identifies the entry for 'kai la sha' (Wylie: kai la sha) which is a loan word from Sanskrit 'kailāśa' (Devanagari: कैलाश). The Tibetan name for the mountain is Gangs Rin-po-che. Gangs or Kang is the Tibetan word for snow peak analogous to alp or himal; rinpoche is an honorific meaning "precious one" so the combined term can be translated "precious jewel of snows".
- "Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche; 'Precious Snow Mountain'. Bon texts have many names: Water's Flower, Mountain of Sea Water, Nine Stacked Swastika Mountain. For Hindus, it is the home of the mountain god Shiva and a symbol of his power symbol om; for Jains it is where their first leader was enlightened; for Buddhists, the navel of the universe; and for adherents of Bon, the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen."
Kangding (康定; Wade–Giles: K'ang1-ting4) is also known officially in Tibetan as Dardo (Tibetan: དར་མདོ།, Wylie: dar mdo, ZYPY: Dardo) also known as Dartsedo(Tibetan: དར་རྩེ་མདོ།, Wylie: dar-rtse-mdo, ZYPY: Darzêdo). Historically, the urban center was known as Tachienlu or Tatsienlu (打箭爐; pinyin: Dǎjiànlú) from the Chinese transliteration of the Tibetan name Dartsedo until it was simplified as Lucheng (爐城) which is the administrative seat of Kangding. Kangding had been historical border between Tibet and China, from Kangding to the west lies Tibetan civilization where as to the east Chinese cultural centre. Kangding has witnessed many conflicts between Tibetan Empire and Chinese dynasties. Kangding was for many centuries an important trading city where Chinese brick tea was carried by porters fromChengdu and other centres to trade for Tibetan wool.[1] A dispute involving the sovereignty over the city between Tibet and the Qing was resolved when the Manchu forces took the city by storm in the Battle of Dartsedo in 1701.
芒康縣(藏文：སྨར་ཁམས་རྫོང，藏語拼音：Markam Zong，威利：smar khams rdzong)位於中華人民共和國西藏自治區東部. 清末曾設寧靜縣，後為芒康宗（即江卡宗），1960年與鹽井宗合併，並改名寧靜縣，1965年改現名。芒康一名在藏語的意思為「善妙之地」。鹽井以產井鹽著稱，有芒康縣鹽井古鹽田，且有西藏自治區境內唯一的天主教堂——鹽井天主堂，由法國傳教士創建。曲孜卡有溫泉。三国两晋南北朝时期，芒康县境内是土著居民和古代羌族部落的混杂区；隋朝时芒康境内属于白狼国；唐朝时期，吐蕃三十三代赞普松赞干布统一了西藏（公元617年）以后，芒康境内被吐蕃占领；此时期以后，由于弘扬佛法，创立寺庙和吐蕃流官管理，藏传佛教随着政治力量的深入而得于人心。吐蕃与芒康境内诸部落和土著居民融合为同一个民族——藏族，现芒康的藏族因此延续下来。这一时期芒康境内开通了“茶马古道”，芒康随之成为吐蕃东南部对外政治、经济、文化等交流的重要窗口。也成为历代兵家必争之地。元朝时，芒康属于吐蕃等路宣尉使可都元府管辖，后为亦思马甘乐万府地；明洪武五年（1372年）至正德三年（1508年），芒康为招讨磨尔勘（茫康）万户刺宗（巴塘）管辖。正德四年（1509年），云南丽江纳西民族占领芒康大部分地区，芒康成为纳西民族的占领区。明崇祯十五年（1639年），芒康成为蒙古和硕特固始汗的控制范围；
- 芒康有一座天主教堂，于1865年由法国传教士邓得亮神父创建，是目前西藏唯一的天主教堂。当时，西藏政教合一，不允许其他教派进入。传说邓得亮神父用一牛皮地、一牛角水智取了教堂的地皮和水源。至今，当地80%以上的群众都信奉天主教，每周做礼拜，念译成藏文的《圣经》。教堂的建筑风格兼具藏汉建筑之精华、西洋建筑之长，由当地藏族神父主持。对于来西藏旅游的游客来说，身着藏服做礼拜的场景也只有在芒康可以见到。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170907/PDF/b11_screen.pdf芒康縣(藏文：སྨར་ཁམས་རྫོང，藏語拼音：Markam Zong，威利：smar khams rdzong)位於中華人民共和國西藏自治區東部. 清末曾設寧靜縣，後為芒康宗（即江卡宗），1960年與鹽井宗合併，並改名寧靜縣，1965年改現名。芒康一名在藏語的意思為「善妙之地」。鹽井以產井鹽著稱，有芒康縣鹽井古鹽田，且有西藏自治區境內唯一的天主教堂——鹽井天主堂，由法國傳教士創建。曲孜卡有溫泉。三国两晋南北朝时期，芒康县境内是土著居民和古代羌族部落的混杂区；隋朝时芒康境内属于白狼国；唐朝时期，吐蕃三十三代赞普松赞干布统一了西藏（公元617年）以后，芒康境内被吐蕃占领；此时期以后，由于弘扬佛法，创立寺庙和吐蕃流官管理，藏传佛教随着政治力量的深入而得于人心。吐蕃与芒康境内诸部落和土著居民融合为同一个民族——藏族，现芒康的藏族因此延续下来。这一时期芒康境内开通了“茶马古道”，芒康随之成为吐蕃东南部对外政治、经济、文化等交流的重要窗口。也成为历代兵家必争之地。元朝时，芒康属于吐蕃等路宣尉使可都元府管辖，后为亦思马甘乐万府地；明洪武五年（1372年）至正德三年（1508年），芒康为招讨磨尔勘（茫康）万户刺宗（巴塘）管辖。正德四年（1509年），云南丽江纳西民族占领芒康大部分地区，芒康成为纳西民族的占领区。明崇祯十五年（1639年），芒康成为蒙古和硕特固始汗的控制范围；
Nagqu (also Naqu or Nagchu; Tibetan: ནག་ཆུ།, Wylie: Nag-chu; 那曲; literally: "black river")那曲地區明確見於史料最早的，便是古老的象雄政權，在漢文史籍中稱之為羊同。在藏文史籍中，將這一地區稱作「卓岱」，意為「牧業部落」，稱這裡的居民為「卓巴」，意為牧民，或「羌巴」，即北方人，或「羌日」，意為北方部落。在象雄鼎盛時期，象雄人將其地域劃分為內、外、中三部。那曲地區，大致屬於中象雄和外象雄。中象雄的中心「當惹瓊宗」，就在那曲地區西南隅的當惹雍錯湖畔一帶。象雄勢力衰微後，地域西縮。在7世紀前後，這一地區的東部地域歸屬於蘇毗部落統治。後來，吐蕃部落逐漸強盛，統一了全藏，建立了強大的吐蕃王朝，藏北也被納入其統治之下。松贊干布時期，將吐蕃分為四台和61個東岱（相當於千戶），原蘇毗部落故地設「孫波如」，共轄11個東岱，作為吐蕃向西域和河湟江岷地區擴張的基地，這一帶顯得特別重要，史稱「軍糧馬匹，半出其中」。宋朝（960-1279）以後，那曲和羊八井、幫倉（今當惹湖和昂則湖一帶）、朗如（今班戈縣一帶）被稱作北方四部落。
Nyingchi also known as Linzhi is a prefecture-level city in southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region.ニンティ市（林芝市＝ニンティし）は中華人民共和国チベット自治区に位置する地級市)。ニャンティ（nyang kri）とも呼ばれ、「ニャン」とはニャン河（nyang chu）一帯を指す地名、「ティ」とは「褥」、「座」等を意味する。中国名はチベット名を音写した命名。日本では、チベット語に基づく「ニンティ」のほか、漢字表記からの重訳である「リンチー」などの表記がみられる。古称をコンポ（工布）といい、1951年当時は白瑪桂（現メトク県）に属する多麦（ドメー）基巧を除き、地方噶廈政府の管轄であった。1954年に塔工総管が設立され、10のゾン（宗）と谿を管轄。 1960年に林芝専区を設置するが、1963年にラサ市、ナクチュ地区、チャムド地区に分割される。 1986年にニンティ地区として再独立した。2015年に地級市のニンティ市になった。Nyingchi is the location of Buchu Monastery.Bayi Town is the administrative seat of Nyingchi, located 406 kilometers east of Lhasa. The vicinity is known for its cypresses which can grow up to 30 meters.
- bayi巴宜区（原林芝县）古称工布，历史非常古老，可以追溯到西藏的史前时期。20世纪70年代，尼洋河边发现了一批新石器时代的人类遗骨和墓葬群，考古表明早在四五千年之前，林芝市已有人类从事刀耕火种的农业，过着相对定居的生活。林芝是青藏高原海拔最低的地區，有「西藏江南」之稱。原為林芝縣，林芝，藏語之意即「娘氏家庭的寶座或太陽的寶座」。Güncang township (更章门巴族乡; pinyin: Gēngzhāng Ménbā zú Xiāng) and Pelung Township by the Sichuan-Tibet Highway are home to the Moinba ethnic group.
- Zayü County 察隅（cha yu）县，藏南三隅之一（另为门隅和珞隅），隶属西藏林芝市. 察隅，系藏语音译，意为片岩石地。 吐蕃时期建制。东西相关的名称是察隅、珞隅、门隅、朱隅（不丹）。明朝洪武四年即1371年帕竹政权的释迹坚赞当政，宗址设在科麦。藏语中意思是“人居地”。与之接壤的县市有：东边云南省德钦县、西藏自治区左贡县，南边缅甸、印度，西边墨脱县，北边左贡县、八宿县、波密县。該縣西南部地區實際被印度佔領，邊界問題仍未解決。該縣是僜人的聚居所在地。
- peach blossom festival picture china daily 15may18
- 日喀則原稱「年曲麥」或「年麥」（即年楚河下游的意思），這裏雖很早就有人居住，但仍是荒涼之所。八世紀，吐番王朝的藏王赤松德贊請印度高僧蓮花生進藏建桑耶寺，路經日喀則地方，在此修行講經，並預言雪域高原的中心在拉薩，其次在年麥（日喀則）。
- aristocracy served by artists in nepal http://cuhkmuseumfriends.com/files/articles/Friends_newsletter_2018_v3_r1_14-11-2018-12-10-33.pdf
桑日县(藏語拼音：Sangri Zong)隶属西藏自治区山南市，桑日，藏语“铜山”之意。桑日县是湖南省岳阳市的对口支援县。西藏十二小邦时期，桑日境域为十二小邦之一的沃卡邦噶的统治区。吐蕃时期，桑日属约茹。9世纪末，吐蕃末代赞普的王子奥松后裔建立拉加里地方割据政权，桑日由拉加里政权统辖。南宋端平二年（1235年，藏历第四饶迥木羊年），以丹玛贡尊为总管，建立伯木古鲁万户（后称帕木竹巴万户），桑日属于其治辖范围。14世纪中叶，帕竹地方政权建立，在桑日境内设立沃卡宗和恰嘎谿，宗、豁下设宗本和豁本。拉加里（地方自管首领）在政治上仍相对独立，一直不放弃对恰嘎谿的统辖。14世纪后期至15世纪初期，阐化王扎巴坚赞在境内设卡达宗，并将桑日颇章岗改为桑日宗。卡达宗和桑日宗均为二级宗，管理白堆、雪巴（今桑日镇）地方。明宣德七年（1432年，藏历第七饶迥水鼠年）后，恰嘎谿属帕竹第悉扎巴迥乃统辖，并改为恰嘎宗。崇祯十三年（1640年，藏历第十一饶迥铁蛇年）前后，噶玛丹迥旺波任藏巴第司时，卡达宗被废弃。崇祯十六年（1643年，藏历第十一饶迥水羊年），五世达赖喇嘛建立甘丹颇章政权后，境内沃卡宗、桑日宗、恰嘎宗归噶厦统辖。清康熙六十年（1721年，藏历第十二饶迥铁牛年），七世达赖喇嘛格桑嘉措执政后，桑日宗被封给七世达赖喇嘛父亲索诺木达尔扎。至此，桑日宗成为桑颇家族及桑珠颇章的庄园，同时又是西藏地方政府的下属行政机构，其宗本在桑颇家族的大差巴户中选派产生，不由西藏地方政府委派，宗本既是宗的行政长官，又是桑颇家族在当地的代理人。桑日宗为西藏地方政府属下的一个三等宗，管理雪巴地方（除江乡外的今桑日镇区域）。民国元年（1912年，藏历第十五饶迥水鼠年），西藏地方政府在山南设立洛卡基巧（山南总管），桑日境内仍设沃卡、桑日和恰嘎三个宗。其中沃卡宗、恰嘎宗为二级宗，桑日宗为三级宗，分别管理增期（其中贡德林牧场属拉萨功德林寺所有）、沃卡、白堆、桑日（除江乡外的今桑日镇地域）、绒等地。
- Le monastère de Densatil ou Densathil (tibétain : གདན་ས་ཐེལ, Wylie : gDan-sa-mthil), aujourd’hui en ruines, fut bâti en 1192[1] ou 1198[2] dans l’actuel xian de Sangri, Préfecture de Shannan, Région autonome du Tibet, aux confins du xian de Nêdong, à l’emplacement où le maître KagyuPhagmo Drupa s’était installé en 1158. Le site surplombe une étroite vallée couverte de genévriers et de rhododendrons au nord du Yarlung Tsangpo. Tombé aux mains du clan Lang au xiiie siècle, le monastère bénéficia de leur domination sur le Tibet central (dynastie Phagmodrupa) et devint à partir du milieu du xive siècle l’un des plus somptueux du pays, décoré sous la direction d’artisans newars. 南宋嘉定元年（1208年），出身於當地郎氏家族的僧人扎巴迥乃（grags-pavbyung-gnas，1175-1255）出任該寺寺主，自此該寺寺主一職專由郎氏家族的兄弟叔侄世襲。元朝分封烏思藏各地方勢力為萬戶，帕木竹為十三萬戶之一。萬戶長一職依例由丹薩替寺的寺主興薦。1320年代，扎巴迥乃的侄曾孫絳曲堅贊出任帕竹萬戶長，集家族及政教權力於一體，並使用武力兼併了前藏的大部分地區，同控制後藏的薩迦派抗衡，建立了帕竹第司政權。元朝至正十一年（1351年），絳曲堅贊另外興建了澤當寺，澤當寺主要講授顯教經論，而主寺丹薩替寺則專門修習密法。後來，帕木竹巴轉而注重顯教，丹薩替寺的地位遂漸被澤當寺取代。丹薩替寺是帕竹噶舉派的主寺，又是從帕竹噶舉派分出的8個支派的母寺，宗教地位很高。京俄·扎巴迥乃、扎巴仁欽、絳曲堅贊、扎巴堅贊等知名佛教人物，均曾長期出任丹薩替寺的座主。1434年發生內亂，1481年帕竹政權遭到推翻，丹薩替寺乃衰落。(no english version in wikipedia)
Zanda county
- 札达县位于西藏自治区西部、象泉河流域，为该区边境县之一。总面积24601.59平方千米。总人口1万人（2003年），县府驻托林镇。除少数汉族、回族外均为藏族。县政府驻托林，海拔3700米，距拉萨1760公里。为该县政治、经济、文化的中心。札达，藏语意为“下游有草的地方”。原为扎布让宗和达巴宗属地。1956年10月两宗合并，设立札达宗办事处。1960年5月建立札达县，人口1万，是全国人口最少的县，属阿里地区管辖至今。境内著名的古格王朝遗址是全国重点文物保护单位。
zogang “左贡”在藏语中是“犏（耕）牛背”的意思。 公元前约500年，象雄辛沃齐创建的本教传入三十九族地区及川、滇、藏边区（十三部落）昌都东南部。到公元约6世纪，今左贡全境属昌都一带的东女国一部分，“其王所居名康延川”，拥有“人口4万余户，胜兵1万余人，大小80余城”包括今昌都东南地区。唐朝时期是吐蕃的属地。民国二十八年（1939年，藏历第十六绕迥阴土兔年）1月1日，西康省政府成立，省会为康定，昌都地区属其辖地。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/06/a16-0606.pdf 地處怒江峽谷之中的東壩民居，距左貢縣城 82多公里， 海拔 2,600餘米，四周山巒疊嶂，形如蓮花，周圍的山川形 成了姿態各異的動物形狀。東壩鄉曾是茶馬古道的重要驛 站，而東壩民居集漢、藏、印度、雲南納西族等風格，並自 成一體，建築面積龐大，選料考究，設計精細、精雕細鏤， 外觀雄偉壯觀，內部繪畫裝飾精美華麗。
association
- tibet buddhist theological institute
company
- Tibet Airlines (西藏航空公司; Tibetan: བོད་ལྗོངས་མཁའ་འགྲུལ།, Wylie: bod ljongs mkha' 'grul) is an airline with its corporate headquarters and registered office in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, and operates scheduled domestic flights out of Lhasa Gonggar Airport. Tibet Airlines was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China in March 2010.
- 寧算科技集團
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21633792-settlement-tibet-depended-exotic-crop-west-barley-mow
http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2014-11/28/content_15196456.html Tibet autonomous region is aiming to attract new investment into its natural water industry to boost sales nationally and overseas and make the sector one of its economic growth engines.Among a raft of measures being introduced by the local government, natural drinking water manufacturers will now be exempt from all corporate tax for five years, starting from the first year a company starts making profits.Companies registered in the autonomous region currently pay 15 percent tax, as part of China's West Development Strategy.The authorities are hoping to raise Tibetan natural drinking water output to more than 5 million metric tons over the next three to five years, which could be worth 40 billion yuan ($6.5 billion).
movement of natural persons
- 北京當局對西藏的保安和旅遊限制加強。據美聯社引述西藏國際旅行社表示，從現時至下月廿九日，暫時禁止外國人進入西藏，當地所有外國人獲准預訂的酒店房間都被政府人員訂走。西藏地區和拉薩市旅遊局暫未回應事件。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170926/00178_021.html
infrastructure
- http://www.ecns.cn/2017/03-07/248181.shtml The Mila Mount Tunnel on the Lhasa-Nyingchi Highway is expected to be opened in September, when it will become the world's highest super-long tunnel. The tunnel is located at the junction of Lhasa and Nyingchi in the Tibet autonomous region at an average altitude of 4,740 meters above sea level, according to the Mila Mount Tunnel Project Headquarters.
Animal breed
- The Tibetan Mastiff འབྲོག་ཁྱི is a large Tibetan dog breed (Canis lupus familiaris). Originating with the nomadic cultures of Tibet, India, Mongolia and Nepal, its use by local tribes of Tibet to protect sheep from wolves, leopards, bears, large mustelids, and tigers.The Tibetan Mastiff known as Drog-Khyi (འབྲོག་ཁྱི) in Tibetan, which means "nomad dog",[2] ("dog which may be tied", "dog which may be kept"), reflects its use as a guardian of herds, flocks, tents, villages, monasteries, and palaces, much as the old English ban-dog (also meaning tied dog) was a dog tied outside the home as a guardian. However, in nomad camps and in villages, the Drog-Khyi is traditionally allowed to run loose at night. This dog is known for its loyalty, it been used as nomad dog by Tibetan nomad thousand of years.[citation needed] The guardian type from which the modern Tibetan Mastiff breed has been derived was known across the ancient world by many names. Bhote Kukur in Nepali as bhote means someone from Tibet and kukur means dog. The Chinese name for the breed is 藏獒 (Mandarin: Zàng áo; Cantonese: Tzong ngou), meaning "Tibetan Mastiff-dog". In Mongolia, it is called банхар (bankhar).The name Tibetan Mastiff is a misnomer; the Tibetan Mastiff itself is not a true Mastiff. The term "mastiff" was used by the Europeans who first came to Tibet because it was used to refer to nearly all large dog breeds in the West. Early Western visitors to Tibet misnamed several of its breeds: The "Tibetan Terrier" is not a terrier and the "Tibetan Spaniel" is not a spaniel. A better name for the dog would be Tibetan mountain dog or, to encompass the landrace breed throughout its range, Himalayan mountain dog.
food
- 青稞酒、糌粑、酥油茶http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/07/31/a11-0731.pdf
チベットの旗・「雪山獅子旗」（せつざんしし-き）は、1912年にチベットの君主ダライ・ラマ13世が国家の独立を宣言した際、まず軍旗として制定され、のちにチベット政府ガンデンポタンにより国旗としても採用[1]された旗。旗正面の白い雪山の前面で、2頭のスノー・ライオン（唐獅子）が3つの宝石を支えている。1910年代にチベットに滞在していた日本人チベット研究者・青木文教は自著『祕密之國 西藏遊記』（内外出版、1920年（大正9年）10月19日発行）において、チベット軍の司令官と青木が戯れとして、それまでの軍旗でも使われていたチベットの記号（雪山・唐獅子・日・月）と、大日本帝国陸軍が軍旗として考案・使用していた旭日旗に擬似する意匠（旭日）を組み合わせ、新しく図案を作ったものがたまたま新しい「軍旗」として採用されたと記している[2]。
- consonants
- http://china.org.cn/china/2016-01/14/content_37572938.htm The release of brand-new Qomolangma Tibetan fonts by the China Tibetology Research Center means the iPhone is no longer the only mainstream option for Tibetans who want a smartphone that can display their language.Tibetan-speaking users can download the fonts from the Internet and personalize their smartphones by choosing their favorite fonts from among 17 typefaces. Previously, only Uchen, the classic block-style Tibetan script, was offered. The fonts have quickly been adopted by computer users and publishing houses as well. The technical advances achieved by Tibetan researchers over the course of eight years have made digital Tibetan stylish, said Norgye, director of the Information Center of the Minzu Publishing House, which released the new fonts in mid-November. "It's like having only one set of clothing for a long time. Suddenly, you can dress up and pick whatever you want from the closet for different occasions. Such change is exhilarating to end users," Norgye said. As at least eight of the fonts are based on the handwriting of famous Tibetan calligraphers, the Qomolangma fonts display the essence of Tibetan lettering design.
- 扎西德勒是藏语词语，表示欢迎、祝福吉祥的意思，“扎西”（tashi，bkra shis）是吉祥的意思，“德勒”（delek，bde legs）是好的意思，连起来可以翻译成“吉祥如意”。在藏族，如果对方对你说“扎西德勒”，可译为“欢迎”或“吉祥如意”，必须回答的是“扎西德勒，shu（第四声）”，而并不是“扎西德勒”。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/17/a17-0117.pdf 藏語指的是藏族使用的語言，屬於藏 緬語系，也包括藏－喜馬拉語群以及其 他一些藏族方言。全球約有 600萬人口 使用藏語，主要分佈在中國西藏自治 區、青海省，以及四川、甘肅、雲南省的一些自治州。 巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊爾、不丹四個國家部分地區也有 藏語使用者。 藏語是由多種方言構成，方言之間差異較大。藏文的 謄寫以輔音字母為主體。每個輔音都內帶一個元音，通 常是 a 。藏文的一個特點就是包括輔音簇，也就是連續 出現不含元音的輔音，允許上加字和下加字。其他元音 包括 e、i、o和 u 通常是通過附加符號形式標出
苯教（藏語：བོན，藏語拼音：Bön，威利：bon），是波苯教的簡稱，又稱本教、缽教，是西藏的本土宗教。苯教是由西藏的原始薩滿信仰演變而來的，也是西藏歷史上最早的宗教。其崇拜的對象包括天地日月、雷電冰雹、山石草獸等各種自然物以及自然界的神靈和鬼魂。據說苯教最高級的神是葉仙。苯教教徒頭裹黑巾，因此也被藏傳佛教信眾稱為「黑教」（藏語：ནག་ཆོས་，威利：nag chos）。但苯教徒認為「黑教」是具有敵意的稱謂，因為在藏語中「黑教」一詞有「邪教」的意思。Bon, also spelled Bön[2] (Tibetan: བོན་, Wylie: bon, Lhasa dialect: [pʰø̃̀]), is a Tibetan religion, which self-identifies as distinct from Tibetan Buddhism, although it shares the same overall teachings and terminology.Three Bon scriptures—mdo 'dus, gzer mig, and gzi brjid—relate the mythos of Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. The Bonpos regard the first two as gter ma rediscovered around the tenth and eleventh centuries and the last as nyan brgyud (oral transmission) dictated by Loden Nyingpo, who lived in the fourteenth century.[6] In the fourteenth century, Loden Nyingpo revealed a terma known as The Brilliance (Wylie: gzi brjid), which contained the story of Tonpa Shenrab. He was not the first Bonpo tertön, but his terma became one of the definitive scriptures of Bon religion.[4] It states that Shenrab established the Bon religion while searching for a horse stolen by a demon. Tradition also tells that he was born in the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring(considered[by whom?] an axis mundi) which is traditionally identified as Mount Yung-drung Gu-tzeg (“Edifice of Nine Sauwastikas”), possibly Mount Kailash, in western Tibet.[citation needed]Due to the sacredness of Tagzig Olmo Lungting and Mount Kailash, the Bonpo regard both the swastika and the number nine as auspicious and as of great significance.
- The Catholic Church of Lhasa Also called the Lhasa Chapel, was the first Catholic church in Tibet in China. It was founded in 1725 and disappeared in 1745.Italian Capuchin priests Francesco della Penna and Domenico da Fano arrived in Lhasa in 1719 with some Capuchin friars. This was followed by a contest of competition with the Jesuit missionary Ippolito Desideri, the Holy See decided in 1721 in favor of the Capuchins who had already obtained the authorization of the Tibetan authorities to build a chapel. Kelzang Gyatso, the seventh Dalai Lama, authorized the construction of the church on the heights of the city. The superior of the mission, Francesco della Penna, returned to Rome in 1737, when Pope Benedict XIV gave a letter to the seventh Dalai Lama, and he took the road to Tibet. A photo dating from 1956 is in a book by Josef Vaniš (cs) and Vladimír SIS. There is a bell with a large crack on its side, as an "L" in reverse, which according to the Jokhang monks would be due to the violence of the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution in Tibet.
History
- 甘丹颇章（藏文：དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང，威利：dGa' ldan pho brang），又译噶登颇章、噶丹颇章，是藏传佛教格鲁派领袖达赖喇嘛在哲蚌寺的寝宫。
The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [kɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ pʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan government that was established by the 5th Dalai Lama with the help of the Güshi Khan of the Khoshut in 1642. Lhasa became the capital of Tibet in the beginning of this period, with all temporal power being conferred to the 5th Dalai Lama by Güshi Khan in Shigatse. After the expulsion of the Dzungars, Tibet was under administrative rule of the Qing dynasty between 1720 and 1912, but the Ganden Phodrang government lasted until the 1950s, when Tibet was incorporated into the People's Republic of China. Kashag became the governing council of the Ganden Phodrang regime during the early Qing rule.
association
- tibet buddhist theological institute
- The Tibet Buddhist Theological Institute, which aims to promote the study of Tibetan Buddhism, opened in Southwest China's Tibet autonomous region on Thursday.
More than 600 people, including 150 newly-enrolled students as well as Buddhist delegates and government officials, attended a grand opening ceremony held in the regional capital of Lhasa on Thursday morning. The institute, Tibet's only regional-level buddhist theological academy, is located in the township of Nyetang, Quxu County, which is administered by Lhasa.
Construction started in October 2008 and ended in September. Featuring a distinctive Tibetan architecture style, the institute covers 268 mu (about 17.9 hectares), with a total investment of more than 103 million yuan (about $16.1 million). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-10/20/content_13944446.htm
company
- Tibet Airlines (西藏航空公司; Tibetan: བོད་ལྗོངས་མཁའ་འགྲུལ།, Wylie: bod ljongs mkha' 'grul) is an airline with its corporate headquarters and registered office in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, and operates scheduled domestic flights out of Lhasa Gonggar Airport. Tibet Airlines was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China in March 2010.
- 寧算科技集團
- 位於西藏拉薩的雲數據處理中心昨舉行開工奠基儀式，該中心總投資額據報達一百零五億元人民幣，佔地約四十萬平方米，預計明年底落成。中心建成後機架數量可達七萬台，將會向投資在尼泊爾、印度及南亞國家的中國機構提供雲端等大數據服務。負責投資及運營為寧算科技集團，該集團總工程師王俊表示，中心建成後將完全依靠光伏（太陽能）、光熱和水力發電解決能源供應，減少運營的能耗成本，估計電費佔營運成本約六成。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170328/00178_003.html
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21633792-settlement-tibet-depended-exotic-crop-west-barley-mow
http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2014-11/28/content_15196456.html Tibet autonomous region is aiming to attract new investment into its natural water industry to boost sales nationally and overseas and make the sector one of its economic growth engines.Among a raft of measures being introduced by the local government, natural drinking water manufacturers will now be exempt from all corporate tax for five years, starting from the first year a company starts making profits.Companies registered in the autonomous region currently pay 15 percent tax, as part of China's West Development Strategy.The authorities are hoping to raise Tibetan natural drinking water output to more than 5 million metric tons over the next three to five years, which could be worth 40 billion yuan ($6.5 billion).
Election
- http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-tibet-election-idUKKCN0WK0B9 Tens of thousands of exiled Tibetans across India and overseas will vote on Sunday to elect a political leader, hoping the democratic exercise will help sustain their struggle to secure complete autonomy for Chinese-ruled Tibet. The second election of its kind follows a decision by the Dalai Lama, the 80-year-old Nobel Peace Laureate, to relinquish his political authority and vest it in a democratic system that could outlive him. Concern about the globetrotting spiritual leader's health, after his admission to a U.S. hospital this year for treatment, has reinforced the importance of the vote to keeping the issue of Tibet alive. The "Sikyong", or elected leader, will be solely responsible for political and diplomatic decisions, as the charismatic monk steps back from the limelight amid uncertainty over how his successor will be chosen. Tibetan Buddhism holds that the soul of a senior lama is reincarnated in the body of a child after he dies. China says it must sign off on the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, who fled into exile in 1959 after a failed uprising.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170409/00178_008.html據美聯社報道，達賴向追隨者表示，他不知道轉世靈童的出生地。當被問及轉世靈童會否是女性時，達賴稱有可能發生。過去達賴亦曾說，來世說不定會投胎成為一名金髮女郎，而且還是長相漂亮的壞女孩，「不然，就無法吸引眾人了！」- 北京當局對西藏的保安和旅遊限制加強。據美聯社引述西藏國際旅行社表示，從現時至下月廿九日，暫時禁止外國人進入西藏，當地所有外國人獲准預訂的酒店房間都被政府人員訂走。西藏地區和拉薩市旅遊局暫未回應事件。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170926/00178_021.html
infrastructure
- http://www.ecns.cn/2017/03-07/248181.shtml The Mila Mount Tunnel on the Lhasa-Nyingchi Highway is expected to be opened in September, when it will become the world's highest super-long tunnel. The tunnel is located at the junction of Lhasa and Nyingchi in the Tibet autonomous region at an average altitude of 4,740 meters above sea level, according to the Mila Mount Tunnel Project Headquarters.
welfare
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2050782/tibet-mulls-offering-women-full-year-paid-maternity
Animal breed
- The Tibetan Mastiff འབྲོག་ཁྱི is a large Tibetan dog breed (Canis lupus familiaris). Originating with the nomadic cultures of Tibet, India, Mongolia and Nepal, its use by local tribes of Tibet to protect sheep from wolves, leopards, bears, large mustelids, and tigers.The Tibetan Mastiff known as Drog-Khyi (འབྲོག་ཁྱི) in Tibetan, which means "nomad dog",[2] ("dog which may be tied", "dog which may be kept"), reflects its use as a guardian of herds, flocks, tents, villages, monasteries, and palaces, much as the old English ban-dog (also meaning tied dog) was a dog tied outside the home as a guardian. However, in nomad camps and in villages, the Drog-Khyi is traditionally allowed to run loose at night. This dog is known for its loyalty, it been used as nomad dog by Tibetan nomad thousand of years.[citation needed] The guardian type from which the modern Tibetan Mastiff breed has been derived was known across the ancient world by many names. Bhote Kukur in Nepali as bhote means someone from Tibet and kukur means dog. The Chinese name for the breed is 藏獒 (Mandarin: Zàng áo; Cantonese: Tzong ngou), meaning "Tibetan Mastiff-dog". In Mongolia, it is called банхар (bankhar).The name Tibetan Mastiff is a misnomer; the Tibetan Mastiff itself is not a true Mastiff. The term "mastiff" was used by the Europeans who first came to Tibet because it was used to refer to nearly all large dog breeds in the West. Early Western visitors to Tibet misnamed several of its breeds: The "Tibetan Terrier" is not a terrier and the "Tibetan Spaniel" is not a spaniel. A better name for the dog would be Tibetan mountain dog or, to encompass the landrace breed throughout its range, Himalayan mountain dog.
food
- 青稞酒、糌粑、酥油茶http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/07/31/a11-0731.pdf
チベットの旗・「雪山獅子旗」（せつざんしし-き）は、1912年にチベットの君主ダライ・ラマ13世が国家の独立を宣言した際、まず軍旗として制定され、のちにチベット政府ガンデンポタンにより国旗としても採用[1]された旗。旗正面の白い雪山の前面で、2頭のスノー・ライオン（唐獅子）が3つの宝石を支えている。1910年代にチベットに滞在していた日本人チベット研究者・青木文教は自著『祕密之國 西藏遊記』（内外出版、1920年（大正9年）10月19日発行）において、チベット軍の司令官と青木が戯れとして、それまでの軍旗でも使われていたチベットの記号（雪山・唐獅子・日・月）と、大日本帝国陸軍が軍旗として考案・使用していた旭日旗に擬似する意匠（旭日）を組み合わせ、新しく図案を作ったものがたまたま新しい「軍旗」として採用されたと記している[2]。
Tibetan medicine
- http://www.men-tsee-khang.org/index.htm tibetan medical and astro institute
tibetology
- Sándor Csoma de Kőrös (Hungarian: [ˈʃaːndor ˈkøːrøʃi ˈt͡ʃomɒ]; born Sándor Csoma; 27 March 1784/8[1] – 11 April 1842) was a Hungarian philologist and Orientalist, author of the first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book. He was called Phyi-glin-gi-grwa-pa in Tibetan, meaning "the foreign pupil", and was given the title of Bosatsu or Boddhisatva (Buddhist sainthood) by the Japanese in 1933.[2] He was born in Kőrös, Grand Principality of Transylvania(today part of Covasna, Romania). His birth date is often given as 4 April, although this is actually his baptism day and the year of his birth is debated by some authors who put it at 1787 or 1788 rather than 1784.The Magyar ethnic group, the Székelys, to which he belonged believed that they were derived from a branch of Attila's Huns who had settled in Transylvania in the fifth century. Hoping to study the claim and to find the place of origin of the Székelys and the Magyars by studying language kinship, he set off to Asia in 1820 and spent his lifetime studying the Tibetan language and Buddhist philosophy. Csoma de Kőrös is considered as the founder of Tibetology. He was said to have been able to read in seventeen languages. He died in Darjeeling while attempting to make a trip to Lhasa in 1842 and a memorial was erected in his honour by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.Csoma de Kőrös was born into a poor Székely family, the sixth child of András Csoma and his wife, Krisztina Getse (Ilona Göcz). His name in English would be written Alexander Csoma of Koros and in Hungarian Kőrösi Csoma Sándor where Kőrösi means "of Koros" (i.e., a praedicatum of nobility) and alternate continental forms include "Sándor Csoma de Koros".
- Sándor Csoma de Kőrös (Hungarian: [ˈʃaːndor ˈkøːrøʃi ˈt͡ʃomɒ]; born Sándor Csoma; 27 March 1784/8[1] – 11 April 1842) was a Hungarian philologist and Orientalist, author of the first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book. He was called Phyi-glin-gi-grwa-pa in Tibetan, meaning "the foreign pupil", and was given the title of Bosatsu or Boddhisatva (Buddhist sainthood) by the Japanese in 1933.[2] He was born in Kőrös, Grand Principality of Transylvania(today part of Covasna, Romania). His birth date is often given as 4 April, although this is actually his baptism day and the year of his birth is debated by some authors who put it at 1787 or 1788 rather than 1784.The Magyar ethnic group, the Székelys, to which he belonged believed that they were derived from a branch of Attila's Huns who had settled in Transylvania in the fifth century. Hoping to study the claim and to find the place of origin of the Székelys and the Magyars by studying language kinship, he set off to Asia in 1820 and spent his lifetime studying the Tibetan language and Buddhist philosophy. Csoma de Kőrös is considered as the founder of Tibetology. He was said to have been able to read in seventeen languages. He died in Darjeeling while attempting to make a trip to Lhasa in 1842 and a memorial was erected in his honour by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.Csoma de Kőrös was born into a poor Székely family, the sixth child of András Csoma and his wife, Krisztina Getse (Ilona Göcz). His name in English would be written Alexander Csoma of Koros and in Hungarian Kőrösi Csoma Sándor where Kőrösi means "of Koros" (i.e., a praedicatum of nobility) and alternate continental forms include "Sándor Csoma de Koros".
Language
- 公元七世纪，即吐蕃赞普松赞干布时期，大臣吞弥桑布扎以玛尔藏文为蓝本，参照古印度谷巴达文创制了新藏文。这就是至今我们所使用的藏文。它已有一千三百多年的历史。吞弥桑布扎在创制新的藏文时，确定了乌金体和乌梅体两种书体。吞弥桑布扎确定的乌金体叫做蟾蜍体. 在吐蕃时期就产生了八大乌金体，即蟾蜍体、列传体、稞体、串珠体、雄鸡体、鱼跃体、雄狮体和蜣螂体。
- Uchen (Tibetan: དབུ་ཅན་, Wylie: dbu-can; IPA: [utɕɛ̃]; variant spellings include ucen, u-cen, u-chen, ucan, u-can, uchan, u-chan, and ucän) is the upright, block style of the Tibetan alphabet.
The name means "with a head," and is the style of the script used for printing and for formal manuscripts. It is used to write both the Tibetan language and Dzongkha, the official language of Bhutan.
- Umê (Tibetan: དབུ་མེད་, Wylie: dbu-med, IPA: [umɛ̂]; variant spellings include ume, u-me) is a cursive form of the Tibetan alphabet. The name means "headless," and is a style of the script used for both calligraphy and shorthand. A distinctive feature of umê compared to uchen is the absence of the horizontal guide line across the top of the letters. Between syllables, the tseg mark (་) often appears as a vertical stroke. There are two main kinds of umê writing:
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170104/PDF/b14_screen.pdf一款全新的藏文鋼筆近日在 拉薩面世。這款鋼筆有效解決了 普通藏文鋼筆在行筆延續性和保 持藏文傳統性等方面的不足，獲 得了國家實用新型專利。 日前，西藏青年創業者土旦 西繞和他的創業團隊，向公眾介 紹了他們研發的 「智劍」牌藏文 鋼筆。這款獲得國家實用新型專 利的藏文鋼筆，可以通過轉動筆 尖達到一筆雙用的效果，既可以 書寫藏文 「烏金體」，又可以書 寫 「烏梅體」，適用於藏文初學 者和藏文字體愛好者。
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-so-many-silent-letters-in-Tibetan
- http://china.org.cn/china/2016-01/14/content_37572938.htm The release of brand-new Qomolangma Tibetan fonts by the China Tibetology Research Center means the iPhone is no longer the only mainstream option for Tibetans who want a smartphone that can display their language.Tibetan-speaking users can download the fonts from the Internet and personalize their smartphones by choosing their favorite fonts from among 17 typefaces. Previously, only Uchen, the classic block-style Tibetan script, was offered. The fonts have quickly been adopted by computer users and publishing houses as well. The technical advances achieved by Tibetan researchers over the course of eight years have made digital Tibetan stylish, said Norgye, director of the Information Center of the Minzu Publishing House, which released the new fonts in mid-November. "It's like having only one set of clothing for a long time. Suddenly, you can dress up and pick whatever you want from the closet for different occasions. Such change is exhilarating to end users," Norgye said. As at least eight of the fonts are based on the handwriting of famous Tibetan calligraphers, the Qomolangma fonts display the essence of Tibetan lettering design.
- 扎西德勒是藏语词语，表示欢迎、祝福吉祥的意思，“扎西”（tashi，bkra shis）是吉祥的意思，“德勒”（delek，bde legs）是好的意思，连起来可以翻译成“吉祥如意”。在藏族，如果对方对你说“扎西德勒”，可译为“欢迎”或“吉祥如意”，必须回答的是“扎西德勒，shu（第四声）”，而并不是“扎西德勒”。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/17/a17-0117.pdf 藏語指的是藏族使用的語言，屬於藏 緬語系，也包括藏－喜馬拉語群以及其 他一些藏族方言。全球約有 600萬人口 使用藏語，主要分佈在中國西藏自治 區、青海省，以及四川、甘肅、雲南省的一些自治州。 巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊爾、不丹四個國家部分地區也有 藏語使用者。 藏語是由多種方言構成，方言之間差異較大。藏文的 謄寫以輔音字母為主體。每個輔音都內帶一個元音，通 常是 a 。藏文的一個特點就是包括輔音簇，也就是連續 出現不含元音的輔音，允許上加字和下加字。其他元音 包括 e、i、o和 u 通常是通過附加符號形式標出
- 自公元七世紀以來， 藏文就被用於書寫藏族 語言。同時，藏文也是 不丹語和拉達克語等其 他語言的書寫系統。藏 文有 30個基本字母。作 為元音附標文字的典型代表，每個基本 藏文字母表示一個輔音，所有輔音共享 一個固有元音 a，在默認狀態下，a 與 輔音一起發音。除了固有元音 a 以外， 藏語中還有另外4個元音，這4個元音由 變音符號（即，在字母上方或下方放置 的元音標記）表示。 例如，音節「 」的發音為 ta（元音 為默認的固有元音 a），而音節「 」 的發音則為ti（「 」是標明元音 i的變 音符號，將其放在字母「 」上方以改 變元音）。藏文文字代表的是古典藏文的發音。 自 11世紀以來，藏文的拼字法基本保持 不變。而藏語的方言則跟任何語言一 樣，在這幾個世紀中不斷發生變化。因 此，藏文與現代藏語方言並不能一一對 應。 藏文有幾種不同的轉寫系統。1959年 制定的威利轉寫系統是最有影響力的方 案，已被許多學者採用。該系統嚴格遵 循藏語文字，因此不能體現現代方言的 發音。藏語拼音是中國官方使用的主要 用於專有名詞的系統，它轉寫的是拉薩 方言的實際發音。也有一些嘗試使用國 際音標來轉寫藏文的方法（如 Jacques於 2012年提出的系統），但這類系統並不 適用於非專業人士。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/12/a25-0612.pdf
Website
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-08/23/content_26566178.htm Developers launched China's first Tibetan-language search engine on Monday in Northwest China's Qinghai Province. The search engine (yongzin.com) will serve as a unified portal for all major Tibetan-language websites in China, said Tselo, director of the Tibetan Language Work Committee of the Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai. Yongzin means "master" or "teacher" in the Tibetan language. It will also be a major global source for information in Tibetan online, he said. The search engine has eight sections for news, websites, images, videos, music, encyclopedia, literature and forums.
- http://www.tibetanconnect.com
arts
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/07/23/a14-0723.pdf藏區唐卡
- stupa
- black pottery
- murals of tibet
music
- 《中國工尺譜集成》(10卷本)日前在文化部發佈會上首發。該書搶救彙集了一批手抄譜本，再現千年古樂，被學界視為一項考察中國民間音樂傳承、見證民間音樂生態體系的重要工程。據悉，工尺譜是世界上最早發明的樂譜之一。因用工、尺等字記寫唱名而得名，在中國古代跟近代的歌曲、曲藝、戲曲、器樂中應用廣泛。早在唐代就已出現大量手抄卷子，以後綿延不絕，明清時期開始出現印刷樂譜。目前，各地民間樂社仍在使用，但大量抄本輾轉相傳，未有印刷，消失與損毀情況堪憂。為此，文化部藝術司、中國藝術研究院音樂研究所於2010年啟動了《中國工尺譜集成》的編撰出版工作。在專家學者的辛勤努力下，目前《中國工尺譜集成》已完成10卷的編撰工作，包括《總論》（1卷）、《北京卷》（2卷）、《河北卷》（3卷）、《陝西卷》（2卷）、《江蘇卷》（1卷）、《遼寧卷》（1卷）。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/09/14/a28-0914.pdf
Culture
- A khata (Tibetan: ཁ་བཏགས་; Dzongkha: དར་, Dhar, Mongolian : / Mongolian: хадаг / IPA: [χɑtɑk],khadag or hatag, Nepali: खदा khada, 哈达; pinyin:hādá) is a traditional ceremonial scarf in tengrism andTibetan Buddhism. It originated in Tibetan culture[citation needed] and is common in cultures and countries where Tibetan Buddhism is practiced. The khata symbolizes purity and compassion and are worn or presented with incense at many ceremonial occasions, including births, weddings, funerals, graduations and the arrival or departure of guests. It is usually made of silk. Tibetan khatas are usually white, symbolising the pure heart of the giver,[2][3] though it is quite common to find yellow-gold khata as well. Tibetan,Nepali, and Bhutanese khatas feature theashtamangala. There are also special multi-colored khatas. Mongolian khatas are usually blue, symbolizing the sky. In Mongolia, khatas are also often tied to ovoos,stupas, or special trees and rocks.
- Tashi delek (Tibetan: བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས, Wylie: bkra shis bde legs, Lhasa dialect IPA: [[tşáɕi tèle]], THL trashi délek) is a Tibetan greeting. Tashi means auspicious and Delek (or Deleg, Deleh) means fine or well. It is difficult and perhaps impossible to translate properly into English. Different authors render it as "Blessings and good luck" or "May all auspicious signs come to this environment".The phrase "Tashi delek" is also used in the Chinese language with the Chinese transcriptionZhaxi Dele (扎西德勒). There is a song called Zhaxi Dele with lyrics by Rongzhong Erjia (容中尔甲), a Tibetan, and music by Chang Yingzhong (昌英中), a Han Chinese. The phrase is also used in Bhutan, regions of Nepal, and Sikkim. There is a company in Bhutan called TashiDelek.com and a Hotel Tashi Delek in Gangtok, Sikkim. The inflight magazine of Bhutanese airline Druk Air is called Tashi Delek.
Calendar
- The Tibetan calendar (Tibetan: ལོ་ཐོ, Wylie: lo-tho) is a lunisolar calendar, that is, the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average Tibetan year is equal to the solar year. The Tibetan New Year celebration is Losar (Tibetan: ལོ་གསར་, Wylie: lo-gsar). According to almanacs the year starts with the third Hor month. There were many different traditions in Tibet to fix the beginning of the year.
- The commemorative event of 59th Tibetan National Uprising Day began Saturday morning at the Dalai Lama’s temple in Dharamshala. The Dalai Lama will not take part in the event because he has disassociated himself from any political role since 2011. Stating that since this was a “very sensitive time” for bilateral relations with China, the Centre had sent out a note asking “senior leaders” and “government functionaries” of the Centre and states to stay away from events planned for March-end and early April by the “Tibetan leadership in India” to mark the start of 60 years in exile of the Dalai Lama. According to Khenpo Sonam Tenphal, Parliament Speaker of the Tibetan Government in Exile, the Tibetan community was very grateful to India for giving shelter to them and for being a gracious host but said border issues between India and China would never be resolved unless the issue of Tibet was resolved.http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tibetan-national-uprising-day-live-updates-dalai-lama-temple-dharamsala-thank-you-india-for-hosting-supporting-tibetans-5092772/
Website
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-08/23/content_26566178.htm Developers launched China's first Tibetan-language search engine on Monday in Northwest China's Qinghai Province. The search engine (yongzin.com) will serve as a unified portal for all major Tibetan-language websites in China, said Tselo, director of the Tibetan Language Work Committee of the Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai. Yongzin means "master" or "teacher" in the Tibetan language. It will also be a major global source for information in Tibetan online, he said. The search engine has eight sections for news, websites, images, videos, music, encyclopedia, literature and forums.
- http://www.tibetanconnect.com
arts
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/07/23/a14-0723.pdf藏區唐卡
- stupa
- http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2017/the-heart-of-tantra-buddhist-art-including-property-from-the-nyingjei-lam-collection-hk0749/lot.3130.html 4-tier steps inscribed in lantsa script
- black pottery
- 囊谦藏黑陶文化研究开发有限公司 in qinghai 玉树市 囊谦县
- exhibited at 2019 qinghai tangka exhibition at hkcl
- murals of tibet
music
- 《中國工尺譜集成》(10卷本)日前在文化部發佈會上首發。該書搶救彙集了一批手抄譜本，再現千年古樂，被學界視為一項考察中國民間音樂傳承、見證民間音樂生態體系的重要工程。據悉，工尺譜是世界上最早發明的樂譜之一。因用工、尺等字記寫唱名而得名，在中國古代跟近代的歌曲、曲藝、戲曲、器樂中應用廣泛。早在唐代就已出現大量手抄卷子，以後綿延不絕，明清時期開始出現印刷樂譜。目前，各地民間樂社仍在使用，但大量抄本輾轉相傳，未有印刷，消失與損毀情況堪憂。為此，文化部藝術司、中國藝術研究院音樂研究所於2010年啟動了《中國工尺譜集成》的編撰出版工作。在專家學者的辛勤努力下，目前《中國工尺譜集成》已完成10卷的編撰工作，包括《總論》（1卷）、《北京卷》（2卷）、《河北卷》（3卷）、《陝西卷》（2卷）、《江蘇卷》（1卷）、《遼寧卷》（1卷）。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/09/14/a28-0914.pdf
Culture
- A khata (Tibetan: ཁ་བཏགས་; Dzongkha: དར་, Dhar, Mongolian : / Mongolian: хадаг / IPA: [χɑtɑk],khadag or hatag, Nepali: खदा khada, 哈达; pinyin:hādá) is a traditional ceremonial scarf in tengrism andTibetan Buddhism. It originated in Tibetan culture[citation needed] and is common in cultures and countries where Tibetan Buddhism is practiced. The khata symbolizes purity and compassion and are worn or presented with incense at many ceremonial occasions, including births, weddings, funerals, graduations and the arrival or departure of guests. It is usually made of silk. Tibetan khatas are usually white, symbolising the pure heart of the giver,[2][3] though it is quite common to find yellow-gold khata as well. Tibetan,Nepali, and Bhutanese khatas feature theashtamangala. There are also special multi-colored khatas. Mongolian khatas are usually blue, symbolizing the sky. In Mongolia, khatas are also often tied to ovoos,stupas, or special trees and rocks.
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201911/18/WS5dd1f1eea310cf3e35577f31.html For nearly two centuries, hada scarves have been produced in Ranyi before making their way to the Potala Palace in Lhasa, capital of southwestern China's Tibet autonomous region, Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and families across the Tibetan Plateau.It is estimated that more than 100 million hada scarves are produced every year in Ranyi, where the permanent resident population is no more than 30,000.The tea-for-horses trade between the Han and Tibetan people was established as far back as the 11th century, and the famous Tea Horse Road linking the Sichuan Basin with the Tibetan Plateau passed by Ranyi.Tea, hada, silk and grain produced in the Sichuan Basin were transported to Tibet in exchange for medicinal materials, gold, hides and wool.Some people believe the name hada comes from a Mongolian word meaning "scarf". Italian merchant Marco Polo mentioned in his book that emperors of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) exchanged white items-which some scholars believe were hada scarves-with his entourage to celebrate the new year.Some others think hada means "to decorate with white items" in the Tibetan language, which evolved from the Tibetan tradition of decorating new houses with white woolen threads.
- Tashi delek (Tibetan: བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས, Wylie: bkra shis bde legs, Lhasa dialect IPA: [[tşáɕi tèle]], THL trashi délek) is a Tibetan greeting. Tashi means auspicious and Delek (or Deleg, Deleh) means fine or well. It is difficult and perhaps impossible to translate properly into English. Different authors render it as "Blessings and good luck" or "May all auspicious signs come to this environment".The phrase "Tashi delek" is also used in the Chinese language with the Chinese transcriptionZhaxi Dele (扎西德勒). There is a song called Zhaxi Dele with lyrics by Rongzhong Erjia (容中尔甲), a Tibetan, and music by Chang Yingzhong (昌英中), a Han Chinese. The phrase is also used in Bhutan, regions of Nepal, and Sikkim. There is a company in Bhutan called TashiDelek.com and a Hotel Tashi Delek in Gangtok, Sikkim. The inflight magazine of Bhutanese airline Druk Air is called Tashi Delek.
Calendar
- The Tibetan calendar (Tibetan: ལོ་ཐོ, Wylie: lo-tho) is a lunisolar calendar, that is, the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average Tibetan year is equal to the solar year. The Tibetan New Year celebration is Losar (Tibetan: ལོ་གསར་, Wylie: lo-gsar). According to almanacs the year starts with the third Hor month. There were many different traditions in Tibet to fix the beginning of the year.
- Guthuk (དགུ་ཐུག་) is a noodle soup in Tibetan cuisine. It is eaten before Losar, the Tibetan New Year and is a variation on Thukpa bhatuk. The Tibetan religious ceremony 'Gutor' (དགུ་གཏོར་), literally meaning offering of the 29th, is held on the 29th of the 12th Tibetan month, and is focused on driving out all negativity, including evil spirits and misfortunes of the past year, and starting the new year in a peaceful and auspicious way. It is made with barley.
- "Chemar", a fine box containing zanba (roasted highland barley flour) is an important auspicious Tibetan decoration to pray for good harvest in the Tibetan New Year
- Kasai - food for new year
- The commemorative event of 59th Tibetan National Uprising Day began Saturday morning at the Dalai Lama’s temple in Dharamshala. The Dalai Lama will not take part in the event because he has disassociated himself from any political role since 2011. Stating that since this was a “very sensitive time” for bilateral relations with China, the Centre had sent out a note asking “senior leaders” and “government functionaries” of the Centre and states to stay away from events planned for March-end and early April by the “Tibetan leadership in India” to mark the start of 60 years in exile of the Dalai Lama. According to Khenpo Sonam Tenphal, Parliament Speaker of the Tibetan Government in Exile, the Tibetan community was very grateful to India for giving shelter to them and for being a gracious host but said border issues between India and China would never be resolved unless the issue of Tibet was resolved.http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tibetan-national-uprising-day-live-updates-dalai-lama-temple-dharamsala-thank-you-india-for-hosting-supporting-tibetans-5092772/
The Sho Dun Festival (Tibetan: ༄༅། ཞོ་སྟོན།; 雪顿节; pinyin: Xuĕdùn Jié), commonly known as the Yogurt Festival or Banquet is an annual festival held at Norbulingka or "Jewel Park" palace in Lhasa, Tibet. The festival is celebrated in the summer, from the 15th to the 24th of the 5th lunar month - usually about the middle of August, after a month's retreat by the monks who stay within their monasteries to avoid walking on the emerging summer insects and killing them. It began in the 16th century with a banquet given by the lay people for the monks featuring yoghurt. Later on, summer operas, or Lhamo, and theatricals were added to the festivities. The operas, "last all day with clashing cymbals, bells and drums; piercing recitatives punctuating more melodious choruses; hooded villains, leaping devils, swirling girls with long silk sleeves. In the past dancers came from all over Tibet, but today there is only the state-run Lhasa Singing and Dancing Troupe.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-09/03/content_26688431.htm article on shoton festival, month does not match
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-09/03/content_26688431.htm article on shoton festival, month does not match
苯教（藏語：བོན，藏語拼音：Bön，威利：bon），是波苯教的簡稱，又稱本教、缽教，是西藏的本土宗教。苯教是由西藏的原始薩滿信仰演變而來的，也是西藏歷史上最早的宗教。其崇拜的對象包括天地日月、雷電冰雹、山石草獸等各種自然物以及自然界的神靈和鬼魂。據說苯教最高級的神是葉仙。苯教教徒頭裹黑巾，因此也被藏傳佛教信眾稱為「黑教」（藏語：ནག་ཆོས་，威利：nag chos）。但苯教徒認為「黑教」是具有敵意的稱謂，因為在藏語中「黑教」一詞有「邪教」的意思。Bon, also spelled Bön[2] (Tibetan: བོན་, Wylie: bon, Lhasa dialect: [pʰø̃̀]), is a Tibetan religion, which self-identifies as distinct from Tibetan Buddhism, although it shares the same overall teachings and terminology.Three Bon scriptures—mdo 'dus, gzer mig, and gzi brjid—relate the mythos of Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. The Bonpos regard the first two as gter ma rediscovered around the tenth and eleventh centuries and the last as nyan brgyud (oral transmission) dictated by Loden Nyingpo, who lived in the fourteenth century.[6] In the fourteenth century, Loden Nyingpo revealed a terma known as The Brilliance (Wylie: gzi brjid), which contained the story of Tonpa Shenrab. He was not the first Bonpo tertön, but his terma became one of the definitive scriptures of Bon religion.[4] It states that Shenrab established the Bon religion while searching for a horse stolen by a demon. Tradition also tells that he was born in the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring(considered[by whom?] an axis mundi) which is traditionally identified as Mount Yung-drung Gu-tzeg (“Edifice of Nine Sauwastikas”), possibly Mount Kailash, in western Tibet.[citation needed]Due to the sacredness of Tagzig Olmo Lungting and Mount Kailash, the Bonpo regard both the swastika and the number nine as auspicious and as of great significance.
Buddhism
- The Samye Monastery or Samye Gompa (Tibetan:བསམ་ཡས་, Wylie: bsam yas, ZYPY: Samyä;桑耶寺) is the first Buddhist monasterybuilt in Tibet. It was probably first constructed between 775-9 CE[1] under the patronage of KingTrisong Detsen of Tibet who sought to revitalizeBuddhism, which had declined since its introduction by King Songtsän Gampo in the 7th century. The monastery is in Dranang, Lhoka Prefecture. It was supposedly modeled on the design of Odantapuri in what is now Bihar, India.; http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/09/17/a17-0917.pdf 公元七世紀，松贊干布建立吐蕃王朝， 佛教從漢地和印度大規模傳入西藏。藏傳 佛教由此興盛繁榮，先後形成寧瑪派、噶 舉派、薩迦派、格魯派等眾多知名教派。 十二世紀，瑜伽行者余摩彌覺多吉創立覺 囊派，曾盛極一時。由於覺囊派與被視為 正統的格魯派主張完全對立，因此被視為 異端而受到排擠。十四世紀後半葉，藏傳 佛教高僧仲然拉西日輾轉來到四川壤塘創 建覺囊派寺院，藉以延續覺囊派法脈。
- The Samye Monastery or Samye Gompa (Tibetan:བསམ་ཡས་, Wylie: bsam yas, ZYPY: Samyä;桑耶寺) is the first Buddhist monasterybuilt in Tibet. It was probably first constructed between 775-9 CE[1] under the patronage of KingTrisong Detsen of Tibet who sought to revitalizeBuddhism, which had declined since its introduction by King Songtsän Gampo in the 7th century. The monastery is in Dranang, Lhoka Prefecture. It was supposedly modeled on the design of Odantapuri in what is now Bihar, India.; http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/09/17/a17-0917.pdf 公元七世紀，松贊干布建立吐蕃王朝， 佛教從漢地和印度大規模傳入西藏。藏傳 佛教由此興盛繁榮，先後形成寧瑪派、噶 舉派、薩迦派、格魯派等眾多知名教派。 十二世紀，瑜伽行者余摩彌覺多吉創立覺 囊派，曾盛極一時。由於覺囊派與被視為 正統的格魯派主張完全對立，因此被視為 異端而受到排擠。十四世紀後半葉，藏傳 佛教高僧仲然拉西日輾轉來到四川壤塘創 建覺囊派寺院，藉以延續覺囊派法脈。
- The Jokhang (Tibetan: ཇོ་ཁང།, 大昭寺), also known as the Qoikang Monastery, Jokang, Jokhang Temple, Jokhang Monastery and Zuglagkang (Tibetan: གཙུག་ལག་ཁང༌།, Wylie: gtsug-lag-khang, ZYPY: Zuglagkang or Tsuklakang), is a Buddhist temple in Barkhor Square in Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. Tibetans, in general, consider this temple as the most sacred and important temple in Tibet. The temple is currently maintained by the Gelug school, but they accept worshipers from all sects of Buddhism. The temple's architectural style is a mixture of Indian vihara design, Tibetan and Nepalese design. The Jokhang was founded during the reign of King Songtsen Gampo. According to tradition, the temple was built for the king's two brides: Princess Wencheng of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal. Both are said to have brought important Buddhist statues and images from China and Nepal to Tibet, which were housed here, as part of their dowries. The oldest part of the temple was built in 652. Over the next 900 years, the temple was enlarged several times with the last renovation done in 1610 by the Fifth Dalai Lama. Following the death of Gampo, the image in Ramcho Lake temple was moved to the Jokhang temple for security reasons. When King Tresang Detsan ruled from 755 to 797, the Buddha image of the Jokhang temple was hidden, as the king's minister was hostile to the spread of Buddhism in Tibet. During the late ninth and early tenth centuries, the Jokhang and Ramoche temples were said to have been used as stables. In 1049 Atisha, a renowned teacher of Buddhism from Bengal taught in Jokhang. Around the 14th century, the temple was associated with the Vajrasana in India. In the 18th century the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, following the Gorkha-Tibetan war in 1792, did not allow the Nepalese to visit this temple and it became an exclusive place of worship for the Tibetans. During the Chinese development of Lhasa, the Barkhor Square in front of the temple was encroached. During the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards attacked the Jokhang temple in 1966 and for a decade there was no worship. Renovation of the Jokhang took place from 1972 to 1980. In 2000, the Jokhang became a UNESCO World Heritage Site as an extension of the Potala Palace (a World Heritage Site since 1994). Many Nepalese artists have worked on the temple's design and construction.
- Rasa Thrulnag Tsuklakang ("House of Mysteries" or "House of Religious Science") was the Jokhang's ancient name.[7] When King Songtsen built the temple his capital city was known as Rasa ("Goats"), since goats were used to move earth during its construction. After the king's death, Rasa became known as Lhasa (Place of the Gods); the temple was called Jokhang—"Temple of the Lord"—derived from Jowo Shakyamuni Buddha, its primary image.[8] The Jokhnag's Chinese name is Dazhao;[9] it is also known as Zuglagkang, Qoikang Monastery[10] Tsuglakhang[11] and Tsuglhakhange
- 西藏拉薩的藏傳佛教寺院大昭寺上周六發生火警，火勢不久被撲滅，官方指無人傷亡，大昭寺主建築未有受損，一切秩序正常。而環繞大昭寺的街道八廓街，雖因火警而需要臨時緊急管制，但昨日早上已有大批信眾及遊客排隊，等待進入大昭寺朝拜。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180219/00178_009.html
- living buddha
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bfd3fcc0-be5e-11e5-846f-79b0e3d20eaf.html China’s government has launched an online database of Tibetan “living Buddhas” as part of what critics view as a broader struggle to control the legacy of the exiled Dalai Lama. The database listing 870 government-certified reincarnations in mainland China was unveiled on Monday by the Buddhist Association of China, which operates under the auspices of the ruling Communist party. The list is an effort to “regulate reincarnation issues for living Buddhas”, said the Xinhua state news agency, using a Chinese term for reincarnated lamas known as trulku in Tibetan. The various branches of Tibetan Buddhism recognise thousands of lineages of reincarnated lamas, some powerful and others obscure. The immediate trigger for the database was a ceremony last year in Hong Kong in which a Chinese celebrity appeared to endorse Wu Darong, a Han Chinese from Fujian province who has declared himself a living Buddha. That episode enjoyed the rare distinction of horrifying Tibetans and the officially atheist Beijing government, which is wary of the influence of self-proclaimed holy men of any stripe. After decades of revolution, dislocation and a materialist boom, newly prosperous Chinese are flocking to celebrity Tibetan lamas and other Buddhist figures in search of spiritual fulfilment. Many give large donations. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1902798/china-compiles-database-living-buddhas-and-guess-whos China’s communist government has compiled a database of 870 “verified” living Buddhas and left the Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama off the list. The database of Tibetan holy men was launched by the government on Saturday, saying it was the first that could be accessed and searched by members of the public.Anybody claiming to be a living Buddha who is not on the list should be considered a fake, according to a statement on the website of the State Administration for Religious Affairs.
- literature
- three vyutpatti compendia
- http://www.thlib.org/collections/texts/jiats/#!jiats=/03/dotson/b2/ The Pangtangma Catalogue is one of the three catalogues of Buddhist texts compiled during the latter part of the Tibetan Empire. When Khri Srong lde btsan officially adopted Buddhism in c. 779, this emperor established official sponsorship for the support of such monasteries and temples as the Rasa Trülnang (the jokhang), the Ramoché, Samyé Monastery, and Tradruk Monastery. The emperor also traveled with his own personal saṃgha at the Tibetan court.3 Further, this emperor established at the court aBuddhist council (literally, council of the representative(s) of the bhagavat at the court) and a committee for the translation of the dharma.4 This is evident from the Tabo fragments of the Drajor Bampo Nyipa, a document that formed part of a project to regulate and standardize the translation of Buddhist texts.5 In conjunction with this project, the Tibetan emperors sponsored[page 3]three catalogues of Buddhist texts, namely the Lhenkarma Catalogue/Denkarma Catalogue, the Chimpuma Catalogue, and the Pangtangma Catalogue. The Denkarma Catalogue is found in the Tengyur, and has been studied by Lalou, among others.6 The other two catalogues, the Chimpuma Catalogue and the Pangtangma Catalogue, were long thought to have disappeared. Fortunately, however, the latter has recently come to light and was published in Beijing in 2003 together with a copy of the Drajor Bampo Nyipa from the Fifth Dalai Lama’s library at Drepung Monastery.
- arts and crafts
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170722/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
- The Catholic Church of Lhasa Also called the Lhasa Chapel, was the first Catholic church in Tibet in China. It was founded in 1725 and disappeared in 1745.Italian Capuchin priests Francesco della Penna and Domenico da Fano arrived in Lhasa in 1719 with some Capuchin friars. This was followed by a contest of competition with the Jesuit missionary Ippolito Desideri, the Holy See decided in 1721 in favor of the Capuchins who had already obtained the authorization of the Tibetan authorities to build a chapel. Kelzang Gyatso, the seventh Dalai Lama, authorized the construction of the church on the heights of the city. The superior of the mission, Francesco della Penna, returned to Rome in 1737, when Pope Benedict XIV gave a letter to the seventh Dalai Lama, and he took the road to Tibet. A photo dating from 1956 is in a book by Josef Vaniš (cs) and Vladimír SIS. There is a bell with a large crack on its side, as an "L" in reverse, which according to the Jokhang monks would be due to the violence of the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution in Tibet.
- Note the Lhasa bell in Pennabilli, Italy, redesign of the original bell of the Catholic mission in Lhasa
People
-Songtsen Gampo (Tibetan: སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ, Wylie: srong btsan sgam po, 569–649?/605–649?) was the founder of the Tibetan Empire,[1] and is traditionally credited with the introduction of Buddhismto Tibet, influenced by his Nepali and Chinese queens, as well as being the unifier of what were previously several Tibetan kingdoms. He is also regarded as responsible for the creation of Tibetan alphabet and therefore the establishment of Classical Tibetan, the language spoken in his region at the time, as the literary language of Tibet.
- 格蕯爾王The Epic of King Gesar (/ˈɡɛzər/ or /ˈɡɛsər/;Tibetan: གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ, Wylie: ge sar rgyal po, "King Gesar"; Mongolian: Гэсэр Хаан, GeserKhan, "King Geser", Russian: Гесар-хан or Кесар), also spelled Geser (especially in Mongolian contexts) or Kesar (/ˈkɛzər/ or/ˈkɛsər/), is an epic cycle, believed to date from the 12th century, that relates the heroic deeds of the culture hero Gesar, the fearless lord of the legendary kingdom of Ling (Wylie: gling). It is recorded variously in poetry and prose,chantefable or shuochang being the style of traditional performance, and is sung widely throughout Central Asia. Its classic version is to be found in central Tibet. Some 100 bardsof this epic (Wylie: sgrung, "tale")[4] are still active today in the Gesar belt of China, Tibetan,Mongolian, Buryat, and Monguor singers maintain the oral tradition and the epic has attracted intense scholarly curiosity as one of the few oral epic traditions to survive as a performing art. Besides stories conserved by such Chinese minorities such as the Bai, Naxi, the Pumi, Lisu and Yugur, versions of the epic are also recorded among the Balti ofBaltistan Burusho people of Hunza and Gilgit, the Kalmyk and Ladakhi peoples, in Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, and among various Tibeto-Burmese, Turkish, and Tunghus tribes. The first printed version was a Mongolian text published in Beijing in 1716.
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201609/0918/HT04918CLYY.pdf
- 青海省玉樹藏族自治州已啟動重點文化工程《格薩爾》史詩搶救保護五年規劃(2017年至2021年)工作，官方冀此打造玉樹民族傳統文化名片。目前，玉樹州已完成《格薩爾》史詩版本篩選、雙語詞條前期搜索整理、翻譯人員的譯稿試譯和翻譯參考資料整理打印等工作，並完成20個劇本的說唱錄製。卷帙浩繁的《格薩爾》史詩逾一百多萬詩行、兩千多萬字，且內容仍處增長之中。據了解，玉樹州目前是《格薩爾》史詩遺跡分佈最為廣泛地區之一。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/03/19/a14-0319.pdf
- Tsangyang Gyatso (Tibetan: ཚངས་དབྱངས་རྒྱ་མཚོ, Wylie: tshangs-dbyangs rgya-mtsho,ZYPY: Cangyang Gyamco) (1 March 1683 – 15 November 1706) was the sixth Dalai Lama. He was a Monpa by ethnicity and was born at Urgelling Monastery, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Tawang Town, India and not far from the large Tawang Monastery in the northwestern part of present-day Arunachal Pradesh. Using the Dalai Lama's behaviour as an excuse and with the approval of his ally, China's Kangxi Emperor, Lha-bzang Khan, khan of the Khoshut, killed the regent and kidnapped the Sixth Dalai Lama. On 28 June 1706, Lha-bzang Khan deposed Tsangyang; he later installed a 25-year-old lama, Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso, as the "true" 6th Dalai Lama in 1707, claiming that he, not Tsangyang, was the true rebirth of the 5th Dalai Lama. The Gelugpa dignitaries and the Tibetan people rejected Lha-bzang Khan's installation of Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso and continued to recognise Tsangyang's title. However, Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso is considered by Tibetans to have been an incarnation of Avalokiteśvara. While being taken out of Tibet, Tsangyang composed a poem which some say foretold of his next birth. "White crane lend me your wings. I will not fly far. From Lithang I shall return."[citation needed] Tsangyang disappeared mysteriously near Qinghai on 15 November 1706, which is why there is no tomb for him in the Potala Palace. Rumours persisted he had escaped and lived in secrecy somewhere between China and Mongolia. The Tibetans appealed to the Dzungar people, who invaded Tibet and killed Lha-bzang Khan in late 1717.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/03/a12-0503.pdf在距離拉薩不遠的柳梧鄉達東村，古稀之年的格桑強巴老人站在自家院子門口，瞇起眼睛，注視着對面山坡上六世達賴喇嘛倉央嘉措（1683-1706）曾居住過的莊園。
- tenzin gyatso
Place
- The 14th Dalai Lama /ˈdɑːlaɪ ˈlɑːmə/ (US),/ˌdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/ (UK) (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Thondup, 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama.[1]Lhamo Döndrub (or Thondup) was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser,[b] at the edges of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo, which was politically part of the Chinese province of Qinghai. His family was of Monguorextraction[dubious ].[11] His mother, Diki Tsering, gave birth to him on a straw mat in the cowshed behind the house. He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years his senior. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high Lama Taktser Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama's first language was, in his own words, "a broken Xininglanguage which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language" as his family did not speak the Tibetan language.
- Ngari rinpoche http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/photo_2001.59.7.8.1.html
- http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/magazine/the-last-dalai-lama.html?_r=0
The Dalai Lama's younger brother, Tenzin Choegyal, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/10/01/talking-with-the-dalai-lama-and-his-brother-at-their-homes-in-india/#7f953a135ff3
- 熱振寺第五世熱振活佛熱振·圖旦絳白益西丹巴堅贊在中華民國時期曾任西藏噶廈攝政，卸任之後，於1947年被西藏噶廈攝政達扎·阿旺松繞以「傾向內地中央、謀害達扎」的罪名使用武力拘捕，從熱振寺抓到拉薩囚禁。當西藏噶廈派兵到熱振寺押解五世熱振赴拉薩時，熱振寺僧眾抗擊進入熱振寺的藏軍，打死16個藏兵。為此，熱振寺許多僧人遭到噶廈拘押、體罰、流放，甚至連當地百姓也被牽連受害。熱振拉章也被查封。在這個過程中，熱振扎薩江白堅贊（後來曾任西藏自治區政協常委）等熱振拉章的所有官員受到迫害，熱振扎薩江白堅贊被投入監獄。熱振一派的西藏噶廈噶倫彭康·扎西多吉也受到株連。色拉寺結巴扎倉堪布阿旺加措被迫逃往中國內地。熱振寺受到了嚴重破壞，許多珍貴物品及佛像遭到毀壞、盜竊。1947年5月7日，五世熱振在布達拉宮廈欽角監獄中突然死亡，傳聞系遭毒殺。五世熱振死亡後，西藏噶廈發布通告稱：「熱振寺拉章一干人妄圖毀滅我政教，屢屢圖謀不軌，均未得逞……。今後，熱振活佛只享受措勤活佛的待遇，不得享受呼圖克圖名號和待遇。」通告中所稱的「措勤活佛」是中等活佛名稱之一，通告明確剝奪了熱振活佛的呼圖克圖名號及待遇。在五世熱振遭到噶廈關押後，熱振卻本（「卻本」是主管陳設壇場及祭品的僧人）益西楚臣自熱振寺逃往中國內地，在康定向中華民國西康省政府匯報了西藏噶廈逮捕、迫害五世熱振的情況，要求中華民國國民政府支持五世熱振，進行援助。但是，當時國民政府已因第二次國共內戰而自顧不暇，故僅表同情，無力援助。後來，益西楚臣等人在康定找到了中國人民解放軍，並隨中國人民解放軍第十八軍一道返回了西藏拉薩。1950年，在熱振寺僧眾、色拉寺結巴扎倉僧眾及支持熱振活佛的西藏噶廈部分官員的支持下，熱振寺拉章及僧眾代表，不顧噶廈1947年《通告》的威脅，尋訪五世熱振的轉世靈童。在依照儀軌觀湖之後，認定一位3歲男童為五世熱振的轉世靈童，並獲達賴的批准。六世熱振在《熱振寺的變遷》中稱，1951年藏曆四月十五日，在熱振寺拉章為他舉辦了坐床典禮，他正式繼任第六世熱振活佛，並且恢復了熱振活佛的「呼圖克圖」封號和熱振寺拉章原有的所有權益。
- [comprehensive picture album of china's tibetan culture published by chongqing publishing] vol 1 page 249 shows pictures of people involved in murdering rwa-sgreng - acting regent stag-sgra (达礼) (note that picture shows swastika sign) and hugh e. richardson (british) 黎吉生
- Lobsang Sangay (Tibetan: བློ་བཟང་སེང་གེ་, "kind-hearted lion"; born September 5, 1968, in Darjeeling) is the president of Tibetan-government-in-Exile officially known as Central Tibetan Administration(CTA). He has been chief executive of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile since 8 August 2011. Following the election, at the request of the 14th Dalai Lama, the Tibetan parliament-in-exile amended the organisation's bylaws to remove the Dalai Lama's role as ceremonial head of state, making Lobsang Sangay its highest leader. In 2012, to reflect this change, Lobsang Sangay's title as chief executive was changed from kalön tripa ("prime minister") to sikyong ("ruler" or "regent"). Lobsang Sangay holds passport of the United States.洛桑森格的父親格桑曲扎原本是藏區理塘寺的僧人。1956年，中國人民解放軍以兩個團的兵力對理塘寺發動進攻，理塘寺周邊47個部落的3000多人聚集起來決心保衛理塘寺，久攻不下後，當時中國空軍最先進的兩架圖-4型重型轟炸機奉命出動轟炸，藏區最大的寺院之一理塘寺遭遇建寺近400年最大的劫難，淪為一片瓦礫，可能多達2000藏人在理塘寺鎮壓中死亡。寺院被摧毀，使僧侶和當地農牧民奮起抵抗。倖免於難的格桑曲扎也脫下袈裟，扛起武器，加入當地的游擊隊。他說：「寺院是我的家，但是家被毀了。我必須拿起武器捍衛我的信仰。」1959年，格桑曲扎追隨十四世達賴喇嘛流亡印度。
- On 7 November 2017, Kashag ( Sangay's government ) has abruptly dismissed a long-serving Tibetan diplomat, Mr. Penpa Tsering, from the latter's post of the coveted chair in Office of Tibet in Washington DC. Former education minister, Ngodup Tsering was appointed to take the position with effect from 1 December 2017. No clear justification for the dismissal and replacement was provided by Kashag. [17] On 18.11.2017 Kashag releases 10-point statement of clarification providing details of reasons for Penpa Tsering’s dismissal.[18] A new-york based Tibetan man writing under the pseudonym 'Mila Rangzen' has called for a mass protest against the Tibetan exile government on 27 November 2017 to demand justice for the ousted diplomat. [19] The settlement officer of Dharamsala released a statement urging peace in the street.[20] Then, on 27 November 2017, the protest took place in Dharamsala. Police have arrived on the scene to avoid potential clashes between supporters of Lobsang Sangay and Penpa Tsering. This is the first time since the Central Tibetan Administration was established where Tibetan people have shown grievances against their exile government in the form of a protest.
Place
- 康熙三十三年（1694年），清康熙帝在內城東北為皇四子胤禛修建了府邸。該府最初稱「四爺府」或「禛貝勒府」，胤禛被封為和碩雍親王后改稱雍王府。1711年，胤禛之子弘曆出生於王府東書院「如意室」。1723年胤禛繼位，為雍正帝（1723年－1735年在位）。雍正帝遷入紫禁城後，於雍正三年（1725年）將原雍王府潛邸升格為行宮，並改名為雍和宮。雍正十三年（1735年），曾在宮內停放雍正帝靈柩，為此將主要殿宇覆瓦升格為黃琉璃瓦。在雍正帝在位時期，雍和宮的中路和西路即已作為藏傳佛教上院使用，章嘉呼圖克圖活佛居住於此。乾隆帝即位後，於乾隆九年（1744年）將雍和宮中路和東路正式改為藏傳佛教寺廟，將主要殿宇改為佛殿，並為寺廟賜名「噶丹敬恰林」。東路行宮繼續由皇室使用，後因失火而焚毀。1961年雍和宮被列入中國國務院批准的全國重點文物保護單位。1983年，雍和宮被定為漢族地區全國重點寺院之一。
History
- 吐蕃（藏文：བོད་ཆེན་པོ།，威利：bod chen po，拉薩話：/pʰøʔ˩˧˨ ʨʰẽ˥ po˥˧/，意為「大蕃」）是歷史上一個位於青藏高原的政權，由松贊干布到朗達瑪延續兩百多年。雖然有資料說明西藏早期已經建立了一個政治實體，但關於6世紀末以前的情況還沒有確鑿的歷史證據。
- costume
- [cuhk friends of museum] tibetan officials imposed strict regulations regarding clothing and accessories dictating who could wear what based on social hierarchy. Waist and ear ornaments of this period are dynamically shaped, made of metal and gemstones. After the fall of tubo dynasty in 9thc, tibet witnessed the rise and fall of multiple regimes. Each government had a profound effect on the stylistic canon of tibetan ornaments, often coinciding with religious changes. Despite this, the overarching style and materials used in tibetan ornaments remained true to the tubo dynastic origins.
- Guge (Tibetan: གུ་གེ་, Wylie: gu ge) was an ancient kingdom in Western Tibet. The kingdom was centered in present-dayZanda County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region. At various points in history after the 10th century AD, the kingdom held sway over a vast area including south-easternZanskar, Upper Kinnaur district, and Spiti Valley, either by conquest or as tributaries. The ruins of the former capital of the Guge kingdom are located at Tsaparang in the Sutlejvalley, not far from Mount Kailash and 1,200 miles (1,900 km) westwards from Lhasa. 古格王朝（藏文：གུ་གེ་རྒྱལ་རབས，威利：gu ge rgyal rabs）是西藏西部的一个古代王朝，它的统治区域包括今天的中国西藏自治区阿里地区一带，还包括印度境内的赞斯喀尔、上金瑙尔、拉胡尔和斯皮提等地区。古格王国遗址在西藏首府拉萨以西约1200公里处，距离冈仁波齐峰不远。古格王朝始于10世纪末，1635年灭于拉達克王朝。
- Kham (Tibetan: ཁམས་, Wylie: khams; 康; pinyin: Kāng) is a historical region of Tibet covering a land area largely divided between present-day Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan, with smaller portions located within Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan provinces of China. During the Republic of China's rule over mainland China (1911–1949), most of the region was administratively part of Hsikang ( 西康). It held the status of "special administrative district"[according to whom?] until 1939, when it became an official Chinese province. Its provincial status was nominal and without much cohesion, like most of China's territory during the time of Japanese invasion and civil war. The natives of the Kham region are called Khampas (Tibetan: ཁམས་པ་, Wylie: khams pa). The people of Kham were reputed warriors renowned for their marksmanship and horsemanship.Kham was traditionally referred to as Chushi Gangdruk, i.e. 'four rivers and six ranges'.[according to whom?] The peoples of Kham have endured a tumultuous past, their sovereignty often encroached upon and marginalized by both Tibetans to the west and the Han Chinese to the East. The five main independent regions were the Kingdom of Chakla, Derge, the Kingdom of Lingtsang, Nangchen and the Kingdom of Lhatok. Other important polities included Nangqen, Chamdo, Batang, Mili, and the Hor States.康（藏文：ཁམས，藏語拼音：Kam，威利：khams），又譯康區或喀木，是源自藏族傳統文化中的一個地區，常與衛藏和安多並列。範圍大致相當於現今西藏自治區的昌都市、那曲地區東部（聶榮、巴青、索縣、比如、嘉黎五縣）、林芝市東部（察隅、波密、墨脫三縣），青海省的玉樹藏族自治州，四川省的甘孜藏族自治州和雲南省的迪慶藏族自治州。安多與康區形成更大的地區，在吐蕃王朝時期稱爲多康（藏文：མདོ་ཁམས，威利：mDo Khams），又譯朵甘斯、朵甘，意思是匯合的區域；在元朝稱為朵甘思。康區的居民叫康巴（藏文：ཁམས་པ，威利：khams pa），主要通用藏語康方言。Xikang (also Sikang or Hsikang) was a province of the Republic of China and early People's Republic of China. It comprised most of the Kham region of traditional Tibet, where the Khampa, a subgroup of the Tibetan people, live. The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as Han Chinese, Yi, Qiang people and Tibetan, while the western part of the province was inhabited by Tibetans. Xikang, then known as Chuanbian (川邊), was a special administrative region of the Republic of China until 1939, when it became an official province. The provincial capital was Kangding from 1939 to 1951 and Ya'an from 1951 to 1955.
- Kham (Tibetan: ཁམས་, Wylie: khams; 康; pinyin: Kāng) is a historical region of Tibet covering a land area largely divided between present-day Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan, with smaller portions located within Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan provinces of China. During the Republic of China's rule over mainland China (1911–1949), most of the region was administratively part of Hsikang ( 西康). It held the status of "special administrative district"[according to whom?] until 1939, when it became an official Chinese province. Its provincial status was nominal and without much cohesion, like most of China's territory during the time of Japanese invasion and civil war. The natives of the Kham region are called Khampas (Tibetan: ཁམས་པ་, Wylie: khams pa). The people of Kham were reputed warriors renowned for their marksmanship and horsemanship.Kham was traditionally referred to as Chushi Gangdruk, i.e. 'four rivers and six ranges'.[according to whom?] The peoples of Kham have endured a tumultuous past, their sovereignty often encroached upon and marginalized by both Tibetans to the west and the Han Chinese to the East. The five main independent regions were the Kingdom of Chakla, Derge, the Kingdom of Lingtsang, Nangchen and the Kingdom of Lhatok. Other important polities included Nangqen, Chamdo, Batang, Mili, and the Hor States.康（藏文：ཁམས，藏語拼音：Kam，威利：khams），又譯康區或喀木，是源自藏族傳統文化中的一個地區，常與衛藏和安多並列。範圍大致相當於現今西藏自治區的昌都市、那曲地區東部（聶榮、巴青、索縣、比如、嘉黎五縣）、林芝市東部（察隅、波密、墨脫三縣），青海省的玉樹藏族自治州，四川省的甘孜藏族自治州和雲南省的迪慶藏族自治州。安多與康區形成更大的地區，在吐蕃王朝時期稱爲多康（藏文：མདོ་ཁམས，威利：mDo Khams），又譯朵甘斯、朵甘，意思是匯合的區域；在元朝稱為朵甘思。康區的居民叫康巴（藏文：ཁམས་པ，威利：khams pa），主要通用藏語康方言。Xikang (also Sikang or Hsikang) was a province of the Republic of China and early People's Republic of China. It comprised most of the Kham region of traditional Tibet, where the Khampa, a subgroup of the Tibetan people, live. The eastern part of the province was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, such as Han Chinese, Yi, Qiang people and Tibetan, while the western part of the province was inhabited by Tibetans. Xikang, then known as Chuanbian (川邊), was a special administrative region of the Republic of China until 1939, when it became an official province. The provincial capital was Kangding from 1939 to 1951 and Ya'an from 1951 to 1955.
- [barnett] general liu wen-hui (head of commission at kangting in 1935) was once a major warlord in szechwan. Most of the mountains in this wild region (includes minya konka) are inhabited, if at all, by non-chinese gruops that have their own languages and customs. Most of these groups are ruled by their own kings or tribal chiefs. There are some permanent important settlements such as lamaseries. All hsien magistrates are chinese, but all hsiang chiefs and other local leaders are tibetans chosen by their own groups.
- 甘丹颇章（藏文：དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང，威利：dGa' ldan pho brang），又译噶登颇章、噶丹颇章，是藏传佛教格鲁派领袖达赖喇嘛在哲蚌寺的寝宫。
The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [kɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ pʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan government that was established by the 5th Dalai Lama with the help of the Güshi Khan of the Khoshut in 1642. Lhasa became the capital of Tibet in the beginning of this period, with all temporal power being conferred to the 5th Dalai Lama by Güshi Khan in Shigatse. After the expulsion of the Dzungars, Tibet was under administrative rule of the Qing dynasty between 1720 and 1912, but the Ganden Phodrang government lasted until the 1950s, when Tibet was incorporated into the People's Republic of China. Kashag became the governing council of the Ganden Phodrang regime during the early Qing rule.
- [cuhk friends of museum] the fifth dalai lama ordere the rules and regulations on the etiquette of jewellery and clothing, creating laws that specified a system of attire and accessories for both monks and secular officials. This system remained in force until the 1950s
- The 1910 Chinese expedition to Tibet or the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1910[1] was a military campaign of the Qing dynasty to establish direct rule in Tibet in early 1910. The expedition occupied Lhasa on February 12 and officially deposed the 13th Dalai Lama on the 25th.In the late winter of 1910, the Manchu government in Beijing was furious with the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. His government, having witnessed the dissolution of its domains in Khams by Qing administrators, and fearing that the amban in Lhasa was going to eliminate its temporal authority, cut this imperial officer off from the sustenance that the Tibet government had guaranteed him in a prior agreement with the Qing court. When a relief column arrived in Lhasa from Sichuan to break the amban out of his isolation, the Dalai Lama fled for British India. However, the direct rule over Tibet proved short-lived: after the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution and the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil in 1911-1912, Qing rule essentially ended in Lhasa and other parts of Tibet. All Qing forces left Tibet by the end of 1912.
- The 1959 Tibetan Uprising or 1959 Tibetan Rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, which had been under the effective control of the Communist Party of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951.[1] Although the 14th Dalai Lama's flight occurred in 1959, armed conflict between Tibetan rebels and the Chinese army started in 1956 in theKham and Amdo regions, which had been subjected to socialist reform. The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962. The anniversary of the uprising is observed by some Tibetan exiles as the Tibetan Uprising Day. The anniversary of its end is celebrated in Tibet as Serfs Emancipation Day.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170306/00178_006.html數百名在台藏人及多個藏獨團體以「西藏抗暴日」五十八周年（大陸官方稱為「平定西藏暴亂」）為由，昨日在台北舉行遊行，呼籲世界關注藏人的人權及自由。民進黨立委尤美女及時代力量立委林昶佐亦有參加。
- cultural revolution
USA
- http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0530/c98649-9065407.html China’s State media on Sunday slammed the Dalai Lama clique for politicizing a normalinvestment from a US foundation in southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region.“The Chinese government has long attached great significance on protecting Tibet’secology and exploiting water resources in a reasonable way,” said an article published onTibet.cn, a website affiliated with the Chinese government. The remarks came after US Secretary of State John Kerry and his wife Teresa Heinz hadreportedly invested in 12 Chinese companies, including one in Tibet called the 5100 WaterResources Co. Ltd., a Chinese company that sells bottled water allegedly “as a rival toEvian and Perrier.” The investment then encountered opposition from groups supporting “Tibetindependence.” “It is unfortunate now that through this fund, Secretary Kerry’s family – knowingly or not– is supporting a Chinese business, which is exploiting Tibetan resources and doing harm toits environment,” Alistair Currie, a spokesperson for Free Tibet，an organization of exiledTibetans advocating "Tibet's independence，" was quoted by the US-based news site DailyCaller as saying. “The Dalai Lama clique is either being too sensitive or is attempting to hype up the issue asit ‘politicizes’ a foundation’s normal investment activity,” said Tibet.cn.
europe
eu
- 中歐峰會舉行在即，近四十名歐洲議員周四公開聯署信向中國施壓，要求放寬歐盟公民前往西藏地區的限制。信中指，中國政府應遵守外交對等原則，指歐洲人訪問西藏面臨巨大限制，但中國公民則可全年自由地在歐盟整個領土上旅行。 https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190316/00178_011.html
austria
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-06/22/content_29839912.htmA Chinese delegation on a Tibetan cultural exchange visit concluded its two-day stay in Vienna on Tuesday. The visit was aimed at promoting a better understanding of Tibet and its history through lectures and dialogue. Hao Shiyuan, an academy member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and head of the delegation, gave a lecture on Tibetan culture and Tibetan Buddhism at Vienna University during the first day of the visit.
lithuania
- 西藏流亡精神領袖達賴喇嘛上周日啟程前往歐洲立陶宛和拉脫維亞，展開為期十一天訪問。達賴上周四在立陶宛會見該國前總統、國會議員及維爾紐斯市市長，期間提及西藏發生嚴重人權侵犯的問題，他又向援藏議員致謝。結束立陶宛行程後，達賴於上周五抵達拉脫維亞首都里加。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180617/00178_020.html
Australia
- australia tibet council
Japan
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-06/12/content_29707397.htm A Tibetan delegation from China's National People's Congress told Japanese officials and others about the current situation in the Tibet autonomous region and called upon Japan to properly handle Tibet-related issues. During a five-day visit to Japan, which concluded on Saturday, the delegation met with the former president of Japan's House of Councilors and Chairman of the Japan-China Friendship Center Satsuki Eda, Chief Secretary of the Japan-China Parliamentary Friendship Association Yoshimasa Hayashi and Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Shunsuke Takei. Heading the Tibetan delegation, Duoji Ciren, a member of the Standing Committee of the autonomous region's People's Congress, said China has adhered to the principle of developing bilateral relations with Japan based on the four political documents and the four-point principled agreement between the two countries and in the spirit of taking history as a mirror while looking forward to the future.
- Based on interviews with more than 70 people who lived through the Cultural Revolution, Forbidden Memory contains hundreds of photographs from the period taken by Woeser’s father, Tsering Dorje, a People’s Liberation Army officer born to a Chinese father and Tibetan mother.Woeser, who was born in 1966 just as the Cultural Revolution was beginning, inherited the photographs after her father died in 1991. But it wasn’t until 1999 that she thought of doing something with what she describes as “the most complete private record of these events yet to have come to light”. That year, she mailed the photographs to Wang Lixiong, a Chinese dissident whose book, Sky Burial: The Fate of Tibet (1998), she had just read. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/3086264/forbidden-memory-explores-role-tibetan-red-guards
- http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0530/c98649-9065407.html China’s State media on Sunday slammed the Dalai Lama clique for politicizing a normalinvestment from a US foundation in southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region.“The Chinese government has long attached great significance on protecting Tibet’secology and exploiting water resources in a reasonable way,” said an article published onTibet.cn, a website affiliated with the Chinese government. The remarks came after US Secretary of State John Kerry and his wife Teresa Heinz hadreportedly invested in 12 Chinese companies, including one in Tibet called the 5100 WaterResources Co. Ltd., a Chinese company that sells bottled water allegedly “as a rival toEvian and Perrier.” The investment then encountered opposition from groups supporting “Tibetindependence.” “It is unfortunate now that through this fund, Secretary Kerry’s family – knowingly or not– is supporting a Chinese business, which is exploiting Tibetan resources and doing harm toits environment,” Alistair Currie, a spokesperson for Free Tibet，an organization of exiledTibetans advocating "Tibet's independence，" was quoted by the US-based news site DailyCaller as saying. “The Dalai Lama clique is either being too sensitive or is attempting to hype up the issue asit ‘politicizes’ a foundation’s normal investment activity,” said Tibet.cn.
- 身為美國國會及行政當局中國委員會（CECC）同共主席的美國共和黨參議員魯比奧及眾議員史密斯，於當地時間周一發表聯名聲明，指新疆的人權情況再度惡化；而中共在新疆執行鐵腕管治，包括在居民非自願的情況下，採集其DNA樣本、指紋、虹膜掃描等生物數據的各種措施，或會激化衝突。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180111/00178_018.html
- 美國眾議院司法委員會上周三（25日）一致通過《入藏互惠法案》，要求中國放寬美國人進入西藏，否則美國會根據法律採取同樣限制，惟有關法案有待兩院表決通過。有關注藏人的組織表示，希望法案能對中國構成壓力，從而改善目前境內藏人的處境。國家旅遊局規定，目前外國遊客、台灣遊客及海外華人到西藏，必須先透過旅行社向西藏旅遊局辦理俗稱「入藏紙」的入藏旅遊批准函等手續。《入藏互惠法案》是由美國國會民主黨議員吉姆麥克高文（Jm McGovern）及共和黨議員霍格仁（Randy Hultgren），於二○一四年向眾議院提交，要求美國官員、記者及民眾能享有進入西藏的權利與自由。有學者指，該法案於四年後始正式進入國會程序，估計與中美貿易戰有關。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180730/00178_001.html- The US Senate approved the Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act (H.R. 1872) on December 11, 2018. It now goes to the desk of President Trump, who is expected to sign the bill into law. The Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018—which was introduced in the House of Representatives by Reps. Jim McGovern (D-Mass.) and Randy Hultgren (R-Ill.) and in the Senate by Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) and Tammy Baldwin (D-Wisc.)—is bipartisan legislation designed to address China’s exclusion of American journalists, diplomats and citizens from Tibet.https://unpo.org/article/21285
- 美國國會民主共和兩黨議員周二共同提出名為《二○一九年西藏政策與支持法案》，強化及更新沿用十七年前的西藏政策法案，中國官員若干涉達賴喇嘛繼任人轉世程序，在金融、經濟和簽證等將被制裁，又禁止中方在美設新領事機構。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190927/00178_007.html
- Tibetan Policy and Support Act of 2019 https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4331/text?format=txt&r=39&s=1
- 美國國務院昨日宣布，向限制外國人進入西藏的中國官員實施簽證限制，令他們到訪美國時受約束，甚至不能訪美。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200709/00178_007.html
- Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman (born August 3, 1941) is an American Buddhist author and academic who has written, edited, and translated several books on Tibetan Buddhism. He is the father of actress Uma Thurman. He is the Je Tsongkhapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Columbia University, holding the first endowed chair in this field of study in the United States. He also is the co-founder and president of the Tibet House New York and is active against the People's Republic of China's control of Tibet. He translated the Vimalakirti Sutra from the Tibetan Kanjur into English.
- The Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art is a museum located on residential Lighthouse Hill in Egbertville, Staten Island, New York City. It is home to one of the United States' most extensive collections of Himalayan artifacts.[1] The museum was created by Jacques Marchais, (1887-1948) an American woman, to serve as a bridge between the West and the rich ancient and cultural traditions of Tibet and the Himalayan region.[2] Marchais designed her educational center to be an all-encompassing experience: it was built to resemble a rustic Himalayan monastery with extensive terraced gardens and grounds and a fish and lotus pond.[3] The museum was praised for its authenticity by the Dalai Lama who visited in 1991. In 2009, the site was listed on the New York State Register and National Register of Historic Places. A writer in the New York Times referred to the museum's founder under the name Jacqueline Klauber, noting that she used Marchais as her professional name.
Canada
- During the Dalai Lama’s visit to Vancouver, Canada in 2004, we began a dialogue about the future of education in the 21st Century. The Dalai Lama stated his unequivocal belief that formal education must balance educating the mind with educating the heart. By doing so, we can foster the conditions for a more compassionate and peaceful future. Following the 2004 visit, His Holiness endorsed the founding of the The Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education (DLC) in Vancouver.
- 加拿大卅四歲流亡藏人普芝嘎波，在上周四結束的加拿大安大略省議會選舉中，代表該省新民黨在柏岱爾區勝出，成為北美三國（美國、加拿大、墨西哥）首位當選民意代表的流亡藏人。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180613/00178_019.htmleurope
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-06/23/content_29861098.htm Belgian academics and officials listened with great interest to a presentation on Tibet's cultural and historical development by a Chinese delegation visiting Huy, a picturesque town about 80 kilometers from Brussels. The presentation, which included facts, figures and photos, was sponsored by the Association for International Cultural Exchanges of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The group also has made presentations in other parts of Europe, including Barcelona, Madrid and Vienna.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170625/00178_026.html 在中國政府安排下，由歐盟十個國家駐華大使及夫人組成的參觀訪問團，前日起到訪西藏首府拉薩。但有流亡藏人稱，一名藏人男子前日在拉薩大昭寺旁高呼藏獨口號，其後割頸自刎，相信已經身亡。警方迅速清理現場
- 加拿大多倫多大學士嘉堡分校早前舉行學生會選舉，加籍藏族女生齊美拉姆（Chemi Lhamo）當選會長。惟有中國留學生發現齊美拉姆曾發表「藏獨」言論，於是在網上發起聯署反對她當選，已有逾九千人響應。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190214/00180_006.html- 中歐峰會舉行在即，近四十名歐洲議員周四公開聯署信向中國施壓，要求放寬歐盟公民前往西藏地區的限制。信中指，中國政府應遵守外交對等原則，指歐洲人訪問西藏面臨巨大限制，但中國公民則可全年自由地在歐盟整個領土上旅行。 https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190316/00178_011.html
austria
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-06/22/content_29839912.htmA Chinese delegation on a Tibetan cultural exchange visit concluded its two-day stay in Vienna on Tuesday. The visit was aimed at promoting a better understanding of Tibet and its history through lectures and dialogue. Hao Shiyuan, an academy member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and head of the delegation, gave a lecture on Tibetan culture and Tibetan Buddhism at Vienna University during the first day of the visit.
russia
- The Tibetan Culture Delegation wrapped up on Saturday a four-day visit to Russia, where it had an in-depth exchange of opinions on the development of religious cultural exchange with Russian experts. The delegation, organized by the State Council Information Office of China, was led by Zhou Wei, director of the Religion Research Institute of the China Tibetology Research Center. The delegation's members included experts on Tibetology and Tibetan medicine from Beijing and the Tibet autonomous region, Tibetan officials and Tibetan Living Buddhas.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-08/21/content_30891923.htmestonia
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-09/22/content_26861173.htm A cultural exchange delegation from the Tibet autonomous region wrapped up a three-day visit to Estonia on Tuesday that boosted exchanges with the Baltic country. Jinmeiwangcuo, head of the delegation and the director of the news office of the regional government, said that during its stay in Estonia the delegation met with parliament members, government officials, experts and scholars. He said that from the delegation the Estonian representatives learned about Tibet's development, inheritance and the preservation of its ethnic culture, as well as freedom of religion. The delegation also talked about the reincarnation system of living Buddhas, industrial development, income increases for farmers and herdsmen, the protection of the ecological environment and other issues. Mailis Reps, chairman of the Estonia-China parliamentary group in Estonia's parliament, expressed her keen interest in Tibet's development and her wish to visit Tibet. Officials from the Estonian Ministry of Culture held in-depth discussions with the delegation about cultural exchanges in the coming five years.
lithuania
- 西藏流亡精神領袖達賴喇嘛上周日啟程前往歐洲立陶宛和拉脫維亞，展開為期十一天訪問。達賴上周四在立陶宛會見該國前總統、國會議員及維爾紐斯市市長，期間提及西藏發生嚴重人權侵犯的問題，他又向援藏議員致謝。結束立陶宛行程後，達賴於上周五抵達拉脫維亞首都里加。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180617/00178_020.html
- australia tibet council
- A Chinese Tibetan cultural exchange delegation has visited Canberra and briefed government officials, think-tanks and the Australian media about the latest development of China's Tibet autonomous region.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-09/02/content_31448171.htm
new zealand
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170502/00178_013.html西藏流亡政府司政（總理）洛桑桑蓋到訪新西蘭，他接受當地媒體訪問時表示，希望新西蘭政府與民眾能夠支持藏人的「中間道路」抗爭，爭取藏人的自治權利，並尋求新西蘭人民的支持，「幫助我們為西藏的同樣基本權利而抗爭」。
Japan
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-06/12/content_29707397.htm A Tibetan delegation from China's National People's Congress told Japanese officials and others about the current situation in the Tibet autonomous region and called upon Japan to properly handle Tibet-related issues. During a five-day visit to Japan, which concluded on Saturday, the delegation met with the former president of Japan's House of Councilors and Chairman of the Japan-China Friendship Center Satsuki Eda, Chief Secretary of the Japan-China Parliamentary Friendship Association Yoshimasa Hayashi and Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Shunsuke Takei. Heading the Tibetan delegation, Duoji Ciren, a member of the Standing Committee of the autonomous region's People's Congress, said China has adhered to the principle of developing bilateral relations with Japan based on the four political documents and the four-point principled agreement between the two countries and in the spirit of taking history as a mirror while looking forward to the future.
China
- [barnett]chinese influence in tibet proper has declined steadily throughout the modern period , especially since the lhasa convention of 1904 concluded by britain's colonel f younghusband (paid little deference to chinese claims of sovereignty, established a precedent for direct negotiations between britain and tibet, also set forth british claims to special interests in the country). Even before then, the chinese ambans in lhasa had become virtually powerless. In 1911, the chinese garrison in lhasa revolted, in 1912, dalai lama returned from exile, thereafter, british influence in tibet was firmly established. In simla convention 1914, china was asked to recognise the autonomy of outer tibet. In 1934, china sent a special commisssion to lhasa for the inauguration of 14th dalai lama, thereafter a chinese office in lhasa, subsequently known as the tibet office of mongolian and tibetan affairs commission was set up. This was countered by the establishment of a british mission in lhasa - under the sikkim political officer of the indian civil service.
- 中國國務院新聞辦公室周三發表名為《偉大的跨越：西藏民主改革六十年》的白皮書，批評達賴集團為主的舊勢力為了既得利益，保持政教合一的封建農奴制，不惜發動叛亂阻擋社會進步。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190328/00180_007.html- http://www.economist.com/news/china/21699167-plans-new-railway-line-tibet-pose-huge-technological-challengeand-political - 大陸西藏自治區同日正式通過《西藏自治區民族團結進步模範區創建條例》。條例明確規範了國家機關、社會組織、公民個人在推進民族團結進步方面的責任和義務。條例為西藏建設成全國先進的民族團結進步模範區，提供了法制保障。 https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200112/00178_013.html
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
- tibet concept business
- tibet water http://www.twr1115.net/
- https://www.ft.com/content/ddf712d0-feee-11e9-b7bc-f3fa4e77dd47 Tibet Water, a supplier of luxury bottled water, saw its Hong Kong-listed shares drop by two-thirds on Monday, rivalling some of the most dramatic recent sell-offs in a segment of the stock market where shares are often pledged as collateral for loans. The company’s stock crashed 67 per cent on Monday amid record volumes, which saw 165 times more shares traded than the daily average over the previous 12 months. The sell-off sliced HK$2.2bn ($281m) off the company’s market capitalisation by close of trading. A representative for Tibet Water declined to comment on the fall. By Monday evening the company had yet to file any explanation on the drop with the Hong Kong stock exchange. David Webb, a Hong Kong-based corporate governance campaigner, said it was unclear why shares in Tibet Water fell. Mr Webb said that one factor could be margin finance, a practice that remains common in Hong Kong, where shares are pledged as collateral for loans taken out by big investors and company insiders. If a pledged stock falls below a certain level, that can result in a “margin call” where the borrower has to put down more shares, pay back the loan or forfeit stock. If a lender holding pledged shares decides to sell them, prices can plummet. Hong Kong’s stock market has seen several episodes of apparent forced sales, including the sell-off that hit the so-called “Enigma” network of stocks with numerous overlapping shareholders flagged by Mr Webb a few years ago. Some of those stocks sank more than 90 per cent in 2017, prompting a probe by local market authorities. The share price fall for Tibet Water comes a little over two years since the company came under attack from Iceberg Research, a group that previously targeted Noble Group, the Singapore-listed commodity trader. Iceberg alleged that there were “serious doubts” about the company’s books and said there was a “high probability” of fraud. It also raised concerns about the level of cash flowing to and from third parties. Tibet Water rejected Iceberg’s claims in an exchange filing and said it was considering legal action to protect shareholders’ interests. Those allegations came on the heels of a backlash from the human rights group Free Tibet and other activists, after Tibet Water signed a deal in July 2017 to become the official regional water partner in China of Liverpool Football Club. In September last year, Free Tibet said it had confirmed that Liverpool FC had not renewed the sponsorship for another year.
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