- **** called pholainn in gaelic language
Royalty
- The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the Great. Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia and in the Duchies of Silesia until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The early dukes and kings of Poland regarded themselves as descendants of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (Piast Kołodziej), first mentioned in the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum(Chronicles and deeds of the dukes or princes of the Poles), written c. 1113 by Gallus Anonymus. However, the term "Piast Dynasty" was not applied until the 17th century. In a historical work the expression Piast dynasty was introduced by the Polish historian Adam Naruszewicz, it is not documented in contemporary sources.
- Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He was the third[1] son of Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Kalisz, and the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and made it prosperous and wealthy. He reformed the Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced a legal code, gaining the title "the Polish Justinian". Casimir built extensively and founded the University of Kraków,[4] the oldest Polish university. He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers.Casimir left no lawful male heir to his throne, producing only daughters. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.
- John III Sobieski (Polish: Jan III Sobieski; Lithuanian: Jonas III Sobieskis; Latin: Ioannes III Sobiscius; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death, and one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sobieski's military skill, demonstrated in combating invasions by the Ottoman Empire, contributed to his prowess as King of Poland. His 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Popular among his subjects, he was an able military commander, most famous for his victory over the Turks at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. After his victories over them, the Ottomans called him the "Lion of Lechistan"; and the Pope hailed him as the savior of Christendom.John Sobieski was born on 17 August 1629, in Olesko, now Ukraine, then part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to a renowned noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Janina coat of arms. His father, Jakub Sobieski, was the Voivode of Ruthenia and Castellan of Kraków; his mother, Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.
- [booklet obtained from 2019 rbhk] he introduced turkish food culture and cuisine, and loved chocolate(during 17thc, except for spain, chocolate is a new thing).
- Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien (Polish: Maria Kazimiera d’Arquien), known also by the diminutive form "Marysieńka" (28 June 1641, Nevers – 30 January 1716, Blois) was queen consort to King John III Sobieski, from 1674 to 1696. She was first married to Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski in 1658, with whom she had four children, all died in infancy. Zamoyski died in 1665 and the widowed Marie Casimire eventually married Sobieski on the 14 July the same year. The couple had thirteen children together, but only four of them survived until adult age — Jakub, Aleksander, Konstanty and Teresa (who later became Kurfürstin of Bavaria and mother to Emperor Karl VII).
- [booklet obtained from 2019 tdc food fr introducing polish food] sobieski made marie coffee with fresh milk or cream (different from the turkish way of making coffee)
- Theresa Kunegunda (Polish: Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska, German: Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde) (4 March 1676 – 10 March 1730) was a Polish princess, an Electress of Bavaria and of the Electorate of the Palatinate. She also served as Regent of the Palatinate in 1704–05. Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska married Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, on 2 January 1695. She was mother of ten children by her husband, including Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and Clemens August of Bavaria, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, though only half of them survived till adulthood. In 1704–05, following the evacuation of the Bavarian court to the Spanish Netherlands after the defeat at the Battle of Blenheim, she apparently was in charge of the government in the Stewardship of Munich of the Electorate of Bavaria as Regent Princess. However, when Theresa Kunegunda had found love letters of the Countess of Arco, a mistress of Max Emanuel, she left Munich to see her mother in Venice. The army would not allow her to return. Therefore, Theresa spent ten years in exile, only returning in 1715.
- 公园始建时正值欧洲掀起中国文 化热。工程的出资人、波兰末代国王斯塔尼斯瓦夫便是这股热潮的鼓动者，于是公园中便有了中国大道和一座中国亭子。道路两旁竖立着的虽是欧洲风格的灯杆，但 路灯只要罩上中国的红灯笼，便散发着中国韵味了。公园中不小的池塘里，还有波兰和外国游客在划动那精緻的中国小龙舟呢。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180306/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
nobles
- The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] , exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host. It originated and gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 in Kingdom of Polandduring the reign of King Casimir III the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian-Ruthenian nobility formally joined this class. As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia and Livonia. The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.[3]:207Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.
- In Polish "dąb" means "oak."[39]:157 "Dąbrowa" means "oak forest," and "Dąbrówka" means "little oak forest" (or grove). In antiquity, the nobility used topographic surnames to identify themselves.[40] The expression "z" (meaning "from" sometimes "at") plus the name of one's patrimony or estate carried the same prestige as "de" in French names such as "de Châtellerault", and "von" or "zu" in German names such as "von Weizsäcker" or "zu Rhein".[41] In Polish "z Dąbrówki" and "Dąbrowski" mean the same thing: "of, from Dąbrówka."[39]:60 More precisely, "z Dąbrówki" means owning the patrimony or estate Dąbrówka, not necessarily originating from. Almost all the surnames of genuine Polish szlachta can be traced back to a patrimony or locality, despite time scattering most families far from their original home. John of Zamość called himself John Zamoyski, Stephen of Potok called himself Potocki. At least since the 17th century the surnames/cognomens of noble families became fixed and were inherited by following generations, remaining in that form until today. Prior to that time, a member of the family would simply use his Christian name (e.g., Jakub, Jan, Mikołaj, etc.), and the name of the coat of arms common to all members of his clan. A member of the family would be identified as, for example, "Jakub z Dąbrówki", herbu Radwan, (Jacob to/at Dąbrówki of the knights' clan Radwan coat of arms), or "Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło (cognomen) (later a przydomkiem/nickname/agnomen), herbu Radwan" (Jacob to/at [owning] Dąbrówki with the distinguishing name Żądło of the knights' clan Radwan coat of arms), or "Jakub Żądło, herbu Radwan". The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the nobility/szlachta. The nobility/szlachta in Poland, where Latin was written and spoken far and wide, used the Roman naming convention of the tria nomina (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen) to distinguish Polish citizens/nobles/szlachta from the peasantry and foreigners, hence why multiple surnames are associated with many Polish coat of arms.
- The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.
- Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic. Approximately 40% of all citizens population were Roman Catholic, 36% were Greek Catholic, 4% Orthodox with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations. In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended okoliczna szlachta. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.
- 從法律的角度看，當1795年波蘭被徹底瓜分之後，貴族身分法被廢除，貴族等級同告終結。部分貴族如盧博米爾斯基家族，設法在奧地利帝國或普魯士王國確認自己的貴族地位；少數貴族則在俄羅斯帝國確立自己的貴族地位；但什拉赫塔中的80%失去了貴族地位。這個被剝奪的階級成為整個19世紀激烈反俄情緒的發源地。1921年波蘭第二共和國正式代表波蘭復國，當時民主的波蘭議會正式確認廢族貴族特權。但什拉赫塔對於自己特殊身分的意識卻歷經種種災難而保留下來。最晚到1950年，社會學家發現马佐夫舍的集體農莊成員避免與「農民」的鄰居來往，採取衣著不同、語言相異，以及複雜的訂婚習俗等措施，來防止自己與非什拉赫塔的人士通婚。1990年共產主義的波蘭人民共和國垮台時，還有年輕的什拉赫塔後代佩帶刻有徽章的圖章指環已表明其身分。到了21世紀，波蘭人仍互稱對方為「閣下」、「夫人」，「什拉赫塔文化」已成為整個民族文化的重要組成部分。
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Friedrich-Nietzsche-describe-himself-as-Polish-instead-of-German He didn’t merely claim to have a Polish background. He claimed to have descended from the Polish nobility - szlachta. Church records trace the Nietzsche family tree to peasants. The Nietzsches might have aspired to an aristocratic background.
- Lubomirski is a Polish princely family. The Lubomirski family's coat of arms is the Drużyna coat of arms, which is similar to the Szreniawa coat of arms but without a cross.The history of the Szreniawici, or Drużynnici, family is closely linked with the rulers of the Piast dynasty. One of the Szreniawici was a canon at the Wawel court, and people using this coat of arms belonged to the inner circle of Bolesław Śmiały, according to Jan Długosz, in Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom of Poland (Roczniki czyli Kronikisławnego Królestwa Polskiego). The oldest document mentioning the Lubomirski family comes from the 11th century. It is in the property section of the Crown Register of 1682 in Kraków.
Government
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Poland(Polish: Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi) was formed on October 1999 from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Economy of Poland; the ministry can trace its history to 1944. http://www.minrol.gov.pl/eng/
- Agricultural Market Agency http://www.arr.gov.pl/
- Agricultural Market Agency (ARR) is a state institution supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as well as the Ministry of Finance within the scope of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU and related tasks. Since 1990 the ARR has been carrying out activities aimed at supporting and maintaining economic balance in the Polish agri-food sector. Since 2004 the Agency is an accredited EU Paying Agency distributing financial support and performing controls relative to manufacturing of agricultural products under the CAP.
- administers promotion funds for 9 types of agri-food products. The funds have been created with a view to supporting the agricultural marketing, consumption growth and promotion of agricultural and food products.
- takes part in international forum like the Annual Polish-Russian Entrepreneurs Forum of Agri-Food Sector and Polish-Belarusian Economic Forum 'Good Neighbourship'
- organiser of the Polish-Belarusian Seminar on the Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazahkstan, the seminars for entrepreneurs during SIAL trade fairs in Canada and France and seminars supporting commercial cooperation in agri-food sector with China, Vietnam and others.
- organised economic missions to Canada, Iraq and Algeria
- In 2012, ARR has launched a three-year programme promoting Polish food specialties sector as a part of the Ministry of Economy system project entitled: 'promotion of polish economy on international markets' under the Innovative Economy Operational Programme
- export refunds are paid in accordance with WTO
- The National Support Centre for Agriculture (KOWR) is a Polish public finance sector institution, supervised by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development and operating since 1 September 2017. It was established by merging two state agricultural agencies— the Agricultural Property Agency and the Agricultural Market Agency http://www.kowr.gov.pl/uploads/pliki/wydawnictwa/kowr_en_2018.pdf
- The Polish Investment and Trade Agency (Polish: Polska Agencja Inwestycji i Handlu, abbreviated to PAIH) is a Polish government agency which promotes Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 1992, the Polish Agency for Foreign Investment (PAIZ) was created, which in 2003 was merged with the Polish Information Agency (PAI) to form the currently named Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIiIZ) to co-ordinate the promotion of Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 2017 the Agency change the name to Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH).
army
- https://www.quora.com/Polish-arms-and-armor-resembled-that-of-western-medieval-knights-during-the-middle-ages-but-then-by-around-the-1500s-they-became-more-and-more-oriental-What-happened
Gdansk
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/06fba140-07ab-11e5-9579-00144feabdc0.html international companies are piling into Poland’s historic city of Gdansk as they look to the country’s fastest growing outsourcing destination as a way to cut costs while keeping expertise. Deutsche Bank, State Street and Toshiba are planning investments in Gdansk, according to three people with knowledge of the talks, as part of a rush into the city that could add 5,000 new jobs over the next two years.
Kazimierza Wielka is located in Lesser Poland Upland and historically belongs to the province of Lesser Poland. For most of its history, it was a village, and did not receive its town charter until 1959. The first mention of the village dates from 1320 during the reign of Wladyslaw Lokietek. At that time, its name was spelled Cazimiria and it belonged to the Kazimierski family. In the Kingdom of Poland, Kazimierza Wielka was located on the border of two Lesser Poland voivodeships - Sandomierz Voivodeship and Krakow Voivodeship. The village itself belonged to Proszowice County of Kraków Voivodeship, while neighboring Kazimierza Mala belonged to Wislica County of Sandomierz Voivodeship. In the 1560s, Kazimierza Wielka was one of centers of the Polish Brethren. At the end of the 18th century the estate was the property of the magnateŁubieński family. They established there one of the first sugar refineries in Poland in 1845. After the Partitions of Poland the village belonged to Austria and in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1919, Kazimierza Wielka returned to Poland, within Kielce Voivodeship. On September 5, 1939, a skirmish between the advancing Wehrmacht and Polish 55th Infantry Division took place in the village in which 60 Polish soldiers died. In 1956 Kazimierza Wielka County was created, and three years later, the village received its town rights.
- bull in emblem
- https://www.ft.com/content/969e018a-5f3c-11e8-ad91-e01af256df68
For 160 years, the “Lubna” sugar plant was the economic heart of Kazimierza Wielka, a small town in the farming stronghold of southeastern Poland. But in 2006, the German owner of the factory stunned residents by announcing that it was to close. Fuelled by the discovery of sulphur waters, and a grant from the EU, the municipality is preparing to build a spa which, if all goes according to plan, will be developed into a health resort to give the local economy a second pillar alongside its tradition of agriculture. Along with a host of other EU-funded projects in Kazimierza Wielka, the plan is an example of the role that European cash has played in the transformation of Poland’s economy since it joined the bloc a decade and a half ago. And it is an illustration of what is at stake for Poland as EU member states gear up for what are likely to be difficult negotiations over the bloc’s next seven-year budget.
Koszalin ([kɔˈʂalʲin] ); German: Köslin, Kashubian: Kòszalëno) is a city in Western Pomerania in north-western Poland. Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) which relates that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin.[citation needed] In 1214, Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertinemonastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów. New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.
- Coat of arms from ca. 1400-1800, showing the head of John the Baptist; Coat of arms of Köslin from 1800-1939 also has head of john the baptist; that is not in the present coat of arms
Mazovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland. Borders of the Mazovian Voivodeship, which was created in 1999, do not reflect exactly its original shape (they do not include historically Mazovian Łomża and Łowicz, meanwhile include Lesser Polish Radom and Siedlce), but are roughly similar. Historical Mazovia existed since the Middle Ages until the partitions of Poland and consisted of three voivodeships with the capitals in Warszawa, Płock and Rawa Mazowiecka. In a narrower sense, the Mazovian Voivodeship was only the first of them (which however encompassed most of the region, only without the western lands). Between 1816 and 1844 another Mazovian Voivodeship (from 1837 Governorate) existed, encompassing the south of the region (along with Łęczyca Land and south-eastern Kujawy). In the Middle Ages the main city of the region was Płock, but in the Early Modern Times it lost importance in favour of Warsaw. Since 1138 Mazovia had a separate branch of the Piast dynasty and was incorporated to the Polish Crown as late as in the 15th and 16th centuries. As much as over 20% of Mazovian population was the yeomanry (drobna szlachta). Inhabitants of Mazovia are Mazurzy (in the singular: Mazur) – hence the region of Masuria, settled by them.
- Mazowsze (in Polish "Państwowy Zespół Ludowy Pieśni i Tańca "Mazowsze"" – "State Folk Group of Song and Dance 'Mazowsze'") is a famous Polish folk group. It is named after the Mazowsze region of Poland.Mazowsze was established by a decree issued by the Ministry of Culture and Art on 8 November 1948. The decree ordered Professor Tadeusz Sygietyński to create a folk group that would maintain regional artistic traditions and the traditional folk repertoire of songs and dances of the Masovian countryside. The group was intended to protect this folk tradition from destruction and encapsulate its diversity, beauty and richness. At the beginning Mazowsze's repertoire contained songs and dances from only a few regions of Poland – Opoczno and Kurpie, but it soon extended its range by adopting the traditions of other regions.
Opole
- The origins of the first settlement are connected with the town being granted Magdeburg Rights in 1217 by Casimir I of Opole, the great-grandson of Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. During the Medieval Period and the Renaissance the city was known as a centre of commerce due to its position on the intersection of several main trade routes, which helped to generate steady profits from transit trade. The name "Opole" likely originated from the medieval Slavic term for a group of settlements.Prior to World War II it was located in eastern Germany and was one of the largest centres of Polish minority in the entire country. In 1945, according to Yalta and Potsdam Agreements, the region was assigned to Poland.
Siedlce is a part of the historical province of Lesser Poland, was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as Siedlecz in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local nobleman Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town, which until the Partitions of Poland belonged to Lesser Poland’s Lublin Voivodeship, was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund the Old. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. In the 16th century, and until the mid-17th century, Siedlce prospered, with its population quickly growing and a number of artisans opening their shops here. The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland’s towns and cities, was burned by the Cossacks, Tatars, Muscovities, Swedes and the Transylvanians. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the Czartoryski family, as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by Kazimierz Czartoryski, the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married Hetman Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, the town passed over to the Ogiński family.
- jews
弗罗茨瓦夫（波兰语：Wrocław；德语：Breslau，布雷斯勞、布列斯勞、洛克勞；捷克语：Vratislav；拉丁语：Wratislavia 或 Vratislavia）Traditionally, the city is believed to be named after Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who ruled the region between 915 and 921. The city's name first appeared in the 10th century probably as Vratislava. The oldest surviving document containing the recorded name of the city is the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg form the early 11th century, which records the city's name as "Wrotizlava", and cites it as a seat of a new bishopric at the Congress of Gniezno. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.The original Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. In the Polish language, the city's name Wrocław derives from the name Wrocisław, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech name Vratislav. The earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language use the letter /l/ instead of /ł/. By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[13] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau or Breßlau among others.[14] In other languages, the city's name is: modern Czech: Vratislav, Hungarian: Boroszló, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), Yiddish: ברעסלוי (Bresloi), Silesian German: Brassel, and Latin: Vratislavia, Wratislavia or Budorgis.[15][16]People born or resident in the city are known as "Vratislavians" (Polish: wrocławianie).
- pronunciation
zalipie
- well known for floral motifs
茲蓋日縣Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland.ズギェシは1999年の大合併以降、ウッチ県に属している。大合併以前はウッチ中央県（Łódź Metro Voivodeship）に属していた。ズギェシ郡の中心地でもある。ズギェシは中央ポーランドの最古の都市の1つである。1244年以前には既に、都市権を得たことが分かっている。また、ホテルや会議室だけでなく、巨大なプールやテニスコートも所有する、ポーランドで最も大きいレクリエーションの複合施設である「Nowa Gdynia（新しいグディニャ）」がある。
Association
- diplomacy
- economics
- intelligentsia
- food
political party
- Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość; PiS) is a national-conservative, Christian democratic, populist political party in Poland. With 237 seats in the Sejm and 66 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish parliament. The party was founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław. It was formed from part of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), with the Christian democraticCentre Agreement forming the new party's core.[31] The party won the 2005 election, while Lech Kaczyński won the presidency. Jarosław served as Prime Minister, before calling elections in 2007, in which the party came in second to Civic Platform (PO). Several leading members, including sitting president Lech Kaczyński, died in a plane crash in 2010. The party programme is dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law and order agenda. It has embraced economic interventionism, while maintaining a socially conservative stance that in 2005 moved towards the Catholic Church; the party's Catholic-nationalist wing split off in 2011 to form Solidary Poland. The party is solidarist and mildly Eurosceptic, and shares similar political tactics with Hungary's Fidesz but with anti-Russian stances. PiS is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) European political party.
Company
- conglomerate
- bank
- agriculture
- food
- telecommunications
- wood/forestry
- fashion
Łukasiewicz became a wealthy man and one of the most prominent philanthropists in Central Europe's Galicia. Because of his support for the region's economic development, a popular saying attributed all paved roads to his guldens.
- Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ]; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher born in Lwów, which, before the Polish partitions, was in Poland, Galicia, then Austria-Hungary. His work centred on analytical philosophy, mathematical logic, and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle. Modern work on Aristotle's logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Łukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm. The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley—which inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is still regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.
- Jan Kulczyk
- Poland China Regional Forum http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/23/c_124616107.htm, http://en.cpaffc.org.cn/content/details21-22711.html, http://shanghai.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/regional_forum_poland_china, http://english.us.edu.pl/1st-regional-forum-poland-china-gdansk, http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/msz_w_mediach/gdansk__i_forum_regionalne_polska_chiny__depesza_pap_22_04_2013;jsessionid=F18E4434EDA7A9FC1E55CB106B5DF6B5.cmsap2p
- aircraft
- railway
- telecom
- agricultural produce
- people
Hong Kong
- interview with poland cg in hk hkej 23dec14 c3
- promotion of polish culture
- textile
- youth exchange
Topics of interest
- http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/27/travel/poland-secret-ruins-photos/index.htmletymology- **** called pholainn in gaelic language
Royalty
- The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the Great. Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia and in the Duchies of Silesia until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The early dukes and kings of Poland regarded themselves as descendants of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (Piast Kołodziej), first mentioned in the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum(Chronicles and deeds of the dukes or princes of the Poles), written c. 1113 by Gallus Anonymus. However, the term "Piast Dynasty" was not applied until the 17th century. In a historical work the expression Piast dynasty was introduced by the Polish historian Adam Naruszewicz, it is not documented in contemporary sources.
- John III Sobieski (Polish: Jan III Sobieski; Lithuanian: Jonas III Sobieskis; Latin: Ioannes III Sobiscius; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death, and one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sobieski's military skill, demonstrated in combating invasions by the Ottoman Empire, contributed to his prowess as King of Poland. His 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Popular among his subjects, he was an able military commander, most famous for his victory over the Turks at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. After his victories over them, the Ottomans called him the "Lion of Lechistan"; and the Pope hailed him as the savior of Christendom.John Sobieski was born on 17 August 1629, in Olesko, now Ukraine, then part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to a renowned noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Janina coat of arms. His father, Jakub Sobieski, was the Voivode of Ruthenia and Castellan of Kraków; his mother, Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.
nobles
- The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] , exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host. It originated and gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 in Kingdom of Polandduring the reign of King Casimir III the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian-Ruthenian nobility formally joined this class. As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia and Livonia. The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.[3]:207Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.
Government
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Poland(Polish: Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi) was formed on October 1999 from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Economy of Poland; the ministry can trace its history to 1944. http://www.minrol.gov.pl/eng/
- The Polish Investment and Trade Agency (Polish: Polska Agencja Inwestycji i Handlu, abbreviated to PAIH) is a Polish government agency which promotes Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 1992, the Polish Agency for Foreign Investment (PAIZ) was created, which in 2003 was merged with the Polish Information Agency (PAI) to form the currently named Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIiIZ) to co-ordinate the promotion of Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 2017 the Agency change the name to Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH).
army
Gdansk
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/06fba140-07ab-11e5-9579-00144feabdc0.html international companies are piling into Poland’s historic city of Gdansk as they look to the country’s fastest growing outsourcing destination as a way to cut costs while keeping expertise. Deutsche Bank, State Street and Toshiba are planning investments in Gdansk, according to three people with knowledge of the talks, as part of a rush into the city that could add 5,000 new jobs over the next two years.
Kazimierza Wielka is located in Lesser Poland Upland and historically belongs to the province of Lesser Poland. For most of its history, it was a village, and did not receive its town charter until 1959. The first mention of the village dates from 1320 during the reign of Wladyslaw Lokietek. At that time, its name was spelled Cazimiria and it belonged to the Kazimierski family. In the Kingdom of Poland, Kazimierza Wielka was located on the border of two Lesser Poland voivodeships - Sandomierz Voivodeship and Krakow Voivodeship. The village itself belonged to Proszowice County of Kraków Voivodeship, while neighboring Kazimierza Mala belonged to Wislica County of Sandomierz Voivodeship. In the 1560s, Kazimierza Wielka was one of centers of the Polish Brethren. At the end of the 18th century the estate was the property of the magnateŁubieński family. They established there one of the first sugar refineries in Poland in 1845. After the Partitions of Poland the village belonged to Austria and in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1919, Kazimierza Wielka returned to Poland, within Kielce Voivodeship. On September 5, 1939, a skirmish between the advancing Wehrmacht and Polish 55th Infantry Division took place in the village in which 60 Polish soldiers died. In 1956 Kazimierza Wielka County was created, and three years later, the village received its town rights.
- bull in emblem
- https://www.ft.com/content/969e018a-5f3c-11e8-ad91-e01af256df68
For 160 years, the “Lubna” sugar plant was the economic heart of Kazimierza Wielka, a small town in the farming stronghold of southeastern Poland. But in 2006, the German owner of the factory stunned residents by announcing that it was to close. Fuelled by the discovery of sulphur waters, and a grant from the EU, the municipality is preparing to build a spa which, if all goes according to plan, will be developed into a health resort to give the local economy a second pillar alongside its tradition of agriculture. Along with a host of other EU-funded projects in Kazimierza Wielka, the plan is an example of the role that European cash has played in the transformation of Poland’s economy since it joined the bloc a decade and a half ago. And it is an illustration of what is at stake for Poland as EU member states gear up for what are likely to be difficult negotiations over the bloc’s next seven-year budget.
Koszalin ([kɔˈʂalʲin] ); German: Köslin, Kashubian: Kòszalëno) is a city in Western Pomerania in north-western Poland. Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) which relates that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin.[citation needed] In 1214, Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertinemonastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów. New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.
- Coat of arms from ca. 1400-1800, showing the head of John the Baptist; Coat of arms of Köslin from 1800-1939 also has head of john the baptist; that is not in the present coat of arms
Mazovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland. Borders of the Mazovian Voivodeship, which was created in 1999, do not reflect exactly its original shape (they do not include historically Mazovian Łomża and Łowicz, meanwhile include Lesser Polish Radom and Siedlce), but are roughly similar. Historical Mazovia existed since the Middle Ages until the partitions of Poland and consisted of three voivodeships with the capitals in Warszawa, Płock and Rawa Mazowiecka. In a narrower sense, the Mazovian Voivodeship was only the first of them (which however encompassed most of the region, only without the western lands). Between 1816 and 1844 another Mazovian Voivodeship (from 1837 Governorate) existed, encompassing the south of the region (along with Łęczyca Land and south-eastern Kujawy). In the Middle Ages the main city of the region was Płock, but in the Early Modern Times it lost importance in favour of Warsaw. Since 1138 Mazovia had a separate branch of the Piast dynasty and was incorporated to the Polish Crown as late as in the 15th and 16th centuries. As much as over 20% of Mazovian population was the yeomanry (drobna szlachta). Inhabitants of Mazovia are Mazurzy (in the singular: Mazur) – hence the region of Masuria, settled by them.
- Mazowsze (in Polish "Państwowy Zespół Ludowy Pieśni i Tańca "Mazowsze"" – "State Folk Group of Song and Dance 'Mazowsze'") is a famous Polish folk group. It is named after the Mazowsze region of Poland.Mazowsze was established by a decree issued by the Ministry of Culture and Art on 8 November 1948. The decree ordered Professor Tadeusz Sygietyński to create a folk group that would maintain regional artistic traditions and the traditional folk repertoire of songs and dances of the Masovian countryside. The group was intended to protect this folk tradition from destruction and encapsulate its diversity, beauty and richness. At the beginning Mazowsze's repertoire contained songs and dances from only a few regions of Poland – Opoczno and Kurpie, but it soon extended its range by adopting the traditions of other regions.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170722/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
Opole
- The origins of the first settlement are connected with the town being granted Magdeburg Rights in 1217 by Casimir I of Opole, the great-grandson of Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. During the Medieval Period and the Renaissance the city was known as a centre of commerce due to its position on the intersection of several main trade routes, which helped to generate steady profits from transit trade. The name "Opole" likely originated from the medieval Slavic term for a group of settlements.Prior to World War II it was located in eastern Germany and was one of the largest centres of Polish minority in the entire country. In 1945, according to Yalta and Potsdam Agreements, the region was assigned to Poland.
Siedlce is a part of the historical province of Lesser Poland, was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as Siedlecz in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local nobleman Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town, which until the Partitions of Poland belonged to Lesser Poland’s Lublin Voivodeship, was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund the Old. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. In the 16th century, and until the mid-17th century, Siedlce prospered, with its population quickly growing and a number of artisans opening their shops here. The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland’s towns and cities, was burned by the Cossacks, Tatars, Muscovities, Swedes and the Transylvanians. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the Czartoryski family, as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by Kazimierz Czartoryski, the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married Hetman Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, the town passed over to the Ogiński family.
- jews
- synagogue in ghetto was burned by nazis on christmas eve 1939. A few scrolls were saved in advance (isaiah scrolls, minor prophets scroll (jonah)).
Wawel ( [ˈvavɛl]) is a fortified architectural complex erected over many centuries atop a limestone outcrop on the left bank of the Vistula river in Kraków, Poland, at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level. The complex consists of many buildings and fortifications; the largest and best known of these are the Royal Castle and the Wawel Cathedral (which is the Basilica of St Stanisław and St Wacław). Some of Wawel's oldest stone buildings, such as the Rotunda of the Virgin Mary can be dated to 970AD. There are also wooden parts of the complex which date to about the 9th century.[3] The castle itself has been described as "one of the most fascinating of all European castles." Wawel is a place of great significance to the Polish people: it first became a political power centre at the end of the first millennium AD and in the 9th century, the principal fortified castrum of the Vistulans tribe (Polish: Wiślanie). The first historical ruler Mieszko I of Poland (c.965–992) of the Piast dynasty and his successors: Boleslaw I the Brave (Polish: Bolesław I Chrobry; 992–1025) and Mieszko II (1025–1034) chose Wawel to be one of their residences. At the same time Wawel became one of the principal Polish centres of Christianity. The first early Romanesque buildings were erected there including a stone cathedral serving the bishopricof Kraków in the year 1000. From the reign of Casimir the Restorer (1034–1058) Wawel became the leading political and administrative centre for the Polish State. Until 1611, the Wawel was the formal seat of the Polish monarchy; this was because Kraków was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569 and of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596. Later, it became the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Therefore, the fortress-like Wawel complex which visually dominates the city has often been viewed as seat of power. Wawel Cathedral was not only a place of coronation for the Kings of Poland, but also their mausoleum. Later, it became a national pantheon. During the 20th century, the Wawel was the residence of the President of Poland; after the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II, Kraków became the seat of Germany's General Government, and the Wawel subsequently became the residence of the Nazi Governor General Hans Frank. Following the cessation of hostilities, the Wawel was restored and once again become a national museum, a place of worship and centre depicting Poland's complex history.
- The Wawel Dragon (Polish: Smok Wawelski), also known as the Dragon of Wawel Hill, is a famous dragon in Polish folklore. His lair was in a cave at the foot of Wawel Hill on the bank of the Vistula River. Wawel Hill is in Kraków, which was then the capital of Poland. It was defeated during the rule of Krakus, by his sons according to the earliest account; in a later work, the dragon-slaying is credited to a cobbler named Skuba.The oldest known telling of the story comes from the 13th-century work attributed to Bishop of Kraków and historian of Poland, Wincenty Kadłubek. The inspiration for the name of Skuba was probably a church of St. Jacob (pol. Kuba), which was situated near the Wawel Castle. In one of the hagiographic stories about St. Jacob, he defeats a fire-breathing dragon.
喀爾巴阡山省Podkarpackie Voivodeship or Podkarpackie Province[2] (in Polish: województwo podkarpackie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔtkarˈpatskʲɛ], Slovak: Podkarpatské vojvodstvo, Ukrainian: Підкарпатське воєводство), also known as Subcarpathian Voivodeship or Subcarpathia Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in southeastern corner of Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów. Along with the Marshall, it is governed by the Subcarpathian Regional Assembly. Historically, most of the province's territory was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In the interwar period, it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship.El voivodato de Subcarpacia in spanish La voïvodie des Basses-Carpates in french The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Krosno and (partially) Tarnów and Tarnobrzeg Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998. The name derives from the region's location near the Carpathian Mountains, and the voivodeship comprises areas of two historic regions of Eastern Europe — Lesser Poland (western and northwestern counties) and Red Ruthenia. During the interwar period(1918-1939), Subcarpathian Voivodeship belonged to "Poland B", the less-developed, more rural parts of Poland. To boost the local economy, the government of the Second Polish Republic began in the mid-1930s a massive program of industrialization, known as the Central Industrial Region. The program created several major armament factories, including PZL Mielec, PZL Rzeszów, Huta Stalowa Wola, and factories in other Subcarpathian towns such as Dębica, Nowa Dęba, Sanok, Tarnobrzeg and Nowa Sarzyna. One of the names that was proposed for this voivodeship, was Galician, referring to the old historical region of Galicia. Despite having the approval of the population, the name that was put at the end was Subcarpathian, although it has never been called this way before.
-Coat of arms include a cross like shape of spcc emblem
-梅萊茨Mielec [ˈmʲɛlɛt͡s] (Yiddish: מעליץ-Melitz) is the largest city and seat of Mielec County. Mielec is located in south-eastern Poland (Lesser Poland), in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship(Województwo Podkarpackie).Mielec is an industrial center, with technical and IT schools, craft schools and colleges (providing bachelor's degree and master's degree in several fields of study. Postgraduate studies are also available - e.g. MBA). The city has Special Economic Zone Euro-Park Mielec[3] with access to Mielec Airport and railway. The first mention of a place called Mielec occurs in the thirteenth century in the 1229 bull of Pope Gregory IX. In the second half of the fourteenth century, "Mielecka" was mentioned in a list of parishes. The city of Mielec, part of Sandomierz Voivodeship and Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown, was founded on 17 March 1457, when King Casimir IV granted a charter to Jan Mielecki for the establishment of a city under the name of Nowy Targ. For unknown reasons Jan Mielecki did not go on to found the city; it was eventually established by his two sons, Jan and Bernardyn, by an Act of 18 December 1470. The Mielecki family owned the town of Mielec until the last of the Mieleckis died in 1771. Under their rule, there was intensive development of craft industries. In 1522, the first guild was founded. This was the blacksmiths' guild. It was followed by guilds of tailors, cobblers, potters, spinners, and weavers.The next owners of Mielec were the Ossolinski and Morsztyn families.
弗罗茨瓦夫（波兰语：Wrocław；德语：Breslau，布雷斯勞、布列斯勞、洛克勞；捷克语：Vratislav；拉丁语：Wratislavia 或 Vratislavia）Traditionally, the city is believed to be named after Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who ruled the region between 915 and 921. The city's name first appeared in the 10th century probably as Vratislava. The oldest surviving document containing the recorded name of the city is the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg form the early 11th century, which records the city's name as "Wrotizlava", and cites it as a seat of a new bishopric at the Congress of Gniezno. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.The original Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. In the Polish language, the city's name Wrocław derives from the name Wrocisław, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech name Vratislav. The earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language use the letter /l/ instead of /ł/. By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[13] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau or Breßlau among others.[14] In other languages, the city's name is: modern Czech: Vratislav, Hungarian: Boroszló, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), Yiddish: ברעסלוי (Bresloi), Silesian German: Brassel, and Latin: Vratislavia, Wratislavia or Budorgis.[15][16]People born or resident in the city are known as "Vratislavians" (Polish: wrocławianie).
- pronunciation
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Polish-use-such-strange-spelling-For-example-Wroc%C5%82aw-is-pronounced-VROTS-waff-why-not-simply-spell-it-Vrotswaff
zalipie
- well known for floral motifs
茲蓋日縣Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland.ズギェシは1999年の大合併以降、ウッチ県に属している。大合併以前はウッチ中央県（Łódź Metro Voivodeship）に属していた。ズギェシ郡の中心地でもある。ズギェシは中央ポーランドの最古の都市の1つである。1244年以前には既に、都市権を得たことが分かっている。また、ホテルや会議室だけでなく、巨大なプールやテニスコートも所有する、ポーランドで最も大きいレクリエーションの複合施設である「Nowa Gdynia（新しいグディニャ）」がある。
- diplomacy
- http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/ministry/foreign_service/polish_institute_of_diplomacy/ On 1 October 2012 Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski established the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Polish Institute of Diplomacy. The Institute operates as a state budget entity subordinate to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Foreign Minister has appointed Ambassador Katarzyna Skórzyńska to head the Institute. The key task of the new unit is to train and develop the professional skills of members of the Polish diplomatic corps. Another major role played by the Institute is the dissemination of knowledge of the Polish diplomatic service and its history. The Institute organizes trainings, which include specialized courses, language workshops, and a preparatory course for the diplomatic-consular examination. It holds seminars and conferences and undertakes publishing activities. One of the fundamental principles guiding the Institute in its work is across-the-board cooperation with partners in Poland and abroad.
- economics
- Polish Economic Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, PTE) is an independent national association of economists.http://www.pte.pl/198_English_version.html
- Malopolska Regional Development Agency is the leading regional organisation in the field of business development. The Agency specialises in providing comprehensive know-how and modern financial solutions to businesses. It provides services related to the acquisition of EU funds, and helps entrpreneurs invest safely in the region. http://www.en.marr.pl/
- intelligentsia
- Krytyka Polityczna ( [ˈkrɨtɨka pɔliˈtɨt͡ʂna]; "The Political Critique") is a circle of Polish left-wing intellectuals gathered around a journal of the same title founded by Sławomir Sierakowski in 2002. The name draws on the tradition of Young Poland’s "Krytyka" (The Critique), a monthly magazine published by Wilhelm Feldman at the beginning of the 20th century, and on the samizdat "Krytyka" which served as a forum for opposition writers and journalists in the 1970s and 1980s. The aim of Krytyka Polityczna is to revive the tradition of engaged Polish intelligentsia. From the outset the activities of “Krytyka Polityczna” have focused on three main fields: social science, culture and politics to show that the social sciences, the arts and politics differ only in their means of expression, whereas what they have in common is the impact they have on social reality. The fundamental aim of “Krytyka Polityczna” is to prepare and introduce into the public sphere a project of struggle against economic and social exclusion. Another goal is to spread the idea of deep European integration.
- food
- Association of Butchers and Meat http://www.srw.org.pl/
- national association of dairy cooperatives revisory association http://www.mleczarstwopolskie.pl/
- Association of polish chocolate and confectionery producers www.polbisco.pl
- OSSKiC - Ogólnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Szefów Kuchni i Cukierni http://osskic.org.pl/
political party
- Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość; PiS) is a national-conservative, Christian democratic, populist political party in Poland. With 237 seats in the Sejm and 66 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish parliament. The party was founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław. It was formed from part of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), with the Christian democraticCentre Agreement forming the new party's core.[31] The party won the 2005 election, while Lech Kaczyński won the presidency. Jarosław served as Prime Minister, before calling elections in 2007, in which the party came in second to Civic Platform (PO). Several leading members, including sitting president Lech Kaczyński, died in a plane crash in 2010. The party programme is dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law and order agenda. It has embraced economic interventionism, while maintaining a socially conservative stance that in 2005 moved towards the Catholic Church; the party's Catholic-nationalist wing split off in 2011 to form Solidary Poland. The party is solidarist and mildly Eurosceptic, and shares similar political tactics with Hungary's Fidesz but with anti-Russian stances. PiS is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) European political party.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-media/polish-government-to-repolonize-media-in-next-term-deputy-pm-says-idUSKCN1TL1EX Poland’s ruling party will have the task of “repolonizing” the country’s media if it wins elections scheduled for October or November, a deputy prime minister said. The Law and Justice party (PiS has long suggested that it would try to bring foreign-owned media outlets under Polish control, leading to opposition accusations the party wants muzzle the press.
Company
- conglomerate
- Eurocash S.A. is a corporate group holding numerous enterprises, inter alia: Eurocash Cash&Carry, Eurocash Serwis as well as the retail chains of ABC, 1 minute, Delikatesy Centrum, Groszek, Lewiatan and Mila. The largest share holder (44%) of the company is the Portuguese Luis Amaral, who in 2003 acquired a share in his former employer Jerónimo Martins. Since February 2005, Eurocash holds a place on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
- http://bzkholding.pl/engroup of production companies operating and developing by leaps and bounds in the sector of renewable fuels, chemicals; grain and dairy industry.
- KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. (Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi), commonly known as KGHM, is a Polish multinational corporation that employs near 34,000 people around the world and has been a leader in copper and silver production for more than 50 years. In 1991, the company was established as a state enterprise and since 1997, their shares have been traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Currently, KGHM operates 9 open-pit and underground mines located in Poland, Canada, the USA and Chile and is actively advancing 4 projects. KGHM produces key global resources including copper, copper sulphate, gold, silver, nickel, nickel sulphate, molybdenum, rhenium, lead, sulphuric acid, selenium and platinum group metals.KGHM is based in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Lubin, Poland.In 1951, the construction of the Copper Smelter in Legnica was commenced to smelt copper from the ore mined in the so-called old Lower Silesian copper basin ("Lena" and "Konrad" mines). In 1957, Jan Wyżykowski discovered copper ore deposits near Lubin and Polkowice ("Sieroszowice" field). On December 28, 1959 by the decision of the Ministry of Heavy Industry, Zakłady Górnicze "Lubin" was established as a state owned company and in 1961, transformed into Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi (KGHM), which was supposed to deal with the extraction and processing of copper extracted from the newly discovered fields. At the same time, KGHM incorporated two copper mines in the Sudetenland from the old copper-bearing basin (closed in 1973 - "Lena" and in 1987 - "Konrad").
- bank
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0522912e-c261-11e4-ad89-00144feab7de.html Cezary Stypułkowski looks more a Silicon Valley investor than a banking executive. The head of mBank, Poland’s third-largest retail bank, is trying his best to be both. Mr Stypułkowski says mBank is the most innovative of its kind in Poland, itself considered by some as the EU’s banking laboratory. Most of mBank’s customers secure loan approvals in 30 seconds through their iPhones, or are talked through mortgage plans by service agents on Skype. Paper statements are not an option. In Poland cheques are almost non-existent, contactless payment is the norm and in the past decade, 13 new banks have appeared, fuelled by an absence of longstanding incumbents. "Basically now every bank is offering you internet banking. But not every bank has the internet in its DNA,” says Mr Stypułkowski. “We have to be at the forefront of innovation. Other competitors have woken up, they have built up their own solutions.”
- Idea Bank Spółka Akcyjna (formerly GMAC Bank Polska SA) is a bank in Poland, which began operations in 1991. The bank's domain is the financial service of small business entities; micro, small and medium enterprises. Idea Bank is controlled by Getin Holding and Getin Noble Bank. Main shareholder is a Polish billionaire Leszek Czarnecki.The operational activities were undertaken by the company in 1991 and are continued to this day. The bank operated as Polbank SA and later as Opel Bank SA. Pursuant to the order of 26 July 2001, the name was changed to GMAC Bank Polska SA (the notarial deed of the amendment was made on May 24, 2001). Then, by virtue of the order of 13 October 2010, the name was changed to Idea Bank SA.
- energy
- Leszek Czarnecki (born 9 May 1962 in Wrocław) is a Polish billionaire. His main business activity is banking. He is an engineer by education and a doctor of economics. Graduate of Harvard Business School (AMP). Since 2006 he lives in Malta.
- Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo (PGNiG, literally: Polish Petroleum Mining and Gas Industry) is a Polish state-controlled oil and gas company, headquartered in Warsaw, Poland. The Company has branches and representative offices in Russia, Pakistan, Belarus and Ukraine and holds equity interests in some 30 subsidiaries, including providers of specialist geophysical, drilling and well services, highly valued on international markets.
- https://www.ft.com/content/ed5caa08-e33a-11e8-a6e5-792428919cee Poland’s state-owned energy group PGNiG has struck its second long-term deal for US liquefied natural gas in as many months, in the latest demonstration of the country’s determination to break the Russian stranglehold on its gas supplies.
- agriculture
- http://www.grupaeurosad.pl/en/
- www.bakoma.pl
- founded in 1989 and is the largest polish dairy producer, part of polish group of companies bzk group; export products to asia, america, africa and europe since 2004
- exhibited at 2019 tdc food fr
- Mlekovita (dairy)
- www.gobarto.pl
- among the largest polish producers of pork; listed on warsaw stock exchange in 2002; been a part of the cedrob capital group since 2014
- exhibited at 2019 tdc food fr
- food
- Krajowa spolka cukrowa (sugar)
- Pudliszki (ketchup)
- https://www.wawel.com.pl/en/ (confectionery)
- sweets of company served at film event of italian cg in hk (nov17)
- Vobro – jedno z największych przedsiębiorstw sektora przemysłu spożywczego w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim. Firma została założona w 1986 roku przez polskiego cukiernika Wojciecha Wojenkowskiego.Od 1996 roku firma jest laureatem wielu nagród i wyróżnień. W 2013 roku jej produkty po raz pierwszy znalazły się na wystawie Gulfood w Dubaju, uznawanej za największe na świecie targi związane z handlem żywnością i napojami.
- chocolates handed out by santa in hysan place in 2018 christmas
- www.primart.pl
- exhibited at 2019 tdc food fr
- telecommunications
- Play, P4 is a brand name of a Polish cellular telecommunications provider. Icelandic-led Novator acquired a large stake in the company. Play is the second biggest cellular network in Poland. PLAY uses EGSM 900 and GSM1800 for its 2G services, UMTS 2100 and UMTS 900 for 3G and LTE800, LTE1800, LTE2100 and LTE 2600 for LTE. Its MCC is 260-06. Thanks to domestic roaming with Polkomtel (Plus) and Era (T-Mobile.pl), Play is a nationwide cellular carrier.
- logistics
- inpost
- Polish parcel locker firm InPost INPST.ASsaid on Monday it was proposing to buyFrench parcel delivery platform Mondial Relay for about 565 million euros ($673.88 million) in cash as it looks to expand its international presence amid a booming e-commerce market.https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/polands-inpost-offers-to-buy-mondial-relay-for-%24674-mln-2021-03-15
- http://www.kompaniadrzewna.pl/
- fashion
- beauty personal care
- cosmetics
- press/newspaper
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Polish: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, UMK) is located in Toruń, Poland. The establishment of the university in a modern form began in the nineteenth century. During the partitions of Poland the Prussian government planned to create a University of Theology, which was to include faculties of law and economics, unfortunately this project did not materialise. In the interwar period the city authorities of Toruń again sought to establish a university. Soon after the annexation of Pomerania to the reborn Poland in 1920, a new phase of efforts to develop the university began. Even before 1920 the Supreme People's Council had considered the proposal to establish higher educational institutions in the Polish territories annexed by Prussia at the University of Gdansk and in Toruń. However, political developments and the uncertain future of Pomerania prompted the council's leadership to accept the December 1918 resolution of the Sejm to overlook Toruń as a location for a new university and instead go ahead with the development of a university in Poznań. In 1920, the first declaration requesting the establishment of a university was put forward in November by the National Workers Party whose members chose Toruń-born Nicolaus Copernicus to be the patron of the University. For this purpose a number of educational societies, such as the Baltic Institute (later transferred to Gdynia, and then to Gdańsk) amongst others, were established in the town. Finally in 1938 it was decided to set up the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń as a subsidiary of Poznań's Adam Mickiewicz University; work was to start at the beginning of 1940. This program, however, was interrupted by World War II. It was not until 1947, (two years after the creation of the Nicolaus Copernicus University) that prof. Karol Gorski revealed that before the outbreak of World War II there was an approved plan to open Poznań University long-distance division in Toruń in 1940, to teach the humanities and theology.
Industry
- agriculture
- apple
- energy
- legal
People
- Jakub Wejher (or Weyher, German Jakob Weiher) (1609 – 1657), was a member of the Polish line of the Weyher family, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and member of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth szlachta (nobility). His coat of arms was Wejher (also known as Skarzyna). Wejher was the Castellan of Puck and Voivode of Malbork(Marienburg) from 1643–1657, the Castellan of Chmielno, and the Starost of Człuchów, Kiszporek, Bychów andBrzechowo. He is remembered as a pious and tolerantmagnate and an experienced military leader.
- euduco kbc group
- exhibited at 2019 cosmoprof
- cosmetics
- eveline cosmetics
- exhibited at 2019 cosmoprof
- press/newspaper
- Rzeczpospolita ( [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlʲita]) is a nationwide daily economic and legal newspaper and the only conservative-liberal newspaper in Poland. It is issued by Gremi Media SA.
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Polish: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, UMK) is located in Toruń, Poland. The establishment of the university in a modern form began in the nineteenth century. During the partitions of Poland the Prussian government planned to create a University of Theology, which was to include faculties of law and economics, unfortunately this project did not materialise. In the interwar period the city authorities of Toruń again sought to establish a university. Soon after the annexation of Pomerania to the reborn Poland in 1920, a new phase of efforts to develop the university began. Even before 1920 the Supreme People's Council had considered the proposal to establish higher educational institutions in the Polish territories annexed by Prussia at the University of Gdansk and in Toruń. However, political developments and the uncertain future of Pomerania prompted the council's leadership to accept the December 1918 resolution of the Sejm to overlook Toruń as a location for a new university and instead go ahead with the development of a university in Poznań. In 1920, the first declaration requesting the establishment of a university was put forward in November by the National Workers Party whose members chose Toruń-born Nicolaus Copernicus to be the patron of the University. For this purpose a number of educational societies, such as the Baltic Institute (later transferred to Gdynia, and then to Gdańsk) amongst others, were established in the town. Finally in 1938 it was decided to set up the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń as a subsidiary of Poznań's Adam Mickiewicz University; work was to start at the beginning of 1940. This program, however, was interrupted by World War II. It was not until 1947, (two years after the creation of the Nicolaus Copernicus University) that prof. Karol Gorski revealed that before the outbreak of World War II there was an approved plan to open Poznań University long-distance division in Toruń in 1940, to teach the humanities and theology.
- note the sun logo
- 波蘭政府早前以涉嫌從事間諜活動，逮捕駐當地的華為公司前高層王偉晶，以及波蘭前特工杜爾巴伊洛。美國媒體日前報道，波蘭和美國政府正調查中國在波蘭建立的深厚網絡，更涉及波蘭軍事科技學院。報道指，該校畢業生通常於敏感的安全及軍事部門任職。杜爾巴伊洛曾在該校任教密碼學，王偉晶亦因華為舉辦的「種子比賽」曾到訪該校。近年該校學生頻頻勝出該比賽，勝出者獲安排免費往中國旅行，包括到訪華為深圳總部一星期，這些關連均令該校成為調查目標。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190127/00180_005.html
Industry
- agriculture
- https://www.ft.com/content/bffba838-7625-11e9-bbad-7c18c0ea0201 As Poland gears up for a string of elections, its countryside will be an important battleground. Four years ago, a strong showing in rural areas helped Jaroslaw Kaczynski’s Law and Justice party sweep to victory in Poland’s parliamentary elections. But with many farmers struggling, the party faces a battle to convince them to turn out for it again in the looming European and Polish parliamentary polls. For apple farmers like Mr Anyszkiewicz, the main problem is geopolitics. After the EU levied sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea, Moscow responded with sanctions on EU food. Overnight, Poland’s apple-growers lost their biggest export market, leaving them with a huge glut, and sending prices tumbling far below the cost of production. Poland’s fruit farmers are not alone. African swine flu has ravaged its pig farms. A drought has put pressure on everyone. And many farmers seethe at the fact that their counterparts in other EU states receive higher subsidies from the bloc. To shore up support among the country’s 2m or so farmers, Law and Justice last month promised to negotiate a greater share of EU agricultural funds for Poland; grant more subsidies to small farms; and introduce handouts for farmers who breed their own livestock, ranging from 100 zlotys per pig to 500 zlotys per cow.
- apple
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21659748-when-drinking-national-duty-apples-apples-everywhere
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4915277c-c0ed-11e4-9949-00144feab7de.html Warsaw will this week push the EU to loosen rules on state subsidies for Poland’s ailing but politically-sensitive coal mines in a bold election-year gambit that defies the bloc’s public embrace of green energy. The EU styles itself as a world leader on environmental issues and has been pushing to phase out coal in favour of cleaner renewable forms of energy. It typically approves government subsidies in the coal sector only if they are intended to help overcome the social and environmental problems associated with pit closures.
- energy
- 波蘭總統杜達前日表示，向波蘭輸送挪威天然氣的波羅的海天然氣管道即將動工。他指出，該天然氣管道工程將成為一個里程碑，見證波蘭不再依賴俄羅斯天然氣。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200506/00180_033.html
- legal
- https://www.ft.com/content/9a9796b6-67b2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614
Legislators from Poland’s ruling Law and Justice party have presented a draft bill that would force all members of the country’s Supreme Court to step down, except for those asked to stay on by the justice minister. The bill was posted on Poland’s parliamentary website late on Wednesday night, just hours after Law and Justice MPs pushed through a separate bill that will give parliament greater control over the body that appoints judges. Critics say the bill will undermine the independence of the judiciary. Since sweeping to power in 2015, Law and Justice (PiS) has made overhauling the judiciary one of its priorities, but its changes — most notably the defanging of the Constitutional Tribunal — have provoked fears in Brussels that the rule of law is being eroded. Last year the European Commission took the unprecedented step of launching a probe into whether Poland is in breach of the bloc’s “fundamental values”.
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/19/poland-may-lose-eu-voting-rights-over-judicial-independence The EU is on the brink of taking the nuclear option of stripping Poland of its voting rights in Brussels in response to plans by its rightwing government to “abolish” the independence of the country’s judiciary.
- Poland's lowering of the retirement age of Supreme Court judges is “contrary to EU law” and breaches the principles of judicial independence, the European Court of Justice ruled on Monday.https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/24/poland-law-reforms-break-eu-law-says-european-court-of-justice
People
- Jakub Wejher (or Weyher, German Jakob Weiher) (1609 – 1657), was a member of the Polish line of the Weyher family, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and member of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth szlachta (nobility). His coat of arms was Wejher (also known as Skarzyna). Wejher was the Castellan of Puck and Voivode of Malbork(Marienburg) from 1643–1657, the Castellan of Chmielno, and the Starost of Człuchów, Kiszporek, Bychów andBrzechowo. He is remembered as a pious and tolerantmagnate and an experienced military leader.
- The Czartoryski, feminine form:Czartoryska, plural: Czartoryscy(Ukrainian: Чарторийські, Chartoryisky; Чорторийські, Chortoryisky; Lithuanian:Čartoriskiai) is a Polish princely family ofLithuanian[3]-Ruthenian[4] origin also known as the Familia. The family, which derived their kin from the Gediminids dynasty,by the mid-17th century had split into two branches, based in the Klevan Castle and the Korets Castle, respectively. They used the Czartoryski coat of arms and were anoble family of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century.The Czartoryski is a family of a Grand Ducal Lithuanian descent from Ruthenia. Their ancestor is the Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas's son, known after his baptismal name Constantine (c. 1330 − 1390), who became a Prince of Chortoryisk in Volhynia. One of his sons Vasyli Chortoryiski (Wasyl Czartoryski) (c. 1375 – 1416) was granted an estate in Volhynia in 1393, and his three sons John, Alexander and Michael (c. 1400 – 1489) are considered the progenitors of the family. The founding members were Ruthenian andEastern Orthodox, and then converted to Roman Catholicism during the 16th century. It was Michael's descendant Prince Kazimierz Czartoryski (1674–1741) Duke of Klewan and Zukow (Klevan and Zhukiv), Castellan of Vilnius who reawakened their royal ambitions at the end of the 17th century. An intelligent, well educated man,[citation needed] he married Isabella Morsztyn daughter of the Grand Treasurer of Poland and built "The Familia" with their four children, Michał, August, Teodor and Konstancja. The family became known and powerful under the lead of brothers Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski and August Aleksander Czartoryski in the late Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of the 18th century, during the reigns of monarchsAugustus II the Strong and Stanisław I Leszczyński. The family attained the height of its influence from the mid-18th century in the court of Augustus III of Poland. The Czartoryski brothers gained a very powerful ally in their brother-in-law, Stanisław Poniatowski, whose son became the last king of independent Commonwealth, Stanisław August Poniatowski, near the end of the century. The Czartoryski's Familia have seen the decline of the Commonwealth and the rise ofanarchy and joined to camp which was determined to press ahead with the reforms, thus they sought the enactment of such constitutional reforms as the abolition of the liberum veto. Although the family estate at Puławy was confiscated by Russian Empire in 1794, during thethird partition of Poland, the Familia continued to wield significant cultural and political influence for decades after, notably through the princes Adam Kazimierz, Adam Jerzy andKonstanty Adam. The Czartoryski family is also renowned for the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków and Hôtel Lambert in Paris. Today, the only descendants of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski are Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski and his daughter Tamara Czartoryska who are living in the United Kingdom. The descendants of Prince Konstanty Adam Czartoryski live to this day in Poland and have their representatives in the Confederation of the Polish Nobility.
- The Poniatowski family became most prominent in the late 18th century and 19th century. In three generations the Poniatowski family rose from the rank of gentry to that of senator and then to royalty. The first information about the family dates back to the end of the 15th century, when they appeared in Poniatowa, 40 km west from Lublin in about 1446. Their family name derives from that place name. Poniatowa was the residence of several branches of the Poniatowski family: Tłuk,Jarasz and Ciołek. According to the family's history, the family had ties with the Italian nobility: Giuseppe Salinguerra, a member of the Italian family of Torelli, settled in Poland about the middle of the 17th century, and there assumed the name of Poniatowski from the estate of Poniatow, belonging to his wife, who was the daughter of Albert Poniatowski and Anna Leszczyńska. Modern historians however consider this story dubious, particularly as around the 18th century it was fashionable for Polish nobility to have relatives in Italy. On September 7, 1764, at Wola, the most famous member of the family, Stanisław Poniatowski was elected as King of Poland. In the same year the Coronation Sejm awarded the Poniatowski family the title of Prince of Poland. Nowadays, there are still Poniatowscy living in Poland, France, Mexico, Italy, Russia, the United States, Germany, and many other countries in the world.
- Stanisław II August (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798) was the last King and Grand Duke of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95). He remains a controversial figure in Polish history. Recognized as a great patron of the arts and sciences and a supporter of progressive reforms, he is also remembered as the last king of the Commonwealth whose election was marred by serious irregularities,[5] and the one who failed to prevent Poland's destruction.Arriving at the Russian imperial court in Saint Petersburg in 1755, he became romantically involved with the twenty-six-year-old Catherine Alexeievna (the future Empress Catherine the Great, reigned 1762–1796), three years his senior. With her support, in 1764 he was electedking of Poland. Against expectations, he attempted to reform and strengthen the ailing Commonwealth. His efforts met with external opposition from Prussia, Russia and Austria, all interested in keeping the Commonwealth weak; and from internal conservative interests, which saw reforms as threatening their traditional liberties and prerogatives.The defining crisis of his early reign, the War of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772), led to the First Partition of Poland (1772). The latter part of his reign saw reforms wrought by the Great Sejm (1788–1792) and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. These reforms were overthrown by the 1792 Targowica Confederation and by the War in Defense of the Constitution, leading directly to the Second Partition of Poland (1793), theKościuszko Uprising (1794) and the final Third Partition of Poland (1795), marking the end of the Commonwealth. Stripped of all meaningful power, Poniatowski abdicated in November 1795 and spent the last years of his life in semi-captivity in Saint Petersburg.A Polish noble of the Ciołek coat of arms and a member of the Poniatowski family, he was the son of Count Stanisław Poniatowski, Castellan ofKraków, and Princess Konstancja Czartoryska; brother of Michał Jerzy Poniatowski (1736–94), Primate of Poland; and uncle to Prince Józef Poniatowski, (1763–1813).
- Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski ( [ˈjuzɛf anˈtɔɲi pɔɲaˈtɔfskʲi]; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.
Łukasiewicz became a wealthy man and one of the most prominent philanthropists in Central Europe's Galicia. Because of his support for the region's economic development, a popular saying attributed all paved roads to his guldens.
- Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ]; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher born in Lwów, which, before the Polish partitions, was in Poland, Galicia, then Austria-Hungary. His work centred on analytical philosophy, mathematical logic, and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle. Modern work on Aristotle's logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Łukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm. The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley—which inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is still regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.
- Jan Kulczyk
- http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/07/29/uk-poland-kulczyk-idUKKCN0Q30PR20150729 Poland's richest man, Jan Kulczyk, died in Vienna on Tuesday from complications after surgery, a spokeswoman at Kulczyk Holding, the company he founded, said. He was 65. Kulczyk had for years topped the list of Poland's richest people, with Forbes Magazine estimating his assets this year at more than 15 billion zlotys (£2.5 billion). His business interests covered a range of industries, with a 3 percent stake in brewing company SABMiller his most valuable asset. A source said that Kulczyk's death was unexpected and the result of a routine medical treatment. Kulczyk Holding spokeswoman, Marta Wysocka declined to comment beyond saying he had died as a result of surgery complications in Vienna. Kulczyk, who had a doctorate in international law, took his first steps in business by setting up a trading company in 1981 known as Interkulpol. A few years later he became the first official Volkswagen dealer in Poland. Kulczyk held a significant stake in Poland's biggest telecom operator TPSA, now known as Orange Polska, after he bought shares in the company's privatisation in 2000. He was also a shareholder in Poland's biggest oil refiner PKN Orlen. Kulczyk's current assets include chemicals group Ciech, energy companies Polenergia and Serinus Energy and a number of international oil and gas businesses.
- Sebastian Kulczyk, son of Poland’s richest man, must decide how to reinvest his father’s fortune http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e38a002e-7e80-11e5-98fb-5a6d4728f74e.html
- Shimon Peres (Hebrew: שמעון פרס; born Szymon Perski; 2 August 1923 – 28 September 2016) was a Polish-born Israeli statesman. He was the ninth President of Israel from 2007 to 2014. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel and twice as Interim Prime Minister, and he was a member of 12cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to theKnesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President. Shimon Peres was born in Wiszniew, Poland (now Vishnyeva, Belarus), to Yitzhak (1896–1962) and Sara (1905–1969 née Meltzer) Perski. The family spoke Hebrew, Yiddish and Russianat home, and Peres learned Polish at school. He then learned to speak English and French in addition to Hebrew.
- Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (/ˈkʃɪʃtɒf ˌpɛndəˈrɛtski/; Polish: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ɛuˈɡɛɲuʂ pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi]; born 23 November 1933) is a Polish composer and conductor. Born in Dębica to a lawyer, Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków. After graduating from the Academy of Music, Penderecki became a teacher at the academy and he began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and the choral work St. Luke Passion, have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun, was not immediately successful. Beginning in the mid-1970s, Penderecki's composing style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone. His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s, with Penderecki expanding it in 1993 and 2005. Symphonies:
Ethnic group
- Kashubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi; Polish:Kaszubi; German: Kaschuben) also spelled as Kaszubians, Kassubians, Cassubians, Cashubes or Kashubs, and formerly known as Kashubes, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to asKashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish:Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien). They speak the Kashubian language, classified either as a separate language closely related to Polish, or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group. Kashubians are closely related to Poles.
Effect of Swiss currency delinking Euro
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-01/30/content_19445704.htm Polish authorities unveiled proposals on Wednesday aimed at helping more than 500,000 Poleswith Swiss franc loans, the payments of which are spiking after a surge in the franc. However, Economy Minister Janusz Piechocinski said Poland would not follow Hungary inmaking banks convert Swiss franc mortgages to the local currency at below the current marketrate. Instead, he said Poland will urge banks to let borrowers convert their loans into zlotys using theexchange rate of the day and with no commission. The Economy Ministry also suggests thatbanks allow a three-year suspension on loan repayments in case the franc appreciates further.
Outward FDI
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21633872-after-years-steady-growth-home-firms-are-venturing-abroad-growing-polish-apple
Population and immigration
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bb320c-9b05-11e4-882d-00144feabdc0.html Poland has some enviable numbers to support its claim of being Europe’s economic success story of the past decade. It has doubled its gross domestic product to $526bn, it is the only EU member state to avoid a recession after the financial crisis and its growth for the rest of the decade should be better than the eurozone and the OECD group of rich countries. But one statistic adds a chill to prospects for the country that sees its future as a central European power: its population has flatlined and is starting to decline. Young people are expanding their horizons, heading to London, Brussels and Dublin and, for now, are not coming home. As such, the country that has been exporting labour at an brisk rate since joining the EU in 2004 faces the threat of decades of falling worker numbers amid urgent calls for it to lower barriers to new migrants entering the country. At the same time, immigrants from neighbouring countries — Ukraine provides the most predictable stream of newcomers — are not offsetting the drain. “Poles are settling abroad [but] others are not settling here,” says Paulina Babis, head of integration at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. “[Poland] needs people to settle, to build families and careers and livelihoods.”
return of land to pre-war owners
- https://www.ft.com/content/3f1f6972-430c-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd the restitution of properties nationalised by Poland’s Communist regime that has left deep scars on both Warsaw’s society and the city itself. No precise figures exist, but activists say that over the past 30 years, thousands of tenants have had to leave their homes after they have been reprivatised. At the same time, the city’s development has been distorted: dotted across the Polish capital, spaces from flattened buildings yawn undeveloped; once-grand apartment blocks moulder while heirs fight over restitution; and, in the middle of one park, an owner has built a 2m-high concrete wall around a plot of reprivatised land. The root of the disputes lies in the postwar rebuilding of Warsaw. By 1945, around 85 per cent of the city’s buildings had been destroyed and its population reduced by almost three quarters to 330,000. To facilitate the reconstruction, the Communist regime led by Boleslaw Bierut passed a decree in October 1945 allowing the nationalisation of property within the city’s prewar borders. In theory, those expropriated could claim compensation. In reality, only a fraction of the roughly 17,000 claims were accepted. When the Iron Curtain fell, thousands of claims for restitution were made to city authorities. For many heirs, it was a matter of basic justice. “There are three natural rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property,” says Tadeusz Koss, a combative 83-year-old from the Association of Warsaw Property Owners, who is almost 15 years into a battle with the city over the use of family land on the corner of Marszalkowska and Swietokrzyska, two of central Warsaw’s main streets. Tenants’ groups say the question is not so simple. “You can’t change administrative decrees after 70 years, because so many other decisions were based on them,” says Jan Spiewak, a city counsellor at the forefront of the reprivatisation battle. “You can give compensation, but you can’t just return buildings and pretend that nothing has changed.”
Natural environment
- map
- Bialowieza
Polish roots
- http://www.polishroots.org/Home/tabid/37/Default.aspx PolishRoots covers all areas that were historically part of the Polish Commonwealth, from the 16th through the 18th centuries, throughout the years of partitions by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, through its rebirth in 1918, subsequent domination during World War II and post-War occupation, to its present freedom and struggle for independence through the latter 20th Century. We also promote Polonia, areas of Polish presence throughout the world regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political views. We cover everything Polish whether you have ancestry there for 500+ years, or you shop at a Polish deli down the street. We place no limitations!
Polish dishes
- 波蘭領事 自製思鄉菜http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/food/art/20150103/18989203
- Kartacze - balls of potato flour filled with meat and spices
- Pierogi - national dish, a kind of dumpling
- Bigos - polish stew
- Barszcz - beet soup
- Babka ziemniaczana - potato cake
- Kiszka ziemniaczana - potato sausage
- Buckwheat
- Berries
- Mushrooms
- Bison steak
- Zubr - beer with the bison
- Zubrowka (little bison) Wodka - wodka with a blade of bison grass
culture
- timber floating
- The history of the Polish musical Baroque opens with Mikołaj Zieleński’s monumental collection Offertoria et Communiones totius anni, published in 1611 in Venice. In his compositions, written for use during the whole liturgical year, Zieleński applies the polychoral technique characteristic of the Venetian school with Giovanni Gabrieli as its main representative. The mass cycles by two other eminent Polish composers of this period, Marcin Mielczewski and Bartłomiej Pękiel, also draw on the Italian style of the period. Pękiel was also the author of the first Polish oratorio, Audite mortales, frequently compared with Claudio Monteverdi’s best known works such as the famous Vespro della Beata Vergine.
film
- The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the leading Polish academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff. It was founded on 8 March 1948 in Łódź and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt after its destruction during World War II and the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and is one of the most prominent institutions of higher education in the city. The years leading up to the merger in 1958 were those in which notable artists of the Polish Film School created the reputation of the Łódź Film School as the most liberal and least Communist institution of higher education in Poland. Among the most notable alumni of that period were Andrzej Munk, Janusz Morgenstern, Andrzej Wajda and Kazimierz Kutz. In 1954 they were joined by Roman Polanski. After 1958 the school became one of the most notable cultural think-tanks of Poland, with many outsiders and artists not supported by the Communist authorities joining it. Various discussion clubs and relative liberty of speech promoted by the new rector, Jerzy Toeplitz, added to its value. For instance, two of the students of the university (Jerzy Matuszkiewicz and Witold Sobociński) became the first jazz musicians in Poland after World War II to be allowed by the authorities to organize a concert. Kirk Douglas visited the school in 1966. His visit was documented in Kirk Douglas the documentary.After the events of March 1968, the period of liberty came to an end. Toeplitz was fired, as were most of the tutors. However, with the advent of Edward Gierek and his regime, the school once again started to bloom.
polish (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-Kurwa-mean-when-translated-from-Polish-to-English
- letter ł
- comparison/relation with slav lanugages
- https://www.quora.com/In-Polish-names-end-with-ewsky-what-does-that-mean Most of the Polish surnames ending with “-ski” (never “-sky”) are names of the noble families. Suffix “–ski” was added to the name of the village or land property which particular family originally owned or from which it arised. For example the owner of Kowale might have got the surname Kowalski, that of Staniewo – Staniewski. However a lot of Polish peasants, burghers or Jews took a surname ending with –ski, as it was considered better, more noble, more Polish, than their original name.
polish (people)
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160929/PDF/a11_screen.pdf佩雷斯1923年8月2日出生於當時隸屬波蘭的小鎮維什涅瓦（現屬白俄羅斯）， 本名佩斯基，後取了猶太名字「佩雷斯」，意指老鷹。佩雷斯的父母並非正統派猶太教徒 ，但佩雷斯自小受祖父薰陶，成為虔誠信徒。
- http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/videos/1.702095 Former Israeli President Shimon Peres on Wednesday released a song [chinese melody] applauding the friendship between Chinese and Israeli peoples, and said that he wrote the song to extend his greetings to Chinese people.
- http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21707889-shimon-peres-israeli-statesman-died-september-28th-aged-93-intriguing-peace
- Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (/ˈkʃɪʃtɒf ˌpɛndəˈrɛtski/; Polish: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ɛuˈɡɛɲuʂ pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi]; born 23 November 1933) is a Polish composer and conductor. Born in Dębica to a lawyer, Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków. After graduating from the Academy of Music, Penderecki became a teacher at the academy and he began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and the choral work St. Luke Passion, have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun, was not immediately successful. Beginning in the mid-1970s, Penderecki's composing style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone. His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s, with Penderecki expanding it in 1993 and 2005. Symphonies:
- Symphony No. 1 (1973)
- Symphony No. 2 "Christmas" (1980)
- Symphony No. 3 (1988–1995)
- Symphony No. 4 "Adagio" (1989), winner of the 1992 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition
- Symphony No. 5 "Korean" (1991–2)
- Symphony No. 6 ("Chinese Poems") (2008-2017)[1]
- Symphony No. 7 "Seven Gates of Jerusalem" (1996), for soloists, speaker, triple chorus and orchestra
- Symphony No. 8 "Lieder der Vergänglichkeit" (2004–05, rev. 2008), for voices, chorus and orchestra
- Penderecki’s belated Symphony No.6 (Chinese Poems) had its world premiere at the opening concert of the Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra’s 60th anniversary season. https://www.ft.com/content/496864ae-a29b-11e7-8d56-98a09be71849
Ethnic group
- Kashubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi; Polish:Kaszubi; German: Kaschuben) also spelled as Kaszubians, Kassubians, Cassubians, Cashubes or Kashubs, and formerly known as Kashubes, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to asKashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish:Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien). They speak the Kashubian language, classified either as a separate language closely related to Polish, or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group. Kashubians are closely related to Poles.
Effect of Swiss currency delinking Euro
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-01/30/content_19445704.htm Polish authorities unveiled proposals on Wednesday aimed at helping more than 500,000 Poleswith Swiss franc loans, the payments of which are spiking after a surge in the franc. However, Economy Minister Janusz Piechocinski said Poland would not follow Hungary inmaking banks convert Swiss franc mortgages to the local currency at below the current marketrate. Instead, he said Poland will urge banks to let borrowers convert their loans into zlotys using theexchange rate of the day and with no commission. The Economy Ministry also suggests thatbanks allow a three-year suspension on loan repayments in case the franc appreciates further.
Outward FDI
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21633872-after-years-steady-growth-home-firms-are-venturing-abroad-growing-polish-apple
Population and immigration
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bb320c-9b05-11e4-882d-00144feabdc0.html Poland has some enviable numbers to support its claim of being Europe’s economic success story of the past decade. It has doubled its gross domestic product to $526bn, it is the only EU member state to avoid a recession after the financial crisis and its growth for the rest of the decade should be better than the eurozone and the OECD group of rich countries. But one statistic adds a chill to prospects for the country that sees its future as a central European power: its population has flatlined and is starting to decline. Young people are expanding their horizons, heading to London, Brussels and Dublin and, for now, are not coming home. As such, the country that has been exporting labour at an brisk rate since joining the EU in 2004 faces the threat of decades of falling worker numbers amid urgent calls for it to lower barriers to new migrants entering the country. At the same time, immigrants from neighbouring countries — Ukraine provides the most predictable stream of newcomers — are not offsetting the drain. “Poles are settling abroad [but] others are not settling here,” says Paulina Babis, head of integration at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. “[Poland] needs people to settle, to build families and careers and livelihoods.”
return of land to pre-war owners
- https://www.ft.com/content/3f1f6972-430c-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd the restitution of properties nationalised by Poland’s Communist regime that has left deep scars on both Warsaw’s society and the city itself. No precise figures exist, but activists say that over the past 30 years, thousands of tenants have had to leave their homes after they have been reprivatised. At the same time, the city’s development has been distorted: dotted across the Polish capital, spaces from flattened buildings yawn undeveloped; once-grand apartment blocks moulder while heirs fight over restitution; and, in the middle of one park, an owner has built a 2m-high concrete wall around a plot of reprivatised land. The root of the disputes lies in the postwar rebuilding of Warsaw. By 1945, around 85 per cent of the city’s buildings had been destroyed and its population reduced by almost three quarters to 330,000. To facilitate the reconstruction, the Communist regime led by Boleslaw Bierut passed a decree in October 1945 allowing the nationalisation of property within the city’s prewar borders. In theory, those expropriated could claim compensation. In reality, only a fraction of the roughly 17,000 claims were accepted. When the Iron Curtain fell, thousands of claims for restitution were made to city authorities. For many heirs, it was a matter of basic justice. “There are three natural rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property,” says Tadeusz Koss, a combative 83-year-old from the Association of Warsaw Property Owners, who is almost 15 years into a battle with the city over the use of family land on the corner of Marszalkowska and Swietokrzyska, two of central Warsaw’s main streets. Tenants’ groups say the question is not so simple. “You can’t change administrative decrees after 70 years, because so many other decisions were based on them,” says Jan Spiewak, a city counsellor at the forefront of the reprivatisation battle. “You can give compensation, but you can’t just return buildings and pretend that nothing has changed.”
Natural environment
- map
- www.wildpoland.com
- Vascular plants of poland photoflora www.atlas-roslin.pl
- insects
- butterflies of Poland www.lepidoptera.pl
- mammals in northeast poland
- bison, elk, beaver, otter, lynx and wolf, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, fox, badger, pine marten, raccoon dog, polecat
- Bialowieza
- forest
- Biebrza
- Poland's largest National Park
- broad strip of marsh was a natural barrier during WWI, its narrowest point near Osowiec was heavily fortified. It was during construction of these fortifications that the famous Carska Droga (Tsar's Road) was built along the Biebrza's east bank
- Angustow
- forest and wigry national park
- Suwalki Landscape Park - a geological museum of ice ages
- http://www.polishroots.org/Home/tabid/37/Default.aspx PolishRoots covers all areas that were historically part of the Polish Commonwealth, from the 16th through the 18th centuries, throughout the years of partitions by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, through its rebirth in 1918, subsequent domination during World War II and post-War occupation, to its present freedom and struggle for independence through the latter 20th Century. We also promote Polonia, areas of Polish presence throughout the world regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political views. We cover everything Polish whether you have ancestry there for 500+ years, or you shop at a Polish deli down the street. We place no limitations!
Polish dishes
- 波蘭領事 自製思鄉菜http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/food/art/20150103/18989203
- Kartacze - balls of potato flour filled with meat and spices
- Pierogi - national dish, a kind of dumpling
- Bigos - polish stew
- Barszcz - beet soup
- Babka ziemniaczana - potato cake
- Kiszka ziemniaczana - potato sausage
- Buckwheat
- Berries
- Mushrooms
- Bison steak
- Zubr - beer with the bison
- Zubrowka (little bison) Wodka - wodka with a blade of bison grass
culture
- timber floating
- http://www.france24.com/en/20170730-poles-revive-ancient-tradition-timber-floating
- The history of the Polish musical Baroque opens with Mikołaj Zieleński’s monumental collection Offertoria et Communiones totius anni, published in 1611 in Venice. In his compositions, written for use during the whole liturgical year, Zieleński applies the polychoral technique characteristic of the Venetian school with Giovanni Gabrieli as its main representative. The mass cycles by two other eminent Polish composers of this period, Marcin Mielczewski and Bartłomiej Pękiel, also draw on the Italian style of the period. Pękiel was also the author of the first Polish oratorio, Audite mortales, frequently compared with Claudio Monteverdi’s best known works such as the famous Vespro della Beata Vergine.
film
- The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the leading Polish academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff. It was founded on 8 March 1948 in Łódź and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt after its destruction during World War II and the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and is one of the most prominent institutions of higher education in the city. The years leading up to the merger in 1958 were those in which notable artists of the Polish Film School created the reputation of the Łódź Film School as the most liberal and least Communist institution of higher education in Poland. Among the most notable alumni of that period were Andrzej Munk, Janusz Morgenstern, Andrzej Wajda and Kazimierz Kutz. In 1954 they were joined by Roman Polanski. After 1958 the school became one of the most notable cultural think-tanks of Poland, with many outsiders and artists not supported by the Communist authorities joining it. Various discussion clubs and relative liberty of speech promoted by the new rector, Jerzy Toeplitz, added to its value. For instance, two of the students of the university (Jerzy Matuszkiewicz and Witold Sobociński) became the first jazz musicians in Poland after World War II to be allowed by the authorities to organize a concert. Kirk Douglas visited the school in 1966. His visit was documented in Kirk Douglas the documentary.After the events of March 1968, the period of liberty came to an end. Toeplitz was fired, as were most of the tutors. However, with the advent of Edward Gierek and his regime, the school once again started to bloom.
polish (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-Kurwa-mean-when-translated-from-Polish-to-English
- letter ł
- https://www.quora.com/If-the-pronunciation-of-a-letter-%C5%81-have-changed-from-dark-l-to-the-non-syllabic-u-after-WWII-should-we-change-the-Russian-Polish-transcription-and-start-writing-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0-as-Wolga-and
- https://www.quora.com/Which-names-of-the-10-major-cities-of-Poland-dont-cause-any-issues-with-pronunciation-and-spelling-to-foreigners
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-pronounce-KrakowMany people from the abroad pronounce it with an “O”, because there is no “Ó” in their alphabet. This “Ó” is a same sound as “U”. Similarly, a lot of people pronounce “W” as in English, but it’s “V” which often sounds as “F”. So if I had to write, more or less, how I spell “Kraków”, it would be “Kra-koof”. Something like “crack” and “oof”.
- Krzyżewski is a Polish name, originally indicating someone from the town of Krzyżewo. In Polish, rz and ż both make the [ʐ] sound — one not found in English, but similar to the “zh” sound of “pleasure, vision”. After the voiceless k at the beginning, the rz assimilates to a voiceless [ʂ] (i.e. a sound similar to the “sh” in “shush”). Similarly, the w, ordinarily pronounced like [v] as in “valve”, turns into voiceless [f] as in “fluff” before the voiceless sfollowing it. The closest English pronunciation might be “Kshizhefski”.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Krzyzewski-pronounced-sh-shef-ski
- /e/→[ɪ] https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-ongoing-and-lesser-known-phonological-changes-in-languages-other-than-English
- Our language has been compared to the swissssh of an arrow ssspeeding towards the enemy through the russsstling leavesss of a foressst.SH, CH, DJ sounds bring to my mind the sound of the Portuguese language, which is generally considered soft.https://www.quora.com/Is-it-right-to-say-Polish-is-the-harshest-sounding-Slavic-language-I-find-that-other-Slavic-languages-sound-softer-than-Polish
- Iga Świątek (tennis player) pronunced as EE-gah Shvee-ON-teck
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-Polish-say-kucyk-for-pony-and-not-poni-like-many-other-Slavic-languages
- deputy, vice is wice eg Wicepremier is deputy prime minister
- private meeting - posiedzenie niejawne
- public meeting - posiedzenie jawne
- shareholders' meeting - zgromadzenie wspolnikow
- comparison/relation with slav lanugages
- Polish orthography is somewhat different and more conservative from that of other Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet. That’s why Polish has lots of cz, sz, rz, szcz, etc. instead of the “ordinary” č, š, … In addition, Polish has a bit more of the letter y than other languages.Another thing is that the process of softening consonants went a bit further in Polish than in other Slavic languages. That’s why South Slavic has kost, Russian has kosť and Polish has kość. Again, this is more a matter of writing than a matter of sound. Furthermore, Polish is the only major Slavic language that preserved the Proto-Slavic nasal vowels, albeit after reshuffling them. It’s one of those things that make Polish harder to understand for speakers of other Slavic languages.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Polish-so-different-from-other-Slavic-languages
- https://www.quora.com/In-Polish-names-end-with-ewsky-what-does-that-mean Most of the Polish surnames ending with “-ski” (never “-sky”) are names of the noble families. Suffix “–ski” was added to the name of the village or land property which particular family originally owned or from which it arised. For example the owner of Kowale might have got the surname Kowalski, that of Staniewo – Staniewski. However a lot of Polish peasants, burghers or Jews took a surname ending with –ski, as it was considered better, more noble, more Polish, than their original name.
polish (people)
- The Polish Rider is a seventeenth-century painting, usually dated to the 1650s, of a young man traveling on horseback through a murky landscape, now in The Frick Collection in New York.The idealised, inscrutable character has encouraged various theories about its subject, if the picture is a portrait. Candidates have included an ancestor of the Polish-Lithuanian Oginski family Marcjan Aleksander Ogiński, as asserted by the 18th-century owners of the painting and the Polish theologian, Jonasz Szlichtyng. Others believe that the outfit of the rider, the weapons and even the breed of horse are all Polish. Dutch equestrian portraits were infrequent in the 17th century and traditionally showed a fashionably dressed rider on a well-bred, spirited horse, as in Rembrandt's Frederick Rihel. Historical characters have also been suggested, ranging Old Testament David to the Prodigal Son and the Mongolian warrior Tamerlane, or the Dutch medieval hero, Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel. A “soldier of Christ”, an idealistic representation of a mounted soldier defending Eastern Europe against the Turks, or simply a foreign soldier have been suggested.In a 1793 letter to King Stanislaus Augustus of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the painting's owner Michał Kleofas Ogiński identified the rider as "a Cossack on horseback", and the king recognized the subject as a member of the irregular military unit known as Lisowczyk. In 1883, Wilhelm Bode, an expert in Dutch painting, described the rider as a Polish magnate in the national costume. In 1944, the American Rembrandt scholar Julius S. Held contested the claim that the subject was Polish and suggested the rider's costume could be Hungarian. Two Polish scholars suggested in 1912 that the model for the portrait was Rembrandt's son Titus.
blacks
- The Black Madonna of Częstochowa (Polish: Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska, Latin: Imago thaumaturga Beatae Virginis Mariae Immaculatae Conceptae, in Claro Monte ), also known as Our Lady of Częstochowa, is a revered icon of the Virgin Mary housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa, Poland. Several Pontiffs have recognised the venerated icon, beginning with Pope Clement XIwho issued a Canonical Coronation to the image on 8 September 1717 via the Vatican Chapter. The four-foot-high painting displays a traditional composition well known in the icons of Eastern Christians. The Virgin Mary is shown as the "Hodegetria" ("One Who Shows the Way"). In it the Virgin directs attention away from herself, gesturing with her right hand toward Jesus as the source of salvation. In turn, the child extends his right hand toward the viewer in blessing while holding a book of gospels in his left hand. The icon shows the Madonna in fleur-de-lis robes.The icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa has been intimately associated with Poland for the past 600 years. Its history prior to its arrival in Poland is shrouded in numerous legends which trace the icon's origin to St. Luke who painted it on a cedar table top from the house of the Holy Family. The same legend holds that the painting was discovered in Jerusalem in 326 by St. Helena, who brought it back to Constantinople and presented it to her son, Constantine the Great.
History
- name of country
- Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska [vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlska] (German: Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań. The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history. Since the Middle Ages the proper (właściwa) or exact/strict (ścisła) Wielkopolska (often referred to as ziemia, that means land) included the Poznań and Kalisz voivodeships. In the wider sense (as dzielnica, i.e. region) it encompassed also Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław voivodeships (more eastward). One another meaning (as province) included also Mazovia and Royal Prussia. After the Partitions of Poland, Greater Poland was often identified with the Grand Duchy of Posen. The region in the proper sense roughly coincides with the present-day Greater Poland Voivodeship (Polish: województwo wielkopolskie).
- The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832. Then, it was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the nominal Regency Kingdom of Poland. Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namiestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction. The territory of the Kingdom of Poland roughly corresponds to the Kalisz Region and the Lublin, Łódź, Masovian, Podlaskie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships of Poland, southwestern Lithuania and part of Grodno District of Belarus.
- Polish October, also known as October 1956,Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. Some social scientists term it thePolish October Revolution, which, while less dramatic than the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, might have had an even deeper impact on the Eastern Bloc and on the Soviet Union's relationship to its satellite states in Eastern Europe. For the People's Republic of Poland, 1956 was a year of transition. The international situation significantly weakened the hard-line Stalinistfaction in Poland; Polish communist leaderBolesław Bierut died in March; it was three years since Stalin had died and his successor at the Soviet Union's helm, Nikita Khrushchev,denounced him in September. Protests by workers in June in Poznań had highlighted the people's dissatisfaction with their situation. In October, the events set in motion resulted in the rise in power of the reformers' faction, led by Władysław Gomułka. After brief, but tense, negotiations, the Soviets gave permission for Gomułka to stay in control and made several other concessions resulting in greater autonomy for the Polish government. For Polish citizens this meant a temporary liberalization. Eventually though, hopes for full liberalization were proven false, as Gomułka's regime became more oppressive. Nonetheless, the era of Stalinization in Poland had ended.
- The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968 or March events (Polish: Marzec 1968; wydarzenia, wypadki marcowe), pertains to a major student and intellectual protest actionagainst the government of the Polish People's Republic. The crisis resulted in the suppression of student strikes by security forces in all major academic centres across the country and the subsequent repression of the Polish dissident movement. It was also accompanied by a mass emigration following an antisemitic (internally branded "anti-Zionist" at the time) campaign waged by the minister of internal affairs, General Mieczysław Moczar, with the approval of First Secretary Władysław Gomułka of thePolish United Workers' Party. The protests coincided with the events of the Prague Spring in neighboring Czechoslovakia – raising new hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The unrest culminated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968. The anti-Jewish campaign had already begun in 1967. The policy was carried out in conjunction with the Soviet withdrawal of all diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War, but also involved a power struggle within the Polish communist party itself.
USA
- historic links
Jews
- Two senior members of Poland’s government have denied that Poles carried out the 1946 pogrom in Kielce, in which 40 Jewish Holocaust survivors were murdered by their neighbors.
read more: http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.731391
EU
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c9174d12-b9f6-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164.html Poland risks becoming the first EU member state to be punished for endangering the rule of law after Brussels said it would formally examine a burst of controversial reforms undertaken by the country's new ultra-conservative government. The European Commission on Wednesday said it would — for the first time — use new powers to open a preliminary assessment of Warsaw's actions to determine whether they amount to a breach of the EU’s “fundamental values”. The decision escalates a fight between Brussels and Warsaw over new legislation introduced by Poland’s Law and Justice party that critics say erodes the independence of state media and the country’s highest court. Bearing a close similarity to reforms in Viktor Orban’s Hungary, they have raised fears of growing illiberalism on the EU’s eastern flank.
UK
- uk-poland intergovernment consultations
- 2017
Russia
- The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga (Polish: Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force until the Second World War. They were later redrawn during the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference.
- The Katyn massacre (Polish: zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń crime"; Russian: Катынский расстрел Katynskij rasstrel, "Katyn shooting") was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", a Soviet secret police organisation) in April and May 1940. Though the killings took place at several places, the massacre is named after the Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered.An investigation conducted by the office of the Prosecutors General of the Soviet Union (1990–1991) and the Russian Federation (1991–2004) confirmed Soviet responsibility for the massacres but refused to classify this action as a war crime or an act of genocide. The investigation was closed on the grounds that the perpetrators of the atrocity were already dead, and since the Russian government would not classify the dead as victims of the Great Purge, formal posthumous rehabilitation was deemed inapplicable. In November 2010, the Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre.
- The Polish government plans to demolish about 500 Soviet monuments throughout the country, head of the Institute of National Remembrance Lukasz Kaminsky said in an interview with online portal Onet.pl, the RBC news website reported Thursday. Kaminsky — whose institute is responsible for investigating crimes against the Polish nation — said that plans for the demolition of the monuments, would be sent to local authorities in the coming weeks. These monuments should have been demolished in the early 1990s, he said, and called the preservation of the monuments “a fatal mistake.” The demolished monuments will be removed and transferred to museums where they can become “a witness of hard times,” Kaminsky said, the RIA Novosti news agency reported. He added that such measures would not apply to the graves of Soviet soldiers, for which Poland will continue to care. Soviet war memorials have fallen into disrepair and been regularly vandalized in Poland, where the Soviet role in World War II is viewed with ambiguity or outright hostility. In Russia, the official narrative is that the Red Army liberated Poland from Nazi occupation. Yelena Sutormina, chair of development of public diplomacy and the support of compatriots abroad chamber, has called on the UNESCO cultural and scientific agency to block the decision of the Polish government, RIA Novosti reported. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/poland-set-to-demolish-500-soviet-monuments/564120.html
- http://rbth.com/business/2016/08/29/chinas-silk-road-may-push-poland-toward-reconciliation-with-russia_624945
- https://www.ft.com/content/72bd7ecc-f29a-11e6-8758-6876151821a6 Gazprom's pipeline ambition faces test in European courts
germany
- https://www.ft.com/content/fde41eca-9489-11e7-bdfa-eda243196c2c Poland’s prime minister said that the country “has the right” to claim reparations from Germany for the damage it suffered during the second world war, in the latest sign of tension between Warsaw and Berlin.
blacks
- The Black Madonna of Częstochowa (Polish: Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska, Latin: Imago thaumaturga Beatae Virginis Mariae Immaculatae Conceptae, in Claro Monte ), also known as Our Lady of Częstochowa, is a revered icon of the Virgin Mary housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa, Poland. Several Pontiffs have recognised the venerated icon, beginning with Pope Clement XIwho issued a Canonical Coronation to the image on 8 September 1717 via the Vatican Chapter. The four-foot-high painting displays a traditional composition well known in the icons of Eastern Christians. The Virgin Mary is shown as the "Hodegetria" ("One Who Shows the Way"). In it the Virgin directs attention away from herself, gesturing with her right hand toward Jesus as the source of salvation. In turn, the child extends his right hand toward the viewer in blessing while holding a book of gospels in his left hand. The icon shows the Madonna in fleur-de-lis robes.The icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa has been intimately associated with Poland for the past 600 years. Its history prior to its arrival in Poland is shrouded in numerous legends which trace the icon's origin to St. Luke who painted it on a cedar table top from the house of the Holy Family. The same legend holds that the painting was discovered in Jerusalem in 326 by St. Helena, who brought it back to Constantinople and presented it to her son, Constantine the Great.
- The Jasna Góra Monastery (Polish: Jasna Góra [ˈjas.na ˈɡu.ra], Luminous Mount, Hungarian: Fényes Hegy, Latin: Clarus Mons) in Częstochowa, Poland, is a famous Polish shrine to the Virgin Mary and one of the country's places of pilgrimage. The image of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, also known as Our Lady of Częstochowa, to which miraculous powers are attributed, is one of Jasna Góra's most precious treasures. Among the monastery's other treasures and artifacts of interest is the medal from the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize received by Lech Wałęsa, the former Polish president and trade-union organizer.Jasna Góra Monastery was founded in 1382 by Pauline monks who came from Hungary at the invitation of Władysław, Duke of Opole. The monastery has been a pilgrimage destination for hundreds of years, and it contains an important icon of the Virgin Mary. The icon, depicting the Mother of God with the Christ Child, is known as the Black Madonna of Częstochowa or Our Lady of Częstochowa, which is widely venerated and credited with many miracles.
History
- name of country
- Rzeczpospolita ( [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlʲita]) is a traditional and official name of the Polish State – Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska (Latin: Respublica Poloniae, English: Republic of Poland). It is a compound of rzecz "thing" and pospolita "common", a calque of Latin res publica (res "thing", publica "public, common"), i.e. republic, in English also rendered commonwealth. "Rzeczpospolita" is also used in a series of symbolic names referring to three periods in the History of Poland:
- I Rzeczpospolita (Polish: Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795). During this period, commonwealth was ruled de facto by a privileged class called the szlachta, which had (amongst numerous others) the right to elect both the king and parliament (the Sejm). It began with the Union of Lublin in 1569 and ended with the third and final Partition of Poland in 1795;
- II Rzeczpospolita (Polish: Druga Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the Second Polish Republic (1918–39). Used to refer to the interwar period, lasting from the gaining of independence in 1918 following the end of World War I up to the World War II-triggering Invasion of Poland (1939) by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, who had secretly agreed on the partition in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The renascent Polish State was initially called the Republic of Poland (Polish: Republika Polska). The title Rzeczpospolita was introduced by the March Constitution of Poland, the first article of which stated that Polish: Państwo Polskie jest Rzecząpospolitą, meaning "The Polish State is a Commonwealth";
- III Rzeczpospolita (Polish: Trzecia Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the current Third Polish Republic (1989–present). This is the title of the current Polish State, dating from the collapse of the Communist regime in 1989.
- Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska [vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlska] (German: Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań. The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history. Since the Middle Ages the proper (właściwa) or exact/strict (ścisła) Wielkopolska (often referred to as ziemia, that means land) included the Poznań and Kalisz voivodeships. In the wider sense (as dzielnica, i.e. region) it encompassed also Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław voivodeships (more eastward). One another meaning (as province) included also Mazovia and Royal Prussia. After the Partitions of Poland, Greater Poland was often identified with the Grand Duchy of Posen. The region in the proper sense roughly coincides with the present-day Greater Poland Voivodeship (Polish: województwo wielkopolskie).
- the marshal office of the wielkopolska region exhibited at 2017 tdc medical fair
- The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832. Then, it was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the nominal Regency Kingdom of Poland. Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namiestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction. The territory of the Kingdom of Poland roughly corresponds to the Kalisz Region and the Lublin, Łódź, Masovian, Podlaskie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships of Poland, southwestern Lithuania and part of Grodno District of Belarus.
- Polish October, also known as October 1956,Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. Some social scientists term it thePolish October Revolution, which, while less dramatic than the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, might have had an even deeper impact on the Eastern Bloc and on the Soviet Union's relationship to its satellite states in Eastern Europe. For the People's Republic of Poland, 1956 was a year of transition. The international situation significantly weakened the hard-line Stalinistfaction in Poland; Polish communist leaderBolesław Bierut died in March; it was three years since Stalin had died and his successor at the Soviet Union's helm, Nikita Khrushchev,denounced him in September. Protests by workers in June in Poznań had highlighted the people's dissatisfaction with their situation. In October, the events set in motion resulted in the rise in power of the reformers' faction, led by Władysław Gomułka. After brief, but tense, negotiations, the Soviets gave permission for Gomułka to stay in control and made several other concessions resulting in greater autonomy for the Polish government. For Polish citizens this meant a temporary liberalization. Eventually though, hopes for full liberalization were proven false, as Gomułka's regime became more oppressive. Nonetheless, the era of Stalinization in Poland had ended.
- The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968 or March events (Polish: Marzec 1968; wydarzenia, wypadki marcowe), pertains to a major student and intellectual protest actionagainst the government of the Polish People's Republic. The crisis resulted in the suppression of student strikes by security forces in all major academic centres across the country and the subsequent repression of the Polish dissident movement. It was also accompanied by a mass emigration following an antisemitic (internally branded "anti-Zionist" at the time) campaign waged by the minister of internal affairs, General Mieczysław Moczar, with the approval of First Secretary Władysław Gomułka of thePolish United Workers' Party. The protests coincided with the events of the Prague Spring in neighboring Czechoslovakia – raising new hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The unrest culminated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968. The anti-Jewish campaign had already begun in 1967. The policy was carried out in conjunction with the Soviet withdrawal of all diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War, but also involved a power struggle within the Polish communist party itself.
USA
- historic links
- Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron ( [kaˈʑimʲɛʂ puˈwaskʲi] ; English: Casimir Pulaski; March 4 or March 6, 1745 – October 11, 1779) was a Polish noblemanb, soldier and military commander who has been called, together with his Hungarian friend Michael Kovats de Fabriczy, "the father of the American cavalry". Born in Warsaw and following in his father's footsteps, he became interested in politics at an early age and soon became involved in the military and the revolutionary affairs in Poland (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against Russian domination of the Commonwealth. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile. Following a recommendation by Benjamin Franklin, Pulaski immigrated to North America to help in the cause of the American Revolutionary War. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution, most notably when he saved the life of George Washington. Pulaski became a general in the Continental Army, created the Pulaski Cavalry Legionand reformed the American cavalry as a whole. At the Battle of Savannah, while leading a daring charge against British forces, he was gravely wounded, and died shortly thereafter. Pulaski is remembered as a hero who fought for independence and freedom in both Poland and the United States. Numerous places and events are named in his honor, and he is commemorated by many works of art. Pulaski is one of only eight people to be awarded honorary United States citizenship. He never married and had no descendants. Despite his fame, there have been uncertainties and controversies surrounding both his place and date of birth and burial.Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745, in the manor house of the Pułaski family in Warsaw, Poland. Casimir was the second eldest son of Marianna Zielińska and Józef Pułaski, who was an advocatus at the Crown Tribunal, the Starost of Warka, and one of the town's most notable inhabitants. He was a brother of Franciszek Ksawery Pułaski and Antoni Pułaski. His family bore the Ślepowron coat of arms. The Pułaski family was Roman Catholic and early in his youth, Casimir Pulaski attended an elite college run by Theatines, a male religious order of the Catholic Church in Warsaw, but did not finish his education. There is some circumstantial evidence that Pulaski was a Freemason. When Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone of the monument erected in Pulaski's honor in Savannah in 1824, a full Masonic ceremony took place with Richard T. Turner, High Priest of the Georgia chapter, conducting the ceremony. Other sources claim Pulaski was a member of the Masonic Army Lodge in Maryland. A Masonic Lodge in Chicago is named Casimir Pulaski Lodge, No.1167 and a brochure issued by them claims he obtained the degree of Master Mason on June 19, 1779, and was buried with full Masonic honors. To date no surviving documents of Pulaski's actual membership have been found.
- Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's struggles against Russia and Prussia, and on the American side in the American Revolutionary War. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising. Kościuszko was born in February 1746, in a manor house on the Mereczowszczyzna estate in Nowogródek Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. His exact birthdate is unknown. At age 20, he graduated from the Corps of Cadets in Warsaw, Poland, but after the outbreak of a civil war involving the Bar Confederation in 1768, Kościuszko moved to France in 1769 to pursue further studies. He returned to Poland in 1774, two years after its First Partition, and took a position as tutor in Józef Sylwester Sosnowski's household. After Kościuszko attempted to elope with his employer's daughter and was severely beaten by the father's retainers, he returned to France. In 1776, Kościuszko moved to North America, where he took part in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army. An accomplished military architect, he designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York. In 1783, in recognition of his services, the Continental Congress promoted him to brigadier general. Upon returning to Poland in 1784, Kościuszko was commissioned as a major general in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army in 1789. After the Polish–Russian War of 1792 resulted in the Second Partition of Poland, he organized an uprising against Russia in March 1794, serving as its Naczelnik (commander-in-chief). Russian forces captured him at the Battle of Maciejowicein October 1794. The defeat of the Kościuszko Uprising that November led to Poland's Third Partition in 1795, which ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's independent existence for 123 years. In 1796, following the death of Tsaritsa Catherine the Great, Kościuszko was pardoned by her successor, Tsar Paul I, and he emigrated to the United States. A close friend of Thomas Jefferson's, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Kościuszko wrote a will in 1798 dedicating his American assets to the education and freedom of U.S. slaves. He eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817. The execution of his will later proved difficult, and the funds were never used for the purpose he had intended.Kościuszko was born in February 1746 in a manor house on the estate called "Mereczowszczyzna" near Kosów, (now Kosava, Belarus) in Nowogródek Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Tadeusz was baptized by the Roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Church, thereby receiving the names Andrzej, Tadeusz, and Bonawentura. His paternal family was ethnically Lithuanian–Ruthenian[11] and traced their ancestry to Konstanty Fiodorowicz Kostiuszko, a courtier of Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I the Old. Kościuszko's maternal family, the Ratomskis, were also Ruthenian.Modern Belarusian writers interpret his Ruthenian or Lithuanian heritage as Belarusian. He once described himself as a Litvin, a term that denoted inhabitants, of whatever ethnicity, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern Belarusian writers interpret Litvin as designating a Belarusian, before the word "Belarusian" had come into use.
Jews
- Two senior members of Poland’s government have denied that Poles carried out the 1946 pogrom in Kielce, in which 40 Jewish Holocaust survivors were murdered by their neighbors.
read more: http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.731391
EU
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c9174d12-b9f6-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164.html Poland risks becoming the first EU member state to be punished for endangering the rule of law after Brussels said it would formally examine a burst of controversial reforms undertaken by the country's new ultra-conservative government. The European Commission on Wednesday said it would — for the first time — use new powers to open a preliminary assessment of Warsaw's actions to determine whether they amount to a breach of the EU’s “fundamental values”. The decision escalates a fight between Brussels and Warsaw over new legislation introduced by Poland’s Law and Justice party that critics say erodes the independence of state media and the country’s highest court. Bearing a close similarity to reforms in Viktor Orban’s Hungary, they have raised fears of growing illiberalism on the EU’s eastern flank.
UK
- uk-poland intergovernment consultations
- http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/398094,Polish-PM-urges-EU-leaders-to-help-Britain%E2%80%99s-May-over-Brexit-Daily-Telegraph Morawiecki and May were on Thursday set to meet in London along with some of their government ministers as part of their countries’ “intergovernmental consultations.” Poland and Britain in June discussed ways of enhancing their “strategic foreign, defence and security partnership” during annual talks between senior government officials. Poland and Britain last December signed a treaty on defence and security cooperation as ministers from the two countries held intergovernmental consultations in Warsaw on issues including bilateral relations, Brexit and security, with Polish government ministers meeting their British counterparts.
- 2017
- http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/news/they_wrote_about_us/belvedere_forum_to_discuss_future_polish_british_relations_in_march__pap_dispatch_16_february_2017?channel=www
Russia
- The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga (Polish: Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force until the Second World War. They were later redrawn during the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference.
- hkej 13dec17 shum article
- The Katyn massacre (Polish: zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń crime"; Russian: Катынский расстрел Katynskij rasstrel, "Katyn shooting") was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", a Soviet secret police organisation) in April and May 1940. Though the killings took place at several places, the massacre is named after the Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered.An investigation conducted by the office of the Prosecutors General of the Soviet Union (1990–1991) and the Russian Federation (1991–2004) confirmed Soviet responsibility for the massacres but refused to classify this action as a war crime or an act of genocide. The investigation was closed on the grounds that the perpetrators of the atrocity were already dead, and since the Russian government would not classify the dead as victims of the Great Purge, formal posthumous rehabilitation was deemed inapplicable. In November 2010, the Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre.
- hkej 13dec17 shum article
- The Polish government plans to demolish about 500 Soviet monuments throughout the country, head of the Institute of National Remembrance Lukasz Kaminsky said in an interview with online portal Onet.pl, the RBC news website reported Thursday. Kaminsky — whose institute is responsible for investigating crimes against the Polish nation — said that plans for the demolition of the monuments, would be sent to local authorities in the coming weeks. These monuments should have been demolished in the early 1990s, he said, and called the preservation of the monuments “a fatal mistake.” The demolished monuments will be removed and transferred to museums where they can become “a witness of hard times,” Kaminsky said, the RIA Novosti news agency reported. He added that such measures would not apply to the graves of Soviet soldiers, for which Poland will continue to care. Soviet war memorials have fallen into disrepair and been regularly vandalized in Poland, where the Soviet role in World War II is viewed with ambiguity or outright hostility. In Russia, the official narrative is that the Red Army liberated Poland from Nazi occupation. Yelena Sutormina, chair of development of public diplomacy and the support of compatriots abroad chamber, has called on the UNESCO cultural and scientific agency to block the decision of the Polish government, RIA Novosti reported. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/poland-set-to-demolish-500-soviet-monuments/564120.html
- http://rbth.com/business/2016/08/29/chinas-silk-road-may-push-poland-toward-reconciliation-with-russia_624945
- https://www.ft.com/content/72bd7ecc-f29a-11e6-8758-6876151821a6 Gazprom's pipeline ambition faces test in European courts
germany
- https://www.ft.com/content/fde41eca-9489-11e7-bdfa-eda243196c2c Poland’s prime minister said that the country “has the right” to claim reparations from Germany for the damage it suffered during the second world war, in the latest sign of tension between Warsaw and Berlin.
- ***********https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Polish-people-call-Germans-niemcy Polish niemiec (the singular of niemcy) and its cognates in other Slavic languages like Russian немец némets and Serbo-Croatian nemac come from Proto-Slavic *němьcь, meaning “foreigner, specifically a Germanic person.” The *něm- bit was an adjective that meant “mute.” *-ьcь was a suffix meaning something like “the … one” and formed nouns out of adjectives, so *němьcь meant “the mute one” (or the plural *němьci, “mute ones”). Germanic and Proto-Slavic speakers were probably near each other, but Proto-Slavic speakers couldn’t understand what they were saying, and so referred to them as “mute ones.”This idea of “muteness” or “inability to speak” also connects to the reconstructed Proto-Slavic word *slověninъ “Slav” (Polish słowianin, Russian славянин slavyanín, Serbo-Croatian sloven, etc). Although the exact origin of *slověninъ isn’t clear, some theories connect it to the words *slovo “word” or *sluti “to speak” (others connect it to a place name, probably of a river). If this word came from *slovo or *sluti, then you get a kind of opposition of “people can speak [Slavic]” and “people who can’t speak [Slavic]” in the origin of both *němьcь and *slověninъ.
ukraine
- https://www.ft.com/content/aeda9ebe-3afa-11e7-ac89-b01cc67cfeec For Poland’s nationalist Law and Justice government, the Ukrainian influx is proving politically and economically useful. It helps parry EU criticisms over Warsaw’s refusal to accept quotas for Middle Eastern migrants — and to fill labour shortages following the exodus of 2m Poles seeking higher wages further west, shortages that could be exacerbated by current government policies. There are concerns in western Europe, however, that with the EU granting visa-free travel to Ukrainians from next month, similar inflows could be seen elsewhere. Poland may remain an exceptional case as, unlike most EU states, it has partially opened its labour market to Ukrainians. For now, Warsaw ministers are keen to draw parallels between Poland’s absorption of Ukrainians and Germany’s welcoming of 1m Syrian refugees in 2015.
- agricultural labour
China
- visits by leaders
ukraine
- https://www.ft.com/content/aeda9ebe-3afa-11e7-ac89-b01cc67cfeec For Poland’s nationalist Law and Justice government, the Ukrainian influx is proving politically and economically useful. It helps parry EU criticisms over Warsaw’s refusal to accept quotas for Middle Eastern migrants — and to fill labour shortages following the exodus of 2m Poles seeking higher wages further west, shortages that could be exacerbated by current government policies. There are concerns in western Europe, however, that with the EU granting visa-free travel to Ukrainians from next month, similar inflows could be seen elsewhere. Poland may remain an exceptional case as, unlike most EU states, it has partially opened its labour market to Ukrainians. For now, Warsaw ministers are keen to draw parallels between Poland’s absorption of Ukrainians and Germany’s welcoming of 1m Syrian refugees in 2015.
- agricultural labour
- economist 20oct18 "here today, gone tomorrow" hostility to migrants is one rise, but farmlands keep coming
China
- visits by leaders
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016xivisitee/2016-06/21/content_25780041.htm China and Poland agreed on Monday to launch major projects as soon as possible as part of the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative to boost interconnectivity. Agreements on the joint action were signed during President Xi Jinping's state visit to Poland. Witnessed by Xi and his Polish counterpart Andrzej Duda, the two countries signed 13 documents to boost cooperation in areas including logistics, industrial parks, customs and aviation. Xi said after the signing ceremony that China welcomes Poland's active participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, which is aimed at building a trade and infrastructure network connecting Asia with Europe and Africa along the ancient Silk Road trading routes. According to the agreements, the two countries will work together to map out their development plans, jointly establish an online Silk Road, boost information links, facilitate customs procedures and improve cooperation on infrastructure investment in logistics.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160622/PDF/a3_screen.pdf
- Poland China Regional Forum http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/23/c_124616107.htm, http://en.cpaffc.org.cn/content/details21-22711.html, http://shanghai.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/regional_forum_poland_china, http://english.us.edu.pl/1st-regional-forum-poland-china-gdansk, http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/msz_w_mediach/gdansk__i_forum_regionalne_polska_chiny__depesza_pap_22_04_2013;jsessionid=F18E4434EDA7A9FC1E55CB106B5DF6B5.cmsap2p
- met with cgcc mar18 issue
- aircraft
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-02/21/content_28290121.htm Polish aircraft maker Marganski has teamed up with an airport industrial park in east China's Nantong city to jointly produce its light utility aircraft model.
- railway
- http://www.baltictransportjournal.com/logistics/poland-china-container-rail-service-extended,2277.html Since its opening in January 2013, approx. 70 thou. tn of cargo ware carried on the Chengdu-Łódź route, mainly electronics, cars, household goods and fabrics, while now Polish food products like sweets, beer and cider travel eastbound. The journey time on the Łódź-Chengdu connection has been 8 days, while Łódź-Xiamen - 15 days. "At the moment we are checking in the first train from Poland. Through Xiamen you can reach Taiwan and the South-East Asian markets which contributed to choosing Xiamen by our European partners," Xu Yongxin, the man in charge of the New Silk Railway Europe Hub, commented.
- logistics
- 從事中歐班列業務的天運集團深圳公司負責人周乾坤告訴記者，其深圳公司2014年成立，在2015就預計跨境電商擁有很好的發展前景，便大力拓展從快遞到直發歐美電商的客戶，為亞馬遜歐美倉庫代理出口貨物，產品包括小家電、玩具、服裝等。每天三個貨櫃發往歐洲周乾坤看好國家「一帶一路」戰略，今年公司力拓中歐班列。因為波蘭地處中東歐，臨近德國，公司投資約100萬歐元，在波蘭華沙設有4萬平米的大型海外倉，並在波蘭馬拉清關。該海外倉相當於公司貨物在歐洲集散地。這些貨物來自深圳、東莞和惠州等周邊地區，先在深圳集中，然後貨物派送到亞馬遜歐洲各個倉庫。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/21/b01-1221.pdf
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-03/21/content_40483517.htm Chinese top smartphone and telecom equipment maker Huawei introduced its latest smartphone version of P10 to the Polish market on Monday. The introduction of the product is accompanied with a "Perfect Portrait" campaign, which will start on April 1. Robert Lewandowski, famous Polish soccer player and the ambassador of Huawei brand, was present during the ceremony. The advertising campaign, in which Lewandowski takes part, will be dedicated to the promotion of Huawei P10 and portrait mode.
- Consumer electronics giant TCL Corp has set up a research and development center in Poland with a focus on artificial intelligence research, as part of its broader push to expand presence in the European market. The R&D center will focus on AI-related sectors based on deep learning, such as computer vision, natural language processing and big data analysis, as well as carry out cooperation with Warsaw University of Technology and University of Warsaw to introduce top scientific research talent and strengthen the application of technical achievements in related industries, said Bartosz Biskupski, general manager of TCL's European R&D center.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/05/WS5b8f4454a310add14f389c2c.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-07/25/content_30241352.htm Energy giant China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) is in talks to build Poland's first nuclear power plant, the company said in a statement on Monday. A Polish delegation headed by Andrzej Piotrowski, deputy minister of energy visited the Shenzhen-based company earlier this month. Piotrowski met his Chinese counterpart Li Fanrong in Beijing. The two countries signed a memorandum on nuclear cooperation for civil use. The Polish delegation visited Dayawan nuclear plant and Hualong One reactors project, according to the statement released on CGN's website.
- agricultural produce
- Following the Russian embargo on European agricultural products in 2014, more Polish producers have turned to the Chinese market. According to Polish official data, the value of Polish agri-food exports to China has grown dynamically in 2014. Dairy products consist of more than 30 percent of Polish agri-food export to China in 2015. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/02/c_136249238.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-06/22/content_25798422.htm OSell, a major Chinese cross-border e-commerce company, has launched a newservice in Poland that points the way forward. It not only allows local retailers tocheck Chinese product samples without stepping out of their country, but alsoenables them to place online orders and contact potential Chinese sellers viamobile devices. The Chongqing-based company on Monday inaugurated operations at its cross-border e-commerce industrial park in Poland's capital, Warsaw.
- 光大國際（0257）昨宣佈收購波蘭固廢處理公司NOVAGO，代價約為1.23億歐元(約10.6億港元)，其中包括1.18億歐元的股權價值和500萬歐元的土地儲備資源。是項交易是習近平主席在「一帶一路」方針下訪問波蘭，確認環境與新能源等作為重點合作領域後，中國在該領域簽署的開創性收購，也是中國在東中歐環保市場中最大的一個收購項目。NOVAGO成立於1992年，為波蘭市場最大的獨立固廢垃圾處理商，在核心經營地區華沙和Olsztyn省擁有超過30%的市場份額。其業務涵蓋垃圾處理、回收填埋生產沼氣、生產高熱量垃圾衍生燃料（「RDF」）、沼氣熱電聯產等，並已經發展出了適合波蘭當地市場的系統與技術。NOVAGO 2015年收入超過1.35億波蘭茲羅提（折合3,000萬歐元）。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/27/b01-0627.pdf
- people
- 話說波蘭漢學家、前波蘭駐 華外交官、作家愛德華卡伊丹 斯基（Edward Kajdański）早 前逝世，享年 95 歲；他在 1925年生於哈爾濱一個波蘭家 庭，先後就讀於亨利克顯克維 奇明中學和哈爾濱工業大學； 他一直從事着波中兩國文化交 流和漢學研究，撰寫出版許多 相關文章和書籍，包括介紹 18 位波蘭人的命運和經歷與中國 密切相連的著作《長城的巨 影——波蘭人是怎麼發現中國 的》，詳細介紹古代絲綢之路 為東西方商貿發展和文化交流 的書籍《絲綢——帆船和馬幫 之路》及介紹西方著名漢學先 驅者卜彌格生平和業績的巨著 《明王朝的最後使者卜彌格 傳》等。 卡伊丹斯基的父親於 1906 年及 1923 年兩次前往中國， 在哈爾濱工廠做技術工作；卡 伊丹斯基少時在哈爾濱的一所 波蘭中學讀書，對漢學產生興 趣，據他本人介紹：記得當時 有一位波蘭工程師卡齊米日格 羅霍夫斯基，他曾在中國 30 年，在哈爾濱方志學博物館 （今黑龍江省博物館）工作， 他常給同學講課，介紹他所了 解的中國。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/24/b06-1024.pdf
- Israel Epstein (20 April 1915 – 26 May 2005 was a naturalized Chinese journalist and author. He was one of the few foreign-born Chinese citizens of non-Chinese origin to become a member of the Communist Party of China. 近半個世紀友誼──宋慶齡與愛潑斯坦http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150719/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160306/PDF/b9_screen.pdf “我父親是共產黨員。他結束醫學專業學習後，為反法西斯鬥爭貢獻力量，參加了西班牙內戰，失敗後援華抗戰。當時，中國是世界反法西斯戰爭東方主戰場。他所在的黨鼓勵他們去需要的地方，這是他們事先預想不到的。”克里斯蒂娜不緊不慢地説。 傅拉都是波蘭猶太人，一九一〇年六月二十七日生於華沙，一九二九年考入華沙大學法律系。不久，赴法國巴黎大學學醫，加入猶太人大學生左派組織──“鬥爭”，後參加波蘭共產黨與法國共產黨。 一九三六年西班牙內戰爆發，傅拉都激於義憤，參加反法西斯國際縱隊，並加入西班牙共產黨。一九三九年三月，他率領一支縱隊最後撤退法國，先後囚禁于聖西普里安與戈爾斯集中營。 在挪威救援中國與西班牙委員會安排下，一九三九年八月，傅拉都作為醫療隊負責人，率領九名國際縱隊醫護人員前往中國，他們是波蘭醫生陶維德、戎格曼及夫人、甘理安及夫人甘曼妮，捷克醫生柯理格，蘇聯醫生何樂經，匈牙利醫生沈恩，羅馬尼亞醫生柯列然。 醫療隊來到法國馬賽，與保加利亞醫生甘揚道，德國醫生巴利、顧泰爾，羅馬尼亞醫生楊固，奧地利醫生富華德，一起乘坐“安尼亞斯”號輪船，於九月十三日到達香港，保盟派人迎接，宋慶齡親自接待。隨後，他們繞道越南海防進入廣西，經柳州、南寧，於十月十六日抵達中國紅十字會救護總隊駐地──貴陽圖雲關。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/22/a18-0622.pdf polish helping in ww2
Taiwan
-波蘭總統府近日發布消息稱，波蘭總統杜達（AndrzejDuda）簽署《波蘭與台灣刑事司法合作協定》，協定內容包括刑事司法互助、引渡、受刑人移交、法律及實務見解的分享、追訴犯罪及犯罪預防資訊分享5大領域的刑事司法合作原則與程序。波蘭是歐洲首個與台灣簽署類似協定的國家。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210201/00178_001.html- interview with poland cg in hk hkej 23dec14 c3
- promotion of polish culture
- http://www.kochampolske.hk/ Established in 2018 with love for Poland, Kocham Polske HK is operated by a Hong Kong registered private company. We work closely with the Consulate General of Poland in Hong Kong, the local Polish community and Polish brands, individuals & corporations under 4 core themes: CULTURE, TRAVEL, STUDY, SHOP. Our Polish Cultural Space & Gallery in Wanchai is in a neighborhood of charming cultural treasures. The SPACE carries Poland-related reference books & travel information. The GALLERY showcases Polish specialties including amber jewellery, decorative art & lifestyle products.
- polishfood.hk is a polish owned and managed company registered in hk and specialising in importing, distributing and pomoting selected polish food products.
- textile
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/03/14/b06-0314.pdf 台灣紡拓會與波蘭成衣製造商協會（Polish Clothing Manufacturers Association）於今年2月3日簽署合作備 忘錄。內容包括：增進台波紡織成衣業的貿易和投資、 工業和商業合作、保護智慧財產權、資訊交流和對尋找 貿易對象提供支持、訓練紡織成衣業專業人才。 波蘭時尚產業近年來蓬勃發展，華沙已成為時尚之 都。在以創新功能性紡織品為展出主軸的台北紡織展 （TITAS）上，許多波蘭買主前來尋找功能性布料。 紡拓會歡迎波蘭組團來TITAS參觀採購，並邀請波蘭 設計師參加台北魅力展(TIS)，共同合作開拓更廣大的 國際市場。 波蘭成衣製造商協會總部位於全歐洲唯一的時裝城 所在的烏茲市，該地區群聚2,500家服裝製造商，已成 為波蘭服裝出口的最大中心。兩會的合作，必可為兩 地業者帶來龐大商機。
-匯集逾140幅國際海報大師作品的展覽「海報化：波蘭海報藝術展在香港」（Posterized: Warsaw International Poster Biennale in Hong Kong）現正在PMQ元創方舉行。展覽以華沙國際海報雙年展過去50年共26屆的得獎作品為軌跡，分「思潮」、「文化」和「廣告」三個類別作主題式回顧，涵蓋來自23個國家及地區的120位設計師代表作。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/231106/2021/0328/567856.html
- delegation from hk- http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201705/0510/HZ16510CSTA.pdf new territories youth association delegastion led by chan hang bun
- 攝影師避港樓 波蘭建家http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20180319/00269_002.html
- 波蘭美女Ewa Stachurska（譯名伊婉），當年因陪同丈夫到上海工作，便膽粗粗向所任職的遊艇公司提出Home Office建議。豈料老闆反而讓她在上海開設分公司，並開拓中國市場，當時三十一歲已成為公司董事總經理，其後更來港發展。她現於另一家遊艇公司任職高層，早在法國置業，希望每年買多一層樓，目標地區是法國、波蘭等http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20181224/00269_002.html
- 在波蘭鄉村小鎮出生的Michal Szczecinski，在機緣巧合下來港，結識到本地初創公司的創辦人，認為香港機會處處，於是毅然放棄在英國的穩定工作，前來做開荒牛。打拚數年，公司已搖身一變成為市值逾10億美元的「獨角獸」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190128/00269_002.html
- youth exchange
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/05/a14-0505.pdf 新界 青年聯會於4月20日至 27 日舉辦「一帶一路 ．波蘭交流考察團」， 由該會主席陳恒鑌率團 赴波蘭考察，了解當地 人文文化、經濟發展和 政府政策等。
- 香港大學成立的自資學院──明德學院 ，早前有20多名學生獲得「林健忠交流獎學金」資助 ，展開為期10天的波蘭文化交流之旅http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180302/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
Topics of interest
- http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/27/travel/poland-secret-ruins-photos/index.htmletymology
Royalty
- The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the Great. Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia and in the Duchies of Silesia until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The early dukes and kings of Poland regarded themselves as descendants of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (Piast Kołodziej), first mentioned in the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum(Chronicles and deeds of the dukes or princes of the Poles), written c. 1113 by Gallus Anonymus. However, the term "Piast Dynasty" was not applied until the 17th century. In a historical work the expression Piast dynasty was introduced by the Polish historian Adam Naruszewicz, it is not documented in contemporary sources.
- Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He was the third[1] son of Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Kalisz, and the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and made it prosperous and wealthy. He reformed the Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced a legal code, gaining the title "the Polish Justinian". Casimir built extensively and founded the University of Kraków,[4] the oldest Polish university. He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers.Casimir left no lawful male heir to his throne, producing only daughters. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.
- John III Sobieski (Polish: Jan III Sobieski; Lithuanian: Jonas III Sobieskis; Latin: Ioannes III Sobiscius; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death, and one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sobieski's military skill, demonstrated in combating invasions by the Ottoman Empire, contributed to his prowess as King of Poland. His 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Popular among his subjects, he was an able military commander, most famous for his victory over the Turks at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. After his victories over them, the Ottomans called him the "Lion of Lechistan"; and the Pope hailed him as the savior of Christendom.John Sobieski was born on 17 August 1629, in Olesko, now Ukraine, then part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to a renowned noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Janina coat of arms. His father, Jakub Sobieski, was the Voivode of Ruthenia and Castellan of Kraków; his mother, Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.
- [booklet obtained from 2019 rbhk] he introduced turkish food culture and cuisine, and loved chocolate(during 17thc, except for spain, chocolate is a new thing).
- Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien (Polish: Maria Kazimiera d’Arquien), known also by the diminutive form "Marysieńka" (28 June 1641, Nevers – 30 January 1716, Blois) was queen consort to King John III Sobieski, from 1674 to 1696. She was first married to Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski in 1658, with whom she had four children, all died in infancy. Zamoyski died in 1665 and the widowed Marie Casimire eventually married Sobieski on the 14 July the same year. The couple had thirteen children together, but only four of them survived until adult age — Jakub, Aleksander, Konstanty and Teresa (who later became Kurfürstin of Bavaria and mother to Emperor Karl VII).
- [booklet obtained from 2019 tdc food fr introducing polish food] sobieski made marie coffee with fresh milk or cream (different from the turkish way of making coffee)
- Theresa Kunegunda (Polish: Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska, German: Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde) (4 March 1676 – 10 March 1730) was a Polish princess, an Electress of Bavaria and of the Electorate of the Palatinate. She also served as Regent of the Palatinate in 1704–05. Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska married Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, on 2 January 1695. She was mother of ten children by her husband, including Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and Clemens August of Bavaria, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, though only half of them survived till adulthood. In 1704–05, following the evacuation of the Bavarian court to the Spanish Netherlands after the defeat at the Battle of Blenheim, she apparently was in charge of the government in the Stewardship of Munich of the Electorate of Bavaria as Regent Princess. However, when Theresa Kunegunda had found love letters of the Countess of Arco, a mistress of Max Emanuel, she left Munich to see her mother in Venice. The army would not allow her to return. Therefore, Theresa spent ten years in exile, only returning in 1715.
- 公园始建时正值欧洲掀起中国文 化热。工程的出资人、波兰末代国王斯塔尼斯瓦夫便是这股热潮的鼓动者，于是公园中便有了中国大道和一座中国亭子。道路两旁竖立着的虽是欧洲风格的灯杆，但 路灯只要罩上中国的红灯笼，便散发着中国韵味了。公园中不小的池塘里，还有波兰和外国游客在划动那精緻的中国小龙舟呢。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180306/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
nobles
- The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] , exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host. It originated and gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 in Kingdom of Polandduring the reign of King Casimir III the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian-Ruthenian nobility formally joined this class. As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia and Livonia. The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.[3]:207Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.
- In Polish "dąb" means "oak."[39]:157 "Dąbrowa" means "oak forest," and "Dąbrówka" means "little oak forest" (or grove). In antiquity, the nobility used topographic surnames to identify themselves.[40] The expression "z" (meaning "from" sometimes "at") plus the name of one's patrimony or estate carried the same prestige as "de" in French names such as "de Châtellerault", and "von" or "zu" in German names such as "von Weizsäcker" or "zu Rhein".[41] In Polish "z Dąbrówki" and "Dąbrowski" mean the same thing: "of, from Dąbrówka."[39]:60 More precisely, "z Dąbrówki" means owning the patrimony or estate Dąbrówka, not necessarily originating from. Almost all the surnames of genuine Polish szlachta can be traced back to a patrimony or locality, despite time scattering most families far from their original home. John of Zamość called himself John Zamoyski, Stephen of Potok called himself Potocki. At least since the 17th century the surnames/cognomens of noble families became fixed and were inherited by following generations, remaining in that form until today. Prior to that time, a member of the family would simply use his Christian name (e.g., Jakub, Jan, Mikołaj, etc.), and the name of the coat of arms common to all members of his clan. A member of the family would be identified as, for example, "Jakub z Dąbrówki", herbu Radwan, (Jacob to/at Dąbrówki of the knights' clan Radwan coat of arms), or "Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło (cognomen) (later a przydomkiem/nickname/agnomen), herbu Radwan" (Jacob to/at [owning] Dąbrówki with the distinguishing name Żądło of the knights' clan Radwan coat of arms), or "Jakub Żądło, herbu Radwan". The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the nobility/szlachta. The nobility/szlachta in Poland, where Latin was written and spoken far and wide, used the Roman naming convention of the tria nomina (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen) to distinguish Polish citizens/nobles/szlachta from the peasantry and foreigners, hence why multiple surnames are associated with many Polish coat of arms.
- The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.
- Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic. Approximately 40% of all citizens population were Roman Catholic, 36% were Greek Catholic, 4% Orthodox with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations. In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended okoliczna szlachta. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.
- 從法律的角度看，當1795年波蘭被徹底瓜分之後，貴族身分法被廢除，貴族等級同告終結。部分貴族如盧博米爾斯基家族，設法在奧地利帝國或普魯士王國確認自己的貴族地位；少數貴族則在俄羅斯帝國確立自己的貴族地位；但什拉赫塔中的80%失去了貴族地位。這個被剝奪的階級成為整個19世紀激烈反俄情緒的發源地。1921年波蘭第二共和國正式代表波蘭復國，當時民主的波蘭議會正式確認廢族貴族特權。但什拉赫塔對於自己特殊身分的意識卻歷經種種災難而保留下來。最晚到1950年，社會學家發現马佐夫舍的集體農莊成員避免與「農民」的鄰居來往，採取衣著不同、語言相異，以及複雜的訂婚習俗等措施，來防止自己與非什拉赫塔的人士通婚。1990年共產主義的波蘭人民共和國垮台時，還有年輕的什拉赫塔後代佩帶刻有徽章的圖章指環已表明其身分。到了21世紀，波蘭人仍互稱對方為「閣下」、「夫人」，「什拉赫塔文化」已成為整個民族文化的重要組成部分。
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Friedrich-Nietzsche-describe-himself-as-Polish-instead-of-German He didn’t merely claim to have a Polish background. He claimed to have descended from the Polish nobility - szlachta. Church records trace the Nietzsche family tree to peasants. The Nietzsches might have aspired to an aristocratic background.
- Lubomirski is a Polish princely family. The Lubomirski family's coat of arms is the Drużyna coat of arms, which is similar to the Szreniawa coat of arms but without a cross.The history of the Szreniawici, or Drużynnici, family is closely linked with the rulers of the Piast dynasty. One of the Szreniawici was a canon at the Wawel court, and people using this coat of arms belonged to the inner circle of Bolesław Śmiały, according to Jan Długosz, in Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom of Poland (Roczniki czyli Kronikisławnego Królestwa Polskiego). The oldest document mentioning the Lubomirski family comes from the 11th century. It is in the property section of the Crown Register of 1682 in Kraków.
Government
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Poland(Polish: Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi) was formed on October 1999 from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Economy of Poland; the ministry can trace its history to 1944. http://www.minrol.gov.pl/eng/
- Agricultural Market Agency http://www.arr.gov.pl/
- Agricultural Market Agency (ARR) is a state institution supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as well as the Ministry of Finance within the scope of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU and related tasks. Since 1990 the ARR has been carrying out activities aimed at supporting and maintaining economic balance in the Polish agri-food sector. Since 2004 the Agency is an accredited EU Paying Agency distributing financial support and performing controls relative to manufacturing of agricultural products under the CAP.
- administers promotion funds for 9 types of agri-food products. The funds have been created with a view to supporting the agricultural marketing, consumption growth and promotion of agricultural and food products.
- takes part in international forum like the Annual Polish-Russian Entrepreneurs Forum of Agri-Food Sector and Polish-Belarusian Economic Forum 'Good Neighbourship'
- organiser of the Polish-Belarusian Seminar on the Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazahkstan, the seminars for entrepreneurs during SIAL trade fairs in Canada and France and seminars supporting commercial cooperation in agri-food sector with China, Vietnam and others.
- organised economic missions to Canada, Iraq and Algeria
- In 2012, ARR has launched a three-year programme promoting Polish food specialties sector as a part of the Ministry of Economy system project entitled: 'promotion of polish economy on international markets' under the Innovative Economy Operational Programme
- export refunds are paid in accordance with WTO
- The National Support Centre for Agriculture (KOWR) is a Polish public finance sector institution, supervised by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development and operating since 1 September 2017. It was established by merging two state agricultural agencies— the Agricultural Property Agency and the Agricultural Market Agency http://www.kowr.gov.pl/uploads/pliki/wydawnictwa/kowr_en_2018.pdf
- The Polish Investment and Trade Agency (Polish: Polska Agencja Inwestycji i Handlu, abbreviated to PAIH) is a Polish government agency which promotes Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 1992, the Polish Agency for Foreign Investment (PAIZ) was created, which in 2003 was merged with the Polish Information Agency (PAI) to form the currently named Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIiIZ) to co-ordinate the promotion of Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 2017 the Agency change the name to Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH).
army
- https://www.quora.com/Polish-arms-and-armor-resembled-that-of-western-medieval-knights-during-the-middle-ages-but-then-by-around-the-1500s-they-became-more-and-more-oriental-What-happened
Gdansk
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/06fba140-07ab-11e5-9579-00144feabdc0.html international companies are piling into Poland’s historic city of Gdansk as they look to the country’s fastest growing outsourcing destination as a way to cut costs while keeping expertise. Deutsche Bank, State Street and Toshiba are planning investments in Gdansk, according to three people with knowledge of the talks, as part of a rush into the city that could add 5,000 new jobs over the next two years.
Kazimierza Wielka is located in Lesser Poland Upland and historically belongs to the province of Lesser Poland. For most of its history, it was a village, and did not receive its town charter until 1959. The first mention of the village dates from 1320 during the reign of Wladyslaw Lokietek. At that time, its name was spelled Cazimiria and it belonged to the Kazimierski family. In the Kingdom of Poland, Kazimierza Wielka was located on the border of two Lesser Poland voivodeships - Sandomierz Voivodeship and Krakow Voivodeship. The village itself belonged to Proszowice County of Kraków Voivodeship, while neighboring Kazimierza Mala belonged to Wislica County of Sandomierz Voivodeship. In the 1560s, Kazimierza Wielka was one of centers of the Polish Brethren. At the end of the 18th century the estate was the property of the magnateŁubieński family. They established there one of the first sugar refineries in Poland in 1845. After the Partitions of Poland the village belonged to Austria and in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1919, Kazimierza Wielka returned to Poland, within Kielce Voivodeship. On September 5, 1939, a skirmish between the advancing Wehrmacht and Polish 55th Infantry Division took place in the village in which 60 Polish soldiers died. In 1956 Kazimierza Wielka County was created, and three years later, the village received its town rights.
- bull in emblem
- https://www.ft.com/content/969e018a-5f3c-11e8-ad91-e01af256df68
For 160 years, the “Lubna” sugar plant was the economic heart of Kazimierza Wielka, a small town in the farming stronghold of southeastern Poland. But in 2006, the German owner of the factory stunned residents by announcing that it was to close. Fuelled by the discovery of sulphur waters, and a grant from the EU, the municipality is preparing to build a spa which, if all goes according to plan, will be developed into a health resort to give the local economy a second pillar alongside its tradition of agriculture. Along with a host of other EU-funded projects in Kazimierza Wielka, the plan is an example of the role that European cash has played in the transformation of Poland’s economy since it joined the bloc a decade and a half ago. And it is an illustration of what is at stake for Poland as EU member states gear up for what are likely to be difficult negotiations over the bloc’s next seven-year budget.
Koszalin ([kɔˈʂalʲin] ); German: Köslin, Kashubian: Kòszalëno) is a city in Western Pomerania in north-western Poland. Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) which relates that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin.[citation needed] In 1214, Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertinemonastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów. New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.
- Coat of arms from ca. 1400-1800, showing the head of John the Baptist; Coat of arms of Köslin from 1800-1939 also has head of john the baptist; that is not in the present coat of arms
Mazovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland. Borders of the Mazovian Voivodeship, which was created in 1999, do not reflect exactly its original shape (they do not include historically Mazovian Łomża and Łowicz, meanwhile include Lesser Polish Radom and Siedlce), but are roughly similar. Historical Mazovia existed since the Middle Ages until the partitions of Poland and consisted of three voivodeships with the capitals in Warszawa, Płock and Rawa Mazowiecka. In a narrower sense, the Mazovian Voivodeship was only the first of them (which however encompassed most of the region, only without the western lands). Between 1816 and 1844 another Mazovian Voivodeship (from 1837 Governorate) existed, encompassing the south of the region (along with Łęczyca Land and south-eastern Kujawy). In the Middle Ages the main city of the region was Płock, but in the Early Modern Times it lost importance in favour of Warsaw. Since 1138 Mazovia had a separate branch of the Piast dynasty and was incorporated to the Polish Crown as late as in the 15th and 16th centuries. As much as over 20% of Mazovian population was the yeomanry (drobna szlachta). Inhabitants of Mazovia are Mazurzy (in the singular: Mazur) – hence the region of Masuria, settled by them.
- Mazowsze (in Polish "Państwowy Zespół Ludowy Pieśni i Tańca "Mazowsze"" – "State Folk Group of Song and Dance 'Mazowsze'") is a famous Polish folk group. It is named after the Mazowsze region of Poland.Mazowsze was established by a decree issued by the Ministry of Culture and Art on 8 November 1948. The decree ordered Professor Tadeusz Sygietyński to create a folk group that would maintain regional artistic traditions and the traditional folk repertoire of songs and dances of the Masovian countryside. The group was intended to protect this folk tradition from destruction and encapsulate its diversity, beauty and richness. At the beginning Mazowsze's repertoire contained songs and dances from only a few regions of Poland – Opoczno and Kurpie, but it soon extended its range by adopting the traditions of other regions.
Opole
- The origins of the first settlement are connected with the town being granted Magdeburg Rights in 1217 by Casimir I of Opole, the great-grandson of Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. During the Medieval Period and the Renaissance the city was known as a centre of commerce due to its position on the intersection of several main trade routes, which helped to generate steady profits from transit trade. The name "Opole" likely originated from the medieval Slavic term for a group of settlements.Prior to World War II it was located in eastern Germany and was one of the largest centres of Polish minority in the entire country. In 1945, according to Yalta and Potsdam Agreements, the region was assigned to Poland.
Siedlce is a part of the historical province of Lesser Poland, was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as Siedlecz in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local nobleman Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town, which until the Partitions of Poland belonged to Lesser Poland’s Lublin Voivodeship, was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund the Old. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. In the 16th century, and until the mid-17th century, Siedlce prospered, with its population quickly growing and a number of artisans opening their shops here. The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland’s towns and cities, was burned by the Cossacks, Tatars, Muscovities, Swedes and the Transylvanians. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the Czartoryski family, as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by Kazimierz Czartoryski, the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married Hetman Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, the town passed over to the Ogiński family.
- jews
弗罗茨瓦夫（波兰语：Wrocław；德语：Breslau，布雷斯勞、布列斯勞、洛克勞；捷克语：Vratislav；拉丁语：Wratislavia 或 Vratislavia）Traditionally, the city is believed to be named after Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who ruled the region between 915 and 921. The city's name first appeared in the 10th century probably as Vratislava. The oldest surviving document containing the recorded name of the city is the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg form the early 11th century, which records the city's name as "Wrotizlava", and cites it as a seat of a new bishopric at the Congress of Gniezno. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.The original Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. In the Polish language, the city's name Wrocław derives from the name Wrocisław, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech name Vratislav. The earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language use the letter /l/ instead of /ł/. By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[13] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau or Breßlau among others.[14] In other languages, the city's name is: modern Czech: Vratislav, Hungarian: Boroszló, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), Yiddish: ברעסלוי (Bresloi), Silesian German: Brassel, and Latin: Vratislavia, Wratislavia or Budorgis.[15][16]People born or resident in the city are known as "Vratislavians" (Polish: wrocławianie).
- pronunciation
zalipie
- well known for floral motifs
茲蓋日縣Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland.ズギェシは1999年の大合併以降、ウッチ県に属している。大合併以前はウッチ中央県（Łódź Metro Voivodeship）に属していた。ズギェシ郡の中心地でもある。ズギェシは中央ポーランドの最古の都市の1つである。1244年以前には既に、都市権を得たことが分かっている。また、ホテルや会議室だけでなく、巨大なプールやテニスコートも所有する、ポーランドで最も大きいレクリエーションの複合施設である「Nowa Gdynia（新しいグディニャ）」がある。
Association
- diplomacy
- economics
- intelligentsia
- food
political party
- Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość; PiS) is a national-conservative, Christian democratic, populist political party in Poland. With 237 seats in the Sejm and 66 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish parliament. The party was founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław. It was formed from part of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), with the Christian democraticCentre Agreement forming the new party's core.[31] The party won the 2005 election, while Lech Kaczyński won the presidency. Jarosław served as Prime Minister, before calling elections in 2007, in which the party came in second to Civic Platform (PO). Several leading members, including sitting president Lech Kaczyński, died in a plane crash in 2010. The party programme is dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law and order agenda. It has embraced economic interventionism, while maintaining a socially conservative stance that in 2005 moved towards the Catholic Church; the party's Catholic-nationalist wing split off in 2011 to form Solidary Poland. The party is solidarist and mildly Eurosceptic, and shares similar political tactics with Hungary's Fidesz but with anti-Russian stances. PiS is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) European political party.
Company
- conglomerate
- bank
- agriculture
- food
- telecommunications
- wood/forestry
- fashion
Łukasiewicz became a wealthy man and one of the most prominent philanthropists in Central Europe's Galicia. Because of his support for the region's economic development, a popular saying attributed all paved roads to his guldens.
- Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ]; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher born in Lwów, which, before the Polish partitions, was in Poland, Galicia, then Austria-Hungary. His work centred on analytical philosophy, mathematical logic, and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle. Modern work on Aristotle's logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Łukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm. The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley—which inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is still regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.
- Jan Kulczyk
- Poland China Regional Forum http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/23/c_124616107.htm, http://en.cpaffc.org.cn/content/details21-22711.html, http://shanghai.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/regional_forum_poland_china, http://english.us.edu.pl/1st-regional-forum-poland-china-gdansk, http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/msz_w_mediach/gdansk__i_forum_regionalne_polska_chiny__depesza_pap_22_04_2013;jsessionid=F18E4434EDA7A9FC1E55CB106B5DF6B5.cmsap2p
- aircraft
- railway
- telecom
- agricultural produce
- people
Hong Kong
- interview with poland cg in hk hkej 23dec14 c3
- promotion of polish culture
- textile
- youth exchange
Topics of interest
- http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/27/travel/poland-secret-ruins-photos/index.html
Gdansk
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/06fba140-07ab-11e5-9579-00144feabdc0.html international companies are piling into Poland’s historic city of Gdansk as they look to the country’s fastest growing outsourcing destination as a way to cut costs while keeping expertise. Deutsche Bank, State Street and Toshiba are planning investments in Gdansk, according to three people with knowledge of the talks, as part of a rush into the city that could add 5,000 new jobs over the next two years.
Kazimierza Wielka is located in Lesser Poland Upland and historically belongs to the province of Lesser Poland. For most of its history, it was a village, and did not receive its town charter until 1959. The first mention of the village dates from 1320 during the reign of Wladyslaw Lokietek. At that time, its name was spelled Cazimiria and it belonged to the Kazimierski family. In the Kingdom of Poland, Kazimierza Wielka was located on the border of two Lesser Poland voivodeships - Sandomierz Voivodeship and Krakow Voivodeship. The village itself belonged to Proszowice County of Kraków Voivodeship, while neighboring Kazimierza Mala belonged to Wislica County of Sandomierz Voivodeship. In the 1560s, Kazimierza Wielka was one of centers of the Polish Brethren. At the end of the 18th century the estate was the property of the magnateŁubieński family. They established there one of the first sugar refineries in Poland in 1845. After the Partitions of Poland the village belonged to Austria and in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1919, Kazimierza Wielka returned to Poland, within Kielce Voivodeship. On September 5, 1939, a skirmish between the advancing Wehrmacht and Polish 55th Infantry Division took place in the village in which 60 Polish soldiers died. In 1956 Kazimierza Wielka County was created, and three years later, the village received its town rights.
- bull in emblem
- https://www.ft.com/content/969e018a-5f3c-11e8-ad91-e01af256df68
For 160 years, the “Lubna” sugar plant was the economic heart of Kazimierza Wielka, a small town in the farming stronghold of southeastern Poland. But in 2006, the German owner of the factory stunned residents by announcing that it was to close. Fuelled by the discovery of sulphur waters, and a grant from the EU, the municipality is preparing to build a spa which, if all goes according to plan, will be developed into a health resort to give the local economy a second pillar alongside its tradition of agriculture. Along with a host of other EU-funded projects in Kazimierza Wielka, the plan is an example of the role that European cash has played in the transformation of Poland’s economy since it joined the bloc a decade and a half ago. And it is an illustration of what is at stake for Poland as EU member states gear up for what are likely to be difficult negotiations over the bloc’s next seven-year budget.
Koszalin ([kɔˈʂalʲin] ); German: Köslin, Kashubian: Kòszalëno) is a city in Western Pomerania in north-western Poland. Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) which relates that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin.[citation needed] In 1214, Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertinemonastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów. New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.
- Coat of arms from ca. 1400-1800, showing the head of John the Baptist; Coat of arms of Köslin from 1800-1939 also has head of john the baptist; that is not in the present coat of arms
Mazovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland. Borders of the Mazovian Voivodeship, which was created in 1999, do not reflect exactly its original shape (they do not include historically Mazovian Łomża and Łowicz, meanwhile include Lesser Polish Radom and Siedlce), but are roughly similar. Historical Mazovia existed since the Middle Ages until the partitions of Poland and consisted of three voivodeships with the capitals in Warszawa, Płock and Rawa Mazowiecka. In a narrower sense, the Mazovian Voivodeship was only the first of them (which however encompassed most of the region, only without the western lands). Between 1816 and 1844 another Mazovian Voivodeship (from 1837 Governorate) existed, encompassing the south of the region (along with Łęczyca Land and south-eastern Kujawy). In the Middle Ages the main city of the region was Płock, but in the Early Modern Times it lost importance in favour of Warsaw. Since 1138 Mazovia had a separate branch of the Piast dynasty and was incorporated to the Polish Crown as late as in the 15th and 16th centuries. As much as over 20% of Mazovian population was the yeomanry (drobna szlachta). Inhabitants of Mazovia are Mazurzy (in the singular: Mazur) – hence the region of Masuria, settled by them.
- Mazowsze (in Polish "Państwowy Zespół Ludowy Pieśni i Tańca "Mazowsze"" – "State Folk Group of Song and Dance 'Mazowsze'") is a famous Polish folk group. It is named after the Mazowsze region of Poland.Mazowsze was established by a decree issued by the Ministry of Culture and Art on 8 November 1948. The decree ordered Professor Tadeusz Sygietyński to create a folk group that would maintain regional artistic traditions and the traditional folk repertoire of songs and dances of the Masovian countryside. The group was intended to protect this folk tradition from destruction and encapsulate its diversity, beauty and richness. At the beginning Mazowsze's repertoire contained songs and dances from only a few regions of Poland – Opoczno and Kurpie, but it soon extended its range by adopting the traditions of other regions.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170722/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
Opole
- The origins of the first settlement are connected with the town being granted Magdeburg Rights in 1217 by Casimir I of Opole, the great-grandson of Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. During the Medieval Period and the Renaissance the city was known as a centre of commerce due to its position on the intersection of several main trade routes, which helped to generate steady profits from transit trade. The name "Opole" likely originated from the medieval Slavic term for a group of settlements.Prior to World War II it was located in eastern Germany and was one of the largest centres of Polish minority in the entire country. In 1945, according to Yalta and Potsdam Agreements, the region was assigned to Poland.
Siedlce is a part of the historical province of Lesser Poland, was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as Siedlecz in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local nobleman Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town, which until the Partitions of Poland belonged to Lesser Poland’s Lublin Voivodeship, was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund the Old. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. In the 16th century, and until the mid-17th century, Siedlce prospered, with its population quickly growing and a number of artisans opening their shops here. The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland’s towns and cities, was burned by the Cossacks, Tatars, Muscovities, Swedes and the Transylvanians. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the Czartoryski family, as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by Kazimierz Czartoryski, the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married Hetman Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, the town passed over to the Ogiński family.
- jews
- synagogue in ghetto was burned by nazis on christmas eve 1939. A few scrolls were saved in advance (isaiah scrolls, minor prophets scroll (jonah)).
Wawel ( [ˈvavɛl]) is a fortified architectural complex erected over many centuries atop a limestone outcrop on the left bank of the Vistula river in Kraków, Poland, at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level. The complex consists of many buildings and fortifications; the largest and best known of these are the Royal Castle and the Wawel Cathedral (which is the Basilica of St Stanisław and St Wacław). Some of Wawel's oldest stone buildings, such as the Rotunda of the Virgin Mary can be dated to 970AD. There are also wooden parts of the complex which date to about the 9th century.[3] The castle itself has been described as "one of the most fascinating of all European castles." Wawel is a place of great significance to the Polish people: it first became a political power centre at the end of the first millennium AD and in the 9th century, the principal fortified castrum of the Vistulans tribe (Polish: Wiślanie). The first historical ruler Mieszko I of Poland (c.965–992) of the Piast dynasty and his successors: Boleslaw I the Brave (Polish: Bolesław I Chrobry; 992–1025) and Mieszko II (1025–1034) chose Wawel to be one of their residences. At the same time Wawel became one of the principal Polish centres of Christianity. The first early Romanesque buildings were erected there including a stone cathedral serving the bishopricof Kraków in the year 1000. From the reign of Casimir the Restorer (1034–1058) Wawel became the leading political and administrative centre for the Polish State. Until 1611, the Wawel was the formal seat of the Polish monarchy; this was because Kraków was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569 and of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596. Later, it became the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Therefore, the fortress-like Wawel complex which visually dominates the city has often been viewed as seat of power. Wawel Cathedral was not only a place of coronation for the Kings of Poland, but also their mausoleum. Later, it became a national pantheon. During the 20th century, the Wawel was the residence of the President of Poland; after the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II, Kraków became the seat of Germany's General Government, and the Wawel subsequently became the residence of the Nazi Governor General Hans Frank. Following the cessation of hostilities, the Wawel was restored and once again become a national museum, a place of worship and centre depicting Poland's complex history.
- The Wawel Dragon (Polish: Smok Wawelski), also known as the Dragon of Wawel Hill, is a famous dragon in Polish folklore. His lair was in a cave at the foot of Wawel Hill on the bank of the Vistula River. Wawel Hill is in Kraków, which was then the capital of Poland. It was defeated during the rule of Krakus, by his sons according to the earliest account; in a later work, the dragon-slaying is credited to a cobbler named Skuba.The oldest known telling of the story comes from the 13th-century work attributed to Bishop of Kraków and historian of Poland, Wincenty Kadłubek. The inspiration for the name of Skuba was probably a church of St. Jacob (pol. Kuba), which was situated near the Wawel Castle. In one of the hagiographic stories about St. Jacob, he defeats a fire-breathing dragon.
喀爾巴阡山省Podkarpackie Voivodeship or Podkarpackie Province[2] (in Polish: województwo podkarpackie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔtkarˈpatskʲɛ], Slovak: Podkarpatské vojvodstvo, Ukrainian: Підкарпатське воєводство), also known as Subcarpathian Voivodeship or Subcarpathia Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in southeastern corner of Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów. Along with the Marshall, it is governed by the Subcarpathian Regional Assembly. Historically, most of the province's territory was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In the interwar period, it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship.El voivodato de Subcarpacia in spanish La voïvodie des Basses-Carpates in french The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Krosno and (partially) Tarnów and Tarnobrzeg Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998. The name derives from the region's location near the Carpathian Mountains, and the voivodeship comprises areas of two historic regions of Eastern Europe — Lesser Poland (western and northwestern counties) and Red Ruthenia. During the interwar period(1918-1939), Subcarpathian Voivodeship belonged to "Poland B", the less-developed, more rural parts of Poland. To boost the local economy, the government of the Second Polish Republic began in the mid-1930s a massive program of industrialization, known as the Central Industrial Region. The program created several major armament factories, including PZL Mielec, PZL Rzeszów, Huta Stalowa Wola, and factories in other Subcarpathian towns such as Dębica, Nowa Dęba, Sanok, Tarnobrzeg and Nowa Sarzyna. One of the names that was proposed for this voivodeship, was Galician, referring to the old historical region of Galicia. Despite having the approval of the population, the name that was put at the end was Subcarpathian, although it has never been called this way before.
-Coat of arms include a cross like shape of spcc emblem
-梅萊茨Mielec [ˈmʲɛlɛt͡s] (Yiddish: מעליץ-Melitz) is the largest city and seat of Mielec County. Mielec is located in south-eastern Poland (Lesser Poland), in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship(Województwo Podkarpackie).Mielec is an industrial center, with technical and IT schools, craft schools and colleges (providing bachelor's degree and master's degree in several fields of study. Postgraduate studies are also available - e.g. MBA). The city has Special Economic Zone Euro-Park Mielec[3] with access to Mielec Airport and railway. The first mention of a place called Mielec occurs in the thirteenth century in the 1229 bull of Pope Gregory IX. In the second half of the fourteenth century, "Mielecka" was mentioned in a list of parishes. The city of Mielec, part of Sandomierz Voivodeship and Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown, was founded on 17 March 1457, when King Casimir IV granted a charter to Jan Mielecki for the establishment of a city under the name of Nowy Targ. For unknown reasons Jan Mielecki did not go on to found the city; it was eventually established by his two sons, Jan and Bernardyn, by an Act of 18 December 1470. The Mielecki family owned the town of Mielec until the last of the Mieleckis died in 1771. Under their rule, there was intensive development of craft industries. In 1522, the first guild was founded. This was the blacksmiths' guild. It was followed by guilds of tailors, cobblers, potters, spinners, and weavers.The next owners of Mielec were the Ossolinski and Morsztyn families.
弗罗茨瓦夫（波兰语：Wrocław；德语：Breslau，布雷斯勞、布列斯勞、洛克勞；捷克语：Vratislav；拉丁语：Wratislavia 或 Vratislavia）Traditionally, the city is believed to be named after Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who ruled the region between 915 and 921. The city's name first appeared in the 10th century probably as Vratislava. The oldest surviving document containing the recorded name of the city is the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg form the early 11th century, which records the city's name as "Wrotizlava", and cites it as a seat of a new bishopric at the Congress of Gniezno. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.The original Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. In the Polish language, the city's name Wrocław derives from the name Wrocisław, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech name Vratislav. The earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language use the letter /l/ instead of /ł/. By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[13] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau or Breßlau among others.[14] In other languages, the city's name is: modern Czech: Vratislav, Hungarian: Boroszló, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), Yiddish: ברעסלוי (Bresloi), Silesian German: Brassel, and Latin: Vratislavia, Wratislavia or Budorgis.[15][16]People born or resident in the city are known as "Vratislavians" (Polish: wrocławianie).
- pronunciation
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Polish-use-such-strange-spelling-For-example-Wroc%C5%82aw-is-pronounced-VROTS-waff-why-not-simply-spell-it-Vrotswaff
zalipie
- well known for floral motifs
茲蓋日縣Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland.ズギェシは1999年の大合併以降、ウッチ県に属している。大合併以前はウッチ中央県（Łódź Metro Voivodeship）に属していた。ズギェシ郡の中心地でもある。ズギェシは中央ポーランドの最古の都市の1つである。1244年以前には既に、都市権を得たことが分かっている。また、ホテルや会議室だけでなく、巨大なプールやテニスコートも所有する、ポーランドで最も大きいレクリエーションの複合施設である「Nowa Gdynia（新しいグディニャ）」がある。
- diplomacy
- http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/ministry/foreign_service/polish_institute_of_diplomacy/ On 1 October 2012 Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski established the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Polish Institute of Diplomacy. The Institute operates as a state budget entity subordinate to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Foreign Minister has appointed Ambassador Katarzyna Skórzyńska to head the Institute. The key task of the new unit is to train and develop the professional skills of members of the Polish diplomatic corps. Another major role played by the Institute is the dissemination of knowledge of the Polish diplomatic service and its history. The Institute organizes trainings, which include specialized courses, language workshops, and a preparatory course for the diplomatic-consular examination. It holds seminars and conferences and undertakes publishing activities. One of the fundamental principles guiding the Institute in its work is across-the-board cooperation with partners in Poland and abroad.
- economics
- Polish Economic Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, PTE) is an independent national association of economists.http://www.pte.pl/198_English_version.html
- Malopolska Regional Development Agency is the leading regional organisation in the field of business development. The Agency specialises in providing comprehensive know-how and modern financial solutions to businesses. It provides services related to the acquisition of EU funds, and helps entrpreneurs invest safely in the region. http://www.en.marr.pl/
- intelligentsia
- Krytyka Polityczna ( [ˈkrɨtɨka pɔliˈtɨt͡ʂna]; "The Political Critique") is a circle of Polish left-wing intellectuals gathered around a journal of the same title founded by Sławomir Sierakowski in 2002. The name draws on the tradition of Young Poland’s "Krytyka" (The Critique), a monthly magazine published by Wilhelm Feldman at the beginning of the 20th century, and on the samizdat "Krytyka" which served as a forum for opposition writers and journalists in the 1970s and 1980s. The aim of Krytyka Polityczna is to revive the tradition of engaged Polish intelligentsia. From the outset the activities of “Krytyka Polityczna” have focused on three main fields: social science, culture and politics to show that the social sciences, the arts and politics differ only in their means of expression, whereas what they have in common is the impact they have on social reality. The fundamental aim of “Krytyka Polityczna” is to prepare and introduce into the public sphere a project of struggle against economic and social exclusion. Another goal is to spread the idea of deep European integration.
- food
- Association of Butchers and Meat http://www.srw.org.pl/
- national association of dairy cooperatives revisory association http://www.mleczarstwopolskie.pl/
- Association of polish chocolate and confectionery producers www.polbisco.pl
- OSSKiC - Ogólnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Szefów Kuchni i Cukierni http://osskic.org.pl/
political party
- Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość; PiS) is a national-conservative, Christian democratic, populist political party in Poland. With 237 seats in the Sejm and 66 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish parliament. The party was founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław. It was formed from part of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), with the Christian democraticCentre Agreement forming the new party's core.[31] The party won the 2005 election, while Lech Kaczyński won the presidency. Jarosław served as Prime Minister, before calling elections in 2007, in which the party came in second to Civic Platform (PO). Several leading members, including sitting president Lech Kaczyński, died in a plane crash in 2010. The party programme is dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law and order agenda. It has embraced economic interventionism, while maintaining a socially conservative stance that in 2005 moved towards the Catholic Church; the party's Catholic-nationalist wing split off in 2011 to form Solidary Poland. The party is solidarist and mildly Eurosceptic, and shares similar political tactics with Hungary's Fidesz but with anti-Russian stances. PiS is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) European political party.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-media/polish-government-to-repolonize-media-in-next-term-deputy-pm-says-idUSKCN1TL1EX Poland’s ruling party will have the task of “repolonizing” the country’s media if it wins elections scheduled for October or November, a deputy prime minister said. The Law and Justice party (PiS has long suggested that it would try to bring foreign-owned media outlets under Polish control, leading to opposition accusations the party wants muzzle the press.
Company
- conglomerate
- Eurocash S.A. is a corporate group holding numerous enterprises, inter alia: Eurocash Cash&Carry, Eurocash Serwis as well as the retail chains of ABC, 1 minute, Delikatesy Centrum, Groszek, Lewiatan and Mila. The largest share holder (44%) of the company is the Portuguese Luis Amaral, who in 2003 acquired a share in his former employer Jerónimo Martins. Since February 2005, Eurocash holds a place on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
- http://bzkholding.pl/engroup of production companies operating and developing by leaps and bounds in the sector of renewable fuels, chemicals; grain and dairy industry.
- KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. (Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi), commonly known as KGHM, is a Polish multinational corporation that employs near 34,000 people around the world and has been a leader in copper and silver production for more than 50 years. In 1991, the company was established as a state enterprise and since 1997, their shares have been traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Currently, KGHM operates 9 open-pit and underground mines located in Poland, Canada, the USA and Chile and is actively advancing 4 projects. KGHM produces key global resources including copper, copper sulphate, gold, silver, nickel, nickel sulphate, molybdenum, rhenium, lead, sulphuric acid, selenium and platinum group metals.KGHM is based in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Lubin, Poland.In 1951, the construction of the Copper Smelter in Legnica was commenced to smelt copper from the ore mined in the so-called old Lower Silesian copper basin ("Lena" and "Konrad" mines). In 1957, Jan Wyżykowski discovered copper ore deposits near Lubin and Polkowice ("Sieroszowice" field). On December 28, 1959 by the decision of the Ministry of Heavy Industry, Zakłady Górnicze "Lubin" was established as a state owned company and in 1961, transformed into Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi (KGHM), which was supposed to deal with the extraction and processing of copper extracted from the newly discovered fields. At the same time, KGHM incorporated two copper mines in the Sudetenland from the old copper-bearing basin (closed in 1973 - "Lena" and in 1987 - "Konrad").
- bank
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0522912e-c261-11e4-ad89-00144feab7de.html Cezary Stypułkowski looks more a Silicon Valley investor than a banking executive. The head of mBank, Poland’s third-largest retail bank, is trying his best to be both. Mr Stypułkowski says mBank is the most innovative of its kind in Poland, itself considered by some as the EU’s banking laboratory. Most of mBank’s customers secure loan approvals in 30 seconds through their iPhones, or are talked through mortgage plans by service agents on Skype. Paper statements are not an option. In Poland cheques are almost non-existent, contactless payment is the norm and in the past decade, 13 new banks have appeared, fuelled by an absence of longstanding incumbents. "Basically now every bank is offering you internet banking. But not every bank has the internet in its DNA,” says Mr Stypułkowski. “We have to be at the forefront of innovation. Other competitors have woken up, they have built up their own solutions.”
- Idea Bank Spółka Akcyjna (formerly GMAC Bank Polska SA) is a bank in Poland, which began operations in 1991. The bank's domain is the financial service of small business entities; micro, small and medium enterprises. Idea Bank is controlled by Getin Holding and Getin Noble Bank. Main shareholder is a Polish billionaire Leszek Czarnecki.The operational activities were undertaken by the company in 1991 and are continued to this day. The bank operated as Polbank SA and later as Opel Bank SA. Pursuant to the order of 26 July 2001, the name was changed to GMAC Bank Polska SA (the notarial deed of the amendment was made on May 24, 2001). Then, by virtue of the order of 13 October 2010, the name was changed to Idea Bank SA.
- energy
- Leszek Czarnecki (born 9 May 1962 in Wrocław) is a Polish billionaire. His main business activity is banking. He is an engineer by education and a doctor of economics. Graduate of Harvard Business School (AMP). Since 2006 he lives in Malta.
- Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo (PGNiG, literally: Polish Petroleum Mining and Gas Industry) is a Polish state-controlled oil and gas company, headquartered in Warsaw, Poland. The Company has branches and representative offices in Russia, Pakistan, Belarus and Ukraine and holds equity interests in some 30 subsidiaries, including providers of specialist geophysical, drilling and well services, highly valued on international markets.
- https://www.ft.com/content/ed5caa08-e33a-11e8-a6e5-792428919cee Poland’s state-owned energy group PGNiG has struck its second long-term deal for US liquefied natural gas in as many months, in the latest demonstration of the country’s determination to break the Russian stranglehold on its gas supplies.
- agriculture
- http://www.grupaeurosad.pl/en/
- www.bakoma.pl
- founded in 1989 and is the largest polish dairy producer, part of polish group of companies bzk group; export products to asia, america, africa and europe since 2004
- exhibited at 2019 tdc food fr
- Mlekovita (dairy)
- www.gobarto.pl
- among the largest polish producers of pork; listed on warsaw stock exchange in 2002; been a part of the cedrob capital group since 2014
- exhibited at 2019 tdc food fr
- food
- Krajowa spolka cukrowa (sugar)
- Pudliszki (ketchup)
- https://www.wawel.com.pl/en/ (confectionery)
- sweets of company served at film event of italian cg in hk (nov17)
- Vobro – jedno z największych przedsiębiorstw sektora przemysłu spożywczego w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim. Firma została założona w 1986 roku przez polskiego cukiernika Wojciecha Wojenkowskiego.Od 1996 roku firma jest laureatem wielu nagród i wyróżnień. W 2013 roku jej produkty po raz pierwszy znalazły się na wystawie Gulfood w Dubaju, uznawanej za największe na świecie targi związane z handlem żywnością i napojami.
- chocolates handed out by santa in hysan place in 2018 christmas
- www.primart.pl
- exhibited at 2019 tdc food fr
- telecommunications
- Play, P4 is a brand name of a Polish cellular telecommunications provider. Icelandic-led Novator acquired a large stake in the company. Play is the second biggest cellular network in Poland. PLAY uses EGSM 900 and GSM1800 for its 2G services, UMTS 2100 and UMTS 900 for 3G and LTE800, LTE1800, LTE2100 and LTE 2600 for LTE. Its MCC is 260-06. Thanks to domestic roaming with Polkomtel (Plus) and Era (T-Mobile.pl), Play is a nationwide cellular carrier.
- logistics
- inpost
- Polish parcel locker firm InPost INPST.ASsaid on Monday it was proposing to buyFrench parcel delivery platform Mondial Relay for about 565 million euros ($673.88 million) in cash as it looks to expand its international presence amid a booming e-commerce market.https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/polands-inpost-offers-to-buy-mondial-relay-for-%24674-mln-2021-03-15
- http://www.kompaniadrzewna.pl/
- fashion
- beauty personal care
- cosmetics
- press/newspaper
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Polish: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, UMK) is located in Toruń, Poland. The establishment of the university in a modern form began in the nineteenth century. During the partitions of Poland the Prussian government planned to create a University of Theology, which was to include faculties of law and economics, unfortunately this project did not materialise. In the interwar period the city authorities of Toruń again sought to establish a university. Soon after the annexation of Pomerania to the reborn Poland in 1920, a new phase of efforts to develop the university began. Even before 1920 the Supreme People's Council had considered the proposal to establish higher educational institutions in the Polish territories annexed by Prussia at the University of Gdansk and in Toruń. However, political developments and the uncertain future of Pomerania prompted the council's leadership to accept the December 1918 resolution of the Sejm to overlook Toruń as a location for a new university and instead go ahead with the development of a university in Poznań. In 1920, the first declaration requesting the establishment of a university was put forward in November by the National Workers Party whose members chose Toruń-born Nicolaus Copernicus to be the patron of the University. For this purpose a number of educational societies, such as the Baltic Institute (later transferred to Gdynia, and then to Gdańsk) amongst others, were established in the town. Finally in 1938 it was decided to set up the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń as a subsidiary of Poznań's Adam Mickiewicz University; work was to start at the beginning of 1940. This program, however, was interrupted by World War II. It was not until 1947, (two years after the creation of the Nicolaus Copernicus University) that prof. Karol Gorski revealed that before the outbreak of World War II there was an approved plan to open Poznań University long-distance division in Toruń in 1940, to teach the humanities and theology.
Industry
- agriculture
- apple
- energy
- legal
People
- Jakub Wejher (or Weyher, German Jakob Weiher) (1609 – 1657), was a member of the Polish line of the Weyher family, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and member of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth szlachta (nobility). His coat of arms was Wejher (also known as Skarzyna). Wejher was the Castellan of Puck and Voivode of Malbork(Marienburg) from 1643–1657, the Castellan of Chmielno, and the Starost of Człuchów, Kiszporek, Bychów andBrzechowo. He is remembered as a pious and tolerantmagnate and an experienced military leader.
- euduco kbc group
- exhibited at 2019 cosmoprof
- cosmetics
- eveline cosmetics
- exhibited at 2019 cosmoprof
- press/newspaper
- Rzeczpospolita ( [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlʲita]) is a nationwide daily economic and legal newspaper and the only conservative-liberal newspaper in Poland. It is issued by Gremi Media SA.
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Polish: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, UMK) is located in Toruń, Poland. The establishment of the university in a modern form began in the nineteenth century. During the partitions of Poland the Prussian government planned to create a University of Theology, which was to include faculties of law and economics, unfortunately this project did not materialise. In the interwar period the city authorities of Toruń again sought to establish a university. Soon after the annexation of Pomerania to the reborn Poland in 1920, a new phase of efforts to develop the university began. Even before 1920 the Supreme People's Council had considered the proposal to establish higher educational institutions in the Polish territories annexed by Prussia at the University of Gdansk and in Toruń. However, political developments and the uncertain future of Pomerania prompted the council's leadership to accept the December 1918 resolution of the Sejm to overlook Toruń as a location for a new university and instead go ahead with the development of a university in Poznań. In 1920, the first declaration requesting the establishment of a university was put forward in November by the National Workers Party whose members chose Toruń-born Nicolaus Copernicus to be the patron of the University. For this purpose a number of educational societies, such as the Baltic Institute (later transferred to Gdynia, and then to Gdańsk) amongst others, were established in the town. Finally in 1938 it was decided to set up the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń as a subsidiary of Poznań's Adam Mickiewicz University; work was to start at the beginning of 1940. This program, however, was interrupted by World War II. It was not until 1947, (two years after the creation of the Nicolaus Copernicus University) that prof. Karol Gorski revealed that before the outbreak of World War II there was an approved plan to open Poznań University long-distance division in Toruń in 1940, to teach the humanities and theology.
- note the sun logo
- 波蘭政府早前以涉嫌從事間諜活動，逮捕駐當地的華為公司前高層王偉晶，以及波蘭前特工杜爾巴伊洛。美國媒體日前報道，波蘭和美國政府正調查中國在波蘭建立的深厚網絡，更涉及波蘭軍事科技學院。報道指，該校畢業生通常於敏感的安全及軍事部門任職。杜爾巴伊洛曾在該校任教密碼學，王偉晶亦因華為舉辦的「種子比賽」曾到訪該校。近年該校學生頻頻勝出該比賽，勝出者獲安排免費往中國旅行，包括到訪華為深圳總部一星期，這些關連均令該校成為調查目標。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190127/00180_005.html
Industry
- agriculture
- https://www.ft.com/content/bffba838-7625-11e9-bbad-7c18c0ea0201 As Poland gears up for a string of elections, its countryside will be an important battleground. Four years ago, a strong showing in rural areas helped Jaroslaw Kaczynski’s Law and Justice party sweep to victory in Poland’s parliamentary elections. But with many farmers struggling, the party faces a battle to convince them to turn out for it again in the looming European and Polish parliamentary polls. For apple farmers like Mr Anyszkiewicz, the main problem is geopolitics. After the EU levied sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea, Moscow responded with sanctions on EU food. Overnight, Poland’s apple-growers lost their biggest export market, leaving them with a huge glut, and sending prices tumbling far below the cost of production. Poland’s fruit farmers are not alone. African swine flu has ravaged its pig farms. A drought has put pressure on everyone. And many farmers seethe at the fact that their counterparts in other EU states receive higher subsidies from the bloc. To shore up support among the country’s 2m or so farmers, Law and Justice last month promised to negotiate a greater share of EU agricultural funds for Poland; grant more subsidies to small farms; and introduce handouts for farmers who breed their own livestock, ranging from 100 zlotys per pig to 500 zlotys per cow.
- apple
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21659748-when-drinking-national-duty-apples-apples-everywhere
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4915277c-c0ed-11e4-9949-00144feab7de.html Warsaw will this week push the EU to loosen rules on state subsidies for Poland’s ailing but politically-sensitive coal mines in a bold election-year gambit that defies the bloc’s public embrace of green energy. The EU styles itself as a world leader on environmental issues and has been pushing to phase out coal in favour of cleaner renewable forms of energy. It typically approves government subsidies in the coal sector only if they are intended to help overcome the social and environmental problems associated with pit closures.
- energy
- 波蘭總統杜達前日表示，向波蘭輸送挪威天然氣的波羅的海天然氣管道即將動工。他指出，該天然氣管道工程將成為一個里程碑，見證波蘭不再依賴俄羅斯天然氣。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200506/00180_033.html
- legal
- https://www.ft.com/content/9a9796b6-67b2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614
Legislators from Poland’s ruling Law and Justice party have presented a draft bill that would force all members of the country’s Supreme Court to step down, except for those asked to stay on by the justice minister. The bill was posted on Poland’s parliamentary website late on Wednesday night, just hours after Law and Justice MPs pushed through a separate bill that will give parliament greater control over the body that appoints judges. Critics say the bill will undermine the independence of the judiciary. Since sweeping to power in 2015, Law and Justice (PiS) has made overhauling the judiciary one of its priorities, but its changes — most notably the defanging of the Constitutional Tribunal — have provoked fears in Brussels that the rule of law is being eroded. Last year the European Commission took the unprecedented step of launching a probe into whether Poland is in breach of the bloc’s “fundamental values”.
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/19/poland-may-lose-eu-voting-rights-over-judicial-independence The EU is on the brink of taking the nuclear option of stripping Poland of its voting rights in Brussels in response to plans by its rightwing government to “abolish” the independence of the country’s judiciary.
- Poland's lowering of the retirement age of Supreme Court judges is “contrary to EU law” and breaches the principles of judicial independence, the European Court of Justice ruled on Monday.https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/24/poland-law-reforms-break-eu-law-says-european-court-of-justice
People
- Jakub Wejher (or Weyher, German Jakob Weiher) (1609 – 1657), was a member of the Polish line of the Weyher family, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and member of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth szlachta (nobility). His coat of arms was Wejher (also known as Skarzyna). Wejher was the Castellan of Puck and Voivode of Malbork(Marienburg) from 1643–1657, the Castellan of Chmielno, and the Starost of Człuchów, Kiszporek, Bychów andBrzechowo. He is remembered as a pious and tolerantmagnate and an experienced military leader.
- The Czartoryski, feminine form:Czartoryska, plural: Czartoryscy(Ukrainian: Чарторийські, Chartoryisky; Чорторийські, Chortoryisky; Lithuanian:Čartoriskiai) is a Polish princely family ofLithuanian[3]-Ruthenian[4] origin also known as the Familia. The family, which derived their kin from the Gediminids dynasty,by the mid-17th century had split into two branches, based in the Klevan Castle and the Korets Castle, respectively. They used the Czartoryski coat of arms and were anoble family of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century.The Czartoryski is a family of a Grand Ducal Lithuanian descent from Ruthenia. Their ancestor is the Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas's son, known after his baptismal name Constantine (c. 1330 − 1390), who became a Prince of Chortoryisk in Volhynia. One of his sons Vasyli Chortoryiski (Wasyl Czartoryski) (c. 1375 – 1416) was granted an estate in Volhynia in 1393, and his three sons John, Alexander and Michael (c. 1400 – 1489) are considered the progenitors of the family. The founding members were Ruthenian andEastern Orthodox, and then converted to Roman Catholicism during the 16th century. It was Michael's descendant Prince Kazimierz Czartoryski (1674–1741) Duke of Klewan and Zukow (Klevan and Zhukiv), Castellan of Vilnius who reawakened their royal ambitions at the end of the 17th century. An intelligent, well educated man,[citation needed] he married Isabella Morsztyn daughter of the Grand Treasurer of Poland and built "The Familia" with their four children, Michał, August, Teodor and Konstancja. The family became known and powerful under the lead of brothers Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski and August Aleksander Czartoryski in the late Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of the 18th century, during the reigns of monarchsAugustus II the Strong and Stanisław I Leszczyński. The family attained the height of its influence from the mid-18th century in the court of Augustus III of Poland. The Czartoryski brothers gained a very powerful ally in their brother-in-law, Stanisław Poniatowski, whose son became the last king of independent Commonwealth, Stanisław August Poniatowski, near the end of the century. The Czartoryski's Familia have seen the decline of the Commonwealth and the rise ofanarchy and joined to camp which was determined to press ahead with the reforms, thus they sought the enactment of such constitutional reforms as the abolition of the liberum veto. Although the family estate at Puławy was confiscated by Russian Empire in 1794, during thethird partition of Poland, the Familia continued to wield significant cultural and political influence for decades after, notably through the princes Adam Kazimierz, Adam Jerzy andKonstanty Adam. The Czartoryski family is also renowned for the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków and Hôtel Lambert in Paris. Today, the only descendants of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski are Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski and his daughter Tamara Czartoryska who are living in the United Kingdom. The descendants of Prince Konstanty Adam Czartoryski live to this day in Poland and have their representatives in the Confederation of the Polish Nobility.
- The Poniatowski family became most prominent in the late 18th century and 19th century. In three generations the Poniatowski family rose from the rank of gentry to that of senator and then to royalty. The first information about the family dates back to the end of the 15th century, when they appeared in Poniatowa, 40 km west from Lublin in about 1446. Their family name derives from that place name. Poniatowa was the residence of several branches of the Poniatowski family: Tłuk,Jarasz and Ciołek. According to the family's history, the family had ties with the Italian nobility: Giuseppe Salinguerra, a member of the Italian family of Torelli, settled in Poland about the middle of the 17th century, and there assumed the name of Poniatowski from the estate of Poniatow, belonging to his wife, who was the daughter of Albert Poniatowski and Anna Leszczyńska. Modern historians however consider this story dubious, particularly as around the 18th century it was fashionable for Polish nobility to have relatives in Italy. On September 7, 1764, at Wola, the most famous member of the family, Stanisław Poniatowski was elected as King of Poland. In the same year the Coronation Sejm awarded the Poniatowski family the title of Prince of Poland. Nowadays, there are still Poniatowscy living in Poland, France, Mexico, Italy, Russia, the United States, Germany, and many other countries in the world.
- Stanisław II August (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798) was the last King and Grand Duke of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95). He remains a controversial figure in Polish history. Recognized as a great patron of the arts and sciences and a supporter of progressive reforms, he is also remembered as the last king of the Commonwealth whose election was marred by serious irregularities,[5] and the one who failed to prevent Poland's destruction.Arriving at the Russian imperial court in Saint Petersburg in 1755, he became romantically involved with the twenty-six-year-old Catherine Alexeievna (the future Empress Catherine the Great, reigned 1762–1796), three years his senior. With her support, in 1764 he was electedking of Poland. Against expectations, he attempted to reform and strengthen the ailing Commonwealth. His efforts met with external opposition from Prussia, Russia and Austria, all interested in keeping the Commonwealth weak; and from internal conservative interests, which saw reforms as threatening their traditional liberties and prerogatives.The defining crisis of his early reign, the War of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772), led to the First Partition of Poland (1772). The latter part of his reign saw reforms wrought by the Great Sejm (1788–1792) and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. These reforms were overthrown by the 1792 Targowica Confederation and by the War in Defense of the Constitution, leading directly to the Second Partition of Poland (1793), theKościuszko Uprising (1794) and the final Third Partition of Poland (1795), marking the end of the Commonwealth. Stripped of all meaningful power, Poniatowski abdicated in November 1795 and spent the last years of his life in semi-captivity in Saint Petersburg.A Polish noble of the Ciołek coat of arms and a member of the Poniatowski family, he was the son of Count Stanisław Poniatowski, Castellan ofKraków, and Princess Konstancja Czartoryska; brother of Michał Jerzy Poniatowski (1736–94), Primate of Poland; and uncle to Prince Józef Poniatowski, (1763–1813).
- Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski ( [ˈjuzɛf anˈtɔɲi pɔɲaˈtɔfskʲi]; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.
Łukasiewicz became a wealthy man and one of the most prominent philanthropists in Central Europe's Galicia. Because of his support for the region's economic development, a popular saying attributed all paved roads to his guldens.
- Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ]; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher born in Lwów, which, before the Polish partitions, was in Poland, Galicia, then Austria-Hungary. His work centred on analytical philosophy, mathematical logic, and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle. Modern work on Aristotle's logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Łukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm. The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley—which inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is still regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.
- Jan Kulczyk
- http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/07/29/uk-poland-kulczyk-idUKKCN0Q30PR20150729 Poland's richest man, Jan Kulczyk, died in Vienna on Tuesday from complications after surgery, a spokeswoman at Kulczyk Holding, the company he founded, said. He was 65. Kulczyk had for years topped the list of Poland's richest people, with Forbes Magazine estimating his assets this year at more than 15 billion zlotys (£2.5 billion). His business interests covered a range of industries, with a 3 percent stake in brewing company SABMiller his most valuable asset. A source said that Kulczyk's death was unexpected and the result of a routine medical treatment. Kulczyk Holding spokeswoman, Marta Wysocka declined to comment beyond saying he had died as a result of surgery complications in Vienna. Kulczyk, who had a doctorate in international law, took his first steps in business by setting up a trading company in 1981 known as Interkulpol. A few years later he became the first official Volkswagen dealer in Poland. Kulczyk held a significant stake in Poland's biggest telecom operator TPSA, now known as Orange Polska, after he bought shares in the company's privatisation in 2000. He was also a shareholder in Poland's biggest oil refiner PKN Orlen. Kulczyk's current assets include chemicals group Ciech, energy companies Polenergia and Serinus Energy and a number of international oil and gas businesses.
- Sebastian Kulczyk, son of Poland’s richest man, must decide how to reinvest his father’s fortune http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e38a002e-7e80-11e5-98fb-5a6d4728f74e.html
- Shimon Peres (Hebrew: שמעון פרס; born Szymon Perski; 2 August 1923 – 28 September 2016) was a Polish-born Israeli statesman. He was the ninth President of Israel from 2007 to 2014. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel and twice as Interim Prime Minister, and he was a member of 12cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to theKnesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President. Shimon Peres was born in Wiszniew, Poland (now Vishnyeva, Belarus), to Yitzhak (1896–1962) and Sara (1905–1969 née Meltzer) Perski. The family spoke Hebrew, Yiddish and Russianat home, and Peres learned Polish at school. He then learned to speak English and French in addition to Hebrew.
- Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (/ˈkʃɪʃtɒf ˌpɛndəˈrɛtski/; Polish: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ɛuˈɡɛɲuʂ pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi]; born 23 November 1933) is a Polish composer and conductor. Born in Dębica to a lawyer, Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków. After graduating from the Academy of Music, Penderecki became a teacher at the academy and he began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and the choral work St. Luke Passion, have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun, was not immediately successful. Beginning in the mid-1970s, Penderecki's composing style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone. His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s, with Penderecki expanding it in 1993 and 2005. Symphonies:
Ethnic group
- Kashubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi; Polish:Kaszubi; German: Kaschuben) also spelled as Kaszubians, Kassubians, Cassubians, Cashubes or Kashubs, and formerly known as Kashubes, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to asKashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish:Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien). They speak the Kashubian language, classified either as a separate language closely related to Polish, or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group. Kashubians are closely related to Poles.
Effect of Swiss currency delinking Euro
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-01/30/content_19445704.htm Polish authorities unveiled proposals on Wednesday aimed at helping more than 500,000 Poleswith Swiss franc loans, the payments of which are spiking after a surge in the franc. However, Economy Minister Janusz Piechocinski said Poland would not follow Hungary inmaking banks convert Swiss franc mortgages to the local currency at below the current marketrate. Instead, he said Poland will urge banks to let borrowers convert their loans into zlotys using theexchange rate of the day and with no commission. The Economy Ministry also suggests thatbanks allow a three-year suspension on loan repayments in case the franc appreciates further.
Outward FDI
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21633872-after-years-steady-growth-home-firms-are-venturing-abroad-growing-polish-apple
Population and immigration
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bb320c-9b05-11e4-882d-00144feabdc0.html Poland has some enviable numbers to support its claim of being Europe’s economic success story of the past decade. It has doubled its gross domestic product to $526bn, it is the only EU member state to avoid a recession after the financial crisis and its growth for the rest of the decade should be better than the eurozone and the OECD group of rich countries. But one statistic adds a chill to prospects for the country that sees its future as a central European power: its population has flatlined and is starting to decline. Young people are expanding their horizons, heading to London, Brussels and Dublin and, for now, are not coming home. As such, the country that has been exporting labour at an brisk rate since joining the EU in 2004 faces the threat of decades of falling worker numbers amid urgent calls for it to lower barriers to new migrants entering the country. At the same time, immigrants from neighbouring countries — Ukraine provides the most predictable stream of newcomers — are not offsetting the drain. “Poles are settling abroad [but] others are not settling here,” says Paulina Babis, head of integration at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. “[Poland] needs people to settle, to build families and careers and livelihoods.”
return of land to pre-war owners
- https://www.ft.com/content/3f1f6972-430c-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd the restitution of properties nationalised by Poland’s Communist regime that has left deep scars on both Warsaw’s society and the city itself. No precise figures exist, but activists say that over the past 30 years, thousands of tenants have had to leave their homes after they have been reprivatised. At the same time, the city’s development has been distorted: dotted across the Polish capital, spaces from flattened buildings yawn undeveloped; once-grand apartment blocks moulder while heirs fight over restitution; and, in the middle of one park, an owner has built a 2m-high concrete wall around a plot of reprivatised land. The root of the disputes lies in the postwar rebuilding of Warsaw. By 1945, around 85 per cent of the city’s buildings had been destroyed and its population reduced by almost three quarters to 330,000. To facilitate the reconstruction, the Communist regime led by Boleslaw Bierut passed a decree in October 1945 allowing the nationalisation of property within the city’s prewar borders. In theory, those expropriated could claim compensation. In reality, only a fraction of the roughly 17,000 claims were accepted. When the Iron Curtain fell, thousands of claims for restitution were made to city authorities. For many heirs, it was a matter of basic justice. “There are three natural rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property,” says Tadeusz Koss, a combative 83-year-old from the Association of Warsaw Property Owners, who is almost 15 years into a battle with the city over the use of family land on the corner of Marszalkowska and Swietokrzyska, two of central Warsaw’s main streets. Tenants’ groups say the question is not so simple. “You can’t change administrative decrees after 70 years, because so many other decisions were based on them,” says Jan Spiewak, a city counsellor at the forefront of the reprivatisation battle. “You can give compensation, but you can’t just return buildings and pretend that nothing has changed.”
Natural environment
- map
- Bialowieza
Polish roots
- http://www.polishroots.org/Home/tabid/37/Default.aspx PolishRoots covers all areas that were historically part of the Polish Commonwealth, from the 16th through the 18th centuries, throughout the years of partitions by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, through its rebirth in 1918, subsequent domination during World War II and post-War occupation, to its present freedom and struggle for independence through the latter 20th Century. We also promote Polonia, areas of Polish presence throughout the world regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political views. We cover everything Polish whether you have ancestry there for 500+ years, or you shop at a Polish deli down the street. We place no limitations!
Polish dishes
- 波蘭領事 自製思鄉菜http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/food/art/20150103/18989203
- Kartacze - balls of potato flour filled with meat and spices
- Pierogi - national dish, a kind of dumpling
- Bigos - polish stew
- Barszcz - beet soup
- Babka ziemniaczana - potato cake
- Kiszka ziemniaczana - potato sausage
- Buckwheat
- Berries
- Mushrooms
- Bison steak
- Zubr - beer with the bison
- Zubrowka (little bison) Wodka - wodka with a blade of bison grass
culture
- timber floating
- The history of the Polish musical Baroque opens with Mikołaj Zieleński’s monumental collection Offertoria et Communiones totius anni, published in 1611 in Venice. In his compositions, written for use during the whole liturgical year, Zieleński applies the polychoral technique characteristic of the Venetian school with Giovanni Gabrieli as its main representative. The mass cycles by two other eminent Polish composers of this period, Marcin Mielczewski and Bartłomiej Pękiel, also draw on the Italian style of the period. Pękiel was also the author of the first Polish oratorio, Audite mortales, frequently compared with Claudio Monteverdi’s best known works such as the famous Vespro della Beata Vergine.
film
- The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the leading Polish academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff. It was founded on 8 March 1948 in Łódź and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt after its destruction during World War II and the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and is one of the most prominent institutions of higher education in the city. The years leading up to the merger in 1958 were those in which notable artists of the Polish Film School created the reputation of the Łódź Film School as the most liberal and least Communist institution of higher education in Poland. Among the most notable alumni of that period were Andrzej Munk, Janusz Morgenstern, Andrzej Wajda and Kazimierz Kutz. In 1954 they were joined by Roman Polanski. After 1958 the school became one of the most notable cultural think-tanks of Poland, with many outsiders and artists not supported by the Communist authorities joining it. Various discussion clubs and relative liberty of speech promoted by the new rector, Jerzy Toeplitz, added to its value. For instance, two of the students of the university (Jerzy Matuszkiewicz and Witold Sobociński) became the first jazz musicians in Poland after World War II to be allowed by the authorities to organize a concert. Kirk Douglas visited the school in 1966. His visit was documented in Kirk Douglas the documentary.After the events of March 1968, the period of liberty came to an end. Toeplitz was fired, as were most of the tutors. However, with the advent of Edward Gierek and his regime, the school once again started to bloom.
polish (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-Kurwa-mean-when-translated-from-Polish-to-English
- letter ł
- comparison/relation with slav lanugages
- https://www.quora.com/In-Polish-names-end-with-ewsky-what-does-that-mean Most of the Polish surnames ending with “-ski” (never “-sky”) are names of the noble families. Suffix “–ski” was added to the name of the village or land property which particular family originally owned or from which it arised. For example the owner of Kowale might have got the surname Kowalski, that of Staniewo – Staniewski. However a lot of Polish peasants, burghers or Jews took a surname ending with –ski, as it was considered better, more noble, more Polish, than their original name.
polish (people)
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160929/PDF/a11_screen.pdf佩雷斯1923年8月2日出生於當時隸屬波蘭的小鎮維什涅瓦（現屬白俄羅斯）， 本名佩斯基，後取了猶太名字「佩雷斯」，意指老鷹。佩雷斯的父母並非正統派猶太教徒 ，但佩雷斯自小受祖父薰陶，成為虔誠信徒。
- http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/videos/1.702095 Former Israeli President Shimon Peres on Wednesday released a song [chinese melody] applauding the friendship between Chinese and Israeli peoples, and said that he wrote the song to extend his greetings to Chinese people.
- http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21707889-shimon-peres-israeli-statesman-died-september-28th-aged-93-intriguing-peace
- Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (/ˈkʃɪʃtɒf ˌpɛndəˈrɛtski/; Polish: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ɛuˈɡɛɲuʂ pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi]; born 23 November 1933) is a Polish composer and conductor. Born in Dębica to a lawyer, Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków. After graduating from the Academy of Music, Penderecki became a teacher at the academy and he began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and the choral work St. Luke Passion, have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun, was not immediately successful. Beginning in the mid-1970s, Penderecki's composing style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone. His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s, with Penderecki expanding it in 1993 and 2005. Symphonies:
- Symphony No. 1 (1973)
- Symphony No. 2 "Christmas" (1980)
- Symphony No. 3 (1988–1995)
- Symphony No. 4 "Adagio" (1989), winner of the 1992 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition
- Symphony No. 5 "Korean" (1991–2)
- Symphony No. 6 ("Chinese Poems") (2008-2017)[1]
- Symphony No. 7 "Seven Gates of Jerusalem" (1996), for soloists, speaker, triple chorus and orchestra
- Symphony No. 8 "Lieder der Vergänglichkeit" (2004–05, rev. 2008), for voices, chorus and orchestra
- Penderecki’s belated Symphony No.6 (Chinese Poems) had its world premiere at the opening concert of the Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra’s 60th anniversary season. https://www.ft.com/content/496864ae-a29b-11e7-8d56-98a09be71849
Ethnic group
- Kashubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi; Polish:Kaszubi; German: Kaschuben) also spelled as Kaszubians, Kassubians, Cassubians, Cashubes or Kashubs, and formerly known as Kashubes, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to asKashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish:Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien). They speak the Kashubian language, classified either as a separate language closely related to Polish, or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group. Kashubians are closely related to Poles.
Effect of Swiss currency delinking Euro
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-01/30/content_19445704.htm Polish authorities unveiled proposals on Wednesday aimed at helping more than 500,000 Poleswith Swiss franc loans, the payments of which are spiking after a surge in the franc. However, Economy Minister Janusz Piechocinski said Poland would not follow Hungary inmaking banks convert Swiss franc mortgages to the local currency at below the current marketrate. Instead, he said Poland will urge banks to let borrowers convert their loans into zlotys using theexchange rate of the day and with no commission. The Economy Ministry also suggests thatbanks allow a three-year suspension on loan repayments in case the franc appreciates further.
Outward FDI
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21633872-after-years-steady-growth-home-firms-are-venturing-abroad-growing-polish-apple
Population and immigration
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bb320c-9b05-11e4-882d-00144feabdc0.html Poland has some enviable numbers to support its claim of being Europe’s economic success story of the past decade. It has doubled its gross domestic product to $526bn, it is the only EU member state to avoid a recession after the financial crisis and its growth for the rest of the decade should be better than the eurozone and the OECD group of rich countries. But one statistic adds a chill to prospects for the country that sees its future as a central European power: its population has flatlined and is starting to decline. Young people are expanding their horizons, heading to London, Brussels and Dublin and, for now, are not coming home. As such, the country that has been exporting labour at an brisk rate since joining the EU in 2004 faces the threat of decades of falling worker numbers amid urgent calls for it to lower barriers to new migrants entering the country. At the same time, immigrants from neighbouring countries — Ukraine provides the most predictable stream of newcomers — are not offsetting the drain. “Poles are settling abroad [but] others are not settling here,” says Paulina Babis, head of integration at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. “[Poland] needs people to settle, to build families and careers and livelihoods.”
return of land to pre-war owners
- https://www.ft.com/content/3f1f6972-430c-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd the restitution of properties nationalised by Poland’s Communist regime that has left deep scars on both Warsaw’s society and the city itself. No precise figures exist, but activists say that over the past 30 years, thousands of tenants have had to leave their homes after they have been reprivatised. At the same time, the city’s development has been distorted: dotted across the Polish capital, spaces from flattened buildings yawn undeveloped; once-grand apartment blocks moulder while heirs fight over restitution; and, in the middle of one park, an owner has built a 2m-high concrete wall around a plot of reprivatised land. The root of the disputes lies in the postwar rebuilding of Warsaw. By 1945, around 85 per cent of the city’s buildings had been destroyed and its population reduced by almost three quarters to 330,000. To facilitate the reconstruction, the Communist regime led by Boleslaw Bierut passed a decree in October 1945 allowing the nationalisation of property within the city’s prewar borders. In theory, those expropriated could claim compensation. In reality, only a fraction of the roughly 17,000 claims were accepted. When the Iron Curtain fell, thousands of claims for restitution were made to city authorities. For many heirs, it was a matter of basic justice. “There are three natural rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property,” says Tadeusz Koss, a combative 83-year-old from the Association of Warsaw Property Owners, who is almost 15 years into a battle with the city over the use of family land on the corner of Marszalkowska and Swietokrzyska, two of central Warsaw’s main streets. Tenants’ groups say the question is not so simple. “You can’t change administrative decrees after 70 years, because so many other decisions were based on them,” says Jan Spiewak, a city counsellor at the forefront of the reprivatisation battle. “You can give compensation, but you can’t just return buildings and pretend that nothing has changed.”
Natural environment
- map
- www.wildpoland.com
- Vascular plants of poland photoflora www.atlas-roslin.pl
- insects
- butterflies of Poland www.lepidoptera.pl
- mammals in northeast poland
- bison, elk, beaver, otter, lynx and wolf, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, fox, badger, pine marten, raccoon dog, polecat
- Bialowieza
- forest
- Biebrza
- Poland's largest National Park
- broad strip of marsh was a natural barrier during WWI, its narrowest point near Osowiec was heavily fortified. It was during construction of these fortifications that the famous Carska Droga (Tsar's Road) was built along the Biebrza's east bank
- Angustow
- forest and wigry national park
- Suwalki Landscape Park - a geological museum of ice ages
- http://www.polishroots.org/Home/tabid/37/Default.aspx PolishRoots covers all areas that were historically part of the Polish Commonwealth, from the 16th through the 18th centuries, throughout the years of partitions by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, through its rebirth in 1918, subsequent domination during World War II and post-War occupation, to its present freedom and struggle for independence through the latter 20th Century. We also promote Polonia, areas of Polish presence throughout the world regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political views. We cover everything Polish whether you have ancestry there for 500+ years, or you shop at a Polish deli down the street. We place no limitations!
Polish dishes
- 波蘭領事 自製思鄉菜http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/food/art/20150103/18989203
- Kartacze - balls of potato flour filled with meat and spices
- Pierogi - national dish, a kind of dumpling
- Bigos - polish stew
- Barszcz - beet soup
- Babka ziemniaczana - potato cake
- Kiszka ziemniaczana - potato sausage
- Buckwheat
- Berries
- Mushrooms
- Bison steak
- Zubr - beer with the bison
- Zubrowka (little bison) Wodka - wodka with a blade of bison grass
culture
- timber floating
- http://www.france24.com/en/20170730-poles-revive-ancient-tradition-timber-floating
- The history of the Polish musical Baroque opens with Mikołaj Zieleński’s monumental collection Offertoria et Communiones totius anni, published in 1611 in Venice. In his compositions, written for use during the whole liturgical year, Zieleński applies the polychoral technique characteristic of the Venetian school with Giovanni Gabrieli as its main representative. The mass cycles by two other eminent Polish composers of this period, Marcin Mielczewski and Bartłomiej Pękiel, also draw on the Italian style of the period. Pękiel was also the author of the first Polish oratorio, Audite mortales, frequently compared with Claudio Monteverdi’s best known works such as the famous Vespro della Beata Vergine.
film
- The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the leading Polish academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff. It was founded on 8 March 1948 in Łódź and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt after its destruction during World War II and the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and is one of the most prominent institutions of higher education in the city. The years leading up to the merger in 1958 were those in which notable artists of the Polish Film School created the reputation of the Łódź Film School as the most liberal and least Communist institution of higher education in Poland. Among the most notable alumni of that period were Andrzej Munk, Janusz Morgenstern, Andrzej Wajda and Kazimierz Kutz. In 1954 they were joined by Roman Polanski. After 1958 the school became one of the most notable cultural think-tanks of Poland, with many outsiders and artists not supported by the Communist authorities joining it. Various discussion clubs and relative liberty of speech promoted by the new rector, Jerzy Toeplitz, added to its value. For instance, two of the students of the university (Jerzy Matuszkiewicz and Witold Sobociński) became the first jazz musicians in Poland after World War II to be allowed by the authorities to organize a concert. Kirk Douglas visited the school in 1966. His visit was documented in Kirk Douglas the documentary.After the events of March 1968, the period of liberty came to an end. Toeplitz was fired, as were most of the tutors. However, with the advent of Edward Gierek and his regime, the school once again started to bloom.
polish (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-Kurwa-mean-when-translated-from-Polish-to-English
- letter ł
- https://www.quora.com/If-the-pronunciation-of-a-letter-%C5%81-have-changed-from-dark-l-to-the-non-syllabic-u-after-WWII-should-we-change-the-Russian-Polish-transcription-and-start-writing-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0-as-Wolga-and
- https://www.quora.com/Which-names-of-the-10-major-cities-of-Poland-dont-cause-any-issues-with-pronunciation-and-spelling-to-foreigners
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-pronounce-KrakowMany people from the abroad pronounce it with an “O”, because there is no “Ó” in their alphabet. This “Ó” is a same sound as “U”. Similarly, a lot of people pronounce “W” as in English, but it’s “V” which often sounds as “F”. So if I had to write, more or less, how I spell “Kraków”, it would be “Kra-koof”. Something like “crack” and “oof”.
- Krzyżewski is a Polish name, originally indicating someone from the town of Krzyżewo. In Polish, rz and ż both make the [ʐ] sound — one not found in English, but similar to the “zh” sound of “pleasure, vision”. After the voiceless k at the beginning, the rz assimilates to a voiceless [ʂ] (i.e. a sound similar to the “sh” in “shush”). Similarly, the w, ordinarily pronounced like [v] as in “valve”, turns into voiceless [f] as in “fluff” before the voiceless sfollowing it. The closest English pronunciation might be “Kshizhefski”.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Krzyzewski-pronounced-sh-shef-ski
- /e/→[ɪ] https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-ongoing-and-lesser-known-phonological-changes-in-languages-other-than-English
- Our language has been compared to the swissssh of an arrow ssspeeding towards the enemy through the russsstling leavesss of a foressst.SH, CH, DJ sounds bring to my mind the sound of the Portuguese language, which is generally considered soft.https://www.quora.com/Is-it-right-to-say-Polish-is-the-harshest-sounding-Slavic-language-I-find-that-other-Slavic-languages-sound-softer-than-Polish
- Iga Świątek (tennis player) pronunced as EE-gah Shvee-ON-teck
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-Polish-say-kucyk-for-pony-and-not-poni-like-many-other-Slavic-languages
- deputy, vice is wice eg Wicepremier is deputy prime minister
- private meeting - posiedzenie niejawne
- public meeting - posiedzenie jawne
- shareholders' meeting - zgromadzenie wspolnikow
- comparison/relation with slav lanugages
- Polish orthography is somewhat different and more conservative from that of other Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet. That’s why Polish has lots of cz, sz, rz, szcz, etc. instead of the “ordinary” č, š, … In addition, Polish has a bit more of the letter y than other languages.Another thing is that the process of softening consonants went a bit further in Polish than in other Slavic languages. That’s why South Slavic has kost, Russian has kosť and Polish has kość. Again, this is more a matter of writing than a matter of sound. Furthermore, Polish is the only major Slavic language that preserved the Proto-Slavic nasal vowels, albeit after reshuffling them. It’s one of those things that make Polish harder to understand for speakers of other Slavic languages.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Polish-so-different-from-other-Slavic-languages
- https://www.quora.com/In-Polish-names-end-with-ewsky-what-does-that-mean Most of the Polish surnames ending with “-ski” (never “-sky”) are names of the noble families. Suffix “–ski” was added to the name of the village or land property which particular family originally owned or from which it arised. For example the owner of Kowale might have got the surname Kowalski, that of Staniewo – Staniewski. However a lot of Polish peasants, burghers or Jews took a surname ending with –ski, as it was considered better, more noble, more Polish, than their original name.
polish (people)
- The Polish Rider is a seventeenth-century painting, usually dated to the 1650s, of a young man traveling on horseback through a murky landscape, now in The Frick Collection in New York.The idealised, inscrutable character has encouraged various theories about its subject, if the picture is a portrait. Candidates have included an ancestor of the Polish-Lithuanian Oginski family Marcjan Aleksander Ogiński, as asserted by the 18th-century owners of the painting and the Polish theologian, Jonasz Szlichtyng. Others believe that the outfit of the rider, the weapons and even the breed of horse are all Polish. Dutch equestrian portraits were infrequent in the 17th century and traditionally showed a fashionably dressed rider on a well-bred, spirited horse, as in Rembrandt's Frederick Rihel. Historical characters have also been suggested, ranging Old Testament David to the Prodigal Son and the Mongolian warrior Tamerlane, or the Dutch medieval hero, Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel. A “soldier of Christ”, an idealistic representation of a mounted soldier defending Eastern Europe against the Turks, or simply a foreign soldier have been suggested.In a 1793 letter to King Stanislaus Augustus of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the painting's owner Michał Kleofas Ogiński identified the rider as "a Cossack on horseback", and the king recognized the subject as a member of the irregular military unit known as Lisowczyk. In 1883, Wilhelm Bode, an expert in Dutch painting, described the rider as a Polish magnate in the national costume. In 1944, the American Rembrandt scholar Julius S. Held contested the claim that the subject was Polish and suggested the rider's costume could be Hungarian. Two Polish scholars suggested in 1912 that the model for the portrait was Rembrandt's son Titus.
blacks
- The Black Madonna of Częstochowa (Polish: Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska, Latin: Imago thaumaturga Beatae Virginis Mariae Immaculatae Conceptae, in Claro Monte ), also known as Our Lady of Częstochowa, is a revered icon of the Virgin Mary housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa, Poland. Several Pontiffs have recognised the venerated icon, beginning with Pope Clement XIwho issued a Canonical Coronation to the image on 8 September 1717 via the Vatican Chapter. The four-foot-high painting displays a traditional composition well known in the icons of Eastern Christians. The Virgin Mary is shown as the "Hodegetria" ("One Who Shows the Way"). In it the Virgin directs attention away from herself, gesturing with her right hand toward Jesus as the source of salvation. In turn, the child extends his right hand toward the viewer in blessing while holding a book of gospels in his left hand. The icon shows the Madonna in fleur-de-lis robes.The icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa has been intimately associated with Poland for the past 600 years. Its history prior to its arrival in Poland is shrouded in numerous legends which trace the icon's origin to St. Luke who painted it on a cedar table top from the house of the Holy Family. The same legend holds that the painting was discovered in Jerusalem in 326 by St. Helena, who brought it back to Constantinople and presented it to her son, Constantine the Great.
History
- name of country
- Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska [vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlska] (German: Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań. The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history. Since the Middle Ages the proper (właściwa) or exact/strict (ścisła) Wielkopolska (often referred to as ziemia, that means land) included the Poznań and Kalisz voivodeships. In the wider sense (as dzielnica, i.e. region) it encompassed also Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław voivodeships (more eastward). One another meaning (as province) included also Mazovia and Royal Prussia. After the Partitions of Poland, Greater Poland was often identified with the Grand Duchy of Posen. The region in the proper sense roughly coincides with the present-day Greater Poland Voivodeship (Polish: województwo wielkopolskie).
- The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832. Then, it was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the nominal Regency Kingdom of Poland. Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namiestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction. The territory of the Kingdom of Poland roughly corresponds to the Kalisz Region and the Lublin, Łódź, Masovian, Podlaskie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships of Poland, southwestern Lithuania and part of Grodno District of Belarus.
- Polish October, also known as October 1956,Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. Some social scientists term it thePolish October Revolution, which, while less dramatic than the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, might have had an even deeper impact on the Eastern Bloc and on the Soviet Union's relationship to its satellite states in Eastern Europe. For the People's Republic of Poland, 1956 was a year of transition. The international situation significantly weakened the hard-line Stalinistfaction in Poland; Polish communist leaderBolesław Bierut died in March; it was three years since Stalin had died and his successor at the Soviet Union's helm, Nikita Khrushchev,denounced him in September. Protests by workers in June in Poznań had highlighted the people's dissatisfaction with their situation. In October, the events set in motion resulted in the rise in power of the reformers' faction, led by Władysław Gomułka. After brief, but tense, negotiations, the Soviets gave permission for Gomułka to stay in control and made several other concessions resulting in greater autonomy for the Polish government. For Polish citizens this meant a temporary liberalization. Eventually though, hopes for full liberalization were proven false, as Gomułka's regime became more oppressive. Nonetheless, the era of Stalinization in Poland had ended.
- The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968 or March events (Polish: Marzec 1968; wydarzenia, wypadki marcowe), pertains to a major student and intellectual protest actionagainst the government of the Polish People's Republic. The crisis resulted in the suppression of student strikes by security forces in all major academic centres across the country and the subsequent repression of the Polish dissident movement. It was also accompanied by a mass emigration following an antisemitic (internally branded "anti-Zionist" at the time) campaign waged by the minister of internal affairs, General Mieczysław Moczar, with the approval of First Secretary Władysław Gomułka of thePolish United Workers' Party. The protests coincided with the events of the Prague Spring in neighboring Czechoslovakia – raising new hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The unrest culminated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968. The anti-Jewish campaign had already begun in 1967. The policy was carried out in conjunction with the Soviet withdrawal of all diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War, but also involved a power struggle within the Polish communist party itself.
USA
- historic links
Jews
- Two senior members of Poland’s government have denied that Poles carried out the 1946 pogrom in Kielce, in which 40 Jewish Holocaust survivors were murdered by their neighbors.
read more: http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.731391
EU
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c9174d12-b9f6-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164.html Poland risks becoming the first EU member state to be punished for endangering the rule of law after Brussels said it would formally examine a burst of controversial reforms undertaken by the country's new ultra-conservative government. The European Commission on Wednesday said it would — for the first time — use new powers to open a preliminary assessment of Warsaw's actions to determine whether they amount to a breach of the EU’s “fundamental values”. The decision escalates a fight between Brussels and Warsaw over new legislation introduced by Poland’s Law and Justice party that critics say erodes the independence of state media and the country’s highest court. Bearing a close similarity to reforms in Viktor Orban’s Hungary, they have raised fears of growing illiberalism on the EU’s eastern flank.
UK
- uk-poland intergovernment consultations
- 2017
Russia
- The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga (Polish: Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force until the Second World War. They were later redrawn during the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference.
- The Katyn massacre (Polish: zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń crime"; Russian: Катынский расстрел Katynskij rasstrel, "Katyn shooting") was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", a Soviet secret police organisation) in April and May 1940. Though the killings took place at several places, the massacre is named after the Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered.An investigation conducted by the office of the Prosecutors General of the Soviet Union (1990–1991) and the Russian Federation (1991–2004) confirmed Soviet responsibility for the massacres but refused to classify this action as a war crime or an act of genocide. The investigation was closed on the grounds that the perpetrators of the atrocity were already dead, and since the Russian government would not classify the dead as victims of the Great Purge, formal posthumous rehabilitation was deemed inapplicable. In November 2010, the Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre.
- The Polish government plans to demolish about 500 Soviet monuments throughout the country, head of the Institute of National Remembrance Lukasz Kaminsky said in an interview with online portal Onet.pl, the RBC news website reported Thursday. Kaminsky — whose institute is responsible for investigating crimes against the Polish nation — said that plans for the demolition of the monuments, would be sent to local authorities in the coming weeks. These monuments should have been demolished in the early 1990s, he said, and called the preservation of the monuments “a fatal mistake.” The demolished monuments will be removed and transferred to museums where they can become “a witness of hard times,” Kaminsky said, the RIA Novosti news agency reported. He added that such measures would not apply to the graves of Soviet soldiers, for which Poland will continue to care. Soviet war memorials have fallen into disrepair and been regularly vandalized in Poland, where the Soviet role in World War II is viewed with ambiguity or outright hostility. In Russia, the official narrative is that the Red Army liberated Poland from Nazi occupation. Yelena Sutormina, chair of development of public diplomacy and the support of compatriots abroad chamber, has called on the UNESCO cultural and scientific agency to block the decision of the Polish government, RIA Novosti reported. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/poland-set-to-demolish-500-soviet-monuments/564120.html
- http://rbth.com/business/2016/08/29/chinas-silk-road-may-push-poland-toward-reconciliation-with-russia_624945
- https://www.ft.com/content/72bd7ecc-f29a-11e6-8758-6876151821a6 Gazprom's pipeline ambition faces test in European courts
germany
- https://www.ft.com/content/fde41eca-9489-11e7-bdfa-eda243196c2c Poland’s prime minister said that the country “has the right” to claim reparations from Germany for the damage it suffered during the second world war, in the latest sign of tension between Warsaw and Berlin.
blacks
- The Black Madonna of Częstochowa (Polish: Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska, Latin: Imago thaumaturga Beatae Virginis Mariae Immaculatae Conceptae, in Claro Monte ), also known as Our Lady of Częstochowa, is a revered icon of the Virgin Mary housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa, Poland. Several Pontiffs have recognised the venerated icon, beginning with Pope Clement XIwho issued a Canonical Coronation to the image on 8 September 1717 via the Vatican Chapter. The four-foot-high painting displays a traditional composition well known in the icons of Eastern Christians. The Virgin Mary is shown as the "Hodegetria" ("One Who Shows the Way"). In it the Virgin directs attention away from herself, gesturing with her right hand toward Jesus as the source of salvation. In turn, the child extends his right hand toward the viewer in blessing while holding a book of gospels in his left hand. The icon shows the Madonna in fleur-de-lis robes.The icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa has been intimately associated with Poland for the past 600 years. Its history prior to its arrival in Poland is shrouded in numerous legends which trace the icon's origin to St. Luke who painted it on a cedar table top from the house of the Holy Family. The same legend holds that the painting was discovered in Jerusalem in 326 by St. Helena, who brought it back to Constantinople and presented it to her son, Constantine the Great.
- The Jasna Góra Monastery (Polish: Jasna Góra [ˈjas.na ˈɡu.ra], Luminous Mount, Hungarian: Fényes Hegy, Latin: Clarus Mons) in Częstochowa, Poland, is a famous Polish shrine to the Virgin Mary and one of the country's places of pilgrimage. The image of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, also known as Our Lady of Częstochowa, to which miraculous powers are attributed, is one of Jasna Góra's most precious treasures. Among the monastery's other treasures and artifacts of interest is the medal from the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize received by Lech Wałęsa, the former Polish president and trade-union organizer.Jasna Góra Monastery was founded in 1382 by Pauline monks who came from Hungary at the invitation of Władysław, Duke of Opole. The monastery has been a pilgrimage destination for hundreds of years, and it contains an important icon of the Virgin Mary. The icon, depicting the Mother of God with the Christ Child, is known as the Black Madonna of Częstochowa or Our Lady of Częstochowa, which is widely venerated and credited with many miracles.
History
- name of country
- Rzeczpospolita ( [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlʲita]) is a traditional and official name of the Polish State – Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska (Latin: Respublica Poloniae, English: Republic of Poland). It is a compound of rzecz "thing" and pospolita "common", a calque of Latin res publica (res "thing", publica "public, common"), i.e. republic, in English also rendered commonwealth. "Rzeczpospolita" is also used in a series of symbolic names referring to three periods in the History of Poland:
- I Rzeczpospolita (Polish: Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795). During this period, commonwealth was ruled de facto by a privileged class called the szlachta, which had (amongst numerous others) the right to elect both the king and parliament (the Sejm). It began with the Union of Lublin in 1569 and ended with the third and final Partition of Poland in 1795;
- II Rzeczpospolita (Polish: Druga Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the Second Polish Republic (1918–39). Used to refer to the interwar period, lasting from the gaining of independence in 1918 following the end of World War I up to the World War II-triggering Invasion of Poland (1939) by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, who had secretly agreed on the partition in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The renascent Polish State was initially called the Republic of Poland (Polish: Republika Polska). The title Rzeczpospolita was introduced by the March Constitution of Poland, the first article of which stated that Polish: Państwo Polskie jest Rzecząpospolitą, meaning "The Polish State is a Commonwealth";
- III Rzeczpospolita (Polish: Trzecia Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the current Third Polish Republic (1989–present). This is the title of the current Polish State, dating from the collapse of the Communist regime in 1989.
- Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska [vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlska] (German: Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań. The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history. Since the Middle Ages the proper (właściwa) or exact/strict (ścisła) Wielkopolska (often referred to as ziemia, that means land) included the Poznań and Kalisz voivodeships. In the wider sense (as dzielnica, i.e. region) it encompassed also Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław voivodeships (more eastward). One another meaning (as province) included also Mazovia and Royal Prussia. After the Partitions of Poland, Greater Poland was often identified with the Grand Duchy of Posen. The region in the proper sense roughly coincides with the present-day Greater Poland Voivodeship (Polish: województwo wielkopolskie).
- the marshal office of the wielkopolska region exhibited at 2017 tdc medical fair
- The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832. Then, it was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the nominal Regency Kingdom of Poland. Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namiestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction. The territory of the Kingdom of Poland roughly corresponds to the Kalisz Region and the Lublin, Łódź, Masovian, Podlaskie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships of Poland, southwestern Lithuania and part of Grodno District of Belarus.
- Polish October, also known as October 1956,Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. Some social scientists term it thePolish October Revolution, which, while less dramatic than the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, might have had an even deeper impact on the Eastern Bloc and on the Soviet Union's relationship to its satellite states in Eastern Europe. For the People's Republic of Poland, 1956 was a year of transition. The international situation significantly weakened the hard-line Stalinistfaction in Poland; Polish communist leaderBolesław Bierut died in March; it was three years since Stalin had died and his successor at the Soviet Union's helm, Nikita Khrushchev,denounced him in September. Protests by workers in June in Poznań had highlighted the people's dissatisfaction with their situation. In October, the events set in motion resulted in the rise in power of the reformers' faction, led by Władysław Gomułka. After brief, but tense, negotiations, the Soviets gave permission for Gomułka to stay in control and made several other concessions resulting in greater autonomy for the Polish government. For Polish citizens this meant a temporary liberalization. Eventually though, hopes for full liberalization were proven false, as Gomułka's regime became more oppressive. Nonetheless, the era of Stalinization in Poland had ended.
- The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968 or March events (Polish: Marzec 1968; wydarzenia, wypadki marcowe), pertains to a major student and intellectual protest actionagainst the government of the Polish People's Republic. The crisis resulted in the suppression of student strikes by security forces in all major academic centres across the country and the subsequent repression of the Polish dissident movement. It was also accompanied by a mass emigration following an antisemitic (internally branded "anti-Zionist" at the time) campaign waged by the minister of internal affairs, General Mieczysław Moczar, with the approval of First Secretary Władysław Gomułka of thePolish United Workers' Party. The protests coincided with the events of the Prague Spring in neighboring Czechoslovakia – raising new hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The unrest culminated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968. The anti-Jewish campaign had already begun in 1967. The policy was carried out in conjunction with the Soviet withdrawal of all diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War, but also involved a power struggle within the Polish communist party itself.
USA
- historic links
- Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron ( [kaˈʑimʲɛʂ puˈwaskʲi] ; English: Casimir Pulaski; March 4 or March 6, 1745 – October 11, 1779) was a Polish noblemanb, soldier and military commander who has been called, together with his Hungarian friend Michael Kovats de Fabriczy, "the father of the American cavalry". Born in Warsaw and following in his father's footsteps, he became interested in politics at an early age and soon became involved in the military and the revolutionary affairs in Poland (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against Russian domination of the Commonwealth. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile. Following a recommendation by Benjamin Franklin, Pulaski immigrated to North America to help in the cause of the American Revolutionary War. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution, most notably when he saved the life of George Washington. Pulaski became a general in the Continental Army, created the Pulaski Cavalry Legionand reformed the American cavalry as a whole. At the Battle of Savannah, while leading a daring charge against British forces, he was gravely wounded, and died shortly thereafter. Pulaski is remembered as a hero who fought for independence and freedom in both Poland and the United States. Numerous places and events are named in his honor, and he is commemorated by many works of art. Pulaski is one of only eight people to be awarded honorary United States citizenship. He never married and had no descendants. Despite his fame, there have been uncertainties and controversies surrounding both his place and date of birth and burial.Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745, in the manor house of the Pułaski family in Warsaw, Poland. Casimir was the second eldest son of Marianna Zielińska and Józef Pułaski, who was an advocatus at the Crown Tribunal, the Starost of Warka, and one of the town's most notable inhabitants. He was a brother of Franciszek Ksawery Pułaski and Antoni Pułaski. His family bore the Ślepowron coat of arms. The Pułaski family was Roman Catholic and early in his youth, Casimir Pulaski attended an elite college run by Theatines, a male religious order of the Catholic Church in Warsaw, but did not finish his education. There is some circumstantial evidence that Pulaski was a Freemason. When Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone of the monument erected in Pulaski's honor in Savannah in 1824, a full Masonic ceremony took place with Richard T. Turner, High Priest of the Georgia chapter, conducting the ceremony. Other sources claim Pulaski was a member of the Masonic Army Lodge in Maryland. A Masonic Lodge in Chicago is named Casimir Pulaski Lodge, No.1167 and a brochure issued by them claims he obtained the degree of Master Mason on June 19, 1779, and was buried with full Masonic honors. To date no surviving documents of Pulaski's actual membership have been found.
- Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's struggles against Russia and Prussia, and on the American side in the American Revolutionary War. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising. Kościuszko was born in February 1746, in a manor house on the Mereczowszczyzna estate in Nowogródek Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. His exact birthdate is unknown. At age 20, he graduated from the Corps of Cadets in Warsaw, Poland, but after the outbreak of a civil war involving the Bar Confederation in 1768, Kościuszko moved to France in 1769 to pursue further studies. He returned to Poland in 1774, two years after its First Partition, and took a position as tutor in Józef Sylwester Sosnowski's household. After Kościuszko attempted to elope with his employer's daughter and was severely beaten by the father's retainers, he returned to France. In 1776, Kościuszko moved to North America, where he took part in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army. An accomplished military architect, he designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York. In 1783, in recognition of his services, the Continental Congress promoted him to brigadier general. Upon returning to Poland in 1784, Kościuszko was commissioned as a major general in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army in 1789. After the Polish–Russian War of 1792 resulted in the Second Partition of Poland, he organized an uprising against Russia in March 1794, serving as its Naczelnik (commander-in-chief). Russian forces captured him at the Battle of Maciejowicein October 1794. The defeat of the Kościuszko Uprising that November led to Poland's Third Partition in 1795, which ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's independent existence for 123 years. In 1796, following the death of Tsaritsa Catherine the Great, Kościuszko was pardoned by her successor, Tsar Paul I, and he emigrated to the United States. A close friend of Thomas Jefferson's, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Kościuszko wrote a will in 1798 dedicating his American assets to the education and freedom of U.S. slaves. He eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817. The execution of his will later proved difficult, and the funds were never used for the purpose he had intended.Kościuszko was born in February 1746 in a manor house on the estate called "Mereczowszczyzna" near Kosów, (now Kosava, Belarus) in Nowogródek Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Tadeusz was baptized by the Roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Church, thereby receiving the names Andrzej, Tadeusz, and Bonawentura. His paternal family was ethnically Lithuanian–Ruthenian[11] and traced their ancestry to Konstanty Fiodorowicz Kostiuszko, a courtier of Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I the Old. Kościuszko's maternal family, the Ratomskis, were also Ruthenian.Modern Belarusian writers interpret his Ruthenian or Lithuanian heritage as Belarusian. He once described himself as a Litvin, a term that denoted inhabitants, of whatever ethnicity, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern Belarusian writers interpret Litvin as designating a Belarusian, before the word "Belarusian" had come into use.
Jews
- Two senior members of Poland’s government have denied that Poles carried out the 1946 pogrom in Kielce, in which 40 Jewish Holocaust survivors were murdered by their neighbors.
read more: http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.731391
EU
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c9174d12-b9f6-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164.html Poland risks becoming the first EU member state to be punished for endangering the rule of law after Brussels said it would formally examine a burst of controversial reforms undertaken by the country's new ultra-conservative government. The European Commission on Wednesday said it would — for the first time — use new powers to open a preliminary assessment of Warsaw's actions to determine whether they amount to a breach of the EU’s “fundamental values”. The decision escalates a fight between Brussels and Warsaw over new legislation introduced by Poland’s Law and Justice party that critics say erodes the independence of state media and the country’s highest court. Bearing a close similarity to reforms in Viktor Orban’s Hungary, they have raised fears of growing illiberalism on the EU’s eastern flank.
UK
- uk-poland intergovernment consultations
- http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/398094,Polish-PM-urges-EU-leaders-to-help-Britain%E2%80%99s-May-over-Brexit-Daily-Telegraph Morawiecki and May were on Thursday set to meet in London along with some of their government ministers as part of their countries’ “intergovernmental consultations.” Poland and Britain in June discussed ways of enhancing their “strategic foreign, defence and security partnership” during annual talks between senior government officials. Poland and Britain last December signed a treaty on defence and security cooperation as ministers from the two countries held intergovernmental consultations in Warsaw on issues including bilateral relations, Brexit and security, with Polish government ministers meeting their British counterparts.
- 2017
- http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/news/they_wrote_about_us/belvedere_forum_to_discuss_future_polish_british_relations_in_march__pap_dispatch_16_february_2017?channel=www
Russia
- The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga (Polish: Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force until the Second World War. They were later redrawn during the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference.
- hkej 13dec17 shum article
- The Katyn massacre (Polish: zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń crime"; Russian: Катынский расстрел Katynskij rasstrel, "Katyn shooting") was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", a Soviet secret police organisation) in April and May 1940. Though the killings took place at several places, the massacre is named after the Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered.An investigation conducted by the office of the Prosecutors General of the Soviet Union (1990–1991) and the Russian Federation (1991–2004) confirmed Soviet responsibility for the massacres but refused to classify this action as a war crime or an act of genocide. The investigation was closed on the grounds that the perpetrators of the atrocity were already dead, and since the Russian government would not classify the dead as victims of the Great Purge, formal posthumous rehabilitation was deemed inapplicable. In November 2010, the Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre.
- hkej 13dec17 shum article
- The Polish government plans to demolish about 500 Soviet monuments throughout the country, head of the Institute of National Remembrance Lukasz Kaminsky said in an interview with online portal Onet.pl, the RBC news website reported Thursday. Kaminsky — whose institute is responsible for investigating crimes against the Polish nation — said that plans for the demolition of the monuments, would be sent to local authorities in the coming weeks. These monuments should have been demolished in the early 1990s, he said, and called the preservation of the monuments “a fatal mistake.” The demolished monuments will be removed and transferred to museums where they can become “a witness of hard times,” Kaminsky said, the RIA Novosti news agency reported. He added that such measures would not apply to the graves of Soviet soldiers, for which Poland will continue to care. Soviet war memorials have fallen into disrepair and been regularly vandalized in Poland, where the Soviet role in World War II is viewed with ambiguity or outright hostility. In Russia, the official narrative is that the Red Army liberated Poland from Nazi occupation. Yelena Sutormina, chair of development of public diplomacy and the support of compatriots abroad chamber, has called on the UNESCO cultural and scientific agency to block the decision of the Polish government, RIA Novosti reported. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/poland-set-to-demolish-500-soviet-monuments/564120.html
- http://rbth.com/business/2016/08/29/chinas-silk-road-may-push-poland-toward-reconciliation-with-russia_624945
- https://www.ft.com/content/72bd7ecc-f29a-11e6-8758-6876151821a6 Gazprom's pipeline ambition faces test in European courts
germany
- https://www.ft.com/content/fde41eca-9489-11e7-bdfa-eda243196c2c Poland’s prime minister said that the country “has the right” to claim reparations from Germany for the damage it suffered during the second world war, in the latest sign of tension between Warsaw and Berlin.
- ***********https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Polish-people-call-Germans-niemcy Polish niemiec (the singular of niemcy) and its cognates in other Slavic languages like Russian немец némets and Serbo-Croatian nemac come from Proto-Slavic *němьcь, meaning “foreigner, specifically a Germanic person.” The *něm- bit was an adjective that meant “mute.” *-ьcь was a suffix meaning something like “the … one” and formed nouns out of adjectives, so *němьcь meant “the mute one” (or the plural *němьci, “mute ones”). Germanic and Proto-Slavic speakers were probably near each other, but Proto-Slavic speakers couldn’t understand what they were saying, and so referred to them as “mute ones.”This idea of “muteness” or “inability to speak” also connects to the reconstructed Proto-Slavic word *slověninъ “Slav” (Polish słowianin, Russian славянин slavyanín, Serbo-Croatian sloven, etc). Although the exact origin of *slověninъ isn’t clear, some theories connect it to the words *slovo “word” or *sluti “to speak” (others connect it to a place name, probably of a river). If this word came from *slovo or *sluti, then you get a kind of opposition of “people can speak [Slavic]” and “people who can’t speak [Slavic]” in the origin of both *němьcь and *slověninъ.
ukraine
- https://www.ft.com/content/aeda9ebe-3afa-11e7-ac89-b01cc67cfeec For Poland’s nationalist Law and Justice government, the Ukrainian influx is proving politically and economically useful. It helps parry EU criticisms over Warsaw’s refusal to accept quotas for Middle Eastern migrants — and to fill labour shortages following the exodus of 2m Poles seeking higher wages further west, shortages that could be exacerbated by current government policies. There are concerns in western Europe, however, that with the EU granting visa-free travel to Ukrainians from next month, similar inflows could be seen elsewhere. Poland may remain an exceptional case as, unlike most EU states, it has partially opened its labour market to Ukrainians. For now, Warsaw ministers are keen to draw parallels between Poland’s absorption of Ukrainians and Germany’s welcoming of 1m Syrian refugees in 2015.
- agricultural labour
China
- visits by leaders
ukraine
- https://www.ft.com/content/aeda9ebe-3afa-11e7-ac89-b01cc67cfeec For Poland’s nationalist Law and Justice government, the Ukrainian influx is proving politically and economically useful. It helps parry EU criticisms over Warsaw’s refusal to accept quotas for Middle Eastern migrants — and to fill labour shortages following the exodus of 2m Poles seeking higher wages further west, shortages that could be exacerbated by current government policies. There are concerns in western Europe, however, that with the EU granting visa-free travel to Ukrainians from next month, similar inflows could be seen elsewhere. Poland may remain an exceptional case as, unlike most EU states, it has partially opened its labour market to Ukrainians. For now, Warsaw ministers are keen to draw parallels between Poland’s absorption of Ukrainians and Germany’s welcoming of 1m Syrian refugees in 2015.
- agricultural labour
- economist 20oct18 "here today, gone tomorrow" hostility to migrants is one rise, but farmlands keep coming
China
- visits by leaders
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016xivisitee/2016-06/21/content_25780041.htm China and Poland agreed on Monday to launch major projects as soon as possible as part of the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative to boost interconnectivity. Agreements on the joint action were signed during President Xi Jinping's state visit to Poland. Witnessed by Xi and his Polish counterpart Andrzej Duda, the two countries signed 13 documents to boost cooperation in areas including logistics, industrial parks, customs and aviation. Xi said after the signing ceremony that China welcomes Poland's active participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, which is aimed at building a trade and infrastructure network connecting Asia with Europe and Africa along the ancient Silk Road trading routes. According to the agreements, the two countries will work together to map out their development plans, jointly establish an online Silk Road, boost information links, facilitate customs procedures and improve cooperation on infrastructure investment in logistics.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160622/PDF/a3_screen.pdf
- Poland China Regional Forum http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/23/c_124616107.htm, http://en.cpaffc.org.cn/content/details21-22711.html, http://shanghai.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/regional_forum_poland_china, http://english.us.edu.pl/1st-regional-forum-poland-china-gdansk, http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/msz_w_mediach/gdansk__i_forum_regionalne_polska_chiny__depesza_pap_22_04_2013;jsessionid=F18E4434EDA7A9FC1E55CB106B5DF6B5.cmsap2p
- met with cgcc mar18 issue
- aircraft
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-02/21/content_28290121.htm Polish aircraft maker Marganski has teamed up with an airport industrial park in east China's Nantong city to jointly produce its light utility aircraft model.
- railway
- http://www.baltictransportjournal.com/logistics/poland-china-container-rail-service-extended,2277.html Since its opening in January 2013, approx. 70 thou. tn of cargo ware carried on the Chengdu-Łódź route, mainly electronics, cars, household goods and fabrics, while now Polish food products like sweets, beer and cider travel eastbound. The journey time on the Łódź-Chengdu connection has been 8 days, while Łódź-Xiamen - 15 days. "At the moment we are checking in the first train from Poland. Through Xiamen you can reach Taiwan and the South-East Asian markets which contributed to choosing Xiamen by our European partners," Xu Yongxin, the man in charge of the New Silk Railway Europe Hub, commented.
- logistics
- 從事中歐班列業務的天運集團深圳公司負責人周乾坤告訴記者，其深圳公司2014年成立，在2015就預計跨境電商擁有很好的發展前景，便大力拓展從快遞到直發歐美電商的客戶，為亞馬遜歐美倉庫代理出口貨物，產品包括小家電、玩具、服裝等。每天三個貨櫃發往歐洲周乾坤看好國家「一帶一路」戰略，今年公司力拓中歐班列。因為波蘭地處中東歐，臨近德國，公司投資約100萬歐元，在波蘭華沙設有4萬平米的大型海外倉，並在波蘭馬拉清關。該海外倉相當於公司貨物在歐洲集散地。這些貨物來自深圳、東莞和惠州等周邊地區，先在深圳集中，然後貨物派送到亞馬遜歐洲各個倉庫。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/21/b01-1221.pdf
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-03/21/content_40483517.htm Chinese top smartphone and telecom equipment maker Huawei introduced its latest smartphone version of P10 to the Polish market on Monday. The introduction of the product is accompanied with a "Perfect Portrait" campaign, which will start on April 1. Robert Lewandowski, famous Polish soccer player and the ambassador of Huawei brand, was present during the ceremony. The advertising campaign, in which Lewandowski takes part, will be dedicated to the promotion of Huawei P10 and portrait mode.
- Consumer electronics giant TCL Corp has set up a research and development center in Poland with a focus on artificial intelligence research, as part of its broader push to expand presence in the European market. The R&D center will focus on AI-related sectors based on deep learning, such as computer vision, natural language processing and big data analysis, as well as carry out cooperation with Warsaw University of Technology and University of Warsaw to introduce top scientific research talent and strengthen the application of technical achievements in related industries, said Bartosz Biskupski, general manager of TCL's European R&D center.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/05/WS5b8f4454a310add14f389c2c.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-07/25/content_30241352.htm Energy giant China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) is in talks to build Poland's first nuclear power plant, the company said in a statement on Monday. A Polish delegation headed by Andrzej Piotrowski, deputy minister of energy visited the Shenzhen-based company earlier this month. Piotrowski met his Chinese counterpart Li Fanrong in Beijing. The two countries signed a memorandum on nuclear cooperation for civil use. The Polish delegation visited Dayawan nuclear plant and Hualong One reactors project, according to the statement released on CGN's website.
- agricultural produce
- Following the Russian embargo on European agricultural products in 2014, more Polish producers have turned to the Chinese market. According to Polish official data, the value of Polish agri-food exports to China has grown dynamically in 2014. Dairy products consist of more than 30 percent of Polish agri-food export to China in 2015. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/02/c_136249238.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-06/22/content_25798422.htm OSell, a major Chinese cross-border e-commerce company, has launched a newservice in Poland that points the way forward. It not only allows local retailers tocheck Chinese product samples without stepping out of their country, but alsoenables them to place online orders and contact potential Chinese sellers viamobile devices. The Chongqing-based company on Monday inaugurated operations at its cross-border e-commerce industrial park in Poland's capital, Warsaw.
- 光大國際（0257）昨宣佈收購波蘭固廢處理公司NOVAGO，代價約為1.23億歐元(約10.6億港元)，其中包括1.18億歐元的股權價值和500萬歐元的土地儲備資源。是項交易是習近平主席在「一帶一路」方針下訪問波蘭，確認環境與新能源等作為重點合作領域後，中國在該領域簽署的開創性收購，也是中國在東中歐環保市場中最大的一個收購項目。NOVAGO成立於1992年，為波蘭市場最大的獨立固廢垃圾處理商，在核心經營地區華沙和Olsztyn省擁有超過30%的市場份額。其業務涵蓋垃圾處理、回收填埋生產沼氣、生產高熱量垃圾衍生燃料（「RDF」）、沼氣熱電聯產等，並已經發展出了適合波蘭當地市場的系統與技術。NOVAGO 2015年收入超過1.35億波蘭茲羅提（折合3,000萬歐元）。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/27/b01-0627.pdf
- people
- 話說波蘭漢學家、前波蘭駐 華外交官、作家愛德華卡伊丹 斯基（Edward Kajdański）早 前逝世，享年 95 歲；他在 1925年生於哈爾濱一個波蘭家 庭，先後就讀於亨利克顯克維 奇明中學和哈爾濱工業大學； 他一直從事着波中兩國文化交 流和漢學研究，撰寫出版許多 相關文章和書籍，包括介紹 18 位波蘭人的命運和經歷與中國 密切相連的著作《長城的巨 影——波蘭人是怎麼發現中國 的》，詳細介紹古代絲綢之路 為東西方商貿發展和文化交流 的書籍《絲綢——帆船和馬幫 之路》及介紹西方著名漢學先 驅者卜彌格生平和業績的巨著 《明王朝的最後使者卜彌格 傳》等。 卡伊丹斯基的父親於 1906 年及 1923 年兩次前往中國， 在哈爾濱工廠做技術工作；卡 伊丹斯基少時在哈爾濱的一所 波蘭中學讀書，對漢學產生興 趣，據他本人介紹：記得當時 有一位波蘭工程師卡齊米日格 羅霍夫斯基，他曾在中國 30 年，在哈爾濱方志學博物館 （今黑龍江省博物館）工作， 他常給同學講課，介紹他所了 解的中國。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/24/b06-1024.pdf
- Israel Epstein (20 April 1915 – 26 May 2005 was a naturalized Chinese journalist and author. He was one of the few foreign-born Chinese citizens of non-Chinese origin to become a member of the Communist Party of China. 近半個世紀友誼──宋慶齡與愛潑斯坦http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150719/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160306/PDF/b9_screen.pdf “我父親是共產黨員。他結束醫學專業學習後，為反法西斯鬥爭貢獻力量，參加了西班牙內戰，失敗後援華抗戰。當時，中國是世界反法西斯戰爭東方主戰場。他所在的黨鼓勵他們去需要的地方，這是他們事先預想不到的。”克里斯蒂娜不緊不慢地説。 傅拉都是波蘭猶太人，一九一〇年六月二十七日生於華沙，一九二九年考入華沙大學法律系。不久，赴法國巴黎大學學醫，加入猶太人大學生左派組織──“鬥爭”，後參加波蘭共產黨與法國共產黨。 一九三六年西班牙內戰爆發，傅拉都激於義憤，參加反法西斯國際縱隊，並加入西班牙共產黨。一九三九年三月，他率領一支縱隊最後撤退法國，先後囚禁于聖西普里安與戈爾斯集中營。 在挪威救援中國與西班牙委員會安排下，一九三九年八月，傅拉都作為醫療隊負責人，率領九名國際縱隊醫護人員前往中國，他們是波蘭醫生陶維德、戎格曼及夫人、甘理安及夫人甘曼妮，捷克醫生柯理格，蘇聯醫生何樂經，匈牙利醫生沈恩，羅馬尼亞醫生柯列然。 醫療隊來到法國馬賽，與保加利亞醫生甘揚道，德國醫生巴利、顧泰爾，羅馬尼亞醫生楊固，奧地利醫生富華德，一起乘坐“安尼亞斯”號輪船，於九月十三日到達香港，保盟派人迎接，宋慶齡親自接待。隨後，他們繞道越南海防進入廣西，經柳州、南寧，於十月十六日抵達中國紅十字會救護總隊駐地──貴陽圖雲關。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/22/a18-0622.pdf polish helping in ww2
Taiwan
-波蘭總統府近日發布消息稱，波蘭總統杜達（AndrzejDuda）簽署《波蘭與台灣刑事司法合作協定》，協定內容包括刑事司法互助、引渡、受刑人移交、法律及實務見解的分享、追訴犯罪及犯罪預防資訊分享5大領域的刑事司法合作原則與程序。波蘭是歐洲首個與台灣簽署類似協定的國家。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210201/00178_001.html- interview with poland cg in hk hkej 23dec14 c3
- promotion of polish culture
- http://www.kochampolske.hk/ Established in 2018 with love for Poland, Kocham Polske HK is operated by a Hong Kong registered private company. We work closely with the Consulate General of Poland in Hong Kong, the local Polish community and Polish brands, individuals & corporations under 4 core themes: CULTURE, TRAVEL, STUDY, SHOP. Our Polish Cultural Space & Gallery in Wanchai is in a neighborhood of charming cultural treasures. The SPACE carries Poland-related reference books & travel information. The GALLERY showcases Polish specialties including amber jewellery, decorative art & lifestyle products.
- polishfood.hk is a polish owned and managed company registered in hk and specialising in importing, distributing and pomoting selected polish food products.
- textile
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/03/14/b06-0314.pdf 台灣紡拓會與波蘭成衣製造商協會（Polish Clothing Manufacturers Association）於今年2月3日簽署合作備 忘錄。內容包括：增進台波紡織成衣業的貿易和投資、 工業和商業合作、保護智慧財產權、資訊交流和對尋找 貿易對象提供支持、訓練紡織成衣業專業人才。 波蘭時尚產業近年來蓬勃發展，華沙已成為時尚之 都。在以創新功能性紡織品為展出主軸的台北紡織展 （TITAS）上，許多波蘭買主前來尋找功能性布料。 紡拓會歡迎波蘭組團來TITAS參觀採購，並邀請波蘭 設計師參加台北魅力展(TIS)，共同合作開拓更廣大的 國際市場。 波蘭成衣製造商協會總部位於全歐洲唯一的時裝城 所在的烏茲市，該地區群聚2,500家服裝製造商，已成 為波蘭服裝出口的最大中心。兩會的合作，必可為兩 地業者帶來龐大商機。
-匯集逾140幅國際海報大師作品的展覽「海報化：波蘭海報藝術展在香港」（Posterized: Warsaw International Poster Biennale in Hong Kong）現正在PMQ元創方舉行。展覽以華沙國際海報雙年展過去50年共26屆的得獎作品為軌跡，分「思潮」、「文化」和「廣告」三個類別作主題式回顧，涵蓋來自23個國家及地區的120位設計師代表作。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/231106/2021/0328/567856.html
- delegation from hk- http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201705/0510/HZ16510CSTA.pdf new territories youth association delegastion led by chan hang bun
- 攝影師避港樓 波蘭建家http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20180319/00269_002.html
- 波蘭美女Ewa Stachurska（譯名伊婉），當年因陪同丈夫到上海工作，便膽粗粗向所任職的遊艇公司提出Home Office建議。豈料老闆反而讓她在上海開設分公司，並開拓中國市場，當時三十一歲已成為公司董事總經理，其後更來港發展。她現於另一家遊艇公司任職高層，早在法國置業，希望每年買多一層樓，目標地區是法國、波蘭等http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20181224/00269_002.html
- 在波蘭鄉村小鎮出生的Michal Szczecinski，在機緣巧合下來港，結識到本地初創公司的創辦人，認為香港機會處處，於是毅然放棄在英國的穩定工作，前來做開荒牛。打拚數年，公司已搖身一變成為市值逾10億美元的「獨角獸」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190128/00269_002.html
- youth exchange
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/05/a14-0505.pdf 新界 青年聯會於4月20日至 27 日舉辦「一帶一路 ．波蘭交流考察團」， 由該會主席陳恒鑌率團 赴波蘭考察，了解當地 人文文化、經濟發展和 政府政策等。
- 香港大學成立的自資學院──明德學院 ，早前有20多名學生獲得「林健忠交流獎學金」資助 ，展開為期10天的波蘭文化交流之旅http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180302/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
Topics of interest
- http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/27/travel/poland-secret-ruins-photos/index.html
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