- https://www.quora.com/How-many-countries-would-have-to-change-their-English-names-if-they-were-to-change-to-the-way-the-natives-pronounce-them-such-as-China-to-Zhongguo
Brits is a large town situated in a fertile, citrus, vegetable and grain-producing area that is irrigated by the waters of the Hartbeespoort Dam in North West Province of South Africa. It is close to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, which includes Pretoria, and it has the same dialling code as Pretoria. In addition to being a centre for agriculture, the town is home to several heavy industries. A factory of the Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo produced cars for the domestic market and export to Asia from 1974 to 1985. The town also plays an important role in the South African mining industry: 94% of South Africa's platinum comes from the Rustenburg and Brits districts, which together produce more platinum than any other single area in the world. In addition, there is a large vanadium mine in the district. The Indian area in Brits is called Primindia. Brits is part of the Madibeng Local Municipality.
western cape province
- The Garden Route District Municipality (formerly known as the Eden District Municipality[3]) is a district municipality located in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
- old name eden still mentioned in tender docuent https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202011/ten313213nov20.pdf
Durban (Zulu: eThekwini, from itheku meaning "bay/lagoon") is the third most populous city in South Africa—after Johannesburg and Cape Town—and the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal.
- In 1822 Lieutenant James King, captain of the ship Salisbury, together with Lt. Francis George Farewell, both ex-Royal Navy officers from the Napoleonic Wars, were engaged in trade between the Cape and Delagoa Bay. On a return trip to the Cape in 1823 they were caught in a very bad storm and decided to risk the Bar and anchor in the Bay of Natal. The crossing went off well and they found safe anchor from the storm. Lt. King decided to map the Bay and named the "Salisbury and Farewell Islands". In 1824 Lt. Farewell together with a trading company called J.R.Thompson & Co. decided to open trade relations with Shaka the Zulu King and establish a trading station at the Bay.
- The Voortrekkers established the Republic of Natalia in 1839, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg.
Tension between the Voortrekkers and the Zulus prompted the governor of the Cape Colony to dispatch a force under Captain Charlton Smith to establish British rule in Natal, for fear of losing British control in Port Natal. The force arrived on 4 May 1842 and built a fortification that was later to be The Old Fort. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 the British attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, and eventually the Afrikaners accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure.
- With the end of apartheid, Durban was subject to restructuring of local government. The eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality was formed in 1994
The Free State (Sotho: Freistata; Afrikaans: Vrystaat; Xhosa: iFreyistata; Tswana: Foreistata; Zulu: iFuleyisitata; before 1995, the Orange Free State) is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called Orange Free State and later Orange Free State Province.
- The Free State Development Corporation (FDC) is the official economic development agency for the Free State. The agency focuses on four key actvities in order to achieve growth and development, services to SMME's, export related assistance and property management.- Bethlehem is a town in the eastern Free State province and originally developed as a service centre.The township associated with Bethlehem is called Bohlokong, named after the hloko/bohloko grass Diheteropogon filifolius.It is a wheat growing area and named after the biblical Bethlehem (from "Beit Lechem", Hebrew for "house of bread").Bethlehem was founded by four local residents, Leon Roos , Jean Gouws , Christiaan Gouws and Pieter Nel, who jointly bought the farm Pretorius Kloof. The first stands were sold in 1860 and a justice of peace was appointed in 1864.
East London (Xhosa: eMonti; Afrikaans: Oos-Londen) is a city on the southeast coast of South Africa[3] in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality of the Eastern Capeprovince. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the country's only river port. John Bailie, one of the 1820 Settlers, surveyed the Buffalo River mouth and founded the town in 1836, a memorial on Signal Hill commemorating the event. The city formed around the only river port in South Africa and was originally known as Port Rex. Later it was renamed London in honour of the capital city of Great Britain, hence the name East London. This settlement on the West Bank was the nucleus of the town of East London, which was elevated to city status in 1914. During the early to mid-19th century frontier wars between the British settlers and the local Xhosa inhabitants, East London served as a supply port to service the military headquarters at nearby King William's Town, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) away. A British fort, Fort Glamorgan, was built on the West Bank in 1847, and annexed to the Cape Colony that same year. This fort is one of a series of British-built forts, including Fort Murray, Fort White, Fort Cox, Fort Hare,Fort Jackson and Fort Beaufort, in the border area that became known as British Kaffraria. With later development of the port came the settlement of permanent residents, including German settlers, most of whom were bachelors. These settlers were responsible for German names of some towns in the vicinity of East London such as Stutterheim and Berlin. Today, German surnames such as Gehring, Salzwedel and Peinke are still common in East London, but the descendants of the settlers rapidly became Anglicised
Mooinooi is a platinum and palladium mining town in the North West province of South Africa, roughly halfway between Brits and Rustenburg. Formerly a boomtown, the Great Recession has caused the town to go bust. Former miners lost their jobs and local services have gone out of business.
************Nkonkobe Local Municipality (Alice) was an administrative area in the Amatole District of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The municipality is named after the Winterberg mountain range, Nkonkobe in isiXhosa.
- Alice is a small town in South Africa that is named after The Princess Alice, daughter of the British Queen Victoria. Settled in 1824 by British colonists adjacent to the Tyhume River.Began early in 1847 as a fort built to house British troops. The same fort was converted in 1916 into a black university institution. Many of the current political leaders in South Africa were educated at the University of Fort Hare, also the alma mater of former President Nelson Mandela. The university is also the repository of the archives of the African National Congress documents and houses one of the most significant collections of African art.The location was named Lovedale by European missionaries who settled there in 1824. It was named after Dr. John Love of the Glasgow Missionary Society. During the Frontier War it was abandoned and the mission resettled on the west bank of the Tyhume River. On the east bank a fort was built, called Fort Hare, after Major-General John Hare, who was Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Cape and acting Governor of the Cape Colony. Later the name of the town was changed to Alice in honour of the Queen’s daughter. Alice was the administrative and magisterial capital of the old district of Victoria East.
波切夫斯特魯姆 Potchefstroom is an academic city in the North West Province of South Africa. It hosts the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University. Potchefstroom is on the Mooi Rivier (Afrikaans for "pretty (or beautiful) river"), roughly 120 km (75 mi) west-southwest of Johannesburg and 45 km (28 mi) east-northeast of Klerksdorp. Potchefstroom, together with Rustenburg, is the second-largest city in the North West Province. Several theories exist about the origin of the city's name. According to one theory, it originates from Potgieter + Chef + stroom (referring to Voortrekker leader and town founder Andries Potgieter; "chef" indicates the leader of the Voortrekkers, and "stroom" refers to the Mooi River).Potchefstroom, founded in 1838 by the Voortrekkers, is the second-oldest European settlement in the Transvaal. The oldest European settlement is Klerksdorp, about 40 km (25 mi) west. Some historians challenge this, because the first settlement was in the "upper regions of the Schoon Spruit" (believed to have been between Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom). However, Potchefstroom was the first to develop into a town.
- koos bekker of naspers was from this town
Constitution
- http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-1
Government www.gov.za
- Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
- South African Development of Trade and Industry www.thedti.gov.za
- The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is one of the ministries of the South African government. It is the governments shareholder representative with oversight responsibility for a number of state-owned enterprises (SoEs).It is estimated that South Africa has about 300 SoEs, nine of which fall under the responsibility of the DPE;
- The Department of Arts and Culture is one of the departments of the South African government. It promotes, supports, develops and protects the arts, culture and heritage of South Africa. The heritage sites, museums and monuments of the country also reside under this ministry.
- department of communications
- The Government Pensions Administration Agency (GPAA) administers pensions on behalf of its primary clients, the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) and National Treasury http://www.gpaa.gov.za/
- The Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA) regulates and invests in the social housing sector in South Africa. www.shra.org.za
- The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) is a statutory body, regulated in terms of the National Qualifications Framework ActNo. 67 of 2008. It is made up of 29 members appointed by the Minister of Education in consultation with the Minister of Labour. SAQA is mandated by legislation to oversee the development and implementation of the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). http://www.saqa.org.za
- National Archives and Records Service — institutional network, operating on a centralized and decentralized provincial basis under central government control. The National Archives and Records Service of South Africa was established by passing of the National Archives and Records Service of South Africa Act in 1996.
- The State Diamond Trader http://www.statediamondtrader.gov.za/
local government
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government
The Public Investment Corporation (PIC) is a South African quasi-public investment entity with over R1.857 trillion (USD 137 Billion) of assets under management. Established in 1911, it holds large stakes in several South African companies, and is one of the entities through which the government implements its policy of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment. The PIC is also responsible for investing the South African Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF).The organisation has its origin in 1911 with passing of the Public Debt Commissioners Act of 1911, a year after the formation of the Union of South Africa.Known then as the Public Debt Commissioners, it would manage the government's debt, investing the government and South African Railways and Harbours trust funds and by 1924 had taken on the provincial administrators funds as well. By the mid-1920s it would manage the granting of loans to local governments in the country. The pension funds managed would allow the government to borrow against those funds. In 1984, a new act, the Public Investment Commissioners Act No.45 of 1984, which moved its focus from debt to investment management, investing funds on behalf of government organisations, the appointment of commissioners and with the finance minister as its chairman. With the first free election in South Africa in 1994, the Public Investment Commissioners announced the formation of the Isibaya Fund in 1995. This saw a portion of the money managed diverted to the new fund to invest in Socially Responsible Investments to target economic growth transformations in population groups disadvantaged during apartheid. The next change came in 2004 with a new act passed called the Public Investment Corporation Act of 2004, where the Public Investment Commission became legalised corporate asset managers. Now a client’s specific investment objectives would be expresses in a detailed client investment mandate which are individually negotiated with a client concerned and approved by the Financial Services Board.
- https://www.ft.com/content/f2786dbe-2e09-11e9-8744-e7016697f225 South Africa’s finance minister is preparing to appoint a new board to the continent’s biggest asset manager, in an effort to salvage the reputation of an institution tarnished by allegations of political interference in its investments. The board of the state-owned Public Investment Corporation, which manages $145bn of assets mostly on behalf of the government employee pension fund, resigned en masse this month following claims from a whistleblower that four of its nine members were involved in wrongdoing. In their resignation letter the directors complained of a “concerted effort to discredit the board” of the PIC, saying the allegations against them were part of “an attempt to bring the institution into a state of paralysis”. Those who quit included Mondli Gungubele, finance minister Tito Mboweni’s deputy who served as PIC chairman. They remain as directors until a new board is appointed. The resignations have compounded a governance scandal at the institution that controls more than a tenth of Johannesburg’s stock market through stakes in listed companies and manages the pensions of millions of civil servants, teachers and nurses. The PIC has significant shareholding in Naspers, the internet company, and mining group Anglo American.
Association
- SA institute of international affairs (SAIIA)
- africa institute
- agricultural research council
- bureau for economic research
- national research foundation
- http://fpef.co.za/ The Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum (FPEF) is a voluntary, non-profit organisation with 120 members, accounting for about 90% of fresh fruit exported from South Africa. The FPEF is also a member of Fruit South Africa (FSA), together with the country’s four growers’ associations. This position strengthens the FPEF’s role of providing leadership and services to its members, the international buying community and the fresh fruit export industry as a whole.
- jewellery council www.jewellery.org.za
- mining
- whole world women foundation http://wholeworldwomen.blogspot.hk/
- islam
Company
- conglomerate
- Remgro Limited is an investment holding company based in Stellenbosch, South Africa.Remgro is an investment holding company with interests in banking, financial services, packaging, glass products, medical services, mining, petroleum, beverage, food and personal care products.Remgro traces its roots from Voorbrand Tobacco Company (renamed Rembrandt Trust in 1948) that was founded in the 1940s by Dr Anton Rupert. Remgro was incorporated in 1968 as Rembrandt S.A. Limited (Remsa), a wholly owned subsidiary of JSE listed Rembrandt Group. In 2000, the Rembrandt Group of companies underwent a corporate restructure that led to the consolidation of the group's investments from four to two publicly traded holding companies i.e. Remgro and VenFin. VenFin acquired the group's technology-orientated assets while Remgro acquired the traditional assets.
- financial
- telecom
- Global Africa Network http://www.gan.co.za/index.htm
trade and investment environment
industry
- ict
People
History
- The Zulu Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north. The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa, but when it came into conflict with the British Empire in the 1870s during the Anglo-Zulu War, it was defeated despite an early Zulu victory in the war. The area was subsequently absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa.
- Operation Dingo, also known as the Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, was a major raid conducted by the Rhodesian Security Forces against the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) headquarters of Robert Mugabe at Chimoio and a smaller camp at Tembue in Mozambique from 23–25 November 1977. More than 3,000 ZANLA fighters were reported as killed and 5,000 wounded while only two government troops died and six were wounded.
usa
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50003150 The US Treasury has imposed sanctions against the Gupta family and an associate over alleged corruption in South Africa. The sanctions were targeted at brothers Atul, Ajay and Rajesh Gupta, and South African businessman Salim Essa. They are accused of using their friendship with Jacob Zuma, South Africa's former president, to profit financially and influence ministerial appointments. The accused have denied any wrongdoing.
UK
- The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, or South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and although British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms.The conflict is commonly referred to as the Boer War, since the First Boer War (December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict. "Boer" is the common term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Company's original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is also known as the (Second) Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog ("Anglo-Boer War"), Tweede Boereoorlog ("Second Boer War"), Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second Freedom War") or Engelse oorlog ("English War").[14] In South Africa it is officially called the South African War.The last of the Boers surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. The British had won and offered generous terms to regain the support of the Boers.The Boers were given £3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the South African Republicand the Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the British Empire. The Union of South Africa was established as a dominion of the British Empire in 1910.
- Anglo acts on South Africa plan with coal mines sale ft 11apr17
- https://www.ft.com/content/03ad5b2e-9f97-11e7-9a86-4d5a475ba4c5 South Africa’s finance minister has told all government departments to review their relationship with KPMG in response to the accounting firm’s role in a political scandal over links between the Gupta family and President Jacob Zuma. In a statement published yesterday, South African finance minister Malusi Gigaba, who was appointed in March, said he had “deep concerns about audit matters currently surrounding KPMG”.
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/south-africa-gets-clean-energy-boost As part of her trip to South Africa to deepen the UK’s business, trading, diplomatic and research partnerships with the country, the Prime Minister set out a more than £56 million ($72 million) contribution through the Clean Technology Fund to a $500 million investment in battery storage developed by the World Bank and the African Development Bank in partnership with the government of South Africa, fast-tracking the region’s access to clean energy.
portugal
- https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/end-of-an-era-mec-motara-after-bank-of-lisbon-demolished-37885280 Gauteng infrastructure development MEC Tasneem Motara has expressed her satisfaction at the successful implosion of the old Bank of Lisbon building in the Johannesburg CBD on Sunday morning.The 22 storey building was demolished within less than 30 seconds as thousands of Johannesburg residents watched in awe. The demolition follows a deadly fire in September last year, which claimed the lives of three Johannesburg firefighters. It was subsequently declared unsafe and earmarked for demolition.
chinese
- 再有華人在南非遭劫殺，中國駐開普敦總領館前日證實，南非東開普省姆塔塔鎮一間華人商舖上周五晚遭多名歹徒武裝搶劫，店內一名福建籍華僑遭槍擊，送院搶救後身亡。案發後，總領館已核實各方面情況，並密切跟進案情的調查進展，督促當地警方盡快破案。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180709/00178_022.html
- 南非約翰內斯堡豪登省高等法院上周六開庭，審理十二名涉嫌發表辱華言論的當地居民，其中四人當庭提前認罪，願意刪除其社交帳號上的辱華言論，並且接受五百小時社區服務的判決，其餘涉案人員將會在明年二月開庭受審。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191210/00178_023.html
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200412/PDF/a19_screen.pdf為了支持南非封國，在南非的華人和公司也紛紛捐助口罩。海諾克斯公司向南非國防軍捐助3萬個口罩、2000個護目鏡，董事長顧曉曄表示，在南非疫情迅速擴散的特殊情況下，作為一家在南非經營多年的企業，希望能夠力所能及地反饋社會，為軍方行動提供支持，希望南非能夠有效控制疫情。在德班開服裝廠的蔡先生向大公報記者介紹，南非宣布封國之初確實大家曾感到恐慌，特別是害怕社會動盪發生騷亂，有人不惜花高價買機票回國，「但是很快大家就平靜下來，自覺在家裏隔離，最多在花園裏活動。」從3月25日晚上起，南非華人警民合作中心調配20名武裝保安在中心辦公區和約翰內斯堡唐人街24小時駐紮，隨時為遇到突發情況的僑胞提供及時幫助。
China
- diplomatic relation
- association
- 林松添提出了包括建设智慧城市和提高执法能力在内的全方位“平安南非”计划，“如果南非社会治安问题解决了，中国投资一定会翻倍，南非也会成为名副其实的人间天堂。”林松添身体力行，他表示近期将继续走访南非各省、经济特区以及工业园区，计划从中挑选一至两个条件最具备合作的省份或园区作为试点，优化“一站式”服务，帮助南非完善投资法律政策，加强能力建设和人力开发培训，推动南非投资和贸易便利化，使当地投资环境更有利于招商引资，让更多务实合作项目落地，使两国民众切实享受到合作成果。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180115/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- tourism
- mining
- investors from china
Hong kong
- cg in hk
- beef
- investors from hk
Brand South Africa http://www.brandsouthafrica.com/, has office in NY and London, opened an office in China http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sunday/2014-03/23/content_17371395.htm
Positioning South Africa right in China
Newly appointed Brand South Africa 's China country manager Tebogo Lefifi is the personification of the Chinese dream .When the Beijing UN Women 's conference was all the rage in 1995, Lefifi was a commerce student at the University of Kwazulu-Natal . The conference made an impression on the young woman , blending as it did with the women 's liberation aspects of the heady experimentation with broad freedoms in post-apartheid South Africa .After a brief sojourn at South African companies , a Portuguese-learning stint in Brazil and a detour to London to work for Kryterion , a Canadian-US educational testing and certification firm , Lefifi moved to Beijing in the winter of 2008.Looking back , her interest in China emanated from a mix of gut feelings and research .She explains : "My role in London was to drive global educational certification for Kryterion . The US market , which was our principal market , was rapidly maturing and getting saturated . In our looking elsewhere , emerging Brazil , China and India offered 'low-hanging fruits '."In the end , Lefifi and her seniors at Kryterion chose China but the idea was abandoned altogether .However , Lefifi was bitten by the China bug , with the seemingly endless opportunities that the country 's fast-paced economic developments offered .Soon after she arrived in Beijing , Lefifi realized that she would have to be there either for three months or 15 years . She chose the latter ."China is as huge as it is deep . You can 't just be academic about it . You have to live here for an extended period of time to become a China subject matter specialist and to cultivate guanxi (relationships ), whichever field you choose ," she says . Her entry strategy was a three-month self-sponsored Chinese-language course .Lefifi was lucky that her former UK employer was the first client for the then nascent Africa @work , her startup advisory consultancy firm . Thus , she didn 't have to worry over her keep .In the meantime , however , she was seeing opportunitines for China-Africa work everywhere she looked .Lefifi joined the South Africa-China Society from where she would scout for work . Ahead of the 2009 Forum on China Africa Cooperation conference in Sharm-el-Sheikh , Egypt , Lefifi signed up as the China representative of Stellenbosch University 's Centre for Chinese , the pioneer think tank in the field on the African continent .Her contact list expanded considerably and , with it , a deepening of knowledge of the agencies of China-Africa relations , from the China Council for Promotion of International Trade to the African division of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences .She also signed up for the China Export Import Bank scholar program , a requirement of which was attending Beijing 's University of International Business and Economics for a business Chinese-language course .Once she was on firm ground , Lefifi intensified her footprint in China-Africa dynamics in the voluntary sense of the word . In 2009 Lefifi and five other young Africans started the Young African Professionals and Students , a trailblazer that engaged in activities as diverse as job placement for recent African graduates to career counseling and mentoring , boasting a database of 3,000 people .Noticing her enterprising spirit , the South African ambassador to China at the time seconded her to the South Africa-China Business Association , "to help align students ' and educational interests in the FOCAC framework ".Her client portfolio grew to include the Rockefeller Foundation , the Kenya-based African Technology Foundation and the Sino Africa Centre of Excellence (associated with the Carter Center in the US ).Lefifi 's China journey has cut both ways . With the African Leadership Network , she has been instrumental in placing Chinese university students with Equity Bank in Nairobi .Lefifi says her inspiration comes from her parents - a mother engaged in commercial farming from whom she takes after in terms of risk-taking and a retired librarian father from whom her knowledge-seeking traits emanate .In her new role as Brand South Africa 's China boss , the function of building South Africa 's corporate reputation will fall squarely on her shoulders ."Our China office is new and my role is to set up the operation from scratch , of course with the support of my headquarters , the South African embassy in Beijing and Tourism SA , which also has a presence in China , among others ," she says . "China is the biggest trading partner for South Africa and South Africa is the fifth-largest trading partner for China . However trade is imbalanced in favor of China , and the role of our China office will be to create circumstances under which this can be corrected ." For China Daily
country websites
- www.gov.za
- http://www.ananzi.co.za/
- https://www.iafrica.com/
- https://www.south-africa-info.co.za/country
- https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/
gauteng
- Benoni is a town in Ekurhuleni municipality, Gauteng, South Africa.ベノニは1881年に建設された。この地域にはヘブライ語で「悲しみの息子」を意味するベノニという名の農園が存在しており、これがそのまま都市名となった。。1887年には金鉱が発見されてコーンウォール出身のイギリス人によって鉱山が開かれた。
- people
- Charlene, Princess of Monaco, (née Charlene Wittstock), swimmer, and consort of Prince Albert II of Monaco
- Morris Kahn (born 1930), Israeli billionaire, founder and chairman of Aurec Group
- Grace Mugabe, former First Lady of Zimbabwe[7]
- Charlize Theron, Oscar-winning actress (Academy Awards: Best Actress Monster)
- "Ben oni" (בֶּן־אוֹנִי) is a Hebrew term meaning "son of my sorrow" (cf. Genesis 35:18)
- 別諾尼防禦The Benoni Defense is a chess opening.
East London (Xhosa: eMonti; Afrikaans: Oos-Londen) is a city on the southeast coast of South Africa[3] in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality of the Eastern Capeprovince. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the country's only river port. John Bailie, one of the 1820 Settlers, surveyed the Buffalo River mouth and founded the town in 1836, a memorial on Signal Hill commemorating the event. The city formed around the only river port in South Africa and was originally known as Port Rex. Later it was renamed London in honour of the capital city of Great Britain, hence the name East London. This settlement on the West Bank was the nucleus of the town of East London, which was elevated to city status in 1914. During the early to mid-19th century frontier wars between the British settlers and the local Xhosa inhabitants, East London served as a supply port to service the military headquarters at nearby King William's Town, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) away. A British fort, Fort Glamorgan, was built on the West Bank in 1847, and annexed to the Cape Colony that same year. This fort is one of a series of British-built forts, including Fort Murray, Fort White, Fort Cox, Fort Hare,Fort Jackson and Fort Beaufort, in the border area that became known as British Kaffraria. With later development of the port came the settlement of permanent residents, including German settlers, most of whom were bachelors. These settlers were responsible for German names of some towns in the vicinity of East London such as Stutterheim and Berlin. Today, German surnames such as Gehring, Salzwedel and Peinke are still common in East London, but the descendants of the settlers rapidly became Anglicised
kwa-zulu natal
- 赫盧赫盧韋Hluhluwe is considered the hub of tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. Timber, sugar and pineapples are intensively grown in the area, which produces over 90% of South Africa's queen pineapples.
梅富根（Mahikeng，2010年2月以前為Mafikeng），舊稱马弗京（Mafeking）Mahikeng is the headquarters of the Barolong Boo Ratshidi people. The town was founded by Molema Tawana (c. 1822 – January 1882).[5] Born in Khunwana during the difaqane period, Molema was the son of Kgosi Tawana of the Tshidi Barolong. Molema's brother and close confidant, Montshiwa, later became chief. During the period that the Tshidi Barolong resided at Thaba Nchu, where they found refuge during the difaqane, Molema was converted to Christianity by the Wesleyan missionaries based there. Molema's son and heir, Silas Molema, was educated at Healdtown College. (Silas helped his nephew Sebopioa Molema get to the United States about 1904 to study law at Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio.)In 1857 Molema led an advance guard to scout out the area along the Molopo River. This was a familiar area as they had previously lived in nearby Khunwana. Molema settled at Mahikeng (known in its early years as "Molema's town"),[5] while the main body of the Barolong under Montshiwa followed. But Montshiwa did not feel safe at Mahikeng due to the close presence and encroachment of the Boers in the Transvaal. He led his followers to Moshaneng in the territory of the Bangwaketse in present-day Botswana.
- The name Mahikeng means "the place of rocks" in the classic Setswana language of the people of the North West province of South Africa and the surrounding country of Botswana. However, the city is commonly pronounced as Mafikeng, in the vernacular of the Batswana people of Mmabatho. Historically it was also known as Mafeking, and is still referred to as such historiographically in the context of the Siege of Mafeking and Relief of Mafeking during the Boer War.In February 2010, Lulu Xingwana, the Minister of Arts and Culture, approved the town's name to be changed again to Mahikeng.[3] Despite this the town's ANC-run local government and most local residents still refer to the town as Mafikeng both informally and formally.
普馬蘭加省 Mpumalanga (/əmˌpuːməˈlɑːŋɡə/ ; Swazi, Zulu: iMpumalanga; Tsonga: Humadyambu; Southern Ndebele: IMpumalanga; Northern Sotho, Afrikaans, Southern Sotho: Mpumalanga) is a province of South Africa. The name means "east", or literally "the place where the sun rises" in the Swazi, Xhosa, Ndebele and Zulu languages.Before 1994, it was part of the now-defunct Transvaal Province. The province's name was Eastern Transvaal, from its initial establishment in 1994 until 24 August 1995. Prior to the establishment of the province, the term "Eastern Transvaal" was used to refer to the eastern part of Transvaal Province.Some 30% of the people speak siSwati, the language of neighbouring Swaziland, with 26% speaking isiZulu, 10.3% isiNdebele, 10.2% Northern Sotho and 11.6% Xitsonga.
Mooinooi is a platinum and palladium mining town in the North West province of South Africa, roughly halfway between Brits and Rustenburg. Formerly a boomtown, the Great Recession has caused the town to go bust. Former miners lost their jobs and local services have gone out of business.
************Nkonkobe Local Municipality (Alice) was an administrative area in the Amatole District of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The municipality is named after the Winterberg mountain range, Nkonkobe in isiXhosa.
- Alice is a small town in South Africa that is named after The Princess Alice, daughter of the British Queen Victoria. Settled in 1824 by British colonists adjacent to the Tyhume River.Began early in 1847 as a fort built to house British troops. The same fort was converted in 1916 into a black university institution. Many of the current political leaders in South Africa were educated at the University of Fort Hare, also the alma mater of former President Nelson Mandela. The university is also the repository of the archives of the African National Congress documents and houses one of the most significant collections of African art.The location was named Lovedale by European missionaries who settled there in 1824. It was named after Dr. John Love of the Glasgow Missionary Society. During the Frontier War it was abandoned and the mission resettled on the west bank of the Tyhume River. On the east bank a fort was built, called Fort Hare, after Major-General John Hare, who was Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Cape and acting Governor of the Cape Colony. Later the name of the town was changed to Alice in honour of the Queen’s daughter. Alice was the administrative and magisterial capital of the old district of Victoria East.
波切夫斯特魯姆 Potchefstroom is an academic city in the North West Province of South Africa. It hosts the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University. Potchefstroom is on the Mooi Rivier (Afrikaans for "pretty (or beautiful) river"), roughly 120 km (75 mi) west-southwest of Johannesburg and 45 km (28 mi) east-northeast of Klerksdorp. Potchefstroom, together with Rustenburg, is the second-largest city in the North West Province. Several theories exist about the origin of the city's name. According to one theory, it originates from Potgieter + Chef + stroom (referring to Voortrekker leader and town founder Andries Potgieter; "chef" indicates the leader of the Voortrekkers, and "stroom" refers to the Mooi River).Potchefstroom, founded in 1838 by the Voortrekkers, is the second-oldest European settlement in the Transvaal. The oldest European settlement is Klerksdorp, about 40 km (25 mi) west. Some historians challenge this, because the first settlement was in the "upper regions of the Schoon Spruit" (believed to have been between Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom). However, Potchefstroom was the first to develop into a town.
- koos bekker of naspers was from this town
Constitution
- http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-1
Government www.gov.za
- Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
- The NAMC was established in terms of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act No. 47 of 1996, as amended by Act No 59 of 1997 and Act No. 52 of 2001. We are a statutory body reporting to the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Our mandate is captured in our four core divisions namely; Agribusiness Development, Agricultural Trusts, Statutory Measures and the Markets and Economic Research Centre (MERC). www.namc.co.za/about-us/profile/
- South African Development of Trade and Industry www.thedti.gov.za
- investment incentives: tax holidays; rebates and accelerated depreciation; tax free grants; relocation grants; export and other incentives under prescribed circumstances
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development http://www.ada-kzn.co.za/our-mandate-other-legislative-imperatives/
- The Agribusiness Development Agency (ADA) is a catalytic vehicle that facilitates the growth of a strong, transformed, diversified, dynamic, competitive and sustainable agro-processing industry in KwaZulu-Natal, in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD). The Agribusiness Development ADA derives its mandates from Cabinet Resolution No. 79 of 29 July 2009 authorizing the establishment of an entity to support entrant commercial black farmers http://www.ada-kzn.co.za/our-mandate-other-legislative-imperatives/
- The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is one of the ministries of the South African government. It is the governments shareholder representative with oversight responsibility for a number of state-owned enterprises (SoEs).It is estimated that South Africa has about 300 SoEs, nine of which fall under the responsibility of the DPE;
- Alexkor – Mining sector (diamond mining)
- Denel – Aerospace and Defence sector (armaments manufacturer)
- Eskom – Energy sector (national electricity utility)
- SA Express – Transport sector (regional and feeder airline)
- South African Forestry Company – Forestry sector (manages forestry on state owned land)
- Transnet – Transport and related infrastructure sector (railways, harbours, oil/fuel pipelines and terminals)
Other corporate entities not under the Department of Public Enterprises include the South African Post Office, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, the South African Bureau of Standards, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and Sentech.
Various other smaller state-owned companies exist in South Africa.
- South African Tourism www.southafrica.net- The Department of Arts and Culture is one of the departments of the South African government. It promotes, supports, develops and protects the arts, culture and heritage of South Africa. The heritage sites, museums and monuments of the country also reside under this ministry.
- The National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF) is an agency of the Department of Arts and Culture that was created to ensure the equitable growth of South Africa's film and video industry.http://nfvf.co.za
- department of communications
- The Film and Publication Board, or FPB, is a content-classification and regulation authority in South Africa, operating under the Minister of Communications. The FPB was established in 1996[1] under the Films and Publications Act, ostensibly to tackle issues of child pornography and child abuse, as well as to provide ratings to publicly consumed media such as movies, music and television programs. Under these directives, its mandate can be considered one of state censorship.
- The Government Pensions Administration Agency (GPAA) administers pensions on behalf of its primary clients, the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) and National Treasury http://www.gpaa.gov.za/
- The Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA) regulates and invests in the social housing sector in South Africa. www.shra.org.za
- The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) is a statutory body, regulated in terms of the National Qualifications Framework ActNo. 67 of 2008. It is made up of 29 members appointed by the Minister of Education in consultation with the Minister of Labour. SAQA is mandated by legislation to oversee the development and implementation of the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). http://www.saqa.org.za
- National Archives and Records Service — institutional network, operating on a centralized and decentralized provincial basis under central government control. The National Archives and Records Service of South Africa was established by passing of the National Archives and Records Service of South Africa Act in 1996.
- The State Diamond Trader http://www.statediamondtrader.gov.za/
- a statutory body that is established in terms of section 14 of the Diamond Amendment Act, 29 of 2005. Its objectives are to promote equitable access to and local beneficiation of South Africa’s diamond resources.
- will host first Diamond Indaba in Oct 2015 at the same time as Jewellex 2015
local government
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government
- Dube TradePort Corporation, is a business entity of the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government that manages a 3,000ha infrastructure project called the Dube TradePort Special Economic Zone set up to promote local and international trade. Located at the King Shaka International Airport, it is situated 30 minutes from Durban Harbour and 90 minutes from the Richards Bay Harbour, and has an international airport, a cargo terminal, warehousing, offices and an agricultural zone.The Dube TradePort Corporation is named after John Langalibalele Dube, who was an educator, clergyman, writer, newspaper editor and the founding president of the then South African Native National Congress, later the ANC.[2] In 2002, the South African government decided to invest in new international airport outside Durban.[2] The following year saw the creation of the Dube TradePort Company by the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government to develop a world-class aviation export facility.[2] 2005 saw the beginnings of a development master plan for the Dube TradePort at the proposed airport.[2] In 2007, the iLembe Consortium were appointed to construct Dube TradePort and the King Shaka International Airport. In 2010, the Dube Cargo Terminal and King Shaka International Airport opened on schedule with the Dube TradeHouse opening later in the year.[2] The air-bridge from the cargo terminal opened in 2011 with the first produce at the AgriZone harvested and the Corporation moved into its new headquarters onsite.
The Public Investment Corporation (PIC) is a South African quasi-public investment entity with over R1.857 trillion (USD 137 Billion) of assets under management. Established in 1911, it holds large stakes in several South African companies, and is one of the entities through which the government implements its policy of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment. The PIC is also responsible for investing the South African Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF).The organisation has its origin in 1911 with passing of the Public Debt Commissioners Act of 1911, a year after the formation of the Union of South Africa.Known then as the Public Debt Commissioners, it would manage the government's debt, investing the government and South African Railways and Harbours trust funds and by 1924 had taken on the provincial administrators funds as well. By the mid-1920s it would manage the granting of loans to local governments in the country. The pension funds managed would allow the government to borrow against those funds. In 1984, a new act, the Public Investment Commissioners Act No.45 of 1984, which moved its focus from debt to investment management, investing funds on behalf of government organisations, the appointment of commissioners and with the finance minister as its chairman. With the first free election in South Africa in 1994, the Public Investment Commissioners announced the formation of the Isibaya Fund in 1995. This saw a portion of the money managed diverted to the new fund to invest in Socially Responsible Investments to target economic growth transformations in population groups disadvantaged during apartheid. The next change came in 2004 with a new act passed called the Public Investment Corporation Act of 2004, where the Public Investment Commission became legalised corporate asset managers. Now a client’s specific investment objectives would be expresses in a detailed client investment mandate which are individually negotiated with a client concerned and approved by the Financial Services Board.
- https://www.ft.com/content/f2786dbe-2e09-11e9-8744-e7016697f225 South Africa’s finance minister is preparing to appoint a new board to the continent’s biggest asset manager, in an effort to salvage the reputation of an institution tarnished by allegations of political interference in its investments. The board of the state-owned Public Investment Corporation, which manages $145bn of assets mostly on behalf of the government employee pension fund, resigned en masse this month following claims from a whistleblower that four of its nine members were involved in wrongdoing. In their resignation letter the directors complained of a “concerted effort to discredit the board” of the PIC, saying the allegations against them were part of “an attempt to bring the institution into a state of paralysis”. Those who quit included Mondli Gungubele, finance minister Tito Mboweni’s deputy who served as PIC chairman. They remain as directors until a new board is appointed. The resignations have compounded a governance scandal at the institution that controls more than a tenth of Johannesburg’s stock market through stakes in listed companies and manages the pensions of millions of civil servants, teachers and nurses. The PIC has significant shareholding in Naspers, the internet company, and mining group Anglo American.
Association
- SA institute of international affairs (SAIIA)
- africa institute
- agricultural research council
- bureau for economic research
- national research foundation
- The National Energy Regulator (NERSA) is a regulatory authority established as a juristic person in terms of Section 3 of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No. 40 of 2004). NERSA’s mandate is to regulate the electricity, piped-gas and petroleum pipelines industries in terms of the Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006), Gas Act, 2001 (Act No. 48 of 2001) and Petroleum Pipelines Act, 2003 (Act No. 60 of 2003). The structure of the Energy Regulator consists of nine members, five of whom are part-time and four are full-time, including the Chief Executive Office (CEO). The Energy Regulator is supported by personnel under the direction of the CEO. The mandate of NERSA is derived from legislation governing and prescribing the role and functions of the Regulator. http://www.nersa.org.za/
- The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an organisation under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs, tasked with research and dissemination of information on biodiversity.SANBI was established on 1 September 2004 in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, No 10 of 2004.[2] Previously, in 1989, the autonomous statutory National Botanical Institute (NBI) had been formed from the National Botanic Gardens and the Botanical Research Institute, which had been founded in the early 20th century to study and conserve the South African flora. The mandate of the National Botanical Institute was expanded by the act to include the full diversity of the South African ecosystems. The NBI had its head office at Kirstenbosch in Cape Town, and gardens and research centres throughout South Africa.
- private members club- The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an organisation under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs, tasked with research and dissemination of information on biodiversity.SANBI was established on 1 September 2004 in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, No 10 of 2004.[2] Previously, in 1989, the autonomous statutory National Botanical Institute (NBI) had been formed from the National Botanic Gardens and the Botanical Research Institute, which had been founded in the early 20th century to study and conserve the South African flora. The mandate of the National Botanical Institute was expanded by the act to include the full diversity of the South African ecosystems. The NBI had its head office at Kirstenbosch in Cape Town, and gardens and research centres throughout South Africa.
- The Rand Club is the oldest private members' club in Johannesburg, South Africa, founded in October 1887. The plan for the current, third, clubhouse was put on paper in 1902 and its construction was finished in 1904 on the design by architects Leck & Emley. Cecil John Rhodes was instrumental in deciding the Rand Club's location. The club was founded only a year after the city of Johannesburg itself was formed. The need for such an establishment was felt as, in the burgeoning gold rush tent town of the time, there was little infrastructure and no suitable locale for distinguished visitors or pioneers to call in or be received at. It is said that Cecil John Rhodes was walking along the newly laid-out Marshall’s Township together with Dr Hans Sauer, the first District Surgeon of the Transvaal Republic; both of them stopped at the intersection of what is now Commissioner and Loveday streets, with Rhodes proclaiming that “this place will do for a club.” The first subscribers, who became the founding members, received two plots as a voluntary contribution and purchased two additional ones in order to ensure that the future building provided spacious facilities. The construction of the first clubhouse promptly began with the erection of a simple single-story structure, housing a bar, a billiards room, four conference rooms, and offices for the chairman and the secretary. This quickly proved inadequate and this structure was demolished to make way for a double-story Victorian building, then deemed the finest in Johannesburg, with colonnaded verandas, trelliswork, French windows, and Corinthian pillars. By 1902, this too proved inadequate and was replaced with the current, third, clubhouse. The club and its members have played important parts and have held notable positions in South African history. Mining magnates such as Sir Jilius Jeppe, Sir Hermann Eckstein and Sir Lionel Phillips were instrumental in turning the Witwatersrand into the largest goldfield in the world, as well as for sponsoring the construction of the Johannesburg Art Gallery and donating important pieces of art to it. Rhodes’s associate, Dr Leander Starr Jameson, together with his fellow plotters from the Transvaal Reform Committee plotted the overthrow of the government of the Transvaal from the club’s Main Bar. The club was one of the targets of the striking miners during the Rand Rebellion of 1922 and was briefly barricaded during the disturbances.
- https://www.thesouthafrican.com/johannesburgs-rand-club-goes-looking-to-revamp-image/
- http://fpef.co.za/ The Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum (FPEF) is a voluntary, non-profit organisation with 120 members, accounting for about 90% of fresh fruit exported from South Africa. The FPEF is also a member of Fruit South Africa (FSA), together with the country’s four growers’ associations. This position strengthens the FPEF’s role of providing leadership and services to its members, the international buying community and the fresh fruit export industry as a whole.
- export directory http://fpef.co.za/2016/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/FPEF-ED-2015-web_web.pdf
- 同行的鮑魚協會幹事Bruce帶我們到他的心水鮑魚餐館，帶大夥來到開業十年的「陶苑」。無錯，有兩大隻中文字寫在餐廳門外，「來南非食中餐 鮑魚？」我不禁懷疑。甫入店即Bruce即與老闆娘Mary姐來個熊抱，Mary姐乃南非華僑http://members.gotrip.hk/article/index.php?id=6964
- jewellery council www.jewellery.org.za
- mining
- The Chamber of Mines is a South African mining-industry employer organisation. Its members include famous South African mining houses such as Anglo American De Beers, Gold Fields and Harmony. In its current form, it was founded in 1968 as a South African wide organization. Prior to that year, it has its early origins as the Transvaal Chamber of Mines in 1887, then evolved over many years reforming as the Witwatersrand Chamber of Mines in 1889, the Chamber of Mines of the South African Republic from 1897, Transvaal Chamber of Mines from 1902 and lastly from 1953 until 1967 as the Transvaal and Orange Free State Chamber of Mines. On 21 October 1887, the Transvaal Chamber of Mines met for the first time at Central Hotel in Johannesburg. Forty seven people attended the first meeting and its first President was Henry Struben. The organization main aim was to disseminate information, the reading of technical and scientific papers, publishing monthly gold returns, financial issues and other mining issues but after a few meetings the group petered out. More than a year later in 1889, the Chamber was reconstituted as the Witwatersrand Chamber of Mines. Its new President was Hermann Eckstein and the honorary President was Paul Kruger. The early work of the Chamber was a uniform standard of treatment for black mine workers on the members mines, advocated for changes to the Gold Law legislation and for a railway system with the South African Republic government.
- mining qualifications authority http://www.mqa.org.za/
- geological society of south africa www.gsso.org.za
- southern african institute of mining and metallurgy www.saimm.co.za
- whole world women foundation http://wholeworldwomen.blogspot.hk/
- islam
- South African National Halaal Authority (SANHA) is an international non-profit organization certifying halal food and products in South Africa. The authority's goal is to simplify the recognition and purchase of halal food across all stores in South Africa instead of having halal products sold in a select group of halal-only stores.
Company
- conglomerate
- Naspers is a broad-based multinational internet and media group, offering services in more than 130 countries. Its principal operations are in ecommerce (i.e. classifieds, online retail, marketplaces, online comparison shopping, payments and online services), video entertainment and print. With a market capitalisation of over $66 billion it is the largest company in Africa and the 7th largest Internet company in the world.
- Established in 1911, the Public Investment Corporation (SOC) Limited is one of the largest investment managers in Africa today, managing assets of over R1.8 trillion and still growing. The PIC, a registered financial services provider, is wholly owned by the South African Government, with the Minister of Finance as shareholder representative.
- 大股東南非傳媒集團Naspers可能「唔係咁諗」。皆因早前主席Koos Bekker於股東會上被「逼宮」，投資者要求分拆或出售騰訊持股以釋放公司價值。要數Naspers最成功的投資就一定是騰訊，在2001年Naspers斥資3,300萬美元（2.6億港元）入股騰訊，至今仍一股未沽。根據騰訊2016年的年報，Naspers持有33.25%或31.51億股騰訊，市值逾1萬億港元，升值接近4,000倍。相反創辦人兼主席馬化騰的持股不斷下降，從上市時的14.43%，減持剩下8.73%。現時Naspers持有的騰訊股份價值超過1,320億美元，比本身公司還要高出32%，對於投資者要求分拆或出售手上持股以減少折讓率，Koos Bekker指雖然無意永久持有，但就表明不會接納要求，現時無意出售持股。他指，自2004年騰訊上市以來，一直有建議出售相關股權，但該公司每次評估後仍認為持有騰訊最合乎公司利益。而除了投資者的關係，騰訊與Naspers亦不時合作，早年騰訊就向其收購「泰國版Yahoo」Sanook約49.92%權益。2010年騰訊股價因主席馬化騰與投資銀行對賭期權而大跌，當時Naspers曾向媒體稱對馬投下信心一票，表示決意成為騰訊的長期投資者，亦無計劃出售現持有的股權。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20170827/20134158
- Remgro Limited is an investment holding company based in Stellenbosch, South Africa.Remgro is an investment holding company with interests in banking, financial services, packaging, glass products, medical services, mining, petroleum, beverage, food and personal care products.Remgro traces its roots from Voorbrand Tobacco Company (renamed Rembrandt Trust in 1948) that was founded in the 1940s by Dr Anton Rupert. Remgro was incorporated in 1968 as Rembrandt S.A. Limited (Remsa), a wholly owned subsidiary of JSE listed Rembrandt Group. In 2000, the Rembrandt Group of companies underwent a corporate restructure that led to the consolidation of the group's investments from four to two publicly traded holding companies i.e. Remgro and VenFin. VenFin acquired the group's technology-orientated assets while Remgro acquired the traditional assets.
- financial
- The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank) is the central bank of South Africa. It was established in 1921 after Parliament passed an act, the "Currency and Bank Act of 10 August 1920", as a direct result of the abnormal monetary and financial conditions which World War I had brought. The SARB was only the fourth central bank established outside the United Kingdom and Europe, the others being the United States, Japan and Java. The earliest suggestions for the establishment of the Central Bank in South Africa date back to 1879. A select committee, consisting of ten members of Parliament was established on 31 March 1920 to examine the benefits to the national interest of the establishing of the central bank. Following on the recommendations of the committee, the South African Reserve Bank opened for business on 30 June 1921, making it the oldest central bank in Africa. The first banknotes were issued to the public by the Bank on 19 April 1922. Unlike the Bank of England, which provided the model for establishing the SARB, the SARB is privately owned.
- https://www.ft.com/content/e2bda424-e662-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da
South Africa’s central bank on Thursday criticised the African National Congress’s proposal to nationalise the institution, warning that such a move was “unwarranted given the country’s fragile economic situation”. The rebuke underscored the challenges that Cyril Ramaphosa, the ANC’s new leader, faces as he attempts to balance market expectations that he will promote business-friendly policies against the party’s increasingly populist strains.
- Nedbank is one of the largest banks in South Africa; however, it is one of the newest banks to be incorporated. It is headquartered in Johannesburg. The bank was founded in 1888 in Amsterdam as the Nederlandsche Bank en Credietvereeniging voor Zuid-Afrika ("Dutch Bank and Credit Union for South Africa"). In the same year the bank opened an office in Pretoria, South African Republic; in 1898 the bank moved its office to Church Square. In 1903 the company was renamed to Nederlandsche Bank voor Zuid-Afrika ("Dutch Bank for South Africa"). In 1906, the bank expanded and an office in London was opened. The bank split in 1951, renaming its South African part as Nederlandse Bank in Suid-Afrika Beperk/Netherlands Bank of South Africa Limited. The number of South African shareholders increased greatly, and in 1969 the company became 100% South African-owned after the Bank Mees en Hope sold 20 percent of its shares. The South African part was completely independent. The Dutch part of the bank no longer exists; it's currently part of ABN AMRO. In 1992, the name of the bank was changed to Nedcor Bank Limited, of which Nedbank became the largest division. In 1992, Syfrets, UAL, and Nedbank Investment Bank merged to become Nedcor Investment Bank (NIB). Old Mutual, Nedcor's holding company, was demutualised and listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1999. It became a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Nedbank acquired the Isle of Man and Jersey private banking business of Robert Fleming & Co. in 2001. The new Nedcor Group was formed on 1 January 2003, combining Nedcor, BoE, Nedcor Investment Bank, and Cape of Good Hope Bank into one legal entity. The Nedcor Group was renamed the Nedbank Group on 6 May 2005. Nedbank headquarters are in Sandton, South Africa. In August 2009, Nedbank bought the remaining 49.9% of Imperial Bank South Africa, which is now fully owned by Nedbank.
- FirstRand Limited, also referred to as FirstRand Group is the holding company of FirstRand Bank, and is a financial services provider in South Africa. The FirstRand Group's history traces back to the 1970s as an investment bank. The Group as currently is was established on April 1, 1998, through a merger of the financial services interests of Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Limited (now Anglo American plc) and RMB Holdings (RMBH) in order to achieve the objective of a unified financial services grouping. These financial services interests were First National Bank Holdings ("FNB"), Momentum Life Assurers Limited ("Momentum" now part of MMI Holdings) and the Southern Life Association Limited ("Southern Life") all of which were listed on the JSE. FNB and Southern Life were delisted from the JSE and constituted as wholly owned subsidiaries of Momentum which was the vehicle to effect the merger. Momentum changed its name to FirstRand Limited and was listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange on May 25, 1998 with Anglo American and RMB Holdings holding 20.43% and 25.03% of the authorized capital of FirstRand respectively. Anglo American has since shed off its entire shareholding. Post merger events saw the merging of Rand Merchant Bank and FNB to form FirstRand Bank Limited, with the two units remaining to trade as divisions of FirstRand Bank Limited and the transfer of Momentum's insurance business to that of into Southern Life to form FirstRand Insurance Limited. FirstRand is listed as a "locally controlled bank" by the South African Reserve Bank, the national banking regulator. The Group has subsidiaries in South Africa and in the neighbouring countries of Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Lesotho and Zambia. FirstRand also has interests in Australia and India. The Group has expressed interest in expanding its operations into Angola and Nigeria. In May 2012, Kenyan press reports indicated that the group was making plans to expand into Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. In November 2012, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued the first merchant banking licences in more than a decade to FirstRand Bank and another local firm.
- https://www.absa.co.za/about-us/absa-bank/ Absa Group Limited, formerly Barclays Africa Group Limited, and originally Amalgamated Banks of South Africa, is an African based financial services group, offering personal and business banking, credit cards, corporate and investment banking, wealth and investment management as well as bancassurance. It is the majority shareholder of 11 banks spanning Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania (two entities), Uganda and Zambia, with a further two representative offices in Namibia and Nigeria[5]. It also has an international office in London, which opened in September 2018[6].Absa Group Limited is 14.9% owned by Barclays plc and is listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.[7] The group is one of Africa’s major financial service providers offering personal and business banking, corporate and investment banking, wealth and investment management, and bancassurance. The group was formed through a merger of Absa Group Limited and Barclays’ African operations on 31 July 2013. The group changed its name from Absa Group Limited to Barclays Africa Group Limited on 2 August 2013. Absa was founded in 1991 through the merger of financial service providers United Bank (South Africa), the Allied Bank (South Africa), the Volkskas Bank Group and certain interests of the Sage Group.[8] The following year, Absa acquired the entire shareholding of the Bankorp Group which included Trustbank, Senbank and Bankfin, thereby extending its asset base further. In the early years of this union, each bank operated under its own name. In 1998, they were fused into one single brand. A year later, Absa adopted a new corporate identity and the name was changed into Absa Group Limited. In May 2005, Barclays Bank of the United Kingdom purchased 56.4% stake in Absa.[10] Barclays called the transaction its largest investment outside the UK and the largest ever direct foreign investment in South Africa. In early 2007, the Barclays Bank acquisition of Absa was criticised by governor of the South African Reserve Bank, Tito Mboweni who said he "had yet to see the benefits of Barclays' management of Absa".
- telecom
- Telkom SA SOC Ltd. is a wireline and wireless telecommunications provider in South Africa, operating in more than 38 countries across the African continent. Telkom is a semi-privatised, 39% state-owned company. The first use of telecommunication in the Republic of South Africa was a single line telegraph connecting Cape Town and Simonstown.[when?] After Bell Labs' development of the telephone, the first undersea links were introduced, first connecting Durban and Europe, and soon after, the rest of the world. The network continued to develop through internal financing in a heavily regulated market as international technology developed. At this point, telephone services were operated by the South African Post Office.
- Vodacom Group Limited (Vodacom) is a African mobile communications company, providing voice, messaging, data and converged services to over 55 million customers. From its roots in Africa, Vodacom has grown its operations to include networks in Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, and Lesotho and provides business services to customers in over 40 African countries such as Nigeria, Zambia, Angola, Kenya, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, and Cameroon. It was owned on a 50:50 basis by the African telecommunications group Telkom and multinational operator Vodafone.
- mtn.com
- Eskom is a South African electricity public utility, established in 1923 as the Electricity Supply Commission (ESC) by the government of the Union of South Africa in terms of the Electricity Act (1922). It was founded by a parliamentary act, namely the Electricity Act of 1922, which allowed the Electricity Control Board to appoint Hendrik Johannes van der Bijl as the Chairman of the Board. The company was also known by its Afrikaans name Elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskommissie (EVKOM). The two acronyms were combined in 1986 and the company is now known as Eskom. Eskom represents South Africa in the Southern African Power Pool. The utility is the largest producer of electricity in Africa,[5][better source needed]} is among the top seven utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and among the top nine in terms of sales.
- aviation
- 早在1998年，中广核与南非电力公司ESKOM签订协议，在培训交流、技术合作等方面建立联繫。2010年11月，合作范围进一步扩大。据悉，全球第三大铀矿─纳米比亚湖山铀矿由中广核工程公司和南非当地矿建设计公司共同承担。2016年底，湖山铀矿正式出产第一桶铀，现正朝着全面投产顺利推进。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170906/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier airline of South Africa. Its headquarters are in Airways Park on the grounds of O. R. Tambo International Airport in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng. South African Airways was formed on 1 February 1934 following the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government.
- South Africa’s finance minister said the nation’s troubled flag-carrier should be shut down, casting doubt on President Cyril Ramaphosa’s stated goal of saving what was once Africa’s biggest airline.https://www.ft.com/content/23ff2a6a-ddfd-11e8-8f50-cbae5495d92b
- The South African government National Transport Movement (NTM) says a decision to shut down South African Airways and form a new airline has been reached.In a statement, the Department of Public Enterprises said that the new airline would ideally have a mix of governmental and private ownership. In terms of the agreement, the government will source 2.2 billion Rand (105 million euros) funding for severance packages. The decision will result in the termination of all South African Airways employees’ contracts. Current South African Airways airline’s staff will be given preference for employment in the new airline.https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/south-african-airways/south-african-airways-to-be-replaced-by-new-airline/
- Global Africa Network http://www.gan.co.za/index.htm
- one of the participants of the Africa Day event in HK and distributed investment publications, activities from 2009 to 2011
- global credit ratings
- retail
- Carlyle Group (CG.O) has agreed to become the largest shareholder in Johannesburg-based Global Credit Ratings (GCR) http://www.reuters.com/article/us-globalratingsagency-m-a-carlyle-group-idUSKBN1510N5
- Steinhoff International is a South African-based international retail holding company, dealing mainly in furniture and household goods, which operates in Europe, Africa, The United States and Australasia.
- Wines of south africa www.wosa.co.za
- Anglo American plc is a multinational mining company based in Johannesburg, South Africa and London, United Kingdom. It is the world's largest producer of platinum, with around 40% of world output, as well as being a major producer of diamonds, copper, nickel, iron ore and metallurgical and thermal coal. The company has operations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America. Anglo American has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. The company has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
- Sibanye-Stillwater is the largest individual producer of gold from South Africa and is one of 10 largest gold producers globally.[citation needed] Sibanye-Stillwater is also the third largest producer of palladium and platinum. Following the proposed acquisition of Lonmin, it will further increase its production of palladium and platinum.In 2012, Gold Fields Limited unbundled its subsidiary, GFI Mining South Africa Proprietary Limited (“GFIMSA”), which was then renamed Sibanye Gold Limited (“Sibanye Gold”), and consisted of the KDC (formerly Kloof) and Beatrix mines, as well as an array of support service entities in South Africa. "Gold Fields stockholders were given one share in Sibanye for each of their Gold Fields shares."
- gold fields
- harmony gm
- impala platinum
- Sappi Limited, originally incorporated as South African Pulp and Paper Industries Limited in 1936, is a South African pulp and paper company with global operations.South African Pulp and Paper Industries Limited was founded in 1936. The company is now known as Sappi and is headquartered in Johannesburg, It produces and sells commodity paper products, pulp, chemical cellulose, and forest and timber products for Southern Africa and export markets.
trade and investment environment
- state finance
- economist 1aug2020 s africa borrows from IMF for first time since apartheid
- https://www.ft.com/content/10d65ecc-1715-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640 South Africa has raised value added tax for the first time in the democratic era as new president Cyril Ramaphosa seeks to turn around state finances battered by years of corruption and mismanagement. Malusi Gigaba, the finance minister, said in Wednesday’s budget that the treasury was forced to take the politically sensitive decision to increase VAT and income tax to prevent South Africa falling further into junk status and to tackle rising debt.
- South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa has signed into law the national minimum wage bill, his office said on Monday, part of efforts by the government to tackle wage inequality in Africa’s most industrialized economy. The National Minimum Wage Act sets South Africa’s minimum wage at 20 rand ($1.45) an hour, equal to 3,500 rand per month. The law will come into force on a date to be determined by Ramaphosa, the presidency said. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-economy-wages/south-africas-ramaphosa-signs-minimum-wage-bill-into-law-idUSKCN1NV1FI
- Fears on shifting regulation haunt mining industry gathering in South Africa ft 11feb 17
- 南非種族隔離政策結束逾廿年，惟當地目前逾七成農地由白人控制。當地國會周二通過一項議案，將容許政府修改憲法，允許無償徵地為土地改革鋪路。惟反對者質疑做法會令經濟變差，更可能令南非步津巴布韋後塵，出現大饑荒。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180301/00180_030.html
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/08/c_137876675.htm The National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) said Thursday that it has approved increases of 9.41 percent, 8.1 percent and 5.22 percent in electricity prices in the next three years. NERSA granted power utility Eskom the increases for the 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 financial years, with the first increase commencing on April 1. The decision to grant the hikes came after the state-owned power utility application for increases of between 15 percent and 17 percent for the next three years.
industry
- ict
- https://www.businessinsider.co.za/google-backs-out-free-wifi-google-station-partnership-with-think-wifi-in-south-africa-2020-2
People
-Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈkryjər]; 10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904) was a South African politician. He was one of the dominant political and military figures in 19th-century South Africa, and President of the South African Republic (or Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900. Nicknamed Oom Paul ("Uncle Paul"), he came to international prominence as the face of the Boer cause—that of the Transvaal and its neighbour the Orange Free State—against Britain during the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. He has been called a personification of Afrikanerdom, and remains a controversial figure; admirers venerate him as a tragic folk hero.Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger was born on 10 October 1825 at Bulhoek, a farm in the Steynsburg area of the Cape Colony, the third child and second son of Casper Jan Hendrik Kruger (1801–1852), a farmer, and his wife Elsje (Elisa; née Steyn; 1806–1834).[1] The family was of Dutch-speaking Afrikaner or Boer background, of German, French Huguenot and Dutch stock. His paternal ancestors had been in South Africa since 1713, when Jacob Krüger, from Berlin, arrived in Cape Town as a 17-year-old soldier in the Dutch East India Company's service. Jacob's children dropped the umlaut from the family name, a common practice among South Africans of German origin. Over the following generations, Kruger's paternal forebears moved into the interior. His mother's family, the Steyns, had lived in South Africa since 1668 and were relatively affluent and cultured by Cape standards.[1]Kruger's great-grand-uncle Hermanus Steyn had been president of the self-declared Republic of Swellendam that revolted against Company rule in 1795.Kruger was appointed Vice President in March 1877, shortly before the South African Republic was annexed by Britain as the Transvaal. Over the next three years he headed two deputations to London to try to have this overturned. He became the leading figure in the movement to restore the South African Republic's independence, culminating in the Boers' victory in the First Boer War of 1880–81. Kruger served until 1883 as a member of an executive triumvirate, then was electedPresident. In 1884 he headed a third deputation that brokered the London Convention, under which Britain recognised the South African Republic as a completely independent state.Following the influx of thousands of predominantly British settlers with the Witwatersrand Gold Rush of 1886, "uitlanders" (out-landers) provided almost all of the South African Republic's tax revenues but lacked civic representation; Boer burghers retained control of the government. The uitlander problem and the associated tensions with Britain dominated Kruger's attention for the rest of his presidency, to which he was re-elected in 1888, 1893 and 1898, and led to the Jameson Raid of 1895–96 and ultimately the Second Boer War. Kruger left for Europe as the war turned against the Boers in 1900 and spent the rest of his life in exile, refusing to return home following the British victory. After he died in Switzerland at the age of 78 in 1904, his body was returned to South Africa for a state funeral, and buried in the Heroes' Acre in Pretoria.
荷蘭城鎮和城市中的街道和廣場名字是以他的名字命名，如Krugerstraat、Krugerplein。在荷蘭海牙，著名市場街仍稱de Paul Krugerlaan。
- Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha, DMS (27 April 1932 – 12 October 2018) was a South African politician who served as the country's foreign minister in the last years of the apartheid era. He was considered a liberal – at least in comparison to others in the ruling National Party and among the Afrikaner community – but the bulk of his career was spent defending South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregationagainst foreign criticism. Botha was nicknamed 'Pik' (short for pikkewyn, Afrikaans for 'penguin') because of a perceived likeness to a penguin in his stance, accentuated when he wore a suit. He was not related to Prime Minister (later President) P. W. Botha, under whom he served as foreign minister. Botha was born at Rustenburg in the Transvaal.[4] At the age of four, he was struck by meningitis in Lourenço Marques (modern-day Maputo, Mozambique); he received treatment at a small hospital in Barberton, Transvaal, and his mother vowed that if he survived, he would become a church minister.
- Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (Zulu: [geɮʱeyiɬeˈkisa ˈzʱuma]; born 12 April 1942) is a South African politician who served as the fourth President of South Africa from the 2009 general election until his resignation on 14 February 2018. Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ and his clan name Msholozi.Zuma served as Deputy President of South Africa from 1999 to 2005, but was dismissed by President Thabo Mbeki in 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, Schabir Shaik, was convicted of soliciting a bribe for Zuma. Zuma was nonetheless elected President of the African National Congress (ANC) on 18 December 2007 after defeating Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane. On 20 September 2008, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the ANC's National Executive Committee. The recall came after South African High Court Judge Christopher Nicholson ruled Mbeki had improperly interfered with the operations of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. Zuma led the ANC to victory in the 2009 general election and was elected President of South Africa. He was re-elected as ANC leader at the ANC conference in Mangaung on 18 December 2012, defeating challenger Kgalema Motlanthe by a large majority, and remained president of South Africa after the 2014 general election, although his party suffered a decline in support, partly due to growing dissatisfaction with Zuma as president.Zuma was born in Nkandla, Natal Province (now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal).[15] His father was a policeman who died when Zuma was five,[16] and his mother was a domestic worker.[17] His middle name, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" in Zulu. He received no formal schooling. As a child, Zuma constantly moved around Natal Province and the suburbs of Durban. He has two brothers, Michael and Joseph.
- Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma (born 27 January 1949), sometimes referred to by her initials NDZ, is a South African politician and anti-apartheid activist, currently serving as Minister in the Presidency for the National Planning Commission for Policy and Evaluation.[1] She was South Africa's Minister of Health from 1994–99, under President Nelson Mandela, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, under presidents Thabo Mbeki and Kgalema Motlanthe. She was moved to the position of Minister of Home Affairs in the first term of former President Jacob Zuma. On 15 July 2012, Dlamini-Zuma was elected by the African Union Commission as its chairperson, making her the first woman to lead the organisation (including its predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity);[2] she took office on 15 October 2012. On 30 January 2017, she was replaced as Chairperson of the AU Commission by Chadian Foreign Minister Moussa Faki. She is the ex-wife of former President Jacob Zuma, and was favoured by Jacob Zuma to succeed him both as President of the African National Congress (ANC) and as President of South Africa. She was defeated in her campaign for the ANC Presidency by Cyril Ramaphosa at the 54th National Conference of the African National Congress in December 2017.Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini, a Zulu, was born in Natal, the eldest of eight children. She completed high school at the Amanzimtoti Training College in 1967. In 1971, she started her studies in Zoology and Botany at the University of Zululand, where she obtained a Bachelor's degree in Science (BSc). She subsequently began her medical studies at the University of Natal, where she became an active underground member of South African Students Organisation, and was elected as its deputy president in 1976. She was exiled in the same year and finished her studies abroad at the University of Bristol in the UK in 1978. Subsequently, she worked as a medical doctor at the Mbabane Government Hospital in Swaziland, where she met her future husband, previous ANC party president Jacob Zuma.
- Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African politician, businessman, activist, and trade union leader[1] who has served as the Deputy President of South Africa under President Jacob Zuma since 2014.[2] He was elected as President of the African National Congress (ANC) at the ANC National Conference in Nasrec, South of Johannesburg in December 2017. He is also the Chairman of the National Planning Commission,[3] which is responsible for strategic planning for the future of South Africa, with the goal of rallying the nation "around a common set of objectives and priorities to drive development over the longer term". He is respected as a skillful negotiator and strategist who acted as the ANC's Chief Negotiator during South Africa's transition to democracy. Ramaphosa built up the biggest and most powerful trade union in South Africa—the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM).[8] He played a crucial role, with Roelf Meyer of the National Party, during the negotiations to bring about a peaceful end to apartheid and steer the country towards it's first fully democratic elections in April 1994.[9] Ramaphosa was Nelson Mandela’s choice for future president.[10] Today, Cyril Ramaphosa is well known as a prominent businessman and has an estimated net worth of over $450 million[11] with 31 properties[12] and previously held notable ownership in companies such as McDonald's South Africa, chairperson of board for MTN and member of the board for Lonmin. In spite of his credentials as an important proponent of South Africa's peaceful transition to democracy, he has also been widely criticised for the conduct of his business interests although he has never been indicted for illegal activity in any of these controversies. Controversial business dealings include acting as Chairperson for the MTN Group during the MTN Irancell scandal[18][19][20] when that organisation bribed officials in Iran[21]; his joint venture with Glencore[22] and allegations of benefitting illegally from coal deals with Eskom which he has staunchly denied, during which Glencore was in the public spotlight for its tendentious business activities involving Tony Blair in the Middle East; and his employment on the board of directors of Lonmin while taking an active stance when the Marikana Massacre took place on Lonmin's Marikana premises. On 15 August 2012 he called for action against the Marikana miners' strike, which he called "dastardly criminal" conduct. He also admitted and regretted later for his involvement in the act and it could have been avoided if contingency plans had been made prior to the labour strike.
- gupta family
- christo wiese
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21717993-critics-say-will-let-them-abuse-their-people-jacob-zuma-wants-strengthen
- The Thembu people are one of the handful of nations and population groups that speak Xhosa in South Africa.The most internationally famous Thembu person was Nelson Mandela, whose father was a reigning nobleman from a junior branch of the Madiba clan of kings. Walter Sisulu was also of Thembu descent from his mother's side. In Xhosa, the name is abaThembu, aba- being a common prefix for peoples. The land in which they lived was historically known as Thembuland. In the 19th century, the Thembu were frequently known as the "Tamboekie" or "Tambookie" people. This name was originally the Khoisan term specifically for the Thembu followers of Chief Maphasa who moved into the area west of the Great Kei River in the 1820s. Europeans however, who were often not aware of the distinction, used the term as a synonym for "Thembu" for much of the 19th century.
state companies
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21662553-poorly-managed-state-companies-are-dragging-down-wider-economy-commanding
Inward DI
- Investors Handbook http://www.thedti.gov.za/DownloadFileAction?id=1004. http://www.thedti.gov.za/trade_investment/how_todo_business_insa.jsp
Colonial Legacy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21620249-politics-grilled-meat-tg-its-braai-day
- Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha, DMS (27 April 1932 – 12 October 2018) was a South African politician who served as the country's foreign minister in the last years of the apartheid era. He was considered a liberal – at least in comparison to others in the ruling National Party and among the Afrikaner community – but the bulk of his career was spent defending South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregationagainst foreign criticism. Botha was nicknamed 'Pik' (short for pikkewyn, Afrikaans for 'penguin') because of a perceived likeness to a penguin in his stance, accentuated when he wore a suit. He was not related to Prime Minister (later President) P. W. Botha, under whom he served as foreign minister. Botha was born at Rustenburg in the Transvaal.[4] At the age of four, he was struck by meningitis in Lourenço Marques (modern-day Maputo, Mozambique); he received treatment at a small hospital in Barberton, Transvaal, and his mother vowed that if he survived, he would become a church minister.
- On 22 December 1988, Pik Botha signed the tripartite agreement involving Angola, Cuba and South Africa at United Nations headquarters in New York City which led to the implementation of Security Council Resolution 435, and to South Africa's granting of independence to Namibia.
- Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (Zulu: [geɮʱeyiɬeˈkisa ˈzʱuma]; born 12 April 1942) is a South African politician who served as the fourth President of South Africa from the 2009 general election until his resignation on 14 February 2018. Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ and his clan name Msholozi.Zuma served as Deputy President of South Africa from 1999 to 2005, but was dismissed by President Thabo Mbeki in 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, Schabir Shaik, was convicted of soliciting a bribe for Zuma. Zuma was nonetheless elected President of the African National Congress (ANC) on 18 December 2007 after defeating Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane. On 20 September 2008, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the ANC's National Executive Committee. The recall came after South African High Court Judge Christopher Nicholson ruled Mbeki had improperly interfered with the operations of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. Zuma led the ANC to victory in the 2009 general election and was elected President of South Africa. He was re-elected as ANC leader at the ANC conference in Mangaung on 18 December 2012, defeating challenger Kgalema Motlanthe by a large majority, and remained president of South Africa after the 2014 general election, although his party suffered a decline in support, partly due to growing dissatisfaction with Zuma as president.Zuma was born in Nkandla, Natal Province (now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal).[15] His father was a policeman who died when Zuma was five,[16] and his mother was a domestic worker.[17] His middle name, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" in Zulu. He received no formal schooling. As a child, Zuma constantly moved around Natal Province and the suburbs of Durban. He has two brothers, Michael and Joseph.
- appointed a judicial commission to investigate huge armaments purchases by the new post-1994 government
- hkej 3jul19 shum article
- Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma (born 27 January 1949), sometimes referred to by her initials NDZ, is a South African politician and anti-apartheid activist, currently serving as Minister in the Presidency for the National Planning Commission for Policy and Evaluation.[1] She was South Africa's Minister of Health from 1994–99, under President Nelson Mandela, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, under presidents Thabo Mbeki and Kgalema Motlanthe. She was moved to the position of Minister of Home Affairs in the first term of former President Jacob Zuma. On 15 July 2012, Dlamini-Zuma was elected by the African Union Commission as its chairperson, making her the first woman to lead the organisation (including its predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity);[2] she took office on 15 October 2012. On 30 January 2017, she was replaced as Chairperson of the AU Commission by Chadian Foreign Minister Moussa Faki. She is the ex-wife of former President Jacob Zuma, and was favoured by Jacob Zuma to succeed him both as President of the African National Congress (ANC) and as President of South Africa. She was defeated in her campaign for the ANC Presidency by Cyril Ramaphosa at the 54th National Conference of the African National Congress in December 2017.Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini, a Zulu, was born in Natal, the eldest of eight children. She completed high school at the Amanzimtoti Training College in 1967. In 1971, she started her studies in Zoology and Botany at the University of Zululand, where she obtained a Bachelor's degree in Science (BSc). She subsequently began her medical studies at the University of Natal, where she became an active underground member of South African Students Organisation, and was elected as its deputy president in 1976. She was exiled in the same year and finished her studies abroad at the University of Bristol in the UK in 1978. Subsequently, she worked as a medical doctor at the Mbabane Government Hospital in Swaziland, where she met her future husband, previous ANC party president Jacob Zuma.
- Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African politician, businessman, activist, and trade union leader[1] who has served as the Deputy President of South Africa under President Jacob Zuma since 2014.[2] He was elected as President of the African National Congress (ANC) at the ANC National Conference in Nasrec, South of Johannesburg in December 2017. He is also the Chairman of the National Planning Commission,[3] which is responsible for strategic planning for the future of South Africa, with the goal of rallying the nation "around a common set of objectives and priorities to drive development over the longer term". He is respected as a skillful negotiator and strategist who acted as the ANC's Chief Negotiator during South Africa's transition to democracy. Ramaphosa built up the biggest and most powerful trade union in South Africa—the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM).[8] He played a crucial role, with Roelf Meyer of the National Party, during the negotiations to bring about a peaceful end to apartheid and steer the country towards it's first fully democratic elections in April 1994.[9] Ramaphosa was Nelson Mandela’s choice for future president.[10] Today, Cyril Ramaphosa is well known as a prominent businessman and has an estimated net worth of over $450 million[11] with 31 properties[12] and previously held notable ownership in companies such as McDonald's South Africa, chairperson of board for MTN and member of the board for Lonmin. In spite of his credentials as an important proponent of South Africa's peaceful transition to democracy, he has also been widely criticised for the conduct of his business interests although he has never been indicted for illegal activity in any of these controversies. Controversial business dealings include acting as Chairperson for the MTN Group during the MTN Irancell scandal[18][19][20] when that organisation bribed officials in Iran[21]; his joint venture with Glencore[22] and allegations of benefitting illegally from coal deals with Eskom which he has staunchly denied, during which Glencore was in the public spotlight for its tendentious business activities involving Tony Blair in the Middle East; and his employment on the board of directors of Lonmin while taking an active stance when the Marikana Massacre took place on Lonmin's Marikana premises. On 15 August 2012 he called for action against the Marikana miners' strike, which he called "dastardly criminal" conduct. He also admitted and regretted later for his involvement in the act and it could have been avoided if contingency plans had been made prior to the labour strike.
- gupta family
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/abd6e034-e519-11e5-a09b-1f8b0d268c39.html The Gupta brothers are the target of criticism that government is being influenced by big business
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21695057-family-close-heart-power-all-presidents-friends THE Gupta family estate spans a leafy block in Saxonwold, a genteel suburb of Johannesburg. Security guards mill about the gated entrance to a cluster of mansions; the main house, with its soaring white columns, has the bearing of an official residence. The family, led by brothers Atul, Ajay and Rajesh, came from Saharanpur, in northern India, to South Africa from 1993 onwards. They have since built a business empire with interests in mining and media, along with a close friendship with President Jacob Zuma.Quite how far their reach may stretch was underscored on March 16th when the deputy finance minister, Mcebisi Jonas, alleged in an official Finance Ministry press release that members of the Gupta family had offered him the position of his boss, the respected finance minister Nhlanhla Nene. He says he rejected the offer. Mr Nene was sacked in December and replaced by an unknown backbencher, who was himself fired a few days later. At the time many saw the move as an attempt to rein in Mr Nene, who had stood up to powerful allies of the president and resisted some of Mr Zuma’s projects, such as an unaffordable plan to buy nuclear power stations costing 1 trillion rand ($63 billion).
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8f5deed0-00c0-11e6-99cb-83242733f755.html The family business at the heart of a political storm in South Africa insists that it remains committed to the country and says it is investing R2.15bn ($146.3m) to complete the acquisition of a coal mine. Oakbay Investments, the group controlled by the controversial Gupta family, has come under intense scrutiny amid allegations that it has enjoyed favourable access to government contracts and sought to influence political appointments. Nazeem Howa, chief executive of the group, told the Financial Times that it planned to complete the purchase this week of a coal mine owned by Glencore, the Swiss miner and commodity trader, despite threats by some of the country’s banks to cut ties with Oakbay. Mr Howa insisted that the deal was an indication of the group’s commitment to South Africa and dismissed speculation that the Guptas had fled the country. The outcry against the family, which runs a multibillion-rand business empire in South Africa, reached a peak when Mcebisi Jonas, South Africa’s deputy finance minister, claimed last month that he had been offered the Treasury’s top job by members of the family, which is close to President Jacob Zuma. South Africa’s City Press newspaper on Sunday reported that after a wave of criticism and negative reports, members of the Gupta family left the country last week.
- https://www.ft.com/content/238a982e-6588-11e7-9a66-93fb352ba1fe McKinsey has been drawn into the scandal around South Africa’s powerful Gupta business family after revealing that a partner who allegedly misrepresented the consultancy in a deal with a Gupta-linked investment company would temporarily stand down. The firm said that Vikas Sagar, a director in its South African office, would take a leave of absence to allow an internal investigation to proceed after he “inaccurately characterised” McKinsey’s ties with Trillian Capital, a company owned by Salim Essa, a close business associate of the Guptas. The move demonstrates how international companies have become entangled in the fallout from allegations that the Guptas used their friendship with President Jacob Zuma to obtain lucrative state contracts and sway public appointments — referred to locally as state capture — to bolster their mining-to-media business empire.
- https://www.ft.com/content/7d6552a8-a45d-11e7-9e4f-7f5e6a7c98a2 McKinsey was drawn further into the scandal around South Africa’s controversial Gupta family after a former employee of a company linked to the family alleged it had used influence to secure state contracts and “passed the work on” to global consultancies. Bianca Goodson, a former executive of Trillian Capital, alleged in a statement made public on Wednesday that the company, which was owned by Salim Essa, a Gupta business associate until earlier this year, acted as a gatekeeper and received a cut of the revenue from the contracts in return for passing them on to McKinsey and other companies.
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-19/hsbc-standard-chartered-face-u-k-probe-over-gupta-family-ties U.K. regulators are looking into whether HSBC Holdings Plc and Standard Chartered Plc facilitated money-laundering as a result of possible ties to South Africa’s politically powerful Gupta family.
- https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/nov/01/hsbc-investigated-fund-transfers-south-africa-corruption-row-zuma-gupta
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-politics/fbi-opens-investigation-into-south-africas-guptas-ft-idUSKBN1CO0R1 The FBI has opened an investigation into U.S. links to South Africa’s Guptas, escalating a scandal over the family’s alleged use of a friendship with President Jacob Zuma to control state businesses, the Financial Times said on Thursday.
- German software maker SAP SE has reported itself to U.S. authorities after paying 94 million rand ($6.7 million) to companies with ties to South Africa’s controversial Gupta family to secure contracts with state-owned enterprises.https://www.wsj.com/articles/sap-reports-itself-to-u-s-authorities-over-gupta-scandal-1509008688
- https://www.ft.com/content/da62b02a-fb94-11e7-a492-2c9be7f3120a
South Africa’s corporate registry has accused McKinsey, KPMG South Africa and the German software maker SAP of criminal breaches of company law as a scandal over the groups’ ties to the controversial Gupta family reignited.
- https://www.ft.com/content/edbe469a-cad1-11e8-9fe5-24ad351828ab South African president Cyril Ramaphosa is under growing pressure to remove his finance minister, Nhlanhla Nene, for failing to disclose meetings with the business family at the centre of the country’s biggest post-apartheid scandal. Mr Nene apologised last week for holding private discussions with the Guptas, friends of the former president Jacob Zuma, at the peak of their alleged influence on state contracts. Mr Nene begged for South Africans’ forgiveness over what he called “poor judgment”. He said he should have revealed sooner that he met the Gupta family between 2010 and 2014, when he was deputy finance minister and then head of the Treasury. Opposition parties have demanded a speedy decision from Mr Ramaphosa over the finance minister’s fate.
- https://www.afr.com/business/insurance/qbe-reduces-trade-cover-to-suppliers-of-gupta-20181202-h18mck One of Australia's biggest insurers, QBE, is slashing the level of trade credit insurance cover it provides to some suppliers of Sanjeev Gupta's Australian steel operation following concerns about a lack of financial transparency around the industrialist's GFG Alliance. Mr Gupta's international metals, manufacturing and energy conglomerate rescued Arrium, a collapsed steel and mining business, last year in a $700 million deal.The British entrepreneur has gone on to win plaudits in Australia with promises of more big investments in the country, ranging from renewable energy projects to electric vehicle production. But questions have arisen about funding and strategy of the GFG Alliance, a collection of Gupta family interests including the Liberty House brand, which has rescued several steelworks and manufacturers in the UK. GFG has expanded rapidly by acquisition in the past few years to reach $US15 billion ($20.4b) in annual turnover, with a presence in more than 30 countries. In mid-November, QBE wrote to suppliers of Arrium, since renamed Liberty OneSteel, warning that insurance cover was dependent on Mr Gupta's business providing full financial information on the wider GFG group and parent company.
- Sanjeev Gupta is consolidating his aluminium businesses into one group in a fresh bid by the British businessman to increase transparency across his industrial conglomerate.Mr Gupta’s family empire GFG Alliance, which includes Liberty House, has rapidly expanded from a commodities trading enterprise into an industrial group with $20bn in annual revenues and more than 30,000 employees in a matter of years.The Alvance Aluminium Group will combine all of Mr Gupta’s aluminium businesses, which include Europe’s largest smelter of the metal in Dunkirk and the UK’s only smelter in Fort William, Scotland.The move, announced on Monday, will create one entity, employing 1,700 people with headquarters in Paris.The consolidation comes after questions were raised about the pace of growth and opaque financing of acquisitions throughout the GFG Alliance.https://marketcap.com/sanjeev-gupta-attempts-to-increase-transparency-of-family-empire/
- christo wiese
- Retailing tycoon Christoffel Wiese continues to chase deals and add to his wealth. Among Wiese's best-known investments are a 15% stake in publicly traded Shoprite Holdings, which controls supermarkets, furniture stores and fast food outlets in 15 countries across Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands, and a controlling interest in Pepkor, a private clothing and footwear giant with nearly 32,000 employees. He also owns stakes in private equity firm Brait, industrial products company Invicta Holdings and mining-sector investor Pallinghurst. In September 2014 he announced plans to swap his minority stake in information technology company DigiCore for a stake in ConvergeNet, a South African tech business that's being restructured into a diversified holding company. http://www.forbes.com/profile/christoffel-wiese/
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21717993-critics-say-will-let-them-abuse-their-people-jacob-zuma-wants-strengthen
- The Thembu people are one of the handful of nations and population groups that speak Xhosa in South Africa.The most internationally famous Thembu person was Nelson Mandela, whose father was a reigning nobleman from a junior branch of the Madiba clan of kings. Walter Sisulu was also of Thembu descent from his mother's side. In Xhosa, the name is abaThembu, aba- being a common prefix for peoples. The land in which they lived was historically known as Thembuland. In the 19th century, the Thembu were frequently known as the "Tamboekie" or "Tambookie" people. This name was originally the Khoisan term specifically for the Thembu followers of Chief Maphasa who moved into the area west of the Great Kei River in the 1820s. Europeans however, who were often not aware of the distinction, used the term as a synonym for "Thembu" for much of the 19th century.
state companies
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21662553-poorly-managed-state-companies-are-dragging-down-wider-economy-commanding
Inward DI
- Investors Handbook http://www.thedti.gov.za/DownloadFileAction?id=1004. http://www.thedti.gov.za/trade_investment/how_todo_business_insa.jsp
Colonial Legacy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21620249-politics-grilled-meat-tg-its-braai-day
- [NATS] the consequence of missionary insistence of forbidding traditional culture within their schools was a division bw those members of xhosa community who were trained by missionaries and those who remained rooted in their cultural traditions. The former were labeled 'school' and the latter 'red' (red refers to red ocher or clay that is applied to body, blankets and clothing of older clusters). The education and acquisition of land by school africans resulted in an emerging black middle cases. Those school africans moved to cities, particularly to witwatersrand in expectation of better treatment, were bitterly disappointed. There arose a need for a distinctly african concept of civilisation and music became an important part. This music is referred to as neotraditional, and istibili is part of this subset. Examples - nkosi sikelel' iafrika written by sontonga became the anthem of african national congress and was sung by many members of anti-apartheid movement, hymn now part of south african national anthem. Song pikoko means peacock. Istibili is part of the folk song genre of xhosa music and many of these songs also have zulu variants.
electricity
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21637396-rolling-power-cuts-are-fraying-tempers-unplugged The power cuts are hurting an already stagnant economy, estimated to have expanded by just 1.4% in 2014. Both big industry and small businesses are feeling the pinch. Meanwhile Eskom has warned that the blackouts could drag on for months, perhaps even years, as it struggles with a maintenance backlog and a barrage of technical problems at its ageing power stations. There are delays in bringing new capacity online, particularly at Medupi, a heralded new coal-fired plant whose completion has been endlessly postponed.
land reform
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d361764-b832-11e4-b6a5-00144feab7de.html As President Jacob Zuma proposes a new wave of land reform in the country, the example of the Mahlangu family and many other black farmers is less success story and more cautionary tale of the challenges the nation faces if it is to resolve one of the most bitter legacies of colonial and apartheid rule.“Most of the land that the government has given back to the black people through land reform is not productive,” says Mr Mahlangu sitting in a barn, near the dilapidated farmhouse. “Not because blacks are stupid [or] they cannot farm, it’s because of lack of support from the government.” Land reform has been high on the ANC’s agenda since Nelson Mandela led the party to a historic victory at the country’s first democratic election in 1994 with promises of redressing the nation’s huge social and economic imbalances. But it is an issue laced with race, politics and the legacy of colonialism and apartheid and, by most accounts, the process has so far failed to meet its objectives.
Tourism
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21663253-new-rules-are-driving-tourists-away-beware-good-intentions
xenophobia riot
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201504/0419/HA03419CGBA.pdf Fujian chinese investors affected
- 南非多地爆發反外國人示威，抗議移民搶奪資源及工作機會。有示威者周日起一連三日在約翰內斯堡等城市破壞，逾一百一十人被捕。中國駐約翰內斯堡總領館呼籲公民留意警方通知，避免前往危險區域。中國總領館指有華僑商舖因大規模騷亂被洗劫，所幸未有華人受傷，並呼籲他們避免與騷亂人群發生衝突。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190904/00180_021.html
Media
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656208-freedom-press-being-chipped-away-under-embattled-anc-happy-patriotic Freedom of the press is being chipped away under an embattled ANC
official language
- The prevalence of English in South Africa owes much to the fact that Dutch control in South Africa ended in 1805. After that point, British rule was uninterrupted, ending only when the Union of South Africa was established in 1910 as a self-governing country within the British Empire. Throughout this period of British imperial rule, and even afterwards, English became hugely important, not only as a language closely established with political and economic power but as the first language of a large and growing population of British immigrants and their descendants. By some metrics, Afrikaans is still more commonly spoken than English. Even today, three-fifths of White South Africans claim Afrikaans as their mother tongue while only a third of this population claims English. With more than seven million speakers, encompassing both Afrikaners and Coloureds, Afrikaans is also one of the most widely spoken languages in South Africa, arguably the dominant language in the western half of the country and widely spoken elsewhere. https://www.quora.com/When-and-why-does-the-main-official-language-of-South-Africa-become-English-where-the-language-of-the-ruling-settlers-was-mainly-Dutch-Afrikaans
- Afrikaans (/ˌæfrɪˈkɑːns, ˌɑːfri-, -ˈkɑːnts, -ˈkɑːnz/) is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia and, to a lesser extent, Botswana and Zimbabwe. It evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland (Hollandic dialect) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century. Hence, it is a daughter language of Dutch, and was previously referred to as "Cape Dutch" (a term also used to refer collectively to the early Cape settlers) or "kitchen Dutch" (a derogatory term used to refer to Afrikaans in its earlier days). However, it is also variously described as a creole or as a partially creolised language. The term is ultimately derived from Dutch Afrikaans-Hollandsmeaning "African Dutch". It is the first language of most of the Afrikaners and Coloureds of Southern Africa. Although Afrikaans has adopted words from other languages, including German and the Khoisan languages, an estimated 90 to 95% of the vocabulary of Afrikaans is of Dutch origin. Therefore, differences with Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans, and a spelling that expresses Afrikaans pronunciation rather than standard Dutch. There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages—especially in written form.
electricity
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21637396-rolling-power-cuts-are-fraying-tempers-unplugged The power cuts are hurting an already stagnant economy, estimated to have expanded by just 1.4% in 2014. Both big industry and small businesses are feeling the pinch. Meanwhile Eskom has warned that the blackouts could drag on for months, perhaps even years, as it struggles with a maintenance backlog and a barrage of technical problems at its ageing power stations. There are delays in bringing new capacity online, particularly at Medupi, a heralded new coal-fired plant whose completion has been endlessly postponed.
- https://uk.reuters.com/article/safrica-economy-power/south-africa-faces-more-power-cuts-raising-ramaphosa-reform-risk-idUKL8N1Y8248 South Africa faces more power cuts, electricity utility Eskom warned on Monday as it sought to prevent the collapse of its power grid in a test for President Cyril Ramaphosa’s reforms. Eskom implemented a fifth day of controlled power cuts on Monday, putting more strain on an economy already mired in recession only months before a national election. “The entire week could be severely constrained if we are unable to replenish the diesel and water reserves, and reduce the high unplanned outages,” Eskom spokesman Khulu Phasiwe said.
land reform
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d361764-b832-11e4-b6a5-00144feab7de.html As President Jacob Zuma proposes a new wave of land reform in the country, the example of the Mahlangu family and many other black farmers is less success story and more cautionary tale of the challenges the nation faces if it is to resolve one of the most bitter legacies of colonial and apartheid rule.“Most of the land that the government has given back to the black people through land reform is not productive,” says Mr Mahlangu sitting in a barn, near the dilapidated farmhouse. “Not because blacks are stupid [or] they cannot farm, it’s because of lack of support from the government.” Land reform has been high on the ANC’s agenda since Nelson Mandela led the party to a historic victory at the country’s first democratic election in 1994 with promises of redressing the nation’s huge social and economic imbalances. But it is an issue laced with race, politics and the legacy of colonialism and apartheid and, by most accounts, the process has so far failed to meet its objectives.
- 國會通過容許修憲以強徵白人農地，令南非這片經濟上仍是白人至上的土地，上演一場「四百年大逆轉」。由白人創辦的組織「AfriForum」向歐美請願，指南非白人面對種族清洗，舉出種種白人農民遭黑人血腥虐殺的例子作為佐證。他們批評執政黨非洲人國民大會（ANC）違反曼德拉當年對保護少數族群利益作出的承諾。一六五二年，在荷蘭東印度公司穿針引線下，荷籍軍商從南部好望角登陸，以零代價霸佔耕地，原本在南非土地上移動畜牧的科伊科伊人， 變成俎上之肉。科伊科伊人的土地沒有了、牛隻被奪去，連族人也一批一批成為歐洲人的奴隸。英國人打敗荷蘭人勢力成立南非聯邦殖民地後，更訂下九成土地由白 人擁有的法案。有評論認為南非徵地是踏上津巴布韋的後路。津巴布韋前總統穆加貝二○一五年曾承認，二○○○年發起的無償徵收白人土地政策錯漏百出。政令出爐前，當地農業收入佔全國出口收入四成，但其後十多年卻急速轉為須完全依賴外國農產的糧食純進口國。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180409/00180_021.html
- ft 30apr18 "land reform stirs political passions south africa"
Tourism
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21663253-new-rules-are-driving-tourists-away-beware-good-intentions
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201504/0419/HA03419CGBA.pdf Fujian chinese investors affected
- 南非多地爆發反外國人示威，抗議移民搶奪資源及工作機會。有示威者周日起一連三日在約翰內斯堡等城市破壞，逾一百一十人被捕。中國駐約翰內斯堡總領館呼籲公民留意警方通知，避免前往危險區域。中國總領館指有華僑商舖因大規模騷亂被洗劫，所幸未有華人受傷，並呼籲他們避免與騷亂人群發生衝突。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190904/00180_021.html
Media
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656208-freedom-press-being-chipped-away-under-embattled-anc-happy-patriotic Freedom of the press is being chipped away under an embattled ANC
official language
- The prevalence of English in South Africa owes much to the fact that Dutch control in South Africa ended in 1805. After that point, British rule was uninterrupted, ending only when the Union of South Africa was established in 1910 as a self-governing country within the British Empire. Throughout this period of British imperial rule, and even afterwards, English became hugely important, not only as a language closely established with political and economic power but as the first language of a large and growing population of British immigrants and their descendants. By some metrics, Afrikaans is still more commonly spoken than English. Even today, three-fifths of White South Africans claim Afrikaans as their mother tongue while only a third of this population claims English. With more than seven million speakers, encompassing both Afrikaners and Coloureds, Afrikaans is also one of the most widely spoken languages in South Africa, arguably the dominant language in the western half of the country and widely spoken elsewhere. https://www.quora.com/When-and-why-does-the-main-official-language-of-South-Africa-become-English-where-the-language-of-the-ruling-settlers-was-mainly-Dutch-Afrikaans
- Afrikaans (/ˌæfrɪˈkɑːns, ˌɑːfri-, -ˈkɑːnts, -ˈkɑːnz/) is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia and, to a lesser extent, Botswana and Zimbabwe. It evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland (Hollandic dialect) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century. Hence, it is a daughter language of Dutch, and was previously referred to as "Cape Dutch" (a term also used to refer collectively to the early Cape settlers) or "kitchen Dutch" (a derogatory term used to refer to Afrikaans in its earlier days). However, it is also variously described as a creole or as a partially creolised language. The term is ultimately derived from Dutch Afrikaans-Hollandsmeaning "African Dutch". It is the first language of most of the Afrikaners and Coloureds of Southern Africa. Although Afrikaans has adopted words from other languages, including German and the Khoisan languages, an estimated 90 to 95% of the vocabulary of Afrikaans is of Dutch origin. Therefore, differences with Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans, and a spelling that expresses Afrikaans pronunciation rather than standard Dutch. There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages—especially in written form.
- https://www.quora.com/How-is-Afrikaans-different-from-modern-Dutch
- https://www.quora.com/How-can-you-explain-how-to-pronounce-the-Afrikaans-word-ooi-in-English-So-far-most-websites-says-it-is-like-the-oy-in-toy-for-some-reason
- links with scottish
- Scots & Afrikaans is mutually intelligible, so also I dare say for some others of the North English dialects. A man from Wednesbury shared that he would tell a friend to throw him the ball, saying “Hooi me the ball!” We say “Gooi my die bal!” - (Khooi may di bal). They don’t call oats oats there, they call it ‘haver’, & oatcakes are ‘havercakes’ The Afrikaans for that is ‘hawerkoek’ - (haaverkook). They say that when Robert the Bruce saw his deadly enemy kneel beside him in the Church at Dumfries to take the sacrament, in a transport of fury he pulled out his dirk & slew him. But being a Christian & penitent, he felt very bad about it, & tottered out of the church. His henchmen, Douglas Dubh, (Black Douglas), asked him what was wrong, “Khwat Makkur?” We would say “Wat makeer?” - (vot makeer?). Robert answered, “Ik think ik had a man aslaughted.” (I think I have killed a man). We would say “Ek dink ek het ’n man geslag” - (Ek dienk ek het a mun kheslakh). Douglas, who had seen who followed Robert into the church, snorted, “Dink? Dink! Then mak ik siccur!” strode in himself & administered the coup de gras. We would say, “Dink? Dink! Dan maak ek seker.” - (Dink? Dink! Dun mark ek seuker!)https://www.quora.com/Are-Scots-and-Dutch-mutually-intelligible
- Scots & Afrikaans are very close. A Southern Englishman who immigrated to South Africa told me jocularly, “Well, Afrikaans is Scots spoken with a Dutch accent.”
- links with german
- https://www.quora.com/Do-German-people-understand-Afrikaans
- loan words
- from xhosa people https://www.quora.com/Which-came-first-boetie-Afrikaans-or-bhuti-isiXhosa
-[NATS] western music influences: dutch (since 1652) - unaccompanied hymns (gezangen), simple folk songs called liederwysies, adoption of 4-part harmony; british (since 1820) - pared down and simplified indigenous african song, percussive characterisistcs were almost completely lost; foreign communities in transvaal (since discovery of gold in 1884) - sing in harmony, cross pollination of western and african cultural identities.
- white south africans (1) nguni - more than half of entire s african population and live in many eastern and coastal regions especially gauteng; traditional music of zulu (a capella genre called isicathamiya) and xhosa (well known song qongqothwane(or click song, deriving from language of original inhabitants of s africa, namely the khoi and san tribes (often called the khoisan)), clan anthems (2) sotho - sesotho (sotho, pedi and tswana, collectively known as basotho) choral music , official instrument called lesiba (a blown mouth bow) derived from ancient instrument of khoisan people called the gora, music is gender bound, monyanyako is style of singing at schools in cape and natal regions introduced by christian missionaries, a capella usic difela (3) english - share no other common cultural feature - not even music. During the apartheid era, non-afrikaner whites held comparatively little political influence, but in many cases they sustained their grander wealth thru trade and business endeavours (4) afrikaans - made concerted effort to promote and preserve cultural heritage
- peter louis van dijk evokes precolonial san culture of s africa; indodana (2014) by michael barrett and ralf schmitt based on a traditional xhosa melody; thula banana by hendrik hofmeyr (2000) a traditional xhosa lullaby; khutso (meaning peace)
- ostinatos - call and response
- rhythmic music accompanied by djembe drum (of west african origin, lenki wood djembe from mali)
- click sounds represented by letters c, q, x
- ululation is a high-pitched, thrilling vocal sound that has a howling quality it. A popular sound in africa
History
- The Zulu Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north. The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa, but when it came into conflict with the British Empire in the 1870s during the Anglo-Zulu War, it was defeated despite an early Zulu victory in the war. The area was subsequently absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa.
- The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom.The war eventually resulted in a British victory and the end of the Zulu nation's dominance of the region.A Resident (Melmoth Osborn) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs Usibepu(Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white freebooters. When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the Tugela River and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into Nkandla forest. After appeals to Melmoth Osborn he moved to Eshowe, where he died soon after.英祖战争之后，英国人被劳动力匮乏的问题所困扰，因此把附加税强加在土著们身上以强迫他们加入劳动力市场。这引发了祖鲁人在1906年对英国人的反抗，今天被称之为巴姆巴萨叛乱。甘地积极鼓励英国人组织一支由印度人组成的武装部队去帮助他们镇压祖鲁人。他通过自己在古吉拉特报纸上撰写的专栏文章激励居住在南非的印度人加入战争。[15].他的作战于1905年晚期开始，那时他以印度人的观点写了《一个印度志愿军团》，里面讲到：“只有当政府意识到什么后备力量被弃置不用，他们才会使用它并给印度人在实际战斗中彻底锻炼的机会。”[16]. 他的理论就是一开始印度人可以作为志愿者参加英国军队，而后英国人会感到之前志愿者们的力量被浪费了，他们会自动将这些后备力量投入到武装训练和战斗中去。甘地提及非洲土著时使用了一种贬损的语气并把他们称为“Kaffir”（野蛮人），用他自己的话说-“布尔政府用把印度人与野蛮人相提并论的方式来侮辱他们。现在没有机会再继续这样一种侮辱了。这个论点似乎是无可辩驳的。”[14].甘地完全支持大英帝国粉碎祖鲁人的反抗，无论采取什么样的手段。[14] 甘地的救护队救治祖鲁伤员，而英国的不会，这可能曾是他的动机。
- people
- Cetshwayo kaMpande (/kɛtʃˈwaɪ.oʊ/; Zulu pronunciation: [ǀétʃwajo kámpande]; c. 1826 – 8 February 1884) was the king[a] of the Zulu Kingdom from 1873 to 1879 and its leader during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. He famously led the Zulu nation to victory against the British in the Battle of Isandlwana, but was defeated and exiled following that war.Cetshwayo was a son of Zulu king Mpande[1] and Queen Ngqumbazi, half-nephew of Zulu king Shaka and grandson of Senzangakhona kaJama. Mpande died in 1872. His death was concealed at first, to ensure a smooth transition; Cetshwayo was installed as king on 1 September 1873. Sir Theophilus Shepstone, who annexed the Transvaal for Britain,[5] crowned Cetshwayo in a shoddy, wet affair that was more of a farce than anything else, but turned on the Zulus as he felt he was undermined by Cetshwayo's skilful negotiating for land area compromised by encroaching Boers and the fact that the Boundary Commission established to examine the ownership of the land in question actually ruled in favour of the Zulus.[5] The report was subsequently buried. As was customary, he established a new capital for the nation and called it Ulundi (the high place). He expanded his army and readopted many methods of Shaka. He also equipped his impis with muskets, though evidence of their use is limited. He banished European missionaries from his land. He might have incited other native African peoples to rebel against Boers in Transvaal.Cetshwayo is remembered by historians as being the last king of an independent Zulu nation. His son Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, as heir to the throne, was proclaimed king on 20 May 1884, supported by (other) Boer mercenaries. A blue plaque commemorates Cetshwayo at 18 Melbury Road, Kensington.
- Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (1868 – 18 October 1913, commonly misspelled Dinizulu) was the king of the Zulu nation from 20 May 1884 until his death in 1913. He succeeded his father Cetshwayo, who was the last king of the Zulus to be officially recognized as such by the British. Zululand had been broken up into 13 smaller territories by the British after the Anglo-Zulu War, and Cetshwayo, and subsequently Dinuzulu, administered one of them. The British later realized the futility of breaking up Zululand into the territories and restored Cetshwayo as paramount leader of the territories. However, they left one of Cetshwayo's sons, Usibepu (Zibhebhu), alone with his lands intact. On 22 July 1883, Usibepu attacked Cetshwayo's new kraal in Ulundi, wounding the king and causing him to flee.In 1890 Dinuzulu was captured by the British and exiled to the island of Saint Helena for seven years, for leading a Zulu army against the British due to annexation of the coastal plains of Zululand.
- language
- The word isimangaliso means "a miracle" or "something wondrous" in Zulu. It is the name of a wetland park previously called Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park (until 2007)
- 2012年11月，孫奎府被南非祖魯王授予「皇室大使」的稱號。這是祖魯王室截至目前唯一一次向中國人授予此榮譽稱號。孫奎府受此殊榮，與其樂善好施亦不無關係。孫奎府的公司把南非的葡萄酒賣到中國，每賣出一瓶，他都會拿出一部分錢來資助祖魯族的婦女和兒童。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/24/a19-0424.pdf
- 对于即将在中国厦门举办的金砖峰会，祖鲁王表示希望更多的中国商人能够来南非投资工业製造和海洋科技等产业，“我想通过中国和南非合作建一个既有海洋文化又能体现祖鲁文化的主题公园http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170903/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
- Sir John Henry Bremridge (彭勵治爵士) was born in 1925 in Transvaal, South Africa to British parents (Godfrey Bremridge) on an orange farm, but left in 1933 for Britain where he grew up.
- Operation Dingo, also known as the Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, was a major raid conducted by the Rhodesian Security Forces against the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) headquarters of Robert Mugabe at Chimoio and a smaller camp at Tembue in Mozambique from 23–25 November 1977. More than 3,000 ZANLA fighters were reported as killed and 5,000 wounded while only two government troops died and six were wounded.
usa
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50003150 The US Treasury has imposed sanctions against the Gupta family and an associate over alleged corruption in South Africa. The sanctions were targeted at brothers Atul, Ajay and Rajesh Gupta, and South African businessman Salim Essa. They are accused of using their friendship with Jacob Zuma, South Africa's former president, to profit financially and influence ministerial appointments. The accused have denied any wrongdoing.
- em 14oct19
UK
- The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, or South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and although British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms.The conflict is commonly referred to as the Boer War, since the First Boer War (December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict. "Boer" is the common term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Company's original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is also known as the (Second) Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog ("Anglo-Boer War"), Tweede Boereoorlog ("Second Boer War"), Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second Freedom War") or Engelse oorlog ("English War").[14] In South Africa it is officially called the South African War.The last of the Boers surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. The British had won and offered generous terms to regain the support of the Boers.The Boers were given £3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the South African Republicand the Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the British Empire. The Union of South Africa was established as a dominion of the British Empire in 1910.
- https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/old-masters-including-portrait-miniatures-from-the-pohl-stroeher-collection/lady-elizabeth-southerden-thompson-lady-butler During The Boer War, the English had significant trouble locating their opposition in the wide landscape of the Veldt. The yeomanry was trained to emulate the Boer tactics of small mobile groups of men who could ride and shoot well.
- Anglo acts on South Africa plan with coal mines sale ft 11apr17
- https://www.ft.com/content/03ad5b2e-9f97-11e7-9a86-4d5a475ba4c5 South Africa’s finance minister has told all government departments to review their relationship with KPMG in response to the accounting firm’s role in a political scandal over links between the Gupta family and President Jacob Zuma. In a statement published yesterday, South African finance minister Malusi Gigaba, who was appointed in March, said he had “deep concerns about audit matters currently surrounding KPMG”.
- ft 4oct18 kpmg's south africa chief to step down
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/south-africa-gets-clean-energy-boost As part of her trip to South Africa to deepen the UK’s business, trading, diplomatic and research partnerships with the country, the Prime Minister set out a more than £56 million ($72 million) contribution through the Clean Technology Fund to a $500 million investment in battery storage developed by the World Bank and the African Development Bank in partnership with the government of South Africa, fast-tracking the region’s access to clean energy.
portugal
- https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/end-of-an-era-mec-motara-after-bank-of-lisbon-demolished-37885280 Gauteng infrastructure development MEC Tasneem Motara has expressed her satisfaction at the successful implosion of the old Bank of Lisbon building in the Johannesburg CBD on Sunday morning.The 22 storey building was demolished within less than 30 seconds as thousands of Johannesburg residents watched in awe. The demolition follows a deadly fire in September last year, which claimed the lives of three Johannesburg firefighters. It was subsequently declared unsafe and earmarked for demolition.
chinese
- 再有華人在南非遭劫殺，中國駐開普敦總領館前日證實，南非東開普省姆塔塔鎮一間華人商舖上周五晚遭多名歹徒武裝搶劫，店內一名福建籍華僑遭槍擊，送院搶救後身亡。案發後，總領館已核實各方面情況，並密切跟進案情的調查進展，督促當地警方盡快破案。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180709/00178_022.html
- 南非約翰內斯堡豪登省高等法院上周六開庭，審理十二名涉嫌發表辱華言論的當地居民，其中四人當庭提前認罪，願意刪除其社交帳號上的辱華言論，並且接受五百小時社區服務的判決，其餘涉案人員將會在明年二月開庭受審。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191210/00178_023.html
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200412/PDF/a19_screen.pdf為了支持南非封國，在南非的華人和公司也紛紛捐助口罩。海諾克斯公司向南非國防軍捐助3萬個口罩、2000個護目鏡，董事長顧曉曄表示，在南非疫情迅速擴散的特殊情況下，作為一家在南非經營多年的企業，希望能夠力所能及地反饋社會，為軍方行動提供支持，希望南非能夠有效控制疫情。在德班開服裝廠的蔡先生向大公報記者介紹，南非宣布封國之初確實大家曾感到恐慌，特別是害怕社會動盪發生騷亂，有人不惜花高價買機票回國，「但是很快大家就平靜下來，自覺在家裏隔離，最多在花園裏活動。」從3月25日晚上起，南非華人警民合作中心調配20名武裝保安在中心辦公區和約翰內斯堡唐人街24小時駐紮，隨時為遇到突發情況的僑胞提供及時幫助。
China
- diplomatic relation
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151203/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 中國與南非自1998年建交以來，兩國友好合作關係 快速全面發展。今年7月，習近平主席在俄羅斯烏法會 見南非總統祖馬時，高興地說，過去兩年，我同總統先 生成功實現互訪，就加強兩國合作作出長遠規劃和全面 部署。中南關係保持強勁發展勢頭，正處於歷史最好時 期。如今，習主席又將今年出訪的收官之行的重頭戲放 在南非。中南關係的發展已成為國際矚目之事。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160419/PDF/b14_screen.pdf, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160420/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-04/south-african-president-zuma-to-deepen-bilateral-ties-with-china.html China and South Africa sealed three nuclear pacts, as a contest intensifies for contracts to build new atomic plants in the continent’s second-largest economy. South Africa plans to install 9,600 megawatts of nuclear energy by 2030 and China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Corp., Russia’s Rosatom Corp and France’s Areva SA, are among companies that have expressed interest in tendering bids. On Nov. 7, the South African and Chinese governments signed a nuclear cooperation agreement, a precursor to procurement. The new accords, signed in Beijing today during a state visit by South African President Jacob Zuma, include a nuclear project-financing framework between China’s Nuclear Power Technology Corp., Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd. and Standard Bank Group Ltd. Two Chinese universities also agreed to provide South Africa with nuclear training. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-12/05/content_19027703.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-07/15/content_21286630.htm China and South Africa pledged on Monday to collaborate on the development of ports, oil, gas resources and fisheries. The decision is part of an ongoing effort to promote South Africa's industrialization with the help of China's industrial capacity. Premier Li Keqiang said China is willing to push forward cooperation with South Africa on industrial capacity, especially in the manufacturing of steel, construction materials and consumption goods, in which China is competitive in technology and prices.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151129/PDF/a10_screen.pdf “中國─南非企業貿易對接會暨簽約儀式”27日在約翰內斯堡舉行，兩國企業共簽署23個合作協議，合同金額約9.3億美元（約72億港元）。中南兩國企業此次共簽署的合作協議涉及鋼鐵、能源、醫藥、水果、海鮮、葡萄酒、紡織等多種產品。此次中南企業經貿交流活動由中國商務部和南非貿工部主辦，中國外貿發展局和南非貿易投資促進委員會共同承辦。
- xi visit 2015
- senior officials visit
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151202/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 據媒體報道，從中國國際貿易促進委員 會提供的隨訪企業家名錄中，也可以洞悉兩 國未來合作領域。據悉，此次隨訪的中國企 業家代表團來自百餘家企業，覆蓋了基礎設 施、IT通信、加工製造、交通運輸、金融 投資、能源化工等領域。 基建最多 加工製造次之 基礎設施領域所佔席數最多，共有33家 企業隨訪，如三一集團、中國交通建設有限 公司、中國長江三峽集團等；在加工製造領 域，有格力電器、特變電工等19家企業；在 交通運輸領域，有中國中車、北京汽車集團 等14家企業；在能源化工領域，有中國國電 集團、國家電投集團等十餘家企業。 此外，中國電信、浪潮集團等IT通信 企業，國家開發銀行、中國工商銀行、中國 建設銀行等金融企業、中非民間商會等組織 機構均在隨訪名單之列。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151204/PDF/a4_screen.pdf中國國家主席習近 平2日在比勒陀利亞同南非總統祖馬 舉行會談。習近平表示，中方會加強 同南非的產能合作，擴大對南非的融 資規模。雙方見證了兩國代表簽署價 值65億美元（折合約503.75億港元） 的26項合作協議，據悉側重於基建， 包括中方向南非貸款5億美元幫助興 建發電廠、核電合作協議、在南非興 建2017年底投產的汽車製造廠。：正在 南非進行國事訪問的中國國家主席習近平當地時間 2日晚間和南非總統祖馬共同見證雙方簽署26項合 作協議。這一超過500億港元的一攬子合作框架主 要聚焦六大領域，涉及產能合作、建立特別經濟合 作區、海洋合作、基建發展、人力資源以及金融合 作。 今次有超過15名部長級高官陪同習近平訪問南 非，龐大的中國代表團中更有逾千名企業家。作為 非洲大陸最發達的經濟體，南非對習近平此次訪問 抱有極高期待，接受大公報記者採訪的多名政府高 官均希望中國把南非視為對整個非洲進行產能合作 的基地，吸引中國鋼鐵和製造業落戶南非，未來生 產的產品則能夠供應中國和不同非洲國家之間確立 的各個基建項目。 至於支持南非工業升級的資金來源，中國和南 非就在金融領域開展了債務融資系列合作。在同一 場合，中國工商銀行行長易會滿與南非標準銀行集 團聯合首席執行官沙巴拉拉共同簽署總金額為100 億南非蘭特（約50億人民幣）的蘭特發債合作協議。 根據協議，工行將委託標準銀行以發行蘭特債 券方式融資100億蘭特，用於支持南非工業化進程 和基礎設施建設項目。易會滿表示，工行和標準銀 行作為全面戰略合作夥伴，共同致力於通過金融服 務促進中非經貿發展。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-04/26/content_29086307.htm Vice-premier's visit sees progress in science and health exchanges Vice-Premier Liu Yandong's wide-ranging visit this week to South Africa made concreteprogress in cooperation between the nations. She also helped strengthen their friendship, such as in her meeting with Zulu King GoodwillZwelithini, chief of South Africa's Zulu nation, in Pretoria on Tuesday. Zwelithini has been wellknown for his role in promoting bilateral friendship.
- Mabuza will co-chair the 7th Plenary Meeting of the South Africa-China Bi-National Commission with Vice-President Wang Qishan.The event will take place from Thursday to Sunday in Beijing and Shanghai.The commission was established in 2002 to serve as a strategic platform to address issues of common interest such as trade promotion and economic exchange, according to Xinhua News Agency.http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/30/WS5db8eb84a310cf3e3557468b.html
- association
- 據中新社報道，全非洲華裔槍械總會8月27日晚舉行首屆理監事會就職儀式，來自中國駐南非使領館、華人社區、中資機構的代表近400人受邀出席。槍會主席龍吾基於南非治安問題稱，旅南華僑華人有了槍可以自衛，但不要做太過火的事情。
http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/29/a20-0829.pdf
- 林松添提出了包括建设智慧城市和提高执法能力在内的全方位“平安南非”计划，“如果南非社会治安问题解决了，中国投资一定会翻倍，南非也会成为名副其实的人间天堂。”林松添身体力行，他表示近期将继续走访南非各省、经济特区以及工业园区，计划从中挑选一至两个条件最具备合作的省份或园区作为试点，优化“一站式”服务，帮助南非完善投资法律政策，加强能力建设和人力开发培训，推动南非投资和贸易便利化，使当地投资环境更有利于招商引资，让更多务实合作项目落地，使两国民众切实享受到合作成果。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180115/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- tourism
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151110/PDF/a20_screen.pdf 南非內政部於上月23日公布了一系列針對金磚國家 放寬遊客簽證的措施，包括簡化申請流程、減少攜帶兒 童入境的證明文件等，更承諾在1年內，考慮對中國遊 客實行免簽。
- 74歲的林占熺 ,國家菌草工程技術研究中心常務副主任- 2002 年，我們就在南非夸祖魯─納塔爾省恩德貝萊省長家裏試驗菌草種菇，在非洲一炮打響 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170831/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
- China Minsheng Drawin Technology Group (CMIG Drawin), a unit of investment conglomerate China Minsheng Investment Group, has launched the John Dude New City project in South Africa's Gauteng province, marking its initial entry into Africa's affordable housing market, and the introduction of signature construction technology to the continent to help improving sustainable development of city construction in Africa. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cmig-drawin-launches-its-first-prefabricated-construction-project-in-south-africa-300534739.html
- mining
- http://www.scmp.com/business/money/markets-investing/article/1638499/chinese-banks-keen-invest-south-africa-mines-says China Development Bank and Bank of China were among the international banks interested in financing mining projects in South Africa, he said.
- 2003年在南非投资建厂的厦门万里石股份有限公司，如今已成为南非当地石材行业的龙头企业。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170829/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
- http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-China-South-Africa-extend-nuclear-cooperation-1011144.html South Africa and China have signed an intergovernmental framework agreement on nuclear cooperation. It follows the recent signing of similar accords with France and Russia. The agreement was signed in Pretoria on 7 November by South African energy minister Tina Joemat-Pettersson and China National Energy Administration director Wu Xinxiong. According to a statement from the South African energy ministry, the agreement "initiates the preparatory phase for a possible utilization of Chinese nuclear technology in South Africa." It added, "The government has reaffirmed its commitment to expand nuclear power generation by an additional 9.6 GWe, in line with the Integrated Resource Plan 2010-2030, as a means of ensuring energy security and contributing to economic growth."
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-12/12/content_22695252.htm Country stands good chance of bagging $80b order for four reactors, say industryofficials Industry officials are confident of China being the front-runner to win the right tobuild South Africa's new generation of nuclear power stations. "We think we are likely to win the bid, after preparing all the documents for thetender," Zheng Mingguang, head of the Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Researchand Design Institute, a high-tech arm of the State Nuclear Power Technology Corp.
- steel
- apparel and footwear
- http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2016-08/08/content_39048471.htm China has expressed concern over South Africa's probe into steel products, according to an official statement on Monday . The South African government notified the World Trade Organization that it had initiated an investigation over imports of cold rolled steel sheets at the end of last month. "The move has caused concern over bilateral trade from Chinese government and businesses," China's Ministry of Commerce (MOC) said in an online statement. China is closely watching the case as it is the second trade remedy measure for steel products launched by South Africa on behalf of the South African Customs Union in four months. Less than a year ago, South Africa had increased tariffs on steel products, the MOC said.
- apparel and footwear
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170829/PDF/a20_screen.pdf 金砖国家市场，已渐渐成为国内出口企业转型的热门目标。“这两年，我们到南非视察、调研，希望生产符合当地消费习惯的鞋子。”生产凉鞋拖鞋的广州胜通贸易有限公司负责人洪先生说，近年传统欧美市场消费力减弱，公司开始积极拓展新兴市场。
- 11日，中国航空工业集团透露，两架由中国自主研製的“小鹰”500飞机已完成交付南非後的首次飞行，标誌着中国国产通用飞机正式进入非洲市场。 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180612/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161109/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 北京 汽車（01958）公布，集團附屬公司—— 北汽香港與IDC、北汽控股股東——北汽 集團旗下環球投資，成立合營公司北汽南 非，分別持有合營20%、35%及45%股權。 北汽南非將作為 「BAIC」品牌汽車、零部 件在南非的進口商及製造商。
- 目前，一汽和北汽双双入驻南非“汽车城”伊丽莎白港，与南非展开汽车製造业的合作。一汽三年前起在伊港的库哈经济开发区投资6000万美元设厂，初期计划年产5000台重型卡车，市场范围辐射非洲南部及东部近十个国家。一汽南非总 经理助理刘世杰告诉大公报说，南部非洲发展共同体此前达成了广泛共识，要斥巨资投入基建领域，而正是这种市场需求，令一汽南非工厂的商用车订单滚滚而来。除了一汽外，北汽集团亦于2016年正式落户南非，与南非工业发展公司共同投资成立北汽南非汽车製造有限公司。北汽集团董事长徐和谊曾介绍称，工厂建成后年销售收入可望达到13亿美元。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170904/PDF/a4_screen.pdf
- securities services
- media sector- 中国人开始试水南非安保行业，曾在甘肃担任缉毒警察的李赟是其一，李赟与合伙人两年前成立神盾保全公司，现出任公司的执行董事，公司位处约翰内斯堡唐人街牌坊附近一道铁门的附近，四下不时走过戴着贝雷帽身穿统一制服的黑人，他们手中都紧握着AK47。公司设有安装厚重铁门的地下枪械库，陈设如同荷里活大片道具库，分别在于里面全是真枪。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170901/PDF/a7_screen.pdf
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2015-12/02/content_15352868.html Chinese and South African officials called for more enhanced media cooperation between China and Africa to have a bigger voice in the world and create "win-win" development for both sides. They made the appeal on Tuesday at the China-Africa Media Summit in Cape Town, South Africa.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/04/a06-1204.pdf 。目前，南非政府 已將漢語教學納入國民教育體 系，明年將有更多當地中小學開 設漢語課程。 南非政府此前已經宣佈，從 2016年 1月 1日開始，漢語將作 為南非學校 4年級到 12年級學生 的一門課程，為學生們提供學習 漢語的機會。由於漢語教師缺 乏，目前南非華文教育基金會正 着手進行漢語教師的培養工作。 現階段在南非的漢語教師主要由 當地熱心漢語教育的華僑以及中 資機構員工義務擔任。
- investors from china
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-12/04/content_19021570.htm A once-adventurous idea is now a serious venture with ShanghaiZendai's massive urban development in Johannesburg on the horizon
- One of the speakers at south africs ip event on 10sep15
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-08/24/content_21683279.htm Hisense General Manager Li Youbo said Hisense was voted among the top fiveperforming companies in the country. Hisense aims to produce 270,000 TV setsand 210,000 fridges in 2015 in the country. The company's strategy involves using South Africa to expand exports to Africaand create jobs, Li said. Hisense and the China-Africa Development Fund understand the potential of themanufacturing sector and jointly invested in the South African Home ApplianceIndustrial Park. Hisense has a strong commitment to the continent with its Atlantis factoryemploying more than 600 workers from the local community. It has alsoestablished distribution channels in 14 African countries.
- 長飛光纖光纜公司日前宣佈在南非成立控股子公司-長飛光纖（南非）公司（下稱「長飛南非」），同時還將在當地設立保稅倉庫，用於儲存從中國進口、由長飛公司本部生產的光纜產品銷往其他非洲國家。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/06/b02-1206.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160316/PDF/a7_screen.pdf 中國出口南非的首台內燃機車15日在大連下線，該車由中車大連機車公司自主研發製造，是目前全球功率最大的窄軌內燃機車。同日，內地首條多制式、多軌距、高架環行試驗線亦在大連開通，南非機車成為試驗線首款上線產品，試驗完成後將擇日發往南非。今後，中方還將對南非用户進行培訓和科技轉讓，在南非德班工廠進行機車生產組裝、實現本地化和工業化目標。/大公報記者宋偉大連報道 中國與南非同屬金磚國家，雙方均將中南關係視為各自對外政策的戰略支點和優先方向。在中國國家主席習近平和南非總統祖瑪的推動下，近年來，中南合作不斷深化，成為中非國家關係及國際間合作的典範。2014年，中車大連公司與南非國有運輸集團簽訂了232台內燃機車供貨合同，總額約9億美元（約69.8億港元），成為中國內燃機車出口海外最大的單筆訂單。
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2016-05/04/content_15427105.html Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co, one of China's largest automakers in terms of sales, plans to produce up to 100,000 vehicles at its new manufacturing base in South Africa in 2018, the company's chairman said on Tuesday. Scheduled to break ground next month and begin production in November 2017, the Port Elizabeth plant will be the single-largest Chinese investment in all of Africa. With a 5-billion-yuan (US$773 million) investment from BAIC, the plant will be operated as a joint venture with Industrial Development Corp, a South African financial company providing capital for various projects.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180205/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180212/PDF/a23_screen.pdf
- property
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20161205/00202_019.html 上海証大（00755）公布，以代價約18.1億蘭特（即約9.98億港元）出售位於南非約翰內斯堡沐德坊之待售資產，買方為南非房地產發展商。
- investors from south africa
- anti chinese- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-aspen-pharmacare-results-idUSKCN11K24J South Africa's Aspen Pharmacare Holdings will use its recent acquisitions of GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca product lines to move into China, the firm's chief executive said. Aspen has been expanding rapidly outside South Africa, where a heavily regulated pharmaceuticals market has put a cap on growth, and in its latest push announced this week said it would buy GlaxoSmithKline's portfolio of anesthetic drugs for $370 million.
- 1997年12月30日，中國政府和南非政府簽署關於兩國建立外交關係的聯合公報，宣佈 「自1998年1月1日起相互承認並建立大使級外交關係」。當五星紅旗在南非冉冉升起，孫奎府和在場的華僑激動地熱淚盈眶。在此之前，正是孫奎府等僑領們多方奔走，自發地組織各種活動，擔當起「民間外交大使」的使命。他們與南非的華人議員不斷溝通，亦不得不與來自台灣地區的人士和黑社會多方周旋。孫奎府自己出錢在當地報紙上發表文章介紹中國，反擊一些報紙的不實言論。當時南非的幾份華文報紙均是台灣地區人士創辦，孫奎府和僑領們籌集十幾萬美元創辦了《南非華人報》，更為全面地向南非社會各界特別是華人華僑介紹中國的發展和現狀。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/24/a19-0424.pdf
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20150210/19036087 南非多家華人店舖遭暴徒搶掠。事緣有人在華人商店用假卡提款被識破，引起爭執，混亂中有人被警方擊斃，觸發民眾怒火，起哄鬧事演成騷亂，暴民乘機搶掠多家華人商店。事發在西北省（North West Province）自由公園（Freedom Park）地區。上周六下午，兩名黑人在一家華人開設的商店內，使用偽造的礦工銀行卡在提款機提款，被人識破，引發衝突。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20150210/19036090眾所周知南非治安欠佳，而普遍經濟能力較好的華人商家，更經常成為搶劫對象。單是今年一月份，已有至少六名華人在南非遭劫殺，是華人移民南非百年來的單月最高紀錄，當地僑界為此感憂慮。六名華人分別在約翰內斯堡市、林波波省、西北省和德班市遇害，反映華人遇險情況普遍。其中兩宗是華人僱主被工人劫殺，另兩宗是遭賊人入屋搶劫並殺害，還有一宗是華人商店遇劫，店主遭匪徒滅口，再有一宗是遇劫後跳車身亡。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170521/00178_002.html南非自由州省布隆方丹市中心，於當地時間前日發生大規模騷亂，多間商舖遭到洗劫、哄搶，停在路邊的旅遊巴、私家車也未能幸免。有多間華人店舖受波及，其中一名華人店主在關門撤離時被暴民亂石砸傷，所幸未傷及要害，最終順利撤離。
- 南非多個省份爆發示威潮，西部北開普省金伯利地區更演變成嚴重騷亂及大規模搶掠，示威者到處縱火及堵塞道路，有人趁機搶掠多家華人店舖。中國駐南非總領事館呼籲處於騷亂地區的華商緊急撤離。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180715/00180_010.html
- 南非發生多宗針對中國僑民的謀殺、搶劫和綁架等暴力案件，近五十多天以來有七名中國公民遇害。中國駐南非大使館前日發聲明，強烈譴責針對在南非中國公民的暴行，要求南非政府盡快緝拿嚴懲兇手，還死者公道。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200826/00178_008.html
Hong kong
- cg in hk
- Interview http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160506/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- 據外電報道，於南非擁 有兩個金礦的硅谷天堂黃金擬來港上市， 集資約2億美元（折合約15.8億港元）， 最快今年底招股。公司本月3日已向聯交 所上載初步招股文件。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191012/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
- beef
- Export to hk hket 25may17 a17
- 嘉里物流（0636）昨宣佈收購一家總部位於南非約翰內斯堡的知名貨運及物流公司Shipping and Airfreight Services (Pty) Limited（「S.A.S.」）。由成立至今30年，S.A.S.致力為國際客戶提供靈活的物流解決方案。嘉里物流透過接管S.A.S.的空、海運業務，並充分利用其於非洲的一流代理網絡，將服務拓展至南非貨運市場。新成立的約翰內斯堡辦事處將由嘉里物流歐洲分部管理。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/05/29/b03-0529.pdf
- panda safari
- exhibited at 2019 smartbiz expo
- immigration
- 亞太國際移民集團總裁成元鈞表示，南非投資移民的賣點是入場門檻低，不用看工作及營商經驗，沒有語言考試要求，亦基本上沒有移民監，只要捐款12萬南非蘭特（約6.45萬港元）予南非政府，可一步到位獲得南非永久居留權，其後每三年入境一次南非可維持永居身份。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20191217/00269_001.html
- investors from hk
- 美國串流網絡電視平台Netflix昨日宣佈明年初打入香港、台灣、新加坡和韓國。另一方面，傳今年才獲批本地免費電視牌照的電盈（0008）主席李澤楷計劃在南非推出視頻點播服務，下星期就推出新服務，與Netflix和Naspers旗下ShowMax競爭。據彭博引述兩位知情人士稱，李澤楷控股的電盈正計劃在南非推出視頻點播服務，與Netflix和Naspers旗下ShowMax競爭。其中一位知情人士表示，電盈旗下的香港電訊（6823）最早將在下周推出該項娛樂服務。電盈在3月收購了移動視頻點播服務公司Vuclip的多數股權，現計劃將這項業務擴展到新的市場，包括非洲。不過電訊盈科方面就表示，對報道不作評論。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/09/10/b01-0910.pdf
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201509/0912/HA03912CEAA.pdf pccw global provide video on demand service
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160216/00180_021.html 南非國營軍事企業Denel日前宣布建立亞洲分部，在香港設立總部，開拓亞洲市場，銷售無人機等軍備。Denel執行行政總裁恩特沙波（Zwelakhe Ntshapo）發聲明指，該公司於上月二十八日，與在香港有分部的軍事公司VR Laser簽訂合作協議，成立亞洲分部。恩特沙波指，亞洲是拓新市場的重要區域，尤其是火炮、裝甲車、導彈及無人機系統；該公司需於亞洲設立據點，因此選定香港設立總部。報道指，印度、新加坡、柬埔寨、印尼等地均是Denel的目標市場。Denel現時在亞洲接有數以百萬美元計的訂單，包括為馬來西亞軍方提供導彈系統、裝甲車炮塔等軍備。
- hk people in south africa
- 在南非生活超過二十多年的香港人Andy稱，九七年香港出現移民潮，移民顧問紛紛帶團到海外視察，而他就參加了兩周南非團，繼七六年後再次重遊南非，就愛上了這地，驚喜其感覺似歐洲，所以他回港立即申請舉家移民。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20191217/00269_002.html
- eli zaelo (singer) scmp 9mar2021
Positioning South Africa right in China
Updated : 2014- 03- 23 08:18
By Bob Wekesa (China Daily )
country websites
- www.gov.za
- http://www.ananzi.co.za/
- https://www.iafrica.com/
- https://www.south-africa-info.co.za/country
- https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/
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