- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Spain-called-%E2%80%98Spain%E2%80%99 The ancient Phoenicians who arrived to trade with the peoples of the peninsula called it Sphaniam (land of rabbits), the Greeks that arrived to trade with our city states called it Iberia for the river Iber who is a plentiful large river with a large delta at the end. The Greeks eventually adopted Spania for the place and Iberians for the people. Later the Romans took the name into Latin Hispania. Hispania became España in Spanish and Espagne in French, Espagne became Spain imported to English.
Government
- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation of Spain (Spanish: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación) is a department of the Government of Spain in charge of Spain's foreign relations. The present incumbent of that Ministry is Mr. Josep Borrell who is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).
- El Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad de España es el actual departamento ministerial con competencias en economía, I+D+I industria y comercio.2 Su titular es Román Escolano. Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness www.mineco.gob.es
- El Instituto de Crédito Oficial es un banco público adscrito al Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad a través de la Secretaría de Estado de Economía y Apoyo a la Empresa. Fue fundado en 1971 como entidad responsable de coordinar y controlar a los bancos públicos. Tiene naturaleza jurídica de entidad de crédito2 y consideración de Agencia Financiera del Estado. Su financiación se realiza mediante la emisión de títulos de renta fija. Sus funciones son principalmente promover actividades económicas que contribuyan al crecimiento y desarrollo del país, así como a la mejora de la distribución de la riqueza nacional.
- ICEX, Spain Trade and Investment www.icex.es or Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade www.icex.es? refer to http://www.foodswinesfromspain.com/spanishfoodwine/foot/about-us/index.html Foods from Spain is also a promotion programme run by ICEX Spain Trade and Investment whose role is to promote exports of Spanish food products to Spain’s priority markets, introducing new products and developing the market for more established ones. / and spanish pavilion brochure for 2013 hktdc toy fair
- people - María Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría Antón
- The Spanish Cooperation Agency for International Development (Spanish: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo) abbreviated as AECID, is a Spanish State Agency, created in November 1988 as a management body for Spain's international development cooperation policy. Its original name was Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI), but Royal Decree 1403/2007, of 26 October, amended its Statute and gave AECID its current name. AECID is a public law body under the aegis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, via the State Secretariat for International Cooperation and for Ibero-America (SECIPI). The Agency is in charge of designing, implementing and managing development cooperation projects and programmes, whether directly, with its own resources, or through collaboration with other national and international bodies and non-governmental organizations.
- The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) was created by Royal Decree 1527/1988, of 11 November, through the integration of several self-governing agencies and other organizational units of the Foreign Ministry. It was last restructured in 2001, with the incorporation of the Directorate-General for Cultural and Scientific Relations. The Agency's origins date back to 1946, with the foundation of the Institute of Hispanic Culture. The first significant change to its structure was made in 1976, when a Presidency was established as its highest governing body. In 1977, it was restructured for the first time and given a new name: the Ibero-American Centre for Cooperation, together with new responsibilities and powers in the field of cooperation. From then on, the term "cooperation" became the organization’s hallmark, in its name and in all of its activities. The Hispanic Library dates back to the initial period of the 1940s and 1950s, as do the organization's publications under the name Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica. Both have fostered a major effort in disseminating Spanish culture, to which their holdings and catalogues bear witness. Before AECI was born, this fruitful work was enhanced by the incorporation of the Félix María Pareja Islamic Library. The Colegio Mayor (student residence) Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was inaugurated in 1954, as a foundation of the Institute of Hispanic Culture, and as a residence for Spanish and Ibero-American university students. This institution complemented the organization’s policy regarding grants for the higher education of those countries' future leaders and professionals, and it has been open uninterruptedly to this day. Much later, with AECI, the Colegio Mayor Nuestra Señora de África was created. Today, they are both managed by the Colegios Mayores Foundation, and presided over by the State Secretariat for International Cooperation and for Ibero-America. Two other self-governing bodies were also consolidated and integrated into AECI at the time of its creation: the Spanish Arab Institute of Culture (IHAC), which had been functioning since 1954, and had been provided with a legal and operational structure in an Act of 13 February 1974, also as a self-governing institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and the National Commission and the Cooperation Office with Equatorial Guinea (1981). In 1977, the Institute of Hispanic Culture was renamed the Ibero-American Cooperation Centre (CIC), and underwent a significant change to its basic organizational structure, with a President and a Director-General, and the creation of new organizational units: Documentation and Planning and Research, Cultural Cooperation, Economic Cooperation, and Technological and Industrial Cooperation; in other words, with a clear focus on development cooperation. Its new name would not last for long—in 1979, the organization became known as the Institute for Ibero-American Cooperation (ICI), and its purpose was set forth as being Spanish Cooperation with Ibero-America. In this reorganization, the associations, centres and Institutes of Hispanic Culture in Ibero-America, which had been attached institutions since the Organization's inception, were eliminated. In 1985, a new organizational structure was approved for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, involving the creation of the State Secretariat for International Cooperation and for Ibero-America (SECIPI), under which fell the self-governing bodies Institute for Ibero-American Cooperation and Spanish Arab Institute of Culture. The following reported directly to the SECIPI: the Directorates-General for Cultural Relations, for International Technical Cooperation, and for International Economic Relations, as well as the Office and National Cooperation Committee for Equatorial Guinea.
- The Civil Guard (Spanish: Guardia Civil; [ˈɡwarðja θiˈβil]) is the oldest law enforcement agency in Spain. It is organised as a military force charged with police duties under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence. The corps is colloquially known as the benemérita (reputable). In annual surveys, it generally ranks as the national institution most valued by Spaniards, closely followed by other law enforcement agencies and the military. It has both a regular national role and undertakes specific foreign peace-keeping missions. As a national police force, the Guardia Civil is comparable today to the French Gendarmerie, the Italian Carabinieri, the Portuguese National Republican Guard and the Dutch Royal Marechaussee as it is part of the European Gendarmerie Force.
- The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in 22 other hispanophone nations through the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language. The RAE's emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is "Limpia, fija y da esplendor" ("Cleans, fixes, and gives splendor").The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713, modeled after the Accademia della Crusca (1582), of Italy, and the Académie Française(1635), of France, with the purpose "to fix the voices and vocabularies of the Castilian language with propriety, elegance, and purity". King Philip V approved its constitution on 3 October 1714, placing it under the Crown's protection.
honours system
- The Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Orden de Isabel la Católica) is a Spanish civil order in which membership is granted in recognition of services that benefit the country. The Order is not open to Spaniards exclusively, and it has been used to award many foreigners. The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I with the name of "Royal and American Order of Isabella the Catholic"[1] with the intent of "rewarding the firm allegiance to Spain and the merits of Spanish citizens and foreigners in good standing with the Nation and especially in those exceptional services provided in pursuit of territories in America and overseas."[2]The Order was reorganized by royal decree on 26 July 1847, as the modern "Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic" with a broader focus than the Americas.
- notable recipient: Álvaro Uribe Vélez (born 4 July 1952) is a Colombian politician who served as the 31st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010.
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-countries-that-most-people-would-be-shocked-to-learn-border-each-other Spain has maritime borders with Algeria (southeast orange blob), Italy, (disputed) Western Sahara (via maritime border with the Canary Islands).
阿拉瓦省 Álava (IPA: [ˈalaβa] in Spanish) or Araba (IPA: [aˈɾaba] in Basque, dialectal: [aˈɾaβa]), officially Araba/Álava,[1] is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see. Its capital city, Vitoria-Gasteiz, is also the seat of the political main institutions of the autonomous community. Built around the Roman mansion Alba located on the road ab Asturica Burdigalam (possibly the current village of Albéniz near Agurain), it has sometimes been argued the name may stem from that landmark. However, according to the Royal Academy of the Basque Language, the origin may be another: The name is first found on Muslim chronicles of the 8th century referring to the Alavese Plains (Spanish Llanada Alavesa, Basque Arabako Lautada), laua in old Basque (currently lautada) with the Arab article added (al + laua), developing into Spanish Álava and Basque Araba (a typical development of l to r between vowels).
aranjuezThere are several theories about the origin of the name. The most widely accepted one states that it comes from the Basque language, deriving from arantza("hawthorn" in English). Another theory, attributed to Padre Martín Sarmiento, a Benedictine scholar who lived about a century after the founder of Aranjuez, Philip II of Spain, claims the origin to be from Latin Ara Jovis or Ara Iovia, which means the altar of the Roman god Jupiteralso known as Zeus. However the pre-Roman derivation is generally preferred.In 1178, the area was acquired by the Order of Santiago. Ferdinand and Isabella, the "Catholic monarchs", converted Aranjuez into a royal site. It was the Spring residence of the kings of Spain from the late 19th century.En el 220 a. C. tuvo lugar la batalla del Tajo, en la que el ejército de Aníbal venció a un ejército de carpetanos con aliados vacceos y olcades. En 1085 Alfonso VI conquistó el antiguo poblado musulmán existente en la zona, y extendió sus dominios hasta Toledo, mas en 1108 la zona volvió a manos musulmanas. En 1139 Alfonso VII recuperó las tierras para Castilla. En 1171 se produjo la conquista de Alfonso VIII. Por aquella época existían dos aldeas por la zona: Aranz y Alpajés y en 1178 se produjo la conquista cristiana definitiva de Aranjuez e incorporación a la Orden de Santiago. En 1387 Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, maestre de la Orden de Santiago, construyó una casona o palacio de recreo, que además sirvió como hospital de sangre para convalecencia de los caballeros heridos en la guerra con los musulmanes durante la Reconquista. En 1489 los Reyes Católicos, al convertirse en maestres de todas las órdenes militares, convirtieron la casona en palacio. Desde entonces Aranjuez fue residencia primaveral de los reyes de España hasta finales del siglo xix.
Asturias (/æˈstʊəriəs, ə-/,[3][4] Spanish: [asˈtuɾjas]; Asturian: Asturies [asˈtuɾjes; -ɾjɪs]), officially the Principality of Asturias (Spanish: Principado de Asturias; Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies), is an autonomous community in north-west Spain. It is coextensive with the province of Asturias and contains some of the territory that was part of the larger Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages.Asturias was inhabited, first by Homo erectus, then by Neanderthals. Since the Lower Paleolithic era, and during the Upper Paleolithic, Asturias was characterized by cave paintings in the eastern part of the area. In the Mesolithic period, a native culture developed, that of the Asturiense, and later, with the introduction of the Bronze Age, megaliths and tumuli were constructed. In the Iron Age, the territory came under the cultural influence of the Celts; the local Celtic peoples, known as the Astures, were composed of tribes such as the Luggones, the Pesicos, and others, who populated the entire area with castros (fortified hill-towns). Today the Astur Celtic influence persists in place names, such as those of rivers and mountains.
- [situationist int] workers (primarily miners) carried out a radical and violent insurrection in oct1934. They were referred to as dinamiteros because they often used sticks of dynamite for lack of other weapons. In early 1960s a later generation carried out a series of large scale wildcat strikes against the franco regime
Buñol (Catalan: Bunyol) is a town and municipality in the province of Valencia, Spain. 布尼奥尔的“番茄大战”始于1945年。 The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. In the Bureba Pass area, archaeologists have found evidence of occupation by hominids and humans for more than one million years. Discoveries have included the earliest hominid skull in Europe. The Celtiberian region that became Burgos was inhabited by the Morgobos, Turmodigi, Berones and perhaps also the Pellendones, the last inhabitants of the northern part of the Celtiberian region. According to the Greek historian Ptolemy, the principal cities included: Brabum, Sisara, Deobrigula (nowadays Tardajos), Ambisna Segiasamon (Sasamón) and Verovesca (Briviesca). Under Roman colonization, it was part of Hispania Citerior ("Hither Spain") and then Hispania Tarraconensis. In the fifth century, the Visigoths drove back the Suevi. In the eighth century, the Arabs occupied all of Castiles. Alfonso III the Great, king of León reconquered the area around the middle of the ninth century, and built many castles for the defence of Christendom. Gradually the area was reconquered. The region came to be known as Castile (Latin castella), i.e. "land of castles". In the eleventh century, Burgos became the capital of the Kingdom of Castile.
- dubious
- Baby jumping (El Colacho) is a traditional Spanish holiday dating back to 1620 that takes place annually to celebrate the Catholic feast of Corpus Christi in Castrillo de Murcia, Sasamón, province of Burgos. During the act, known as El Salto del Colacho (the devil's jump) or simply El Colacho, men dressed as the Devil (known as the Colacho) in red and yellow suits jump over babies born during the previous twelve months of the year who lie on mattresses in the street. The "devils" hold whips and oversized castanets as they jump over the unaware infants. The Brotherhood of Santísimo Sacramento de Minerva organizes the week-long festivities which culminate on Sunday when the Colacho jumps over the babies on the mattresses placed on the procession route traversing the town. The origins of the tradition are unknown but it is said to cleanse the babies of original sin, ensure them safe passage through life and guard against illness and evil spirits. In recent years, Pope Benedict has asked Spanish priests to distance themselves from El Colacho, and to downplay the tradition’s connection with Catholicism. The Church still teaches that it is baptism by water, not a giant leap by an airborne devil, which cleanses the soul of original sin.
The Canary Islands (/kəˈnɛəri ˈaɪləndz/; Spanish: Las Islas Canarias pronounced [ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas], locally [ˈiɦlːah kaˈnaːɾjah]) also known as The Canaries (Spanish: Las Canarias), are an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located on the Atlantic Ocean, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco. The Canaries are among the outermost regions (OMR) of the European Unionproper. It is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government.During the time of the Spanish Empire, the Canaries were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, which came south to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds.
- The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", a name applied originally only to Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the Mauretanian king Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size". Another speculation is that the so-called dogs were actually a species of monk seal (canis marinus or "sea dog" was a Latin term for "seal"), critically endangered and no longer present in the Canary Islands. The dense population of seals may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established contact with these islands by sea. Alternatively, it is said that the original inhabitants of the island, Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them and treated dogs generally as holy animals.[24] The ancient Greeks also knew about a people, living far to the west, who are the "dog-headed ones", who worshipped dogs on an island.[24] Some hypothesize that the Canary Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the dog-headed god, Anubis are closely connected[25] but there is no explanation given as to which one was first. Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii, though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs.[citation needed] The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms (shown above). It is considered that the aborigines of Gran Canaria called themselves "Canarii". It is possible that after being conquered, this name was used in plural in Spanish i.e. -as to refer to all of the islands as the Canarii-as. What is certain is that the name of the islands does not derive from the canary bird; rather, the birds are named after the islands.
- After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982.
- Guanches were the aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands. In 2017, the first genome-wide data from the Guanches confirmed a North African origin and that they were genetically most similar to modern North African Berber, peoples of the nearby North African mainland. It is believed that they migrated to the archipelago around 1000 BC or perhaps earlier. The Guanches were the only native people known to have lived in the Macaronesian region before the arrival of Europeans, as there is no evidence that the other Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira) were inhabited before Europeans arrived. After the Spanish conquest of the Canaries they were ethnically and culturally absorbed by Spanish settlers,[1] although elements of their culture survive to this day, intermixed within Canarian customs and traditions such as Silbo (the whistled language of La Gomera Island).The native term guanchinet literally translated means "person of Tenerife" (from Guan = person and Chinet = Tenerife).[1] It was modified, according to Juan Núñez de la Peña, by the Castilians into "Guanchos".[3]Though etymologically being an ancient, Tenerife-specific, term, the word Guanche is now mostly used to refer to the pre-Hispanic aboriginal inhabitants of the entire archipelago
- hkej 29dec17 shum article
- A Spanish NATO membership referendum was held on Wednesday, 12 March 1986, to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of, or leaving, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which it had joined in 1982.[1] The question asked was "In your view, should Spain continue to be a member of the Atlantic Alliance subject to the terms agreed by the national Government?" (Spanish: "¿Considera conveniente para España permanecer en la Alianza Atlántica en los términos acordados por el Gobierno de la Nación?").[2] The referendum resulted in 56.9% of voters voting in favour of remaining within NATO on a turnout of 59.4%.
- shum reported otherwise
埃西哈ecija
- In Roman times the town was at first known as Astigi. After the Romans, it was ruled by successively by Suevs and Visigoths before the Umayyadconquest in 711. Arabs renamed Astigi as "Istija" (إستجة), from which the present name is derived. It was under Arab rule until its conquest in 1240 by Fernando III, King of Castile.
- In the Philippines, the province of Nueva Ecija that was created as a military comandancia in 1705 by Governor Fausto Cruzat y Góngora, was named in honour of this city.
- note the sun in its flag and coat of arms
- also name of a law firm
埃斯特雷馬杜拉 Extremadura (/ˌɛkstrɪməˈdjʊərə/ EK-strim-ə-DEWR-ə, Spanish: [e(ɣ)stɾemaˈðuɾa]; Extremaduran: Estremaúra [eʰtːɾemaˈuɾa]; Fala: Extremaúra; Portuguese: Estremadura) is an autonomous community of the western Iberian Peninsula whose capital city is Mérida, recognised by the Statute of Autonomy of Extremadura. It is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain: Cáceres and Badajoz.
- Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current day Portugal (except for the northern area today known as Norte Region) and a central western portion of the current day Spain, covered in those times today's Autonomous Community of Extremadura. Mérida (now capital of Extremadura) became the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania, and one of the most important cities in the Roman Empire.During the Andalusian period as of 711, present-day Extremadura was on the north-western marches—extremadura is from Latin words meaning literally "outermost hard", the outermost secure border (the march) of an occupied territory—with Mérida being its head city. It was part of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, but after its definite collapse in 1031 the Caliphate fragmented into small regional kingdoms, and the lands of Extremadura were included in the Taifa of Badajoz on two taifa periods. The kingdom in turn broke up twice under Almoravid and Almohad push (1094 and 1151). After the Almohad disaster in Navas de Tolosa (1212), Extremadura fell to the troops led by Alfonso IX of León in c.1230.
- Many legendary Spanish conquistadorshailed from Extremadura, including Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to lead an expedition to reach the Pacific Ocean from America; Hernando de Soto the first European to lead an expedition to the territory of the modern-day United States; Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Aztec and Inca empires respectively; Francisco de Orellana, who explored the length of the Amazon; Pedro de Valdivia, the first governor of Chile; and Sebastián Vizcaíno, who was a Spanish soldier, entrepreneur in the Philippines, explorer of the Californias, and diplomat in Japan.
- The only official language is Spanish (whose local dialects are collectively called Castúo), but other languages and dialects are also spoken. The Fala, a Galician-Portuguese language, is a specially protected language and is spoken in the valley of Jálama. The Extremaduran language, the collective name for a group of vernacular dialects related to Leonese[9] is endangered. Local variants of Portuguese are native to Cedillo and Herrera de Alcántara. Portuguese has also been accounted to be spoken as well by some people (mainly those born before the 1940s[11]) in Olivenza.
- 西班牙首都馬德里以西的埃斯特雷馬度拉地區，兩個小鎮近日慶祝當地傳統節日，上演與眾不同的冬季奇觀。在阿塞烏切鎮，男參加者紛紛穿上毛皮大衣、戴上面具扮成野獸（圖）；婦女則穿上繽紛的披肩和裙子巡遊。而在皮奧爾納爾鎮，男士們向一名戴上面具的男子投擲蔬菜，有指節慶源於古時一名賊人被村民擲蔬菜趕走https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200130/00180_038.html
granada
- The Alhambra, a Moorish citadel and palace, is in Granada. It is the most renowned building of the Andalusian Islamic historical legacy with its many cultural attractions that make Granada a popular destination among the touristic cities of Spain. The Almohad influence on architecture is also preserved in the Granada neighborhood called the Albaicín with its fine examples of Moorish and Morisco construction. The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500 BC and experienced Roman and Visigothic influences. The most ancient ruins found in the city belongs to an Iberian oppidum called Ilturir, in the region known as Bastetania. This oppidum eventually changed its name to Iliberri, and after the Roman conquest of Iberia, to Municipium Florentinum Iliberitanum. The Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in AD 711, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established Al-Andalus. In the early 11th century, after a civil war that ended the Caliphate, the Berber, Zawi ben Ziri, established an independent kingdom for himself, the Taifa of Granada, with Illiberis as its capital. Jewish people were established in another area close to Illiberis, called Gárnata or Gárnata al-Yahūd ("Granada of the Jews"). Granada's historical name in the Arabic language was غرناطة (Ġarnāṭah).
The word Gárnata (or Karnatah) possibly means "hill of strangers". Because the city was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, the ruler decided to transfer his residence to the higher situated area of Gárnata. In a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities of Al-Andalus. By the end of the 11th century, the city had spread across the Darro to reach the hill of the future Alhambra, and included the Albayzín neighborhood (also called "Albaicín" or "El Albaicín", now a World Heritage site). The Almoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and the Almohad dynasty from 1166. In 1228, with the departure of the Almohad prince, Idris al-Ma'mun, who left Iberia to take the Almohad leadership, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar established the longest lasting Muslim dynasty on the Iberian peninsula, the Nasrids. With the Reconquista in full swing after the conquest of Córdoba in 1236, the Nasrids aligned themselves with Fernando III of Castile, officially becoming the Emirate of Granada in 1238. According to some historians, Granada was a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile since that year. It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for gold from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb, and exported silk and dried fruits produced in the area. The Nasrids also supplied troops from the Emirate and mercenaries from North Africa for service to Castile. Ibn Battuta, a famous traveler and an authentic historian, visited the Kingdom of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. If it was really a vassal state, it was contrary to the policy of the Reconquista to allow it to flourish for almost two centuries and a half after the fall of Sevilla in 1248. During the Moor rule, Granada was a city with adherents to many religions and ethnicities (Arabs, Berbers, Christians and Jews) who lived in separate quarters.On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Fernando V and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos ("the Catholic Monarchs"), after the last battle of the Granada War.The 1492 surrender of the Islamic Emirate of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history as it marks the completion of the Reconquista of Al-Andalus. The terms of the surrender, expressed in the Alhambra Decree treaty, explicitly allowed the city's Muslim inhabitants to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs, known as Mudéjar. By 1499, however, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of Granada’s first Archbishop, Fernando de Talavera, to convert non-Christians to Christianity and undertook a program of forced Christian baptisms, creating the Converso (convert) class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new tactics, which were a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked an armed Muslim revolt centered in the rural Alpujarras region southwest of the city.
- people
Madrid
- The fountain of Cybele is found in the part of Madrid commonly called the Paseo de Recoletos. This fountain is named after Cybele, a Phrygian goddess who had a significant cult in Rome, and is seen as one of Madrid's most important symbols. The fountain depicts the goddess, sitting on a chariot pulled by two lions. The fountain was built in the reign of Charles III and designed by Ventura Rodríguez between 1777 and 1782.
La Mancha (Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈmantʃa]) is a natural and historical region located in the Spanish provinces of Albacete, Cuenca, Ciudad Real and Toledo. La Mancha is an arid but fertile plateau (610 m or 2000 ft.) that stretches from the mountains of Toledo to the western spurs of the hills of Cuenca, and bordered to the south by the Sierra Morena and to the north by the Alcarria region.[1] La Mancha includes portions of the modern provinces of Cuenca, Toledo, and Albacete, and most of the Ciudad Real province. La Mancha historical comarca constitutes the southern portion of Castilla-La Mancha autonomous community and makes up most of the present-day administrative region.
- The name "La Mancha" is probably derived from the Arab word المنشا al-mansha, meaning "the dry land" or "wilderness". The name of the city of Almansa in Albacete also has the same origin. The word mancha in Spanish literally means spot, stain, or patch, but no apparent link exists between this word and the name of the region.
- La Mancha's traditional windmills like these, still standing at Campo de Criptana, were immortalized in the novel Don Quixote.
- very detailed historical information in japanese wiki version
埃斯特雷馬杜拉 Extremadura (/ˌɛkstrɪməˈdjʊərə/ EK-strim-ə-DEWR-ə, Spanish: [e(ɣ)stɾemaˈðuɾa]; Extremaduran: Estremaúra [eʰtːɾemaˈuɾa]; Fala: Extremaúra; Portuguese: Estremadura) is an autonomous community of the western Iberian Peninsula whose capital city is Mérida, recognised by the Statute of Autonomy of Extremadura. It is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain: Cáceres and Badajoz.
- Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current day Portugal (except for the northern area today known as Norte Region) and a central western portion of the current day Spain, covered in those times today's Autonomous Community of Extremadura. Mérida (now capital of Extremadura) became the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania, and one of the most important cities in the Roman Empire.During the Andalusian period as of 711, present-day Extremadura was on the north-western marches—extremadura is from Latin words meaning literally "outermost hard", the outermost secure border (the march) of an occupied territory—with Mérida being its head city. It was part of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, but after its definite collapse in 1031 the Caliphate fragmented into small regional kingdoms, and the lands of Extremadura were included in the Taifa of Badajoz on two taifa periods. The kingdom in turn broke up twice under Almoravid and Almohad push (1094 and 1151). After the Almohad disaster in Navas de Tolosa (1212), Extremadura fell to the troops led by Alfonso IX of León in c.1230.
- Many legendary Spanish conquistadorshailed from Extremadura, including Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to lead an expedition to reach the Pacific Ocean from America; Hernando de Soto the first European to lead an expedition to the territory of the modern-day United States; Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Aztec and Inca empires respectively; Francisco de Orellana, who explored the length of the Amazon; Pedro de Valdivia, the first governor of Chile; and Sebastián Vizcaíno, who was a Spanish soldier, entrepreneur in the Philippines, explorer of the Californias, and diplomat in Japan.
- The only official language is Spanish (whose local dialects are collectively called Castúo), but other languages and dialects are also spoken. The Fala, a Galician-Portuguese language, is a specially protected language and is spoken in the valley of Jálama. The Extremaduran language, the collective name for a group of vernacular dialects related to Leonese[9] is endangered. Local variants of Portuguese are native to Cedillo and Herrera de Alcántara. Portuguese has also been accounted to be spoken as well by some people (mainly those born before the 1940s[11]) in Olivenza.
- 西班牙首都馬德里以西的埃斯特雷馬度拉地區，兩個小鎮近日慶祝當地傳統節日，上演與眾不同的冬季奇觀。在阿塞烏切鎮，男參加者紛紛穿上毛皮大衣、戴上面具扮成野獸（圖）；婦女則穿上繽紛的披肩和裙子巡遊。而在皮奧爾納爾鎮，男士們向一名戴上面具的男子投擲蔬菜，有指節慶源於古時一名賊人被村民擲蔬菜趕走https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200130/00180_038.html
granada
- The Alhambra, a Moorish citadel and palace, is in Granada. It is the most renowned building of the Andalusian Islamic historical legacy with its many cultural attractions that make Granada a popular destination among the touristic cities of Spain. The Almohad influence on architecture is also preserved in the Granada neighborhood called the Albaicín with its fine examples of Moorish and Morisco construction. The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500 BC and experienced Roman and Visigothic influences. The most ancient ruins found in the city belongs to an Iberian oppidum called Ilturir, in the region known as Bastetania. This oppidum eventually changed its name to Iliberri, and after the Roman conquest of Iberia, to Municipium Florentinum Iliberitanum. The Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in AD 711, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established Al-Andalus. In the early 11th century, after a civil war that ended the Caliphate, the Berber, Zawi ben Ziri, established an independent kingdom for himself, the Taifa of Granada, with Illiberis as its capital. Jewish people were established in another area close to Illiberis, called Gárnata or Gárnata al-Yahūd ("Granada of the Jews"). Granada's historical name in the Arabic language was غرناطة (Ġarnāṭah).
The word Gárnata (or Karnatah) possibly means "hill of strangers". Because the city was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, the ruler decided to transfer his residence to the higher situated area of Gárnata. In a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities of Al-Andalus. By the end of the 11th century, the city had spread across the Darro to reach the hill of the future Alhambra, and included the Albayzín neighborhood (also called "Albaicín" or "El Albaicín", now a World Heritage site). The Almoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and the Almohad dynasty from 1166. In 1228, with the departure of the Almohad prince, Idris al-Ma'mun, who left Iberia to take the Almohad leadership, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar established the longest lasting Muslim dynasty on the Iberian peninsula, the Nasrids. With the Reconquista in full swing after the conquest of Córdoba in 1236, the Nasrids aligned themselves with Fernando III of Castile, officially becoming the Emirate of Granada in 1238. According to some historians, Granada was a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile since that year. It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for gold from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb, and exported silk and dried fruits produced in the area. The Nasrids also supplied troops from the Emirate and mercenaries from North Africa for service to Castile. Ibn Battuta, a famous traveler and an authentic historian, visited the Kingdom of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. If it was really a vassal state, it was contrary to the policy of the Reconquista to allow it to flourish for almost two centuries and a half after the fall of Sevilla in 1248. During the Moor rule, Granada was a city with adherents to many religions and ethnicities (Arabs, Berbers, Christians and Jews) who lived in separate quarters.On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Fernando V and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos ("the Catholic Monarchs"), after the last battle of the Granada War.The 1492 surrender of the Islamic Emirate of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history as it marks the completion of the Reconquista of Al-Andalus. The terms of the surrender, expressed in the Alhambra Decree treaty, explicitly allowed the city's Muslim inhabitants to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs, known as Mudéjar. By 1499, however, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of Granada’s first Archbishop, Fernando de Talavera, to convert non-Christians to Christianity and undertook a program of forced Christian baptisms, creating the Converso (convert) class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new tactics, which were a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked an armed Muslim revolt centered in the rural Alpujarras region southwest of the city.
- The literal translation of Alhambra, "the red (female)," reflects the color of the red clay of the surroundings of which the fort is made. The buildings of the Alhambra were originally whitewashed; however, the buildings as seen today are reddish. Another possible origin of the name is the tribal designation of the Nasrid Dynasty, known as the Banu al-Ahmar Arabic: Sons of the Red (male), a sub-tribe of the Arab Qahtanite Banu Khazraj tribe. One of the early Nasrid ancestors was nicknamed Yusuf Al Ahmar (Yusuf the Red) and hence the (Nasrid) fraction of the Banu Khazraj took up the name of Banu al-Ahmar.
- note The Court of the Lions (Patio de los Leones)
- people
- Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca, known as Federico García Lorca (Spanish pronunciation: [feðeˈɾiko ɣarˈθi.a ˈlorka]; 5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27, a group consisting of mostly poets who introduced the tenets of European movements (such as symbolism, futurism, and surrealism) into Spanish literature. He was executed by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. His body has never been found. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death. The García Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar, but no human remains were found. García Lorca was born on 5 June 1898, in Fuente Vaqueros, a small town a few miles west of Granada, southern Spain. His father, Federico García Rodríguez, was a prosperous landowner with a farm in the fertile vega (valley) surrounding Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of the city. García Rodríguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the sugar industry. García Lorca's mother, Vicenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher. After Fuente Vaqueros, the family moved in 1905 to the nearby town of Valderrubio (at the time named Asquerosa).
阿羅 Haro is a town and municipality in the northwest of La Rioja province in northern Spain. It is known for its fine red wine and every year the Haro Wine Festival is held where locals hold a wine battle. It has an important architectural heritage, including the plateresque main entrancence of the Santo Tomás Church, the work of Felipe Vigarny, numerous palaces, and the old town, which was declared a Historic-Artistic Sitein 1975.There are several theories about the founding of Haro, though the most realistic theory is that of Domingo Hergueta, who argued that before the town, there was a lighthouse near the village of Cerro de la Mota which illuminated the mouth of the Ebro river. The town received the name of the lighthouse (faro), and in Castilian Spanish evolved into the name 'Haro'. During the Roman rule of Hispania, a fort called Castrum Bibilium was built in the cliffs of Bibilio. The first mention of Haro dates back to the year 1040, in a document of king García Sánchez III of Navarre"el de Nájera". Alfonso VI of León and Castile entrusted the tenencia to Diego López I de Haro after the death of count García Ordóñez and the first of the lords of Biscay to attach the name of this town to his patronymic was Diego's son, Lope Díaz I de Haro.
- ローマ領ヒスパニア時代、カストルム・ビリビウム (Castrum Bilibium) という名の砦が作られた。5世紀頃、ギリシャ人たちはファロ (Pharo) と呼んだ。アラブ人占領時代の9世紀にはワディ・アルム (Wadi Arum) と呼ばれた。Madrid
- The fountain of Cybele is found in the part of Madrid commonly called the Paseo de Recoletos. This fountain is named after Cybele, a Phrygian goddess who had a significant cult in Rome, and is seen as one of Madrid's most important symbols. The fountain depicts the goddess, sitting on a chariot pulled by two lions. The fountain was built in the reign of Charles III and designed by Ventura Rodríguez between 1777 and 1782.
La Mancha (Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈmantʃa]) is a natural and historical region located in the Spanish provinces of Albacete, Cuenca, Ciudad Real and Toledo. La Mancha is an arid but fertile plateau (610 m or 2000 ft.) that stretches from the mountains of Toledo to the western spurs of the hills of Cuenca, and bordered to the south by the Sierra Morena and to the north by the Alcarria region.[1] La Mancha includes portions of the modern provinces of Cuenca, Toledo, and Albacete, and most of the Ciudad Real province. La Mancha historical comarca constitutes the southern portion of Castilla-La Mancha autonomous community and makes up most of the present-day administrative region.
- The name "La Mancha" is probably derived from the Arab word المنشا al-mansha, meaning "the dry land" or "wilderness". The name of the city of Almansa in Albacete also has the same origin. The word mancha in Spanish literally means spot, stain, or patch, but no apparent link exists between this word and the name of the region.
- La Mancha's traditional windmills like these, still standing at Campo de Criptana, were immortalized in the novel Don Quixote.
- very detailed historical information in japanese wiki version
- Talavera de la Reina (Spanish pronunciation: [talaˈβeɾa ðe la ˈrejna]) is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. There are remnants of prehistoric cultures in the area. The village was founded by the Celts as a ford of the Tagus. The first mention of the city (with the name Aebura) occurs in Livy's description of a battle between the Romans and the Carpetanoi, a Celtiberian tribe. After the Roman conquest of Hispania, it was known as Caesarobriga, one of many Celtic toponyms preserved in Roman Hispania, with a name connoting "fortified" that was extended to many non-fortified towns: "Caesarburg".[4] Caesarobriga served as an important center for agriculture and ceramics in the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE During the Visigothic period, Talavera reverted to a variant of its Celtiberian name: Elbora or Ebora. Its modern name is derived from Talabayra, the Muslim rendering of this Visigothic name. The city was conquered by Muslim forces in 713 and conquered by Christian forces under Alfonso VI of Castile in 1083.
- Talavera pottery (Spanish: Talavera poblana) is a Mexican and Spanish pottery tradition from Talavera de la Reina, in Spain. The Mexican pottery is a type of majolica (faience) or tin-glazed earthenware, with a white base glaze typical of the type.[1] It comes from the town of San Pablo del Monte (in Tlaxcala) and the cities of Puebla, Atlixco, Cholula, and Tecali (all these four latter in the state of Puebla), because of the quality of the natural clay found there and the tradition of production which goes back to the 16th century.
- The Battle of Talavera (27–28 July 1809) (french empire+kingdom of holland vs uk +spain) was fought outside the town of Talavera de la Reina during the Peninsular War.
La Marina is a coastal village administered by the city of Elche, in the province of Alicante on Spain's Costa Blanca. Nearby inland is a large urbanisation built from the mid-1980s onwards confusingly also called La Marina: more correctly called Urbanisation La Marina. The village is on the Costa Azul bus route providing access northwards to Alicante and southbound to Torrevieja and ultimately Cartagena.The history of La Marina is very influenced by the disappearance of the San Francisco de Asís village in Sierra del Molar mountain range, as it was after the abandonment of the settlement when La Marina started to constitute a town.The ""San Francisco de Asís"" church was built at the late 19th Century, as the ancient chapel which was built short after the disappearance of the San Francisco de Asís settlement was too small. During the Spanish Civil War it was looted and turned into a barrack after being briefly restored. It is a relatively small church consisting of one main nave and a chapel to each side. At the presbytery stands a ceramic altar in which the image of Crucified Christ can be seen, as well as a niche to each side with the images of the patron saints San Francisco de Asís and the Rosary Virgin.
- coat of arms - colonia iulia ilice augusta
梅诺卡岛 Minorca or Menorca (/mɪˈnɔːrkə/; Catalan: Menorca [məˈnɔrkə]; Spanish: Menorca [meˈnorka]; from Latin: Insula Minor, later Minorica "smaller island") is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Seabelonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Majorca.The island is known for its collection of megalithic stone monuments: navetes, taules and talaiots, which speak of a very early prehistoric human activity. Some of the earliest culture on Minorca was influenced by other Mediterranean cultures, including the Greek Minoans of ancient Crete (see also Gymnesian Islands). For example, the use of inverted plastered timber columns at Knossos is thought to have influenced early peoples of Minorca in imitating this practice. The end of the Punic wars saw an increase in piracy in the western Mediterranean. The Roman occupation of Hispania had meant a growth of maritime trade between the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. Pirates took advantage of the strategic location of the Balearic Islands to raid Roman commerce, using both Minorca and Majorca as bases. In reaction to this, the Romans invaded Minorca. By 121 BC both islands were fully under Roman control, later being incorporated into the province of Hispania Citerior. In 13 BC Roman emperor Augustus reorganised the provincial system and the Balearic Islands became part of the Tarraconensis imperial province. The ancient town of Mago was transformed from a Carthaginian town to a Roman town.The island had a Jewish population. The Letter on the Conversion of the Jews by a 5th-century bishop named Severus tells of the forced conversion of the island's 540 Jewish men and women in AD 418. Several Jews, including Theodore, a rich representative Jew who stood high in the estimation of his coreligionists and of Christians alike, underwent baptism. The act of conversion brought about, within a previously peaceful coexisting community, the expulsion of the ruling Jewish elite into the bleak hinterlands, the burning of synagogues, and the gradual reinstatement of certain Jewish families after the forced acceptance of Christianity, allowing the survival of those Jewish families who had not already perished. Many Jews remained within the Jewish faith while outwardly professing Christian faith. Some of these Jews form part of the Xueta community. When Minorca became a British possession in 1713, they actively encouraged the immigration of foreign non-Catholics, which included Jews who were not accepted by the predominantly Christian inhabitants. When the Jewish community in Mahon requested the use of a room as a synagogue, their request was refused and they were denounced by the clergy. In 1781, when Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, duc de Mahon invaded Minorca, he ordered all Jews to leave in four days. At that time, the Jewish community consisted of about 500 people and they were transported from Minorca in four Spanish ships to the port of Marseilles.During the Spanish Civil War, Minorca stayed loyal to the Republican Spanish Government, while the rest of the Balearic Islands supported the Nationalists.
- Minorque in french
- The two official languages are Catalan and Spanish. Natives to the island speak the variety of Catalan called Menorquí, and they typically speak Spanishfluently as a second language; many immigrants are monolingual in Spanish.
- Minorca is especially well known for its traditional summer fiestas, which intrigue many visitors. The Festes de Sant Joan are held annually in Ciutadella de Menorca, during 23–25 June. The festes last for three days. On the first day, a man bears a well-groomed sheep upon his shoulders and parades around the local streets. In the late evening, main streets are closed and bonfires held upon them.
馬略卡島Mallorca (Catalan: [məˈʎɔɾkə], Spanish: [maˈʎoɾka]) or Majorca (English: /məˈjɔːrkə, -ˈdʒɔːr-/ mə-YOR-kə, -JOR-) is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The local language, as on the rest of the Balearic Islands, is Catalan, which is co-official with Spanish. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983.[4] There are two small islands off the coast of Mallorca: Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). The anthem of Mallorca is "La Balanguera".Little is recorded of the earliest inhabitants of the island. Burial chambers and traces of habitation from the Neolithic period (6000–4000 BC) have been discovered, particularly the prehistoric settlements called talaiots, or talayots. They raised Bronze Age megaliths as part of their Talaiotic culture.The Phoenicians, a seafaring people from the Levant, arrived around the eighth century BC and established numerous colonies.[8][better source needed] The island eventually came under the control of Carthage in North Africa, which had become the principal Phoenician city. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all of its overseas possessions and the Romans took over.
- trade
- international
- science park
- food
- fashion/textile
- film
- news and media
Company
- conglomerate
- Aena, state controlled airport operator
- Repsol S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [repˈsol]) is an integrated global energy company based in Madrid, Spain. It carries out upstream and downstream activities throughout the entire world. It has more than 24,000 employees worldwide. It is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. Repsol also partners with Honda Racing Corporation to compete in MotoGP under Repsol Honda Team.
- utility
- natural gas
- construction, infrastructure
- Distribuidora Internacional de Alimentación, S.A. (DIA) is a Spanish international hard-discount supermarket chain founded in 1979 which as of 2012 operates 6,914 stores internationally, making it Europe's third largest food sector franchiser. It has also owned Schlecker in Spain and Portugal since 2013. The company is headed by the Venezuelan-born Ana María Llopis.In 2014, Dia sold the whole of its business in France to Carrefour for 600 million euros. Although the shops retain the Dia name and logo, Carrefour own-brand products are increasingly replacing Dia's.
- cooperative
- information technology
- fashion
- football club
- fireworks
- jamon iberico
immigration
- golden visa
SMEs
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21644172-lack-larger-firms-means-fewer-jobs-and-less-resilient-economy-supersize-me Spain has a select group of big businesses with international repute—Aena joins the likes of Inditex, a clothes retailer, and Santander, a bank. But the rest are mostly tiddlers. The average Spanish firm has just 4.7 employees, down from 5.1 in 2008. Only 0.8% of companies have more than 50 workers, compared with 3.1% of German firms. A lobby group, the Círculo de Empresarios (Businessmen’s Circle), is pressing Spanish politicians to do something about this. It argues that bigger firms tend to be more resilient in hard times than smaller ones.
- https://www.ft.com/content/26fdc17e-e154-11e6-9645-c9357a75844a The country is home to well-known multinationals such as Banco Santander and Telefónica — but look more closely and the corporate structure starts to resemble a misshapen pyramid, with a few giants at the top, a vast number of tiny companies at the bottom and not much in between. At a time when Spain is in the midst of economic recovery, the puny size of the average Spanish company is a challenge that remains unresolved. Company size matters because small companies are typically less productive than larger ones, meaning they are less likely to create jobs and wealth.
tax
- 西班牙明年徵Google稅http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20141101/00180_026.html, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/spains-google-tax-will-charging-companies-to-link-to-articles-help-or-hurt-newspapers-9679248.html, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/31/spain-newspaper-google-tax, hkej 11nov14 b13 article talk about the tax and press freedom
class in society
- https://www.quora.com/What-screams-Im-upper-class-in-Spain
arts
- free accommodation for artists http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/29/travel/spain-art-festival/index.html
Literature
- Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi יהודה בן שמואל הלוי; Arabic: يهوذا اللاوي; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela,[1] in 1075[2]or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in the Holy Land in 1141, at that point the CrusaderKingdom of Jerusalem. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
- Abraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם אִבְּן עֶזְרָא or ראב"ע, Arabic: ابن عزرا; also known as Abenezra or Aben Ezra, 1089–1167) was born in Tudela, Navarre in 1089,[1] and died c. 1167, apparently in Calahorra.[2] He was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages.
- Amadís de Gaula (original Old Spanish and Galician-Portuguese spelling; Spanish: Amadís de Gaula, IPA: [amaˈðiz ðe ˈɣaula]; Portuguese: Amadis de Gaula, IPA: [ɐmɐˈdiʒ dɨ ˈɡawlɐ]) is a landmark work among the chivalric romances which were in vogue in sixteenth-century Spain, although its first version, much revised before printing, was written at the onset of the 14th century.
- Juan del Enzina – the spelling he used – or Juan del Encina – modern Spanish spelling – (born July 12, 1468 – died late 1529 or early 1530)[1] was a composer, poet and playwright,[2]:535 often called the founder, along with Gil Vicente, of Spanish drama.[1] His name at birth was Juan de Fermoselle.
- The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities (Spanish: La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades [la ˈβiða ðe laθaˈɾiʎo ðe ˈtormes i ðe sus forˈtunas i aðβersiˈðaðes]) is a Spanish novella, published anonymously because of its anticlerical content. It was published simultaneously in three cities in 1554: Alcalá de Henares, Burgos and Antwerp. The Alcalá de Henares edition adds some episodes which were probably written by a second author.
- Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra[b] (/sərˈvɒnteɪz/ or /sərˈvæntiːz/;[2] Spanish: [miˈɣel de θerˈβantes saˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616)[3] was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.His major work, Don Quixote, is considered the first modern novel,[4] a classic of Western literature, and is regarded among the best works of fiction ever written.[5] His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").[6] He has also been dubbed El príncipe de los ingenios ("The Prince of Wits").
- Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfelis ˈlope ðe ˈβeɣa i ˈkarpjo]; 25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, novelist and marine. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century of Baroque literature. His reputation in the world of Spanish literature is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled, making him one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature.
- La Araucana (also known in English as The Araucaniad) is a 16th-century epic poem[1] in Spanish about the Spanish Conquest of Chile by Alonso de Ercilla.[2] It was considered the national epic of the Captaincy General of Chile and one of the most important works of the Spanish Golden Age (Siglo de Oro).
- Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfelis ˈlope ðe ˈβeɣa i ˈkarpjo]; 25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, novelist and marine. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century of Baroque literature.
Rivers
- The Río Tinto (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈri.o ˈtinto],red river) is a river in southwestern Spain that originates in the Sierra Morena mountains ofAndalusia. It flows generally south-southwest, reaching the Gulf of Cádiz at Huelva. Since ancient times, a site along the river has been mined for copper, silver, gold, and other minerals. In approximately 3,000 BC, Iberiansand Tartessians began mining the site, followed by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors. After a period of abandonment, the mines were rediscovered in 1556 and the Spanish government began operating them once again in 1724. As a possible result of the mining, Río Tinto is notable for being very acidic (pH 2) and its deep reddish hue is due to iron dissolved in thewater. Acid mine drainage from the mines leads to severe environmental problems due to theheavy metal concentrations in the river. In 1873,Rio Tinto Company was formed to operate the mines; by the end of the 20th century it had become one of the world's largest multinational mining companies, although it no longer controls the Rio Tinto mines; these are now owned by EMED Mining plc.
national flag
- 国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为3∶2。旗面由三个平行的横长方形组成，上下均为红色，各占旗面的1/4 ；中间为黄色。黄色部分偏左侧绘有西班牙国徽。红、黄两色是西班牙人民喜爱的传统颜色，并分别代表组成西班牙的四个古老王国。国徽：中心图案为盾徽。盾面上有六组图案：左上角是红地上黄色城堡，右上角为白地上头戴王冠的红狮，城堡和狮子是古老西班牙的标志，分别象征卡斯蒂利亚和莱昂；左下角为黄、红相间的竖条，象征东北部的阿拉贡；右下角为红地上金色链网，象征位于北部的纳瓦拉；底部是白地上绿叶红石榴，象征南部的格拉纳达；盾面中心的蓝色椭圆形中有三朵百合花，象征国家富强、人民幸福、民族团结。盾徽上端有一顶大王冠，这是国家权力的象征。盾徽两旁各有一根海格立斯柱子。亦称大力神银柱，左、右柱顶端分别是王冠和帝国冠冕，缠绕着立柱的饰带上写着“海外还有大陆”。
- The Spanish national team released a kit for next year's World Cup but it proved extremely divisive among the country's fans. Critics say the colours of the shirt appear similar to the flag of Spain's Second Republic, rather than the current Spanish national flag. The Second Republic started in 1931 when the King was overthrown and lasted just until 1939. The flag can evoke painful memories for those whose family members suffered during the civil war, which occurred between 1936 and 1939. The conflict was won by the nationalists and led to Francisco Franco becoming the dictator of Spain. He was in power until his death in 1975. But the Spanish football federation and designers Adidas deny the kit has political connotations. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41915356
Franco legacy
- about franco
- http://www.thelocal.es/20160128/victims-of-terrorism-to-replace-francoists-names-in-madrid,
https://next.ft.com/content/297b09ca-4fff-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a
Madrid steps closer to banishing Franco tributes
- The Valle de los Caídos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaʎe ðe los kaˈiðos], "Valley of the Fallen") is a Catholic basilica and a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at Cuelgamuros Valley in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, conceived by Spanish fascist dictator Francisco Franco to honour and bury those who fell fighting for his "Glorious Crusade", during the Spanish Civil War. Franco claimed[when?] that the monument was meant to be a "national act of atonement" and reconciliation. The Valley of the Fallen, as a surviving monument of Franco's rule, and its Catholic basilica remain controversial, in part since 10% of the construction workforce consisted of convicts, some of whom were Spanish Republican political prisoners. The monument, a landmark of 20th-century Spanish architecture, was designed by Pedro Muguruza and Diego Méndez on a scale to equal, according to Franco, "the grandeur of the monuments of old, which defy time and memory." Together with the Universidad Laboral de Gijón, it is the most prominent example of the original Spanish Neo-Herrerian style, which was intended to form part of a revival of Juan de Herrera's architecture, exemplified by the royal residence El Escorial. This uniquely Spanish architecture was widely used in public buildings of post-war Spain and is rooted in international classicism as exemplified by Albert Speer or Mussolini's Esposizione Universale Roma.
basque
- narratives
- The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict from 1959 to 2011 between Spainand the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque organizations which sought independencefrom Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA[4][5] which had launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations since 1959. ETA has been proscribed as a terrorist organization by the Spanish, British,[6]French[7] and American[8] authorities at different moments. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, which was primarily used as a safe haven by ETA members. It was the longest running violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as "Europe's longest war". The terminology is controversial. "Basque conflict" is preferred by Basque nationalist groups, including those opposed to ETA violence. Others, such as a number of Basque academics and historians commissioned to draft a report on the subject by the Basque government, reject the term, seeing it as legitimate state agencies fighting a terrorist group which had been responsible for the vast majority of deaths. The conflict had both political and military dimensions. Its participants included politicians and political activists on both sides, the abertzale left and the Spanish government, and the security forces of Spain and France fighting against ETA and other small organizations, usually involved in the kale borroka. Far-right paramilitary groups fighting against ETA were also active in the 1970s and 1980s. On 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity". Spanish premier Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason".
- https://www.ft.com/content/b6b5f798-582a-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0 Tubacex is one of the dozens of mid-sized Basque manufacturing companies seeing strong growth, operating from a small and rainy province that has become known as the home to the Spanish version of the German Mittelstand— vibrant manufacturing groups that are global and often family-owned. But the very internationalisation that is driving profits has also become a cause of worry in recent months, as the spectre of protectionism and trade wars between Europe, the US and China raises concerns in this booming region, a powerhouse of Spain since the industrial revolution in the 19th century.
Catalan
- history
- https://www.ft.com/content/1d8880e4-d1a9-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0 The Monasterio de Santa Maria de Sijena, tucked away among fields of corn and alfalfa in Spain’s northern Aragón region, is famed for a series of elaborate frescoes, dating from the 12th century. The most outstanding are from the arched chapter house, where biblical scenes include Cain slaying Abel, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, and the genealogy of Christ as told in the gospels of Matthew and Luke. The Romanesque murals and other artworks from the monastery were removed decades ago during the Spanish Civil War and the Franco era — in circumstances that remain disputed — and deposited in museums in the neighbouring Catalonia region. Now, 20 years after the mayor of nearby Villanueva de Sijena began calling for their return, the fate of the collection has been dragged into the long-running fight over Catalonia’s independence.
- university
blacks
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-Spain-was-ruled-by-the-Moors-who-were-black-If-it-is-true-then-why-is-it-being-hidden
Jews
- Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi יהודה בן שמואל הלוי; Arabic:يهوذا اللاوي; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo orTudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in Israel in 1141, at that point the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
- Rabbi Moses ben Jacob ibn Ezra, known as Ha-Sallaḥ ("writer of penitential prayers") (Arabic: أبو هارون موسى بن يعقوب ابن عزرا, Abu Harun Musa bin Ya'acub ibn Ezra, Hebrew: משה בן יעקב הסלח אבן עזרא) was a Jewish, Spanish philosopher, linguist, and poet. He was born in Granada about 1055 – 1060, and died after 1138. Ibn Ezra was Jewish by religion but is also considered to have had great influence in the Arabic literary world. He is considered one of Spain's greatest poets and was thought to be ahead of his time in terms of his theories on the nature of poetry. One of the more revolutionary aspects of Ibn Ezra’s poetry that has been debated is his definition of poetry as metaphor and how his poetry illuminates Aristotle’s early ideas. The impact of Ibn Ezra’s philosophical works was minor compared to his impact on poetry, but they address his concept of the relationship between God and man.
- Solomon ibn Gabirol (alt. Solomon ben Judah) (Hebrew: שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירולShlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol,pronounced [ʃlɵ.mɵ bɛn jɛ.ˈhuː.də ˈɪ.bn ˌgə.bi.ˈrɒːl]; Arabic: أبوأيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرولAbu Ayyub Sulayman bin Yahya bin Jabrirul,pronounced [æ.ˈbuː æy.ˈyuːb ˌsu.læj.ˈmæːnɪ bnɪ ˌjæ'hyæː bnɪ dʒæ.biː.'ruːl]) was an 11th-century Andalusian poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neo-Platonic bent. He published over a hundred poems, as well as works of biblical exegesis, philosophy, ethics.[1]:xxvii and satire.[1]:xxv One source credits Ibn Gabirol with creating a golem, possibly female, for household chores.
- http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21631427 Before the infamous Spanish Inquisition of the 15th Century, some 300,000 Jews lived in Spain. It was one of the largest communities of Jews in the world. Today, there are about 40,000 or 50,000 - but that number could be about to swell dramatically. In November, Spain's justice minister Alberto Ruiz-Gallardon announced a plan to give descendants of Spain's original Jewish community - known as Sephardic Jews - a fast-track to a Spanish passport and Spanish citizenship.
christians
- The Mozarabs (Spanish: mozárabes [moˈθaɾaβes]; Portuguese: moçárabes [muˈsaɾɐβɨʃ]; Catalan: mossàrabs [muˈsaɾəps]; Arabic: مستعرب trans.musta'rab, "Arabized") is a modern historical term that refers to the Iberian Christians who lived under Moorish rule in Al-Andalus. Although their descendants remained unconverted to Islam, they were mostly fluent in Arabic and adopted elements of Arabic culture. The local Romance vernaculars, heavily permeated by Arabic, spoken by Christians and Muslim alike has also come to be known as Mozarabic language. Mozarabs were mostly Roman Catholics of the Visigothic or Mozarabic Rite. Most of the Mozarabs were descendants of Hispanic Christians and were primarily speakers of the Mozarabic language (late Latin of Iberia) under Islamic rule. They also included those members of the former Visigothic ruling elite who did not convert to Islam or emigrate northwards after the Muslim conquest. A few were Arab and Berber Christians coupled with Muslim converts to Christianity who, as Arabic speakers, naturally were at home among the original Mozarabs. A prominent example of Muslims who became Mozarabs by embracing Christianity is the Andalusian rebel and Anti-Umayyadmilitary leader, Umar ibn Hafsun. The Mozarabs of Muslim origin were descendants of those Muslims who converted to Christianity, following the conquest of Toledo and perhaps also, following the expeditions of king Alfonso I of Aragon. These Mozarabs of Muslim origin, who converted en masse at the end of the 11th century, many of them Muladi (ethnic Iberians previously converted to Islam), are totally distinct from the Mudéjars and Moriscos who converted gradually to Christianity between the 12th and 17th centuries. Some Mozarabs were even Conversos Sephardi Jews who likewise became part of the Mozarabic milieu. Separate Mozarab enclaves were located in the large Muslim cities, especially Toledo, Córdoba, Zaragoza, and Seville.
Islam
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160201/00180_006.html 極端回教組織伊斯蘭國（IS）近日發放新片段，片中一名操法語的蒙面白人IS分子，矢言會發動比九一一恐襲或巴黎恐襲更嚴重的襲擊，矛頭更直指西班牙南部地區安達盧西亞（Andalusia），並稱當地原屬回教統治，但在五百多年前被推翻。片末他和四名IS分子一起槍斃五名被指是間諜及叛徒的男子。片段據報在伊拉克尼尼微省拍攝，長約八分鐘。片中發言的IS分子留有長髮，相信是白人。他稱安達盧西亞曾於公元七一一至一四九二年屬摩爾人（西亞及北非的穆斯林）統治，但其後被推翻。他揚言發動足以讓人忘記九一一恐襲及巴黎黑色星期五恐襲的襲擊，要西班牙付出高昂代價。安達盧西亞現時是西班牙的自治區之一。白人武裝分子又斥以美國為首的聯軍是「低能的惡棍」，指他們無法摧毀IS。
History
- moors
- The Spanish Republic (officially in Spanish República Española), commonly known as the First Spanish Republic to distinguish it from the Spanish Republic of 1931–39, was the short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez Campos's pronunciamiento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, 11 February, the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats.
- The Spanish Republic (Spanish: República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Spanish: Segunda República Española), was the democratic government that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, and it lost the Spanish Civil War on 1 April 1939 to the rebel faction, that would establish a military dictatorship under the rule of Francisco Franco. After the proclamation of the Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, when the 1931 Constitution was approved a Constitutional Republic was formally established. The republican government of Manuel Azaña would start a great number of reforms to "modernize" the country. After the 1933 general election, Alejandro Lerroux (Radical Party) formed a government with the confidence and supply of the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (CEDA). Under Lerroux's premiership, the Republic found itself before an insurrection of anarchists and socialists that took a revolutionary undertone in Asturias. The revolt was finally suppressed by the Republic with the intervention of the army. The Popular Front won the 1936 general election. On 17–18 July 1936, a coup d'état fractured the Spanish Republican Armed Forces and partially failed, marking the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. During the Spanish Civil War, there were three governments. The first was led by left-wing republican José Giral (from July to September 1936); however, a revolution inspired mostly on libertarian socialist, anarchist and communist principles broke within the Republic, which weakened the rule of the Republic. The second government was led by socialist Francisco Largo Caballero of the trade union General Union of Workers (UGT). The UGT, along with the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), were the main forces behind the aforementioned social revolution. The third government was led by socialist Juan Negrín, who led the Republic until the military coup of Segismundo Casado, which ended republican resistance and led, ultimately, to the victory of the nationalists, who would establish a military dictatorship under the rule of Francisco Franco, known as Francoist Spain. The Republican government survived in exile, and it had an embassy in Mexico City until 1976. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government formally dissolved the following year.
- 1936-1939
- A referendum on the law of succession was held in Spain on 6 July 1947.[1] The Law of Succession to the Headship of the State (Spanish: Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado) was intended to provide for the restoration of the Monarchy of Spain. The law appointed Francisco Franco as Head of State for life until Franco's death or resignation, but also granted him the power to appoint his successor as King or Regent of the Kingdom and thereby formally establish a new Kingdom of Spain. It was reportedly approved by 95.1% of voters.
Eu
- Spain is calling for “aggressive” and rapid reforms of the single currency area, including the creation of a powerful pan-European treasury and a mechanism to force through labour market and other reforms in recalcitrant member states. “We have a window of opportunity of no more than six months after the German elections [in September],” Luis de Guindos, the Spanish economy minister, said in an interview. “There is a pervasive perception that there are flaws in the eurozone that we have to correct.” His remarks suggest that at least some eurozone leaders are keen to usher in a new age of ambition for the single currency to capitalise on an increasingly solid economic recovery in Europe and a recent string of electoral defeats for anti-EU parties. https://www.ft.com/content/afedcb46-5021-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb
EU and France
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8e94079c-585f-11e4-b331-00144feab7de.html When it comes to Europe’s energy networks, Spain is an island – and it blames France for its isolation.After decades of frustration, Madrid’s anger is now boiling over ahead of an EU summit this week, where diplomats expect a showdown between Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and French President François Hollande.
France
- in 1823 france invaded spain to suppress the constitutiinal governnent of cortes and to restore ferdinand vii
Uk
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1564b780-3fa9-11e6-8716-a4a71e8140b0.html Spain has staked its claim to either the European Banking Authority or the European Medicines Agency, the two most important London-based EU agencies, as the political anguish triggered by last week’s Brexit vote gives way to a land-grab for key parts of the UK’s financial and regulatory infrastructure. Speaking after the weekly cabinet meeting on Friday, deputy prime minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría said Madrid had set up a working group with the aim of securing at least one of the two EU agencies that now reside in the UK. “Both are of great interest to Spain and we will work on the possibility that at least one of them will be located on Spanish territory,” she said.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-Spanish-seem-to-dislike-English-people
france
- Napoleon Crossing the Alps (also known as Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass or Bonaparte Crossing the Alps; listed as Le Premier Consul franchissant les Alpes au col du Grand Saint-Bernard) is the title given to the five versions of an oil on canvasequestrian portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte painted by the French artist Jacques-Louis David between 1801 and 1805. Initially commissioned by the King of Spain, the composition shows a strongly idealized view of the real crossing that Napoleon and his army made across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass in May 1800.
- diplomatic representation
- senior official visit
- money laundering
- tourism
- ties with HK
- flight connection
- investors from HK (source: invest in europe booklet by eu office to HK and macau)
- 西班牙之友
- Music Festival Barcelona http://www.musicfestivalbarcelona.com/, https://www.facebook.com/musicfestivalbarcelona
- Spanish Speaking Women's Association www.amhh.org.hk
- event
梅诺卡岛 Minorca or Menorca (/mɪˈnɔːrkə/; Catalan: Menorca [məˈnɔrkə]; Spanish: Menorca [meˈnorka]; from Latin: Insula Minor, later Minorica "smaller island") is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Seabelonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Majorca.The island is known for its collection of megalithic stone monuments: navetes, taules and talaiots, which speak of a very early prehistoric human activity. Some of the earliest culture on Minorca was influenced by other Mediterranean cultures, including the Greek Minoans of ancient Crete (see also Gymnesian Islands). For example, the use of inverted plastered timber columns at Knossos is thought to have influenced early peoples of Minorca in imitating this practice. The end of the Punic wars saw an increase in piracy in the western Mediterranean. The Roman occupation of Hispania had meant a growth of maritime trade between the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. Pirates took advantage of the strategic location of the Balearic Islands to raid Roman commerce, using both Minorca and Majorca as bases. In reaction to this, the Romans invaded Minorca. By 121 BC both islands were fully under Roman control, later being incorporated into the province of Hispania Citerior. In 13 BC Roman emperor Augustus reorganised the provincial system and the Balearic Islands became part of the Tarraconensis imperial province. The ancient town of Mago was transformed from a Carthaginian town to a Roman town.The island had a Jewish population. The Letter on the Conversion of the Jews by a 5th-century bishop named Severus tells of the forced conversion of the island's 540 Jewish men and women in AD 418. Several Jews, including Theodore, a rich representative Jew who stood high in the estimation of his coreligionists and of Christians alike, underwent baptism. The act of conversion brought about, within a previously peaceful coexisting community, the expulsion of the ruling Jewish elite into the bleak hinterlands, the burning of synagogues, and the gradual reinstatement of certain Jewish families after the forced acceptance of Christianity, allowing the survival of those Jewish families who had not already perished. Many Jews remained within the Jewish faith while outwardly professing Christian faith. Some of these Jews form part of the Xueta community. When Minorca became a British possession in 1713, they actively encouraged the immigration of foreign non-Catholics, which included Jews who were not accepted by the predominantly Christian inhabitants. When the Jewish community in Mahon requested the use of a room as a synagogue, their request was refused and they were denounced by the clergy. In 1781, when Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, duc de Mahon invaded Minorca, he ordered all Jews to leave in four days. At that time, the Jewish community consisted of about 500 people and they were transported from Minorca in four Spanish ships to the port of Marseilles.During the Spanish Civil War, Minorca stayed loyal to the Republican Spanish Government, while the rest of the Balearic Islands supported the Nationalists.
- Minorque in french
- The two official languages are Catalan and Spanish. Natives to the island speak the variety of Catalan called Menorquí, and they typically speak Spanishfluently as a second language; many immigrants are monolingual in Spanish.
- Minorca is especially well known for its traditional summer fiestas, which intrigue many visitors. The Festes de Sant Joan are held annually in Ciutadella de Menorca, during 23–25 June. The festes last for three days. On the first day, a man bears a well-groomed sheep upon his shoulders and parades around the local streets. In the late evening, main streets are closed and bonfires held upon them.
馬略卡島Mallorca (Catalan: [məˈʎɔɾkə], Spanish: [maˈʎoɾka]) or Majorca (English: /məˈjɔːrkə, -ˈdʒɔːr-/ mə-YOR-kə, -JOR-) is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The local language, as on the rest of the Balearic Islands, is Catalan, which is co-official with Spanish. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983.[4] There are two small islands off the coast of Mallorca: Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). The anthem of Mallorca is "La Balanguera".Little is recorded of the earliest inhabitants of the island. Burial chambers and traces of habitation from the Neolithic period (6000–4000 BC) have been discovered, particularly the prehistoric settlements called talaiots, or talayots. They raised Bronze Age megaliths as part of their Talaiotic culture.The Phoenicians, a seafaring people from the Levant, arrived around the eighth century BC and established numerous colonies.[8][better source needed] The island eventually came under the control of Carthage in North Africa, which had become the principal Phoenician city. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all of its overseas possessions and the Romans took over.
- https://www.quora.com/Which-European-city-outside-of-Germany-do-Germans-like-the-best
Mellid1 (en gallego y oficialmente Melide), Melide is a municipality in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous region of Galicia in northwest Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Terra de Melide. The history of this village, since its foundation in the 10th century, is deeply linked with the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela as it is where two separate paths French Way and Camino Primitivo of the Camino de Santiago link up. In 1320 Melide obtained from the Archbishop of Santiago, Berenguel de Landoira, the privilege of building up a castle, fortressing the village, and charging taxes. In 1467 "os irmandiños" opposed the Archbishop Alonso II Fonseca and started a series of fights against its power. During this riot the walls of the village were destroyed as well as the castle. After this, the Catholic Monarchs banned the construction of any fortress in the village. During the last few centuries, like many villages in inner Galicia, it has suffered from a vast emigration of its people to Cuba and Argentina up to 1950s, and then to Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and to other cities of Spain such as Barcelona, Bilbao and A Coruña. Currently its economy is based on agriculture, meat processing, and, more recently, tourism.
Navarre (English: /nəˈvɑːr/; Spanish: Navarra, Basque: Nafarroa) officially the Chartered Community of Navarre Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra [komuniˈðað foˈɾal de naˈβara]; (Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea [nafaroako foɾu komunitatea]; is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona (or Iruñea in Basque).The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra, Nafarroa, or Naparroa is a reference to navarros, in Eginhard's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne.[1] Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros. There are two proposed etymologies for the name.
Salamanca (Spanish pronunciation: [salaˈmaŋka]) is a city in northwestern Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León. It is one of the most important university cities in Spain and supplies 16% of Spain's market for the teaching of the Spanish language. Salamanca attracts thousands of international students.
- El origen del topónimo Salamanca no es claro. Polibio de Megalópolis y Estephano llamaban a la ciudad Helmantike, nombre griego que para ellos significaba ‘Tierra de adivinación’. Por otra parte, Ptolomeo apela a una polis dominada por los vacceos con el nombre de Salmatica o Salmantica. Tito Livio y Plutarco la llamarán Hermandica y Polieno la titula Salmantida o Salmatis. Incluso otros historiadores la denominan Selium y Sentica. Por otra parte, algunos otros como Justino y más tarde Rui Méndez o Murillo atribuyeron la creación de la ciudad a Teucro, hijo de Telamón, rey de Salamia, que tras ser derrotado en la guerra de Troya, llegó a la península ibérica y fundó una ciudad, que recordando su patria llamaría Salamatica. Otra teoría a la que se puede recurrir es a la de la existencia de un dios de los primeros moradores —pastores nómadas y agricultores neolíticos— llamado Helman, cuyo nombre derivo en el topónimo Helmantica. El filólogo Martín S. Ruipérez aporta una nueva línea interpretativa que se resume en que «el primer elemento de Salamanca, sala-es la designación del vado de un río», «sal- y hel- no pueden relacionarse lingüísticamente el uno a partir del otro» y respecto al segundo elemento -manca «donde algunos creen ver el mismo elemento en el topónimo Talamanca (del Jarama) que, a su vez, coincidiría en su primer elemento con Talavera, y en Simancas, todo lo cual resulta indemostrable».
- The city was founded in the pre-Ancient Rome period by the Vaccaei, a Celtic tribe, or the Vettones, a Celtic or pre-Celtic indo-European tribe, as one of a pair of forts to defend their territory near the Duero river. In the 3rd century BC, Hannibal laid siege to the city. With the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of Helmantica, as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania due to its favorable location. Salamanca lay on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata, which connected it with Emerita Augusta (present day Mérida) to the south and Asturica Augusta (present-day Astorga) to the north. Its Roman bridge dates from the 1st century, and was a part of this road. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania, and Salamanca was part of this region. Later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops ofSalamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo. Salamanca surrendered to the Moors, led by Musa bin Nusair, in the year 712 AD. For years, this area between the south of Duero River and the north of Tormes River, became the main battlefield between the Christian kingdoms and the Muslim Al-Andalus rulers. The constant fighting of the Kingdom of León first, and the Kingdom of Castile and León later against the Caliphate depopulated Salamanca and reduced it to an unimportant settlement. After the battle of Simancas (939) the Christians resettled this area. After the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, the definitive resettlement of the city took place. Raymond of Burgundy, instructed by his father-in-law Alfonso VI of León, led a group of settlers of various origins in 1102. One of the most important moments in Salamanca's history was the year 1218, when Alfonso IX of León granted a royal charter to theUniversity of Salamanca, although formal teaching had existed at least since 1130. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe.
seville
- The Seville Fair (officially and in Spanish: Feria de Abril de Sevilla, "Seville April Fair") is held in the Andalusian capital of Seville, Spain. The fair generally begins two weeks after the Semana Santa, or Easter Holy Week.The fair officially begins at midnight on Saturday, and runs seven days, ending on the following Saturday. Each day the fiestabegins with the parade of carriages and riders, at midday, carrying Seville's leading citizens which make their way to the bullring, La Real Maestranza, where the bullfighters and breeders meet. For the duration of the fair, the fairgrounds and a vast area on the far bank of the Guadalquivir River are totally covered in rows of casetas (individual decorated marquee tents which are temporarily built on the fairground). These casetas usually belong to prominent families of Seville, groups of friends, clubs, trade associations and political parties. From around nine at night until six or seven the following morning, at first in the streets and later only within each caseta, there are crowds partying and dancing sevillanas, drinking Sherry, manzanilla or rebujito, and eating tapas.This fair also has an amusement park that comes with it and has many games to play along with roller coasters to ride.The Fair dates back to 1846 when it was originally organized as a livestock fair by two councillors born in Northern Spain, Basque José María Ybarra and Catalan Narciso Bonaplata. Queen Isabel IIagreed to the proposal, and on 18 April 1847 the first fair was held at the Prado de San Sebastian, on the outskirts of the city. It took only one year before an air of festivity began to transform the fair, due mainly to the emergence of the first three casetas, belonging to the Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, the Town Hall, and the Casino of Seville. During the 1920s, the fair reached its peak and became the spectacle that it is today.
托德西利亚斯 Tordesillas (Spanish pronunciation: [toɾðeˈsiʎas]) is a town and municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, central Spain. The town is known for its Toro de la Vegafestival during which a bull was slaughtered by people on horseback and on foot. Animal rights groups repeatedly tried to stop this from taking place. The Roman Turris Sillae, built on the hill of Siellas, was the bulwark of the defensive line of the Duero during the Reconquest. In 1262 it received its charter from Alfonso X the Wise. The town began to be favored by the royal family and nobility, above all after Alfonso XI built a palace (1325). In the 15th century the town hosted several meetings of the Cortes. During the skirmishes between Henry IV and the nobility the city supported the monarchy, and again during the clashes between the Catholic Monarchs and Joanna La Beltraneja in 1476.
Tui (Galician pronunciation: [ˈtuj]) is a municipality in the province of Pontevedra in the autonomous community of Galicia, in Spain. It is situated in the comarca of O Baixo Miño. It is located on the left bank of the Miño River, facing the Portuguese town of Valença.Its original local name, Tude, was mentioned by Pliny the Elder and by Ptolemy in the first century AD. It became an episcopal see no later than the 6th century, during the Suevic rule, when Bishop Anila went to the II Council of Braga. Later, in the Visigothic period, it briefly served as the capital of a Galician subkingdom under king Wittiza. After the campaigns of Alfonso I of Asturias (739–757) against the Moors, the town lay abandoned in the largely empty buffer zone between Moors and Christians, being later part of the "Repoblación" (repopulation) effort carried out a century later, during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias (850–866). In the 10th century, it was raided by Vikings,[1] being abandoned and later re-established in its current location.
- Two bridges connect Tui and Valença: Tui International Bridge (known in Portugal as Valença International Bridge), completed in 1878 under the direction of Pelayo Mancebo, and a modern one from the 1990s.
- https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6362986/fireworks-explosion-spain-galica/ ONE person has been killed and at least 28 injured in a massive explosion at a house packed with fireworks in Spain. The blast happened just before 4.30pm in Baldrans near Tui in the province of Pontevedra in Galicia, north west Spain.Police last night arrested the owner of the fireworks in connection with the tragedy. He was identified locally only as Francisco R. The firm was named as La Gallega, which means "The Galician One" in English.
Zahara de la Sierra is a municipality in the province of Cádiz in the hills of Andalusia, southern Spain. It is perched on a mountain, overlooking a valley and a man-made lake formed by the dam that must be driven over to access the town. It is considered to be one of the pueblos blancos or "white towns" because the overwhelming majority of the buildings are white.The town was originally a Moorish outpost, overlooking the valley. Due to its position between Ronda and Seville, it was a perfect site for a castle to be built to serve as a fortress in case of attack. The remains of the Moorish castle still exist. It was ruled by Arabs until 1407. It was recaptured by the Emirate of Granada in 1481. This capture gave a pretext to Castile's war against Granada. It was finally captured by Castilian troops under command of Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz in 1483.
Association/Institution
Mellid1 (en gallego y oficialmente Melide), Melide is a municipality in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous region of Galicia in northwest Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Terra de Melide. The history of this village, since its foundation in the 10th century, is deeply linked with the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela as it is where two separate paths French Way and Camino Primitivo of the Camino de Santiago link up. In 1320 Melide obtained from the Archbishop of Santiago, Berenguel de Landoira, the privilege of building up a castle, fortressing the village, and charging taxes. In 1467 "os irmandiños" opposed the Archbishop Alonso II Fonseca and started a series of fights against its power. During this riot the walls of the village were destroyed as well as the castle. After this, the Catholic Monarchs banned the construction of any fortress in the village. During the last few centuries, like many villages in inner Galicia, it has suffered from a vast emigration of its people to Cuba and Argentina up to 1950s, and then to Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and to other cities of Spain such as Barcelona, Bilbao and A Coruña. Currently its economy is based on agriculture, meat processing, and, more recently, tourism.
Navarre (English: /nəˈvɑːr/; Spanish: Navarra, Basque: Nafarroa) officially the Chartered Community of Navarre Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra [komuniˈðað foˈɾal de naˈβara]; (Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea [nafaroako foɾu komunitatea]; is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona (or Iruñea in Basque).The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra, Nafarroa, or Naparroa is a reference to navarros, in Eginhard's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne.[1] Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros. There are two proposed etymologies for the name.
- Basque nabar (declined absolute singular nabarra): "brownish", "multicolor" (i.e. in contrast to the green mountainous lands north of the original County of Navarre.
- Basque naba (or Castilian nava): "valley", "plain" + Basque herri ("people", "land").
The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque per se.
- The festival of San Fermín is a week-long, historically rooted celebration held annually in the city of Pamplona (in Navarre, Spain). The celebrations start at noon on the sixth of July, when the opening of the party is marked by setting off the pyrotechnic chupinazo,[a] and continue until midnight, on the fourteenth of July, with the singing of the Pobre de Mí. While its most famous event is the encierro, or the running of the bulls, which happens at 8:00 AM from the 7th of July to the 14th July, the festival involves many other traditional and folkloric events. It is known locally as Sanfermines and is held in honor of Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre. Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, which brought it to the general attention of English-speaking people.
聖山 Sacromonte, sometimes also called Sacramonte, is a traditional neighbourhood in the eastern area of the city of Granada in Andalusia, Spain. It is one of the six neighbourhoods that make up the urban district of Albayzín and borders the neighbourhoods of Albayzín, San Pedro, Realejo-San Matías, El Fargue and Haza Grande.It is located on the hillside and in the valley of Valparaíso, opposite the Alhambra - emblem of Granada. The neighbourhood occupies both banks of the Darro river, whose name seems to be derived from the phrase "d'auro" ("of gold") because of its famous gold-bearing sediments.Traditionally the neighborhood of the Granadian Romani, who settled in Granada after the Christian conquest of the city in 1492, it is one of the most picturesque neighbourhoods of the city, with cave houses installed in whitewashed caves.The Romani of Sacromonte have a mixed language known as Caló, which has seen a rapid decline in use over the past century. It is derived from India, where the Romani originated. The Romani of Sacromonte were famously portrayed by the poet Federico García Lorca in his book of poems Romancero Gitano.得名於附近的聖山修道院，始建於1600年 在老城區以外的瓦爾帕萊索山坡上，下面是墓穴（古羅馬時期為礦井）。該山的山坡地帶為該市傳統的吉卜賽社區；每年2月1日之後的星期日，大批人群在此聚集，慶祝聖凱西略節，紀念該市的第一任主教和格拉納達的主保聖人聖凱西略（Caecilius）。傳說墓穴是聖凱西略殉道的地點，修道院保存了聖凱西略和十一位其他聖人的聖髑和骨灰。據說與聖髑一同發現的還有鉛書，但是隨後正式判定為偽造。這些被稱為聖山鉛書。在1568年摩爾人起義之後，格拉納達的摩爾人被驅逐到西班牙其他地區，除了少數服役於皇家部隊的可靠的摩爾人，允許留在緊鄰瓦爾帕萊索的原來的摩爾人區阿爾拜辛區。到了19世紀，該地區居住了大量的吉卜賽人，他們在山坡的軟岩上挖掘洞穴，建造自己的家園。該地區因弗拉門戈音樂和舞蹈變得出名，但在20世紀60年代的大洪水以及被迫疏散造成社區人口大幅減少。然而，自20世紀90年代初以來，該地區已經慢慢發展成為旅遊景點，並作為一個吉卜賽文化的中心。
Salamanca (Spanish pronunciation: [salaˈmaŋka]) is a city in northwestern Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León. It is one of the most important university cities in Spain and supplies 16% of Spain's market for the teaching of the Spanish language. Salamanca attracts thousands of international students.
- El origen del topónimo Salamanca no es claro. Polibio de Megalópolis y Estephano llamaban a la ciudad Helmantike, nombre griego que para ellos significaba ‘Tierra de adivinación’. Por otra parte, Ptolomeo apela a una polis dominada por los vacceos con el nombre de Salmatica o Salmantica. Tito Livio y Plutarco la llamarán Hermandica y Polieno la titula Salmantida o Salmatis. Incluso otros historiadores la denominan Selium y Sentica. Por otra parte, algunos otros como Justino y más tarde Rui Méndez o Murillo atribuyeron la creación de la ciudad a Teucro, hijo de Telamón, rey de Salamia, que tras ser derrotado en la guerra de Troya, llegó a la península ibérica y fundó una ciudad, que recordando su patria llamaría Salamatica. Otra teoría a la que se puede recurrir es a la de la existencia de un dios de los primeros moradores —pastores nómadas y agricultores neolíticos— llamado Helman, cuyo nombre derivo en el topónimo Helmantica. El filólogo Martín S. Ruipérez aporta una nueva línea interpretativa que se resume en que «el primer elemento de Salamanca, sala-es la designación del vado de un río», «sal- y hel- no pueden relacionarse lingüísticamente el uno a partir del otro» y respecto al segundo elemento -manca «donde algunos creen ver el mismo elemento en el topónimo Talamanca (del Jarama) que, a su vez, coincidiría en su primer elemento con Talavera, y en Simancas, todo lo cual resulta indemostrable».
- The city was founded in the pre-Ancient Rome period by the Vaccaei, a Celtic tribe, or the Vettones, a Celtic or pre-Celtic indo-European tribe, as one of a pair of forts to defend their territory near the Duero river. In the 3rd century BC, Hannibal laid siege to the city. With the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of Helmantica, as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania due to its favorable location. Salamanca lay on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata, which connected it with Emerita Augusta (present day Mérida) to the south and Asturica Augusta (present-day Astorga) to the north. Its Roman bridge dates from the 1st century, and was a part of this road. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania, and Salamanca was part of this region. Later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops ofSalamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo. Salamanca surrendered to the Moors, led by Musa bin Nusair, in the year 712 AD. For years, this area between the south of Duero River and the north of Tormes River, became the main battlefield between the Christian kingdoms and the Muslim Al-Andalus rulers. The constant fighting of the Kingdom of León first, and the Kingdom of Castile and León later against the Caliphate depopulated Salamanca and reduced it to an unimportant settlement. After the battle of Simancas (939) the Christians resettled this area. After the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, the definitive resettlement of the city took place. Raymond of Burgundy, instructed by his father-in-law Alfonso VI of León, led a group of settlers of various origins in 1102. One of the most important moments in Salamanca's history was the year 1218, when Alfonso IX of León granted a royal charter to theUniversity of Salamanca, although formal teaching had existed at least since 1130. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe.
seville
- The Seville Fair (officially and in Spanish: Feria de Abril de Sevilla, "Seville April Fair") is held in the Andalusian capital of Seville, Spain. The fair generally begins two weeks after the Semana Santa, or Easter Holy Week.The fair officially begins at midnight on Saturday, and runs seven days, ending on the following Saturday. Each day the fiestabegins with the parade of carriages and riders, at midday, carrying Seville's leading citizens which make their way to the bullring, La Real Maestranza, where the bullfighters and breeders meet. For the duration of the fair, the fairgrounds and a vast area on the far bank of the Guadalquivir River are totally covered in rows of casetas (individual decorated marquee tents which are temporarily built on the fairground). These casetas usually belong to prominent families of Seville, groups of friends, clubs, trade associations and political parties. From around nine at night until six or seven the following morning, at first in the streets and later only within each caseta, there are crowds partying and dancing sevillanas, drinking Sherry, manzanilla or rebujito, and eating tapas.This fair also has an amusement park that comes with it and has many games to play along with roller coasters to ride.The Fair dates back to 1846 when it was originally organized as a livestock fair by two councillors born in Northern Spain, Basque José María Ybarra and Catalan Narciso Bonaplata. Queen Isabel IIagreed to the proposal, and on 18 April 1847 the first fair was held at the Prado de San Sebastian, on the outskirts of the city. It took only one year before an air of festivity began to transform the fair, due mainly to the emergence of the first three casetas, belonging to the Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, the Town Hall, and the Casino of Seville. During the 1920s, the fair reached its peak and became the spectacle that it is today.
托德西利亚斯 Tordesillas (Spanish pronunciation: [toɾðeˈsiʎas]) is a town and municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, central Spain. The town is known for its Toro de la Vegafestival during which a bull was slaughtered by people on horseback and on foot. Animal rights groups repeatedly tried to stop this from taking place. The Roman Turris Sillae, built on the hill of Siellas, was the bulwark of the defensive line of the Duero during the Reconquest. In 1262 it received its charter from Alfonso X the Wise. The town began to be favored by the royal family and nobility, above all after Alfonso XI built a palace (1325). In the 15th century the town hosted several meetings of the Cortes. During the skirmishes between Henry IV and the nobility the city supported the monarchy, and again during the clashes between the Catholic Monarchs and Joanna La Beltraneja in 1476.
Tui (Galician pronunciation: [ˈtuj]) is a municipality in the province of Pontevedra in the autonomous community of Galicia, in Spain. It is situated in the comarca of O Baixo Miño. It is located on the left bank of the Miño River, facing the Portuguese town of Valença.Its original local name, Tude, was mentioned by Pliny the Elder and by Ptolemy in the first century AD. It became an episcopal see no later than the 6th century, during the Suevic rule, when Bishop Anila went to the II Council of Braga. Later, in the Visigothic period, it briefly served as the capital of a Galician subkingdom under king Wittiza. After the campaigns of Alfonso I of Asturias (739–757) against the Moors, the town lay abandoned in the largely empty buffer zone between Moors and Christians, being later part of the "Repoblación" (repopulation) effort carried out a century later, during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias (850–866). In the 10th century, it was raided by Vikings,[1] being abandoned and later re-established in its current location.
- Two bridges connect Tui and Valença: Tui International Bridge (known in Portugal as Valença International Bridge), completed in 1878 under the direction of Pelayo Mancebo, and a modern one from the 1990s.
- https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6362986/fireworks-explosion-spain-galica/ ONE person has been killed and at least 28 injured in a massive explosion at a house packed with fireworks in Spain. The blast happened just before 4.30pm in Baldrans near Tui in the province of Pontevedra in Galicia, north west Spain.Police last night arrested the owner of the fireworks in connection with the tragedy. He was identified locally only as Francisco R. The firm was named as La Gallega, which means "The Galician One" in English.
Zahara de la Sierra is a municipality in the province of Cádiz in the hills of Andalusia, southern Spain. It is perched on a mountain, overlooking a valley and a man-made lake formed by the dam that must be driven over to access the town. It is considered to be one of the pueblos blancos or "white towns" because the overwhelming majority of the buildings are white.The town was originally a Moorish outpost, overlooking the valley. Due to its position between Ronda and Seville, it was a perfect site for a castle to be built to serve as a fortress in case of attack. The remains of the Moorish castle still exist. It was ruled by Arabs until 1407. It was recaptured by the Emirate of Granada in 1481. This capture gave a pretext to Castile's war against Granada. It was finally captured by Castilian troops under command of Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz in 1483.
Association/Institution
- think tank
- Center for Political and Social Studies Foundation (Fundación Centro de Estudios Políticos y Sociales) is a socialist, think tank that is headquartered in Valencia, Spain.[1] The CEPS Foundation has been active in politics internationally, especially within countries in Latin America. It was founded in 1993 by left-wing academics that were supporters of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.
- The Spanish Council of Ministers resolution of 16 March 2012 approving the Public Enterprise and State Foundation Rationalisation and Restructuring Plan sets out in Annexe IV the termination of Sociedad Estatal para la Promoción y Atracción de las Inversiones Exteriores, S. A. U. (Invest in Spain) through the transfer of all assets and liabilities to ICEX Spain Trade and Investment, in accordance with applicable commercial legislation. On 7 December 2012, the transfer of all assets and liabilities was completed and Invest in Spain has since become the Invest in Spain Division at ICEX-Spain Trade and Investment, which is responsible for attracting foreign investment. ICEX Spain Trade and Investment is a public corporation at the national level http://www.investinspain.org/invest/en/cabecera/about-us/index.html
- trade
- valencian worldwide foreign trade agency (ivex) www.ivex.es
- Spanish Chambers of Commerce www.camaras.org
- http://e-camara.com/web/en/the-spanish-chamber-of-commerce-industry-services-and-navigation-of-spain-is-born-chamber-of-commerce-of-spain/ Freixenet president, José Luis Bonet, has been chosen the new president of the Official Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Services and Navigation of Spain by taking a vote during the constituent sitting of the Plenary celebrated today at the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. He is being accompanied by the president of Santander Bank, Ana Botín, and the presidents of the Chambers of Commerce of Barcelona and Cantabria, Miguel Valls and Modesto Piñeiro, who will occupy the three vice-chairman of the Executive Committee appointed by the plenary members. Barceló group president, Simón Pedro Barceló, will hold the position of Treasurer. The Spanish Chamber of Commerce replaces the High Council of Chambers by virtue of the Law 4/2014 of 1st of April, approved with the support of all Parlamentary groups. The main goal of it is the updating and the revitalization of the Spanish business landscape, formed mainly by Pymes, and the contribution to the growth of the Spanish economy and the employment creation. It is born with the vocation to be a meeting point where they can discuss and work together with the main actors of our economy. The Chamber, that keeps the legal nature of a corporation under public law, will be supervised by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and will represent and coordinate all the Chambers. It also will have to develop the Chamber plans of Competitiveness and Internationalization of the economy, in collaboration with national and international network of Chambers and Public Administrations, as well as the momentum of the dual vocational training in collaboration with the companies. Furthermore, it will operate in the areas of entrepreneurship or mediation and arbitration.
- international
- The Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. Composed of 95 regular members, 64 of whom are former presidents and 39 of whom are former prime ministers (some are both) from 65 countries, the Club de Madrid is the world’s largest forum of former heads of state and government.[citation needed] Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counselling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance and response to crisis and post-crisis situations. The Club de Madrid works together with governments, inter-governmental organizations, civil society, scholars and representatives from the business world, to encourage dialogue in order to foster social and political change. The Club de Madrid also works on the search for effective methods to provide technical advice and recommendations to transitional nations taking steps to establish democracy.As of March 2014, there are 95 full Members, all of whom are previous government officials with full voting rights. The Club also has institutional members and foundations – those who belong to private and public organizations that share similar democratic objectives, including FRIDE, the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA), both original sponsors of the founding conference in 2001, the Madrid City Council, the regional government of Madrid, and the Government of Spain. Additionally, there are six honorary members (e.g. Kofi Annan, Aung San Suu Kyi) and a number of fellows, who are experts on democratic changeover.
- members include Yasuo Fukuda, former PM of japan
- Barcelona Centre for International Affairs http://www.cidob.org/en/, is a Catalan think-tank based in Barcelona, Spain, dedicated to research and divulge contents of the different areas of international relations and development studies.
- The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) is an association of organisations that regulate the world’s securities and futuresmarkets. Members are typically the Securities Commission or the main financial regulator from each country. IOSCO has members from over 100 different countries, who regulate more than 95 percent of the world's securities markets. The organisation's role is to assist its members to promote high standards of regulation and act as a forum for national regulators to cooperate with each other and other international organisations. IOSCO is structured into a number of committees that meet several times per year at different locations around the world and it has a permanent secretariat based in Madrid.
- science park
- International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation http://www.iasp.ws/
- food
- international olive council http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/
- fashion/textile
- Spanish Tanners Confederation http://www.leather-spain.com/cec.asp?idioma=en
- acexpiel www.spanishtanners.com
- Spanish association of toy manufacturers www.aefj.es, host of site http://www.toysfromspain.com/
- Technological Institute for Toys www.aiju.info
- Asociación Nacional de Perfumería y Cosmética (STANPA)
- Since 1952, the Spanish Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association groups together the companies producing and distributing perfumes, cosmetics and hygiene and personal care products
- film
- FAPAE, Spanish audiovisual producers, is a non-profit organization which brings together almost all of the companies dedicated to the production of film and television in Spain. It is currently made up by approximately 300 production companies which form associations based on their area of expertise, geography or other reasons particular to the audiovisual industry. FAPAE are associated Associations of audiovisual producers: AEC (Asociación Estatal de Cine), ADN (Asociación española de productores de documentales),AEPAA-APRIA (Asociación de Empresas de Productores Audiovisuales de Andalucía), AGAPI (Asociación Gallega de Productoras Independientes), EPE-APV(Euskal Produktoreen Elkartea / Asociación de Productores Vascos), IBAIA(Asociación de Productoras Audiovisuales Independientes del País Vasco), PAC (Productors Audiovisuals de Catalunya), PATE (Productoras Asociadas de Televisión de España) and PAV (Productores Audiovisuales Valencianos). FAPAE acts in representation and in defense of the professional and business interests of the audiovisual production sector vis-a-vis all kinds of organizations, public and private bodies, individuals, and most especially the State; it also promotes industry research and development, market studies and analysis, and training activities. Since it was set up in 1991, FAPAE has earned widespread prestige and recognition based principally on its work negotiating audiovisual legislation with different government departments, thus facilitating the growth and stability of a self–sufficient industry, as well as establishing collective agreements and pacts with other interested parties in the audiovisual world.http://www.fapae.es/presentacion.asp?idioma=en
- news and media
- association of editors of spanish dailies (aede) http://www.aede.es/publica/home.asp
Company
- conglomerate
- Ferrovial, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [feroˈβjal]), previously Grupo Ferrovial, is a Spanish multinational company involved in the design, construction, financing, operation (DBFO) and maintenance of transport infrastructure and urban services. It is a publicly traded company and is part of the IBEX 35 capitalization-weighted stock market index. The company is headquartered in Madrid.[3] Ferrovial operates through four divisions in over 15 countries.[5] Its Highway division finances and operates toll roads including 407 ETR, North Tarrant Express, LBJ Express, Euroscut Azores and Ausol I. The Airport sector has developed and produced airports in Heathrow, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Southampton. Its Construction business designs and constructs public and private works such as roads, highways, airports and buildings. The company's Services sector oversees the maintenance and conservation of infrastructures, facilities and buildings, the collection and treatment of waste, and other types of public service.
- BBVA
- Spain’s BBVA offloading a $590m stake in Citic Bank https://www.ft.com/content/ebefd2ac-f35a-11e6-95ee-f14e55513608
- Banco Popular Español, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaŋko popuˈlaɾ espaˈɲol]) is the fourth largest banking group in Spain.
- Emergency funds failed to save Banco Popular from death spiral Lender burnt through Spanish central bank assistance in two days ft 10jun17
- allfunds bank
- Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbolsas i meɾˈkaðos espaˈɲoles]; BME) is the Spanish company that deals with the organizational aspects of the Spanish stock exchanges and financial markets, which includes the stock exchanges in Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Valencia. In addition to the trading of shares and bonds, BME offers access to a number of other products (warrants, trackers) and the clearing and settlement of operations. BME is also developing a technological consultancy, operating in 23 countries and mainly providing trading systems.BME owns the stocks exchanges of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao as well as Latibex, the only international market for Latin American securities, and the company Openfinance, a provider of technology offering solutions and developments in the wealth management industry. BME also holds a participation in the Cámara de Riesgo Central de Contraparte of Colombia and the Mexican Stock Exchange.BME has been a listed company since 14 July 2006 and an IBEX 35 constituent since July 2007.
- Banks have committed up to 630m of debt financing to back a potential sale of Allfunds Bank mutual fund platform owned by Santander Asset Management and Intesa Sanpaolo as interested buyers get shortlisted. Private equity firms Bain Capital and Advent, Hellman & Friedman as well as Permira are thought to have made it through to the second round of the bidding process, alongside China's Legend Holding.http://in.reuters.com/article/allfunds-loans-idINL5N1FE5JI
- SIX Group, owner of the Swiss exchange, is offering to buy Spain’s BME for €2.8bn, aiming to fend off a rival approach from Euronext for the Madrid stock exchange. ft 19nov19
- Aena, state controlled airport operator
- Repsol S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [repˈsol]) is an integrated global energy company based in Madrid, Spain. It carries out upstream and downstream activities throughout the entire world. It has more than 24,000 employees worldwide. It is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. Repsol also partners with Honda Racing Corporation to compete in MotoGP under Repsol Honda Team.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-spain-oil-gazprom-neft-repsol-idUSKBN19O1JC Russia's oil producer Gazprom Neft (SIBN.MM) said on Monday it would create a joint venture with Spanish energy company Repsol (REP.MC) in Russia.
- utility
- Iberdrola (Spanish pronunciation: [iβerˈðɾola]) is a Spanish public multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao, Basque Country. Iberdrola has a workforce of around 31,330 employees in dozens of countries on four continents serving around 31.67 million customers. Subsidiaries include Scottish Power (Scotland), Avangrid (United States) and Elektro Holding (Brazil), amongst others. The largest shareholder of the company was, in 2013, Qatar Investment Holding; other significant shareholders are ACS, Kutxabank and Bankia.
- natural gas
- Gas Natural SDG, S.A., trading as Gas Natural Fenosa (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡaz natuˈɾal feˈnosa]), is a Spanish natural gas utilities company which operates primarily in Spain but also in such countries as Italy, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Puerto Rico, Moldova and Morocco.
- x-elio
- Brookfield Renewable Partners L.P. (TSX: BEP.UN; NYSE: BEP) together with its institutional partners (“Brookfield Renewable”) and KKR today announced a definitive agreement to form a 50/50 joint venture for X-Elio. Brookfield Renewable and KKR will hold joint governance of the X-Elio board. As part of the transaction, Brookfield Renewable will acquire Acek’s 20% stake and 30% of KKR’s stake in X-Elio for a total commitment in the range of $500 million. Headquartered in Spain, X-Elio is one of the largest independent solar platforms globally with 273 megawatts of operating capacity, 1,413 megawatts under construction and a broader 4,800 megawatt development pipeline across major solar markets including Spain, the United States, Mexico, Chile and Japan. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/07/03/1877810/0/en/Brookfield-Renewable-and-KKR-to-Partner-for-a-New-Growth-Stage-in-X-Elio.html
- construction, infrastructure
- Abertis, infrastructure company
- ACS, Actividades de Construcción y Servicios, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [aθeˈese]) is a Spanish company dedicated to civil and engineering construction, all types services and telecommunications. It is one of the leading construction companies in the world, with projects in many countries around the world. The company was founded in 1997 through the merger of OCP Construcciones, S.A. and Ginés Navarro Construcciones, S.A.. The group has a global presence, including countries like Germany, India, Brazil, Chile, Morocco and Australia. The headquarters are in Madrid and the chairman is Florentino Pérez. Listed on the Bolsa de Madrid, the company's shares form part of the IBEX 35 stock market index.
- railway
- The company was formed when a team of engineers acquired Construcciones Padrós S.A., a construction business which had been in financial difficulty, in 1983. The company acquired a majority holding in Cobra, a support services business, and merged with OCISA S.A. to create OCP Construcciones, S.A. in 1993; it went on to merge with Ginés Navarro Construcciones, S.A. to create Grupo ACS in 1997.
- Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of intercity, standard, and high speed passenger trains. The word Talgo is also used by the rail operator RENFE for a type of inter-city rail service (using Talgo VI cars).TALGO (Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol, Goicoechea-Oriol light articulated train), Alejandro Goicoechea and José Luis Oriol being the founders of the company.Talgo Patents S.A. was first incorporated in 1942. In March 2007 Talgo sold its Finnish rolling stock manufacturing subsidiary Talgo Oy to its local management and other Finnish investors. The company, which Talgo had owned for only seven years, reverted to its previous name of Transtech Oy. The company spends 10 to 12 percent of revenues on research and development,[2] but the main revenue source is the Spanish railway operator Renfe. Talgo made an initial public offering on the Bolsa de Madrid in May 2015.
- Metrovacesa S.A. is a major Spanish property company, headquartered in Madrid, which was the largest publicly traded real estate developer in the Eurozone. The company is primarily focused on the leasing of a range of property in France and Spain, which comprises around 80% of its portfolio.The origins of Metrovacesa can be traced back to 1918 and the foundation in Madrid of the construction firm Urbanizadora Metropolitana, which was one of three companies (Compañía Urbanizadora Metropolitana, Compañía Inmobiliaria Metropolitana and Vacesa) which merged in 1989 to form Metropolitana Vasco Central (Metrovacesa). A merger with the housing development firm BAMI followed in 2000, and the group acquired a majority stake in Gecina, the largest French real estate company, in 2005.
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21664192-debt-hangover-forcing-some-family-firms-seek-outside-help-opening-up
- hk
- mercadona, supermarket
- el corte ingles hk ltd, marta bonvehi, md
- https://thenanfang.com/spanish-supermarket-tycoon-fire-discrimination-chinese The chairman of one of Spain’s largest supermarket franchises is being accused of racial discrimination after he publicly criticized grocery stores run by overseas Chinese for illegal and unethical business practices.
- druni, cosmetics chain
- Distribuidora Internacional de Alimentación, S.A. (DIA) is a Spanish international hard-discount supermarket chain founded in 1979 which as of 2012 operates 6,914 stores internationally, making it Europe's third largest food sector franchiser. It has also owned Schlecker in Spain and Portugal since 2013. The company is headed by the Venezuelan-born Ana María Llopis.In 2014, Dia sold the whole of its business in France to Carrefour for 600 million euros. Although the shops retain the Dia name and logo, Carrefour own-brand products are increasingly replacing Dia's.
- cooperative
- The MONDRAGON Corporation is acorporation and federation of worker cooperatives based in the Basque region of Spain. It was founded in the town ofMondragón in 1956 by graduates of a local technical college. Its first product wasparaffin heaters. It is the tenth-largest Spanish company in terms of asset turnover and the leading business group in the Basque Country. At the end of 2014, it employed 74,117 people in 257 companies and organizations in four areas of activity: finance, industry, retail and knowledge. Mondragon cooperatives operate in accordance with Statement on the Co-operative Identity maintained by theInternational Co-operative Alliance.
- Montellano
- Exhibited at hofex 2017, Established in 1989 but claim to be a fourth generation enterprise
- www.tabladillo.es (suckling pig), exhibited at hofex 2017
- corona
- NH Hotel Group (officially NH Hotel Group SA, BMAD: NHH) is a Spanish-based hotel chain headquartered in Madrid.NH ("Navarra Hotels", named after the region in Spain) was founded in 1978 by Antonio Catalán. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, it made a series of acquisitions (Jolly in Italy, Krasnapolsky in the Netherlands, Astron in Germany) which increased its size to close to 400 hotels. In 2014, four brands were create to commercialize its properties: NH Hotels, NH Collection, nhow, and Hesperia Resorts.
- As of 27 February 2017, HNA Group was the largest shareholder for 29.34% shares. However, after HNA Group acquired the competitor of NH Hotel Group, Carlson Hotels Inc., 4 directors of NH Hotel Group that were nominated by HNA Group were removed by the company in mid-2016.
- Le Groupe Barceló (ou Grupo Barceló, officiellement Barceló Corporación Empresarial) est une entreprise multinationale espagnole dont le siège est basé à Palma de Majorque aux Baléares et qui a été fondée en 1931. Le groupe se sudivise en une branche hôtellerie et une branche voyage, ce qui fait de lui une entreprise majeure dans le secteur du tourisme en Espagne et dans le monde.En 1931, Simon Barceló (1902-1958) fonde "Autocares Barceló" (autocars Barceló) une petite entreprise familiale spécialisée dans le transport de personnes et de biens, basée à Felanitx sur l'île de Majorque aux Baléares.
- legal
- ecija.com
- Spanish law firm ECIJA has brought on board firms in Brazil and Ecuador as it seeks to position itself as a bridge connecting Europe to Latin America and Asia.https://www.law.com/international-edition/2020/06/23/spains-ecija-continues-latin-america-expansion-with-integration-of-firms-in-brazil-and-ecuador/
- Amadeus IT Group /æməˈdeɪʊs aɪ tiː ɡrʊp/ is a major European IT Provider for the global travel and tourism industry. The company is structured around two areas: its global distribution system and its IT Solutions business area. Acting as an international network, Amadeus provides search, pricing, booking, ticketing and other processing services in real-time to travel providers and travel agencies through its Amadeus CRSdistribution business area. Through its IT Solutions business area, it also offers travel companies software systems which automate processes such as reservations, inventory management and departure control. The group, which processed 850 million billable travel transactions in 2010,[2] services customers including airlines, hotels, tour operators, insurers, car rental and railway companies, ferry and cruise lines, travel agencies and individual travellers directly. The parent company of Amadeus IT Group, holding over 99.7% of the firm, is Amadeus IT Holding S.A. It is listed on the Spanish stock exchanges as of 29 April 2010[3] and trades under the symbol AMS. For the year ended 31 December 2012, the company reported revenues of €2.910 billion and EBITDA of €1.108 billion. Amadeus has central sites in Madrid, Spain (corporate headquarters and marketing[citation needed]), Sophia Antipolis, France (product development), Erding, Germany (data processing centre) andBangalore, India (software lab) as well as regional offices in Boston, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Dubai, Miami, Istanbul and Sydney. At market level, Amadeus maintains customer operations through 173 local Amadeus Commercial Organisations (ACOs) covering 195 countries. The Amadeus group employs 14,200 employees worldwide.
- fashion
- inditex http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1608495/zara-open-store-tmall-boost-growth-china, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-05/31/content_17555867.htm, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2180d450-0f3e-11e5-b968-00144feabdc0.html The Spanish group, owner of a string of chains including Zara, Massimo Dutti and Pull&Bear, said on Wednesday that net income rose to €521m in the first quarter, up 28 per cent from a year ago. This beat analyst forecasts of €505m. Sales of €4.37bn were just ahead of forecasts at €4.33bn.
- http://www.teixidors.com
- roca
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-09/05/content_21790638.htm Roca Sanitario SA, the Spanish sanitaryware manufacturer, said the number of outlets selling itsproducts in China are expanding at the rate of around 50 a year, mostly in third-tier cities. Emilio Salazar, its national managing director, said the quickly expanding operation in Chinanow represents a little more than 10 percent of group revenue, and that is expected to grow asthe standards of living continue to rise. Salazar admitted, however, that this year its sales forecast had been cut, due to delayedcompletion dates at some major housing projects. "We expect the property market to pick up during the second half of 2015. I currently estimate wehave a 12 percent market share of the higher end of the sanitaryware sector," he said.
- football club
- 西班牙皇家馬德里足球俱樂部與天貓國際昨日宣佈，雙方達成戰略合作夥伴關係，發佈面向中國內地消費者的皇馬足球俱樂部天貓國際官方線上旗艦店。在天貓國際的官方旗艦店，中國消費者可以盡情選購皇馬俱樂部運動上衣以及其他一系列的球迷商品，包括男士、女士和兒童俱樂部服飾等。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/07/27/b03-0727.pdf
- imagina
- https://www.ft.com/content/9ad05dc6-9a16-11e6-b8c6-568a43813464 Citic Private Equity, part of China’s top financial conglomerate, has held preliminary talks to buy a roughly €2bn controlling stake in Spain’s Imagina Group, a media company that distributes the country’s top football league internationally and has backed films including Woody Allen’s Vicky Cristina Barcelona.
- El Economista (meaning The Economist in English) is a Spanish daily newspaper which focuses on economical, financial and business affairs. The daily is headquartered in Madrid, Spain. El Economista was first published on 28 February 2006, being the fourth financial daily in Spain.[3][4] The founders of the daily are Alfonso de Salas, Juan Gonzales and Gregorio Pena who also launched El Mundo daily. The Editorial Ecoprensa, S.A. is the publisher the daily of which CEO is Salas. The paper's target audience include professional and modern readers and investors. It advocates the free competition, female equality and transparency. The daily is published in broadsheet format and uses plain and easy-to-understand words while reporting complex economical and financial affairs in its four sections which have their own colors. It does not employ standard pink paper generally used in financial dailies, instead it uses white paper and full color print.
- El Confidencial is a Spanish-language general-information digital newspaper located in Spain, specializing in economic, financial and political news. It was established as an online newspaper in 2001.[1] Its target readership is professional and middle-aged. It has a liberal political orientation. It was one of the news outlets participating in the Panama Papers investigation into material leaked from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca.
- fireworks
- http://www.dw.com/en/explosion-at-spanish-fireworks-factory/a-18684689 At least five people have been killed and six others hospitalized following an explosion at a fireworks factory near Zaragozana in northeastern Spain. The cause of the blast remains unknown.The explosion occurred at around 2 p.m local time (1200 UTC) on Wednesday at the Pirotecnia Zaragozana factory in the small Spanish town of Pinseque, sending a huge plume of smoke into the sky which could be seen for kilometers.
- jamon iberico
- New classificatiin system in 2014
- bank
- A source close to the deal said the board of directors of both banks approved the merger, details of which will be made public on Friday. The negotiations involved Bankia's biggest shareholder, the Spanish government.The merger creates the country's largest bank with combined assets of around €664 billion ($787 billion) in Spain, Renta 4 Banco analysts say, putting the new entity ahead of Santander or BBVA, both of which have a more international presence.Under terms of the deal, shareholders in CaixaBank, Spain's largest domestic bank, would hold 75 percent of the new entity, while Bankia shareholders would take the remaining 25 percent.The Spanish state, which currently holds just under 62 percent of Bankia, will hold a 14-percent share in the new group, press reports said. In 2012, the Spanish government stepped in to save Bankia from collapse, spending 22 billion euros ($26 billion at current exchange rates) to bail out a bank that was seen as a symbol of financial excess at a time when the Spanish economy was mired in crisis.https://www.thelocal.es/20200918/spain-has-a-new-mega-bank-as-la-caixa-bankia-merger-approved
- 全球歷史最悠久兼英國老牌旅行社Thomas Cook破產結業，西班牙酒店聯盟周一警告，當地五百間酒店受牽連即將倒閉；若政府不立時採取行動，情況或會變得更差。代表一萬五千戶商企的西班牙酒店及旅舍聯盟負責人莫拉斯（Juan Molas）說，Thomas Cook未支付的帳單總數或比初步估計的二億歐元（約十七億港元）更多：「只是八間連鎖店加起來的總數已接近一億歐元。」在面臨即時倒閉的酒店中，有一百間是完全依賴Thomas Cook，餘下的則佔據30%至70%的客戶量。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191002/00180_015.html
immigration
- golden visa
- https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3036301/more-hong-kong-investors-are-eyeing-spanish-property-gateway-permanent Hong Kong buyers are discovering the investment opportunities Spain’s property market has to offer, as well as the route it provides to permanent residency in the European Union.Inquiries have doubled in recent months even as pro-independence protests in Catalonia raise eyebrows, said Lily Siu-Rambaud, managing director of Madrid-based property agency Epic Asia.“Some of my prospective Hong Kong clients are sceptical about the Madrid property outlook because of protests in Catalonia … [they] feel that what is taking place in Catalonia is what’s happening in Hong Kong, but it’s not the same. Catalonia is just an island of instability [in Spain],” she said.
SMEs
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21644172-lack-larger-firms-means-fewer-jobs-and-less-resilient-economy-supersize-me Spain has a select group of big businesses with international repute—Aena joins the likes of Inditex, a clothes retailer, and Santander, a bank. But the rest are mostly tiddlers. The average Spanish firm has just 4.7 employees, down from 5.1 in 2008. Only 0.8% of companies have more than 50 workers, compared with 3.1% of German firms. A lobby group, the Círculo de Empresarios (Businessmen’s Circle), is pressing Spanish politicians to do something about this. It argues that bigger firms tend to be more resilient in hard times than smaller ones.
- https://www.ft.com/content/26fdc17e-e154-11e6-9645-c9357a75844a The country is home to well-known multinationals such as Banco Santander and Telefónica — but look more closely and the corporate structure starts to resemble a misshapen pyramid, with a few giants at the top, a vast number of tiny companies at the bottom and not much in between. At a time when Spain is in the midst of economic recovery, the puny size of the average Spanish company is a challenge that remains unresolved. Company size matters because small companies are typically less productive than larger ones, meaning they are less likely to create jobs and wealth.
tax
- 西班牙明年徵Google稅http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20141101/00180_026.html, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/spains-google-tax-will-charging-companies-to-link-to-articles-help-or-hurt-newspapers-9679248.html, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/31/spain-newspaper-google-tax, hkej 11nov14 b13 article talk about the tax and press freedom
class in society
- https://www.quora.com/What-screams-Im-upper-class-in-Spain
arts
- free accommodation for artists http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/29/travel/spain-art-festival/index.html
Literature
- Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi יהודה בן שמואל הלוי; Arabic: يهوذا اللاوي; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela,[1] in 1075[2]or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in the Holy Land in 1141, at that point the CrusaderKingdom of Jerusalem. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
- Abraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם אִבְּן עֶזְרָא or ראב"ע, Arabic: ابن عزرا; also known as Abenezra or Aben Ezra, 1089–1167) was born in Tudela, Navarre in 1089,[1] and died c. 1167, apparently in Calahorra.[2] He was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages.
- Amadís de Gaula (original Old Spanish and Galician-Portuguese spelling; Spanish: Amadís de Gaula, IPA: [amaˈðiz ðe ˈɣaula]; Portuguese: Amadis de Gaula, IPA: [ɐmɐˈdiʒ dɨ ˈɡawlɐ]) is a landmark work among the chivalric romances which were in vogue in sixteenth-century Spain, although its first version, much revised before printing, was written at the onset of the 14th century.
- Juan del Enzina – the spelling he used – or Juan del Encina – modern Spanish spelling – (born July 12, 1468 – died late 1529 or early 1530)[1] was a composer, poet and playwright,[2]:535 often called the founder, along with Gil Vicente, of Spanish drama.[1] His name at birth was Juan de Fermoselle.
- The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities (Spanish: La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades [la ˈβiða ðe laθaˈɾiʎo ðe ˈtormes i ðe sus forˈtunas i aðβersiˈðaðes]) is a Spanish novella, published anonymously because of its anticlerical content. It was published simultaneously in three cities in 1554: Alcalá de Henares, Burgos and Antwerp. The Alcalá de Henares edition adds some episodes which were probably written by a second author.
- Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra[b] (/sərˈvɒnteɪz/ or /sərˈvæntiːz/;[2] Spanish: [miˈɣel de θerˈβantes saˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616)[3] was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.His major work, Don Quixote, is considered the first modern novel,[4] a classic of Western literature, and is regarded among the best works of fiction ever written.[5] His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").[6] He has also been dubbed El príncipe de los ingenios ("The Prince of Wits").
- Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfelis ˈlope ðe ˈβeɣa i ˈkarpjo]; 25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, novelist and marine. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century of Baroque literature. His reputation in the world of Spanish literature is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled, making him one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature.
- La Araucana (also known in English as The Araucaniad) is a 16th-century epic poem[1] in Spanish about the Spanish Conquest of Chile by Alonso de Ercilla.[2] It was considered the national epic of the Captaincy General of Chile and one of the most important works of the Spanish Golden Age (Siglo de Oro).
- Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfelis ˈlope ðe ˈβeɣa i ˈkarpjo]; 25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, novelist and marine. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century of Baroque literature.
- Fuenteovejuna (pronounced [fwenteoβeˈxuna]) is a play by the Spanish playwrightLope de Vega. First published in Madrid in 1619 as part of Docena Parte de las Comedias de Lope de Vega Carpio (Volume 12 of the Collected plays of Lope de Vega Carpio),[1] the play is believed to have been written between 1612 and 1614.[2] The play is based upon an actual historical incident that took place in the village of Fuenteovejuna (now called Fuente Obejuna) in Castile in 1476.[1] While under the command of the Order of Calatrava, a commander, Fernán Gómez de Guzmán, mistreated the villagers, who banded together and killed him. When a magistrate sent by King Ferdinand II of Aragon arrived at the village to investigate, the villagers, even under the pain of torture, responded only by saying "Fuenteovejuna did it."
Rivers
- The Río Tinto (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈri.o ˈtinto],red river) is a river in southwestern Spain that originates in the Sierra Morena mountains ofAndalusia. It flows generally south-southwest, reaching the Gulf of Cádiz at Huelva. Since ancient times, a site along the river has been mined for copper, silver, gold, and other minerals. In approximately 3,000 BC, Iberiansand Tartessians began mining the site, followed by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors. After a period of abandonment, the mines were rediscovered in 1556 and the Spanish government began operating them once again in 1724. As a possible result of the mining, Río Tinto is notable for being very acidic (pH 2) and its deep reddish hue is due to iron dissolved in thewater. Acid mine drainage from the mines leads to severe environmental problems due to theheavy metal concentrations in the river. In 1873,Rio Tinto Company was formed to operate the mines; by the end of the 20th century it had become one of the world's largest multinational mining companies, although it no longer controls the Rio Tinto mines; these are now owned by EMED Mining plc.
national flag
- 国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为3∶2。旗面由三个平行的横长方形组成，上下均为红色，各占旗面的1/4 ；中间为黄色。黄色部分偏左侧绘有西班牙国徽。红、黄两色是西班牙人民喜爱的传统颜色，并分别代表组成西班牙的四个古老王国。国徽：中心图案为盾徽。盾面上有六组图案：左上角是红地上黄色城堡，右上角为白地上头戴王冠的红狮，城堡和狮子是古老西班牙的标志，分别象征卡斯蒂利亚和莱昂；左下角为黄、红相间的竖条，象征东北部的阿拉贡；右下角为红地上金色链网，象征位于北部的纳瓦拉；底部是白地上绿叶红石榴，象征南部的格拉纳达；盾面中心的蓝色椭圆形中有三朵百合花，象征国家富强、人民幸福、民族团结。盾徽上端有一顶大王冠，这是国家权力的象征。盾徽两旁各有一根海格立斯柱子。亦称大力神银柱，左、右柱顶端分别是王冠和帝国冠冕，缠绕着立柱的饰带上写着“海外还有大陆”。
- The Spanish national team released a kit for next year's World Cup but it proved extremely divisive among the country's fans. Critics say the colours of the shirt appear similar to the flag of Spain's Second Republic, rather than the current Spanish national flag. The Second Republic started in 1931 when the King was overthrown and lasted just until 1939. The flag can evoke painful memories for those whose family members suffered during the civil war, which occurred between 1936 and 1939. The conflict was won by the nationalists and led to Francisco Franco becoming the dictator of Spain. He was in power until his death in 1975. But the Spanish football federation and designers Adidas deny the kit has political connotations. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41915356
Franco legacy
- about franco
- Franco was born in Ferrol, Spain, as the son of upper-class parents with strong connections to the Spanish Navy. Franco, however, joined the Spanish Army as a cadet in the Toledo Infantry Academy in 1907, graduating in 1910. He would go on to have a successful military career in Morocco and rapidly advanced through the ranks for bravery in combat. He served in the Rif War and was in 1926 promoted to General at age 33, the youngest General in all Europe.[5] As a conservative and a monarchist, Franco opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the democratic secular republic in 1931. He nevertheless continued his position in the Republican Army and in 1934 led the brutal suppression of the miners' revolutionary strike in Asturias, which sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right in the country. When the leftist Popular Front won the 1936 elections, Franco joined other Generals who launched a coup the same year, intending to overthrow the republic. The coup failed to take control of most of the country and precipitated the Spanish Civil War.After the war had started, Franco took control of the Army of Africa, which were air-lifted to Spain. With the death of the other leading generals, Franco became his faction's only leader and was appointed Generalissimo and Head of State in the autumn of 1936. In 1937, Franco merged all parties on the Nationalist side into a single legal party, the FET y de las JONS. In 1939 Franco won the war, which had claimed almost half a million lives. The victory extended his dictatorship to the whole country and was followed by a period of repression of political opponents and dissenters, with the result that between 30,000 and 50,000 died[13] through the use of forced labor and executions in concentration camps.[14][15] Combined with the Nationalist executions during the war, the death toll of the White Terror lies between 100,000 and 200,000.Franco continued to rule Spain alone, with more power than any Spanish leader before or since, ruling almost exclusively by decree. He nurtured a cult of personality and the Movimiento Nacional became the only channel of participation in Spanish public life. During World War II, he espoused neutrality as Spain's official wartime policy, but supported the Axis — whose members Italy and Germany had supported him during the Civil War — in various ways. After the war, Spain became isolated by many other countries for nearly a decade. By the 1950s, the nature of his regime changed from being openly totalitarian and using severe repression to an authoritarian system with limited pluralism,[19] and consequently, Spain was allowed to join the United Nations in 1955. During the Cold War Franco became one of the world's foremost anti-Communist figures: his regime was assisted by the West — particularly the United States — and at this time Spain was asked to join NATO. After chronic economic depression in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Franco presided over the "Spanish miracle", abandoning autarky and pursuing economic liberalization, delegating authority to the technocrats of the Opus Dei, leading to tremendous economic growth.
- Francisco Franco was your run-of-the-mill military dictator. While we like to stample him as a “Fascist”, he was first and foremost a soldier, and soldiers tend to be very apolitical. If he was anything, he was reactionary, Catholic and viciously anti-Masonic.https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-you-shouted-Viva-Franco-in-Spain
- http://www.thelocal.es/20160128/victims-of-terrorism-to-replace-francoists-names-in-madrid,
https://next.ft.com/content/297b09ca-4fff-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a
Madrid steps closer to banishing Franco tributes
- The Valle de los Caídos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaʎe ðe los kaˈiðos], "Valley of the Fallen") is a Catholic basilica and a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at Cuelgamuros Valley in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, conceived by Spanish fascist dictator Francisco Franco to honour and bury those who fell fighting for his "Glorious Crusade", during the Spanish Civil War. Franco claimed[when?] that the monument was meant to be a "national act of atonement" and reconciliation. The Valley of the Fallen, as a surviving monument of Franco's rule, and its Catholic basilica remain controversial, in part since 10% of the construction workforce consisted of convicts, some of whom were Spanish Republican political prisoners. The monument, a landmark of 20th-century Spanish architecture, was designed by Pedro Muguruza and Diego Méndez on a scale to equal, according to Franco, "the grandeur of the monuments of old, which defy time and memory." Together with the Universidad Laboral de Gijón, it is the most prominent example of the original Spanish Neo-Herrerian style, which was intended to form part of a revival of Juan de Herrera's architecture, exemplified by the royal residence El Escorial. This uniquely Spanish architecture was widely used in public buildings of post-war Spain and is rooted in international classicism as exemplified by Albert Speer or Mussolini's Esposizione Universale Roma.
- Spain's socialist government has passed a decree to exhume the remains of the late fascist dictator Francisco Franco from a huge mausoleum near Madrid. The Valley of the Fallen, 50km (30 miles) from Madrid, was created by the dictator, who died in 1975.Today the site is seen as glorifying his victory in the 1936-39 Civil War. Gen Franco's family opposes the reburial plan. It is not clear where the remains will go, but the decree is expected to be approved by parliament. The Valley of the Fallen is also the resting place of about 37,000 dead from the civil war - soldiers from both sides.Far-right supporters of Franco pay homage to him at the site.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45298343
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/24/europe/spain-franco-exhumed-intl/index.html The remains of right-wing dictator General Francisco Franco can be exhumed, Spain's Supreme court ruled Tuesday, resolving an issue that has divided opinion for decades. A long-awaited ruling gives the government a green light to remove Franco's remains from the Catholic basilica, the Valley of the Fallen, just outside Madrid. The nationalist ruler was interred in the mausoleum -- which was partially built by political prisoners of his regime and is the site of a mass grave of Spanish Civil War victims -- soon after his death in 1975.It has since become a draw for tourists and far-right sympathizers who rally at it on the anniversary of Franco's death on November 20."We are very proud of removing the remains of the dictator from the mausoleum 40 years later, complying with what was approved by the UN and the Spanish congress," Spanish Deputy Prime Minister, Carmen Calvo, said Tuesday.The court also rejected the request made by the Franco family for the body of the dictator be buried in the Cathedral of La Almudena in central Madrid. His remains, therefore, will be taken to the cemetery of Mingorrubio (in El Pardo to the north of Madrid) where the dictator's wife is buried.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50164806 The remains of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco have been moved from a vast mausoleum to a low-key grave, 44 years after his elaborate funeral.Thursday's long-awaited relocation fulfils a key pledge of the socialist government, which said Spain should not continue to glorify a fascist who ruled the country for nearly four decades.His family unsuccessfully challenged the reburial in the courts.The Franco era continues to haunt Spain, now a vibrant democracy.After the remains were exhumed in a private ceremony, family members carried the coffin out of the basilica of the Valley of the Fallen, a national monument carved into a mountain about 50km (30 miles) from Madrid.Franco's remains were then loaded on to a helicopter and taken to a private family vault at a cemetery in Madrid, where they were re-buried next to his late wife.
spanish (people)
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-Spanish-DNA-from-Spain-mixed-of
basque
- narratives
- trans- pyrenean, avoid iberia
- spanish basque county is alluded to as peninsular basque county or southern basque county (hegoalde), while the frwnch basque county is labeled the northern part (iparralde) or continental basque county
- historical narrative - beyond pyrennes, particularly seen from the spanish side
- The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict from 1959 to 2011 between Spainand the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque organizations which sought independencefrom Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA[4][5] which had launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations since 1959. ETA has been proscribed as a terrorist organization by the Spanish, British,[6]French[7] and American[8] authorities at different moments. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, which was primarily used as a safe haven by ETA members. It was the longest running violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as "Europe's longest war". The terminology is controversial. "Basque conflict" is preferred by Basque nationalist groups, including those opposed to ETA violence. Others, such as a number of Basque academics and historians commissioned to draft a report on the subject by the Basque government, reject the term, seeing it as legitimate state agencies fighting a terrorist group which had been responsible for the vast majority of deaths. The conflict had both political and military dimensions. Its participants included politicians and political activists on both sides, the abertzale left and the Spanish government, and the security forces of Spain and France fighting against ETA and other small organizations, usually involved in the kale borroka. Far-right paramilitary groups fighting against ETA were also active in the 1970s and 1980s. On 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity". Spanish premier Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason".
- https://www.ft.com/content/b6b5f798-582a-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0 Tubacex is one of the dozens of mid-sized Basque manufacturing companies seeing strong growth, operating from a small and rainy province that has become known as the home to the Spanish version of the German Mittelstand— vibrant manufacturing groups that are global and often family-owned. But the very internationalisation that is driving profits has also become a cause of worry in recent months, as the spectre of protectionism and trade wars between Europe, the US and China raises concerns in this booming region, a powerhouse of Spain since the industrial revolution in the 19th century.
Catalan
- history
- originate as part of the carolingan empire
- Count Ramon Berenguer IV made the concession of a municipal charter to the Prades, baix camp in 1159. The last saracens were expelled from the area. By 1200 Prades had already its own market and the town grew in importance and power.
- 加泰羅尼亞與西班牙中央政府的恩怨始於1701至1714年，當時西班牙爆發王位繼承戰，加泰羅尼亞支持的奧地利查爾斯大公落敗，自此嫌隙一直未解。卡迪夫大學加泰羅尼亞問題專家道林稱，首個加泰羅尼亞民族主義政黨於1901年出現，正值西班牙接連失去海外殖民地，當時在加泰羅尼亞人心目中，西班牙只是「落後」及「無文化」的國家，他們的經濟及文化遠不及加泰羅尼亞。加泰羅尼亞曾於1931年成立共和國，但只維持短短8年，在佛朗哥將軍發動長達3年的內戰後，將共和國瓦解。加泰羅尼亞分離主義領袖至今仍經常將這段歷史掛在口邊，當年的共和國總統孔帕尼斯被捕後，在獄中的照片廣泛流傳，成為加泰羅尼亞人爭取獨立的象徵。歷史學家認為，中央政府近期避免拘捕分離主義核心領袖，就是不希望加泰民眾聯想起當年的孔帕尼斯。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/09/28/a23-0928.pdf
- spanish civil war
- The Asturian miners' strike of 1934 was a major strike action undertaken by regional miners against the 1933 Spanish general election, which redistributed political power from the leftists to conservatives in the Second Spanish Republic. The strike lasted two weeks from 4 October to 19 October 1934 in Asturias. The election led to the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA), securing a parliamentary majority in the Spanish government on 6 October.[1] The strike and subsequent demonstrations eventually developed into a violent revolutionary uprising in an attempt to overthrow the conservative regime.The rebellion was crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly colonial troops from Spanish Morocco.
- The May Days of 1937, sometimes also called May Events, refer to a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937, when factions on the Republican side engaged each other in street battles in various parts of Catalonia, centered on the city of Barcelona, in the context of the Spanish Civil War. In these events, the communist and anarchist supporters of the Spanish Revolution faced on the one hand the Republican state and the Government of Catalonia, and on the other hand rival political groups. It was the culmination of the confrontation between prewar Republican legality and the Spanish Revolution, which were in constant strife since the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
- literature
- narratives
- Homage to Catalonia is George Orwell's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Spanish Civil War. The first edition was published in the United Kingdom in 1938. The book was not published in the United States until February 1952, when it appeared with an influential preface by Lionel Trilling. The only translation published in Orwell's lifetime was into Italian, in December 1948.[1] A French translation by Yvonne Davet—with whom Orwell corresponded, commenting on her translation and providing explanatory notes—in 1938–39, was not published until five years after Orwell's death.
- emphasised relevance of past cultural relations with occitany
- from beginning of 20th c looked toward the wesern mediteranean as a new space of belonging.
- occitanian writer frederic mistral's utopian project of a great latin federation
- past heritage of catalan- aragonese empire of middle ages and historical cultural links to southern italy, sardinia and even greece. Sardinian town of alghero became a privieged object of catalanist attention.
- roman sites of empuries and tarragona were celebrated as remnants of a period when catalonia played a crucial role in ancient mediterranean commervial routes
- princioality of andorea was tge first state to recognise catalan as an official language
- roussillon (annexed by french crown in 1659) was frequently included into cartographic imagination of catalan nationalists, as well as to the symbolic role played by hneighbouring occitan culture since the end of 19th c.
- many catalan intellectuals thought of french south as a natural area of cultural expansion, which linked them to the core of europaen culture
- https://www.ft.com/content/1d8880e4-d1a9-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0 The Monasterio de Santa Maria de Sijena, tucked away among fields of corn and alfalfa in Spain’s northern Aragón region, is famed for a series of elaborate frescoes, dating from the 12th century. The most outstanding are from the arched chapter house, where biblical scenes include Cain slaying Abel, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, and the genealogy of Christ as told in the gospels of Matthew and Luke. The Romanesque murals and other artworks from the monastery were removed decades ago during the Spanish Civil War and the Franco era — in circumstances that remain disputed — and deposited in museums in the neighbouring Catalonia region. Now, 20 years after the mayor of nearby Villanueva de Sijena began calling for their return, the fate of the collection has been dragged into the long-running fight over Catalonia’s independence.
- https://www.ft.com/content/faecd7b0-9e26-11e7-8cd4-932067fbf946 Spain’s government is willing to discuss giving Catalonia more money and greater financial autonomy if the region backs down from its demands for independence, one of Madrid’s senior ministers has told the Financial Times. Luis de Guindos, Spain’s economy minister, said the plan by Catalan authorities to stage an independence referendum on October 1 was a “pantomime” that would have no legal legitimacy. He said the region had no chance of becoming independent.
- https://www.ft.com/content/daada4cc-a9b4-11e7-93c5-648314d2c72c The second-largest bank based in Catalonia has decided to move its legal headquarters out of the region as Catalan separatists and the Spanish authorities hurtle towards a showdown on Monday over the region’s push for independence. The decision on Thursday by Banco de Sabadell to move its headquarters to the eastern Spanish town of Alicante came at the same time that CaixaBank, the biggest bank in the region and the country’s third largest, also considered redomiciling outside Catalonia. The moves reflect the fraying nerves in the region’s business community as relations between Barcelona and Madrid deteriorated even further, with a Spanish court ordering the suspension of Monday’s special session of Catalonia’s parliament.
- Pau Gil Serra (Barcelona, 30 de diciembre de 1816 – París, 30 de abril de 1896) fue un banquero ymecenas español. Era uno de los once hijos del comerciante y banquero Pedro Gil y Babot y de la baronesa Josefa Serra Cabañes. Fue bautizado en la iglesia de los Santos Justo y Pastor de Barcelona. A los 17 años se trasladó a París, donde vivió durante 62 años. Se dedicó con éxito a las finanzas junto a su hermano Pere(1814-1867), que había fundado en París la Banca Gil en 1846. Pau Gil sustituyó a su hermano al frente de Banca Gil y la gestionó minuciosamente. Debido a que sus hermanos Pere, Josep y Claudi eran ingenieros, Pau principalmente invirtió en minería y ferrocarriles, como en la construcción del primer tren minero de Asturias. Además de la banca, también heredó la flota de 28 barcos de su padre, proporcionándole importantes beneficios.
- Correfocs (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌkorəˈfɔks], Western Catalan: [ˌkoreˈfɔks]); literally in English "fire-runs") are among the most striking features present in Catalanfestivals. In the correfoc, a group of individuals will dress as devils and light fireworks - fixed on devil's pitchforks or strung above the route. Dancing to the sound of a rhythmic drum group, they set off their fireworks among crowds of spectators. The spectators that participate dress to protect themselves against small burns and attempt to get as close as possible to the devils... running with the fire. Other spectators will watch from 'safe' distances, rapidly retreating as necessary. The correfoc can come in many forms. Some are simple parades using fireworks and effigies of the devil. In Sitges, it is common for a crowd to line a street, while participants run through a tunnel of fireworks. Correfocs are run during the Festival of La Mercè in Barcelona andFestival of Santa Tecla in Tarragona and the Festival of Saint Narcissus in Girona. Another typical Catalan folkloric expression of this sort takes place in L'Arboç. The highlight of the village's feast is the Carretillada. In the evening of the feast day, the town square is made to look like Hell. For nearly half an hour, "devils" burn their carretilles (carts), jumping around ceaselessly, while a large "sceptre of Lucifer" and the "pitchfork of the Diablessa (she-devil)" shoot fire-jets and other pyrotechnics. Every year, the carretillada is a bit different, because the 'colla' (group) does not give up novelties that are added each year to add to the spectacle.
- hkej 3may17
- university
- The University of Lleida (Universitat de Lleida) is a university based in Lleida (Catalonia), Spain. It was the first university in Catalonia and the whole Crown of Aragon. It was founded in 1300, using the name of Estudi General de Lleida (Studium Generale). It was refounded on December 12, 1991 after a few hundred years parentheses by a law passed by the Catalan Parliament, and since then, besides the historical central edification located in Rambla d'Aragó, new buildings have been added to it.The University of Lleida originates from the Estudi General de Lleida, a university founded in 1300 with permissions granted by James II of Aragon. Being the only university in the Crown of Aragon, the city of Lleida began to grow, as citizens from all across the kingdom came to the Estudi General de Lleida to receive a higher education. The Estudi General de Lleida was funded by both the city of Lleida and the local Cathedral chapter.西班牙王位继承战争之后，波旁王朝改革者决定在加泰罗尼亚建立新型的大学，并选址于莱里达以东70千米的塞尔韦拉。尽管这项决定一开始就遭到莱里达和巴塞罗那的反对，新大学仍在1717年5月成立，并成为加泰罗尼亚的“统一大学”。同年10月，加泰罗尼亚境内包括莱里达大学在内的其它大学均被关闭。现代莱里达大学的建设始于1841年，其教师培训学校在这一年成立。1968年至1977年间，法学、农业工程、艺术、哲学、医学等学科相继成立。1991年12月12日，加泰罗尼亚议会通过了建立莱里达大学的法案，现代莱里达大学正式成立。
- A3 leather innovation center is a research group that specialises in leather production chain. Its facilities are located on the igualada-udl university campus in igualada (barcelona).
- language
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Catalan-as-simple-of-a-language-as-Spanish
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-Spain-was-ruled-by-the-Moors-who-were-black-If-it-is-true-then-why-is-it-being-hidden
Jews
- Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi יהודה בן שמואל הלוי; Arabic:يهوذا اللاوي; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo orTudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in Israel in 1141, at that point the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
- Rabbi Moses ben Jacob ibn Ezra, known as Ha-Sallaḥ ("writer of penitential prayers") (Arabic: أبو هارون موسى بن يعقوب ابن عزرا, Abu Harun Musa bin Ya'acub ibn Ezra, Hebrew: משה בן יעקב הסלח אבן עזרא) was a Jewish, Spanish philosopher, linguist, and poet. He was born in Granada about 1055 – 1060, and died after 1138. Ibn Ezra was Jewish by religion but is also considered to have had great influence in the Arabic literary world. He is considered one of Spain's greatest poets and was thought to be ahead of his time in terms of his theories on the nature of poetry. One of the more revolutionary aspects of Ibn Ezra’s poetry that has been debated is his definition of poetry as metaphor and how his poetry illuminates Aristotle’s early ideas. The impact of Ibn Ezra’s philosophical works was minor compared to his impact on poetry, but they address his concept of the relationship between God and man.
- Solomon ibn Gabirol (alt. Solomon ben Judah) (Hebrew: שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירולShlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol,pronounced [ʃlɵ.mɵ bɛn jɛ.ˈhuː.də ˈɪ.bn ˌgə.bi.ˈrɒːl]; Arabic: أبوأيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرولAbu Ayyub Sulayman bin Yahya bin Jabrirul,pronounced [æ.ˈbuː æy.ˈyuːb ˌsu.læj.ˈmæːnɪ bnɪ ˌjæ'hyæː bnɪ dʒæ.biː.'ruːl]) was an 11th-century Andalusian poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neo-Platonic bent. He published over a hundred poems, as well as works of biblical exegesis, philosophy, ethics.[1]:xxvii and satire.[1]:xxv One source credits Ibn Gabirol with creating a golem, possibly female, for household chores.
- http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21631427 Before the infamous Spanish Inquisition of the 15th Century, some 300,000 Jews lived in Spain. It was one of the largest communities of Jews in the world. Today, there are about 40,000 or 50,000 - but that number could be about to swell dramatically. In November, Spain's justice minister Alberto Ruiz-Gallardon announced a plan to give descendants of Spain's original Jewish community - known as Sephardic Jews - a fast-track to a Spanish passport and Spanish citizenship.
christians
- The Mozarabs (Spanish: mozárabes [moˈθaɾaβes]; Portuguese: moçárabes [muˈsaɾɐβɨʃ]; Catalan: mossàrabs [muˈsaɾəps]; Arabic: مستعرب trans.musta'rab, "Arabized") is a modern historical term that refers to the Iberian Christians who lived under Moorish rule in Al-Andalus. Although their descendants remained unconverted to Islam, they were mostly fluent in Arabic and adopted elements of Arabic culture. The local Romance vernaculars, heavily permeated by Arabic, spoken by Christians and Muslim alike has also come to be known as Mozarabic language. Mozarabs were mostly Roman Catholics of the Visigothic or Mozarabic Rite. Most of the Mozarabs were descendants of Hispanic Christians and were primarily speakers of the Mozarabic language (late Latin of Iberia) under Islamic rule. They also included those members of the former Visigothic ruling elite who did not convert to Islam or emigrate northwards after the Muslim conquest. A few were Arab and Berber Christians coupled with Muslim converts to Christianity who, as Arabic speakers, naturally were at home among the original Mozarabs. A prominent example of Muslims who became Mozarabs by embracing Christianity is the Andalusian rebel and Anti-Umayyadmilitary leader, Umar ibn Hafsun. The Mozarabs of Muslim origin were descendants of those Muslims who converted to Christianity, following the conquest of Toledo and perhaps also, following the expeditions of king Alfonso I of Aragon. These Mozarabs of Muslim origin, who converted en masse at the end of the 11th century, many of them Muladi (ethnic Iberians previously converted to Islam), are totally distinct from the Mudéjars and Moriscos who converted gradually to Christianity between the 12th and 17th centuries. Some Mozarabs were even Conversos Sephardi Jews who likewise became part of the Mozarabic milieu. Separate Mozarab enclaves were located in the large Muslim cities, especially Toledo, Córdoba, Zaragoza, and Seville.
Islam
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160201/00180_006.html 極端回教組織伊斯蘭國（IS）近日發放新片段，片中一名操法語的蒙面白人IS分子，矢言會發動比九一一恐襲或巴黎恐襲更嚴重的襲擊，矛頭更直指西班牙南部地區安達盧西亞（Andalusia），並稱當地原屬回教統治，但在五百多年前被推翻。片末他和四名IS分子一起槍斃五名被指是間諜及叛徒的男子。片段據報在伊拉克尼尼微省拍攝，長約八分鐘。片中發言的IS分子留有長髮，相信是白人。他稱安達盧西亞曾於公元七一一至一四九二年屬摩爾人（西亞及北非的穆斯林）統治，但其後被推翻。他揚言發動足以讓人忘記九一一恐襲及巴黎黑色星期五恐襲的襲擊，要西班牙付出高昂代價。安達盧西亞現時是西班牙的自治區之一。白人武裝分子又斥以美國為首的聯軍是「低能的惡棍」，指他們無法摧毀IS。
History
- moors
- Spain was partially conquered by a Muslim army and added to the newly created Islamic Empire. As soon as the Damascus Caliphate disappeared part of the elite moved to Spain and created a new caliphate or kingdom. But, it is not true that you had hundred of thousands of arabs moving to Spain, that never happened, was impossible in therms of demography. A group of elite arabs and syrians using militia from north africa, berber and mixed population from that former provinces of the roman empire, conquered Spain and forced the conversion of the native population. That native population was a complex mix of iberians, phoenicians, romans, gaelic, celtics, godos germanics, jews, greeks etc…. the addition of arab blood was minimal BUT the addition of north african berber blood was very significant. in the late 1400s with the unification of Spain and very specially in early 1500s, the spanish crown expulsed near 150.000 muslims (and jews) from the country and repopulated south Spain and Valencia with poor farmers from the Habsburg territories in central Europe. The believe that Spain was populated by arabs from what’s today Saudi Arabia is FALSE. https://www.quora.com/Despite-the-fact-that-Spain-was-occupied-by-the-Moors-for-800-years-why-do-most-Spanish-people-still-look-European-I-was-in-Southern-Spain-this-summer-and-most-Spaniards-even-looked-more-British-than-Arab
- El Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Valencia fue un decreto promulgado por Felipe V de España el 29 de junio de 1707 en plena Guerra de Sucesión Española por el que quedaron abolidos los Furs e instituciones propias del Reino de Valencia —nacido en 1238—, así como los del Reino de Aragón, que se regirían a partir de entonces por las «leyes de Castilla, tan loables y plausibles en todo el universo». Dos meses antes se había producido la decisiva batalla de Almansa cuyo resultado había sido la derrota del ejército del Archiduque Carlos, a quien entre 1705 y 1706 catalanes, valencianos, aragoneses y mallorquines, cuyos estados formaban la Corona de Aragón dentro de la Monarquía Hispánica, habían proclamado como su soberano con el título de Carlos III de España. Tras la batalla de Almansa, el reino de Valencia —como el reino de Aragón— fue conquistado por el ejército borbónico y dos meses después Felipe V de Borbón promulgaba el decreto de Nueva Planta que abolía las leyes e instituciones propias lo que supuso, en palabras de la historiadora Carme Pérez Aparicio "el golpe de gracia para el reino de Valencia",1 convertido a partir de entonces en una provincia de la Monarquía. (only in espanol)
- https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2020/05/29/articulo/1590758858_178325.html castilla-lyon vs castilla-la mancha
- The Spanish Republic (Spanish: República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Spanish: Segunda República Española), was the democratic government that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, and it lost the Spanish Civil War on 1 April 1939 to the rebel faction, that would establish a military dictatorship under the rule of Francisco Franco. After the proclamation of the Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, when the 1931 Constitution was approved a Constitutional Republic was formally established. The republican government of Manuel Azaña would start a great number of reforms to "modernize" the country. After the 1933 general election, Alejandro Lerroux (Radical Party) formed a government with the confidence and supply of the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (CEDA). Under Lerroux's premiership, the Republic found itself before an insurrection of anarchists and socialists that took a revolutionary undertone in Asturias. The revolt was finally suppressed by the Republic with the intervention of the army. The Popular Front won the 1936 general election. On 17–18 July 1936, a coup d'état fractured the Spanish Republican Armed Forces and partially failed, marking the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. During the Spanish Civil War, there were three governments. The first was led by left-wing republican José Giral (from July to September 1936); however, a revolution inspired mostly on libertarian socialist, anarchist and communist principles broke within the Republic, which weakened the rule of the Republic. The second government was led by socialist Francisco Largo Caballero of the trade union General Union of Workers (UGT). The UGT, along with the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), were the main forces behind the aforementioned social revolution. The third government was led by socialist Juan Negrín, who led the Republic until the military coup of Segismundo Casado, which ended republican resistance and led, ultimately, to the victory of the nationalists, who would establish a military dictatorship under the rule of Francisco Franco, known as Francoist Spain. The Republican government survived in exile, and it had an embassy in Mexico City until 1976. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government formally dissolved the following year.
- 1936-1939
- [paracuellos by carlos gimenez] executions on the shoulders of highways, against cemetery walls, in corrals and pigsties, next to factory walls and in trenches. Executions at night and in broad daylight, with an audience watching the spectacle. All of the victims, dying on both sides while shouting,"long live spain!" The rawness of the falangist and military repression created an extraordinary number of poor and recently orphaned children, according to dionisio ridruejo, a member of the falangist hierarchy. The orphans of death in the rear guard" The auxilio de invierno (winter aid) organisation was created in 1936, it was claimed, to provide for the orphans and widows. It was a literal transposition of the nazi's das winterhilfswerk des deutschen volkes (winter relief for german people) from which it assumed its name, its logo, and a good part of its initial philosophy. It was eventually renamed obra nacional de auxilio social (national works of social aid). By the time the war was over, it had turned into a venal bureaucracy.
- A referendum on the law of succession was held in Spain on 6 July 1947.[1] The Law of Succession to the Headship of the State (Spanish: Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado) was intended to provide for the restoration of the Monarchy of Spain. The law appointed Francisco Franco as Head of State for life until Franco's death or resignation, but also granted him the power to appoint his successor as King or Regent of the Kingdom and thereby formally establish a new Kingdom of Spain. It was reportedly approved by 95.1% of voters.
Eu
- Spain is calling for “aggressive” and rapid reforms of the single currency area, including the creation of a powerful pan-European treasury and a mechanism to force through labour market and other reforms in recalcitrant member states. “We have a window of opportunity of no more than six months after the German elections [in September],” Luis de Guindos, the Spanish economy minister, said in an interview. “There is a pervasive perception that there are flaws in the eurozone that we have to correct.” His remarks suggest that at least some eurozone leaders are keen to usher in a new age of ambition for the single currency to capitalise on an increasingly solid economic recovery in Europe and a recent string of electoral defeats for anti-EU parties. https://www.ft.com/content/afedcb46-5021-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb
EU and France
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8e94079c-585f-11e4-b331-00144feab7de.html When it comes to Europe’s energy networks, Spain is an island – and it blames France for its isolation.After decades of frustration, Madrid’s anger is now boiling over ahead of an EU summit this week, where diplomats expect a showdown between Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and French President François Hollande.
- in 1823 france invaded spain to suppress the constitutiinal governnent of cortes and to restore ferdinand vii
Uk
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1564b780-3fa9-11e6-8716-a4a71e8140b0.html Spain has staked its claim to either the European Banking Authority or the European Medicines Agency, the two most important London-based EU agencies, as the political anguish triggered by last week’s Brexit vote gives way to a land-grab for key parts of the UK’s financial and regulatory infrastructure. Speaking after the weekly cabinet meeting on Friday, deputy prime minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría said Madrid had set up a working group with the aim of securing at least one of the two EU agencies that now reside in the UK. “Both are of great interest to Spain and we will work on the possibility that at least one of them will be located on Spanish territory,” she said.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-Spanish-seem-to-dislike-English-people
france
- Napoleon Crossing the Alps (also known as Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass or Bonaparte Crossing the Alps; listed as Le Premier Consul franchissant les Alpes au col du Grand Saint-Bernard) is the title given to the five versions of an oil on canvasequestrian portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte painted by the French artist Jacques-Louis David between 1801 and 1805. Initially commissioned by the King of Spain, the composition shows a strongly idealized view of the real crossing that Napoleon and his army made across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass in May 1800.
morocco
- thousands are succeeding as irregular migration from Morocco has surged this year, alarming Spanish authorities and European border officials. https://www.ft.com/content/c831d386-b7c9-11e7-9bfb-4a9c83ffa852
chinese
- association
China- thousands are succeeding as irregular migration from Morocco has surged this year, alarming Spanish authorities and European border officials. https://www.ft.com/content/c831d386-b7c9-11e7-9bfb-4a9c83ffa852
chinese
- association
- 西班牙歐華傳媒社長、總編輯陶辛夷說，在西班牙華僑華人對香港發生暴力衝擊立法會事件感到震驚、痛心，對這種嚴重違法行為表示強烈譴責。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190705/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- diplomatic representation
- eugenio bregolat - three times as spanish ambassador to china
- senior official visit
- 國務委員兼外交部長王毅離開法國後，當地時間周四在馬德里與西班牙外長德金多斯進行會談。會後雙方一同會見記者，表示雙方堅持開放包容的共同理念，支援多邊主義進程和自由貿易體系，反對保護主義和單邊行徑。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180519/00178_004.html
- China’s Grandall Law Firm has signed a strategic alliance with Spanish law firm ECIJA, marking the firm’s latest attempt to expand its coverage in Asia, Europe and Latin America.https://www.law.com/legal-week/2019/10/30/chinese-firm-grandall-inks-spanish-alliance-eyes-europe-latin-america-opportunities
- money laundering
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1913768/spanish-police-search-branch-chinas-icbc-bank-money-laundering-probe, http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-icbc-raid-idUKKCN0VQ1D7Spanish police raided the Madrid offices of China's biggest bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), on Wednesday as part of an investigation into alleged money laundering, the Interior Ministry said. The investigation by police, the Spanish tax agency and Europol involves funds handled by a criminal group acting in Spain which the Ministry says passed through the bank and were transferred to China.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-china-banks/hundreds-of-chinese-protest-against-bbva-in-madrid-idUSKCN1Q422V Hundreds of Chinese citizens waving Spanish and Chinese flags took to the streets of Madrid on Friday to protest against BBVA, saying the bank had blocked their accounts. The protesters said they had been told their bank accounts had been blocked because of money laundering regulations but insisted they had done nothing wrong.
- solar
- 自幼居於當地的華人會計師陳元傑（Yuanjie Chen，音譯），為BBVA的客戶逾六年，他稱：「我們希望爭取平等對待，因為我們也是（西班牙）公民。」http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190217/00180_023.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-03/04/content_28431708.htm In 2016, Chint Group acquired a 25 percent stake in Spain's grapheme polymer battery company Grabat Energy SL.
- 根据西班牙传媒《El Confidencial》引述消息人士指出，陷入财困的Villar Mir家族计划把持有建筑企业Obrascon Huarte Lain SA（OHL）的51%股权，出售予中国建筑总公司。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170919/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181201/PDF/a4_screen.pdf11月27日至29日，國家主席習近平對西班牙進行國事訪問。其間，兩國簽署系列政府間合作文件，其中就包括推進西班牙鮮食葡萄和豬肉製品對華出口等內容。
- tourism
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-11/28/content_18990328.htm The Catalan Tourism Agency held a meeting on Wednesday between Chinese tour operators and local businesses in Casa Asia, a cultural and economic center in the northeastern Spanish city of Barcelona. The meeting aimed to help Chinese and local companies build relationships in tourism - a very important sector for the Spanish economy.
- China's Orient Hontai has agreed to buy a majority stake in Spanish sports rights group Imagina for $1 billion, the latest deal from deep-pocketed Chinese investors to transform the Asian country into a global soccer powerhouse. Imagina, usually just known as Mediapro after the name of one of its subsidiaries, has the rights to distribute the La Liga soccer championship, Europe's third-richest league. http://www.nasdaq.com/article/chinas-orient-hontai-in-deal-to-take-control-of-spains-imagina-20171018-00029
- http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/17/don-quixote-airport-building-cost-1bn-sold-china-10000 It cost €1bn (£694m) to build and was on sale for a knockdown price of €40m, but now looks set to be sold for just €10,000. Ciudad Real airport, one of the most notorious emblems of Spain’s economic crash, has found a buyer. A Chinese-led consortium has emerged as the only bidder for the deserted site 100 miles south of Madrid, for an apparent bargain price after no one met the much reduced valuation. Its facilities include a runway long enough to land an Airbus A380, the world’s largest passenger plane, along with a passenger terminal that could handle 10m travellers per year. It is also in pristine condition because it has barely been used, having opened to international flights in 2010 as the eurozone crisis raged, only to shut two years later. Singtao 19jul15 a19, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1841211/chinese-firm-buys-ghost-airport-cargo-hub-plan-shocking-bargain-price
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-07/28/content_21424678.htm Chinese property giant Dalian Wanda is at the center of a fiery public and political debate in Spain over its plans to demolish an iconic building in central Madrid. In June last year, the property group acquired the Espana Building for 265 million euros ($297 million) from banking corporation Santander Group. The Espana Building, which occupies an entire city block, is a Madrid landmark in the commercial heart of the capital. The sale of the historic 25-story skyscraper, which was Europe's tallest building when it opened in 1953, was completed on the sole condition that the facade and the side walls of the building remained intact. The building has been empty since 2006 due to its poor condition and high maintenance costs. Since then, it has heavily deteriorated and is now in desperate need of refurbishment. "Wanda's plan for the building includes a luxury hotel, a shopping center and the construction of exclusive residential properties", said the group at the time of the acquisition. The company, together with private Spanish companies, will also participate in the improvement of the Espana Square opposite the building. The new architectural design, with a planned investment of 80 million euros, will reduce car traffic, expand green spaces and increase pedestrian areas. The project will also add 100 underground parking places. Wanda's plan was initially welcomed by local authorities because it proposed to revitalize the area and generate about 3,400 construction jobs.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-01/29/content_23299869.htm Chinese conglomerate Dalian Wanda Group said on Thursday that it had not pulledout of a multimillion euro skyscraper renovation project in central Madrid. In a statement, Wanda said Spanish media reports about rising tensions betweenWanda chief Wang Jianlin and the mayor of Madrid Manuela Carmena had put aquestion mark on the plans to convert the landmark building in the Spanish capitalinto a luxury hotel and shopping mall. Last week, frictions between the two parties had escalated after Spanish website ElPeriodista Digital said that Wang was upset after the Madrid government officialshad "treated him like a dog".
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2015-09/11/content_21842636.htm Chinese smartphone manufacturer Oppo Electronics has signed a three-year sponsorship deal with Spain's FC Barcelona soccer team, in a move that will help the company enter the European market and strengthen its foothold in Asia. Under the deal, Oppo will become Barcelona's exclusive global mobile partner and will have an LED advertising presence at Camp Nou, the club's home stadium. Additionally, the Chinese phone manufacturer will cooperate with the Catalan team in a wide range of activities, such as football events, fan activities and TV advertisements. No financial details of the deal were disclosed. The phone manufacturer says it is also launching 5,000 units of the R7 Plus FC Barcelona phone, a special edition of its latest device the Oppo R7 Plus for Barcelona fans. The customized phone with the Barcelona logo on the back will be sold for $549 through Oppo's official online store, with shipping available for overseas markets.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-09/23/content_21955252.htm Yantai Changyu Pioneer Wine Co Ltd, a leading Chinese wine producer, has steppedup its overseas moves with the acquisition of Marques del Atrio, a wine company inSpain. Changyu, which has more than 100 years of history, was established in 1892 byChinese diplomat Zhang Bishi. Since then, it has made its presence felt at severalinternational exhibitions. Marques del Atrio products have been sold to more than 40 countries, withoverseas revenue accounting for about 55 percent of its total revenue. The Spanishwine company also has close ties with leading global retailers like Carrefour SAand Tesco Plc. The acquisition follows Changyu's takeover of France-based Roullet-FransacCognac in 2013. According to Zhou Hongjiang, general manager of Changyu, theacquisition will further Changyu's globalization strategy. He, however, did notdisclose any details on the acquisition price or other terms of the deal. Responding to questions that Marques del Atrio takes up less than 1 percent of thewine market share in China, Zhou said Changyu will try to change this byintroducing more Spanish wine products that are popular in Europe and NorthAmerica. "Changyu should possess a number of world famous brands if it wants to becomea top-rated winery in the world. Excellent grape-growing regions are not easilyavailable anywhere in the world right now. Changyu must invest more to acquiresuch resources. Only by having a well-stocked global wine portfolio can thecompany effectively compete with its peers. They are also important from a long-term growth perspective," said Zhou.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-09/30/content_22017118.htm Bright Food (Group) Co Ltd, the Shanghai-based food giant, has completed the acquisition of Miquel Alimentacio Grup, Spain's second-largest food distributor, in a move to expand its European distribution network.The 110-million-euro ($123.15 million) takeover was made jointly by Shanghai Tangjiu Group Co Ltd, a fully owned Bright Food subsidiary which took a 72 percent stake in Miquel, JIC Investment Co Ltd and Shenzhen Donghuatong Trade Development Co Ltd. Officials said they expect sales of 1 billion euros from Miquel this year, a company with wide distribution networks in place in Spain and other European countries, which now becomes the largest Spanish firm to be taken over by a Chinese food company. "The deal will enable Bright Food to create a global distribution platform using Miquel's existing network, and to supply a larger variety of imported goods for Chinese consumers," said Ge Junjie, Bright Food's vice-president and chairman of Shanghai Tangjiu. Miquel has a strong range of food and beverage products appealing to Chinese consumers, particularly wine and olive oil. Bright Food now expects the first shipments of those to arrive in China in November.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20151128/00178_004.html 中國企業萬達集團日前於西班牙華倫西亞自治區的卡斯特利翁省進行談判，擬以十二億歐元（約九十八億四千萬港元）收購當地度假村「marina d'or」七成半的股份。萬達集團暫未有回應有關消息。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-04/01/content_24224249.htm NH Hotel Group SA, the largest hotelier in Spain, has entered the Chinese marketwith a plan to open 120 to 150 hotels by 2020. The properties will be developed through a joint venture between NH Hotel Groupand HNA Group, China's fourth-largest airline group and also the biggestshareholder in NH, said Federico Gonzalez Tejera, CEO of the Spanish chain.
- http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1982998/hnas-spanish-troubles-lesson-all-chinese-firms-going-global
taiwan
- A new tourist route on a Spanish-administered archipelago off the west coast of Morocco in the Atlantic Ocean will soon be opened for Chinese travelers in commemoration of the late writer Sanmao, according to local tourism authorities. The route, located on the Canary Islands and available from March, is dedicated to Sanmao, a female writer from Taiwan who lived there during the latter half of the 20th century. The announcement was made recently by Alicia Vanoostende, tourism adviser to La Palma, one of the seven main islands of the archipelago. Born as Chen Maoping and also known as Echo Chan in the English-speaking world, the writer adopted her pseudonym "Sanmao" from the name of the protagonist of a famous Chinese comic series created by caricaturist Zhang Leping in the 1930s. Sanmao married a Spaniard named Jose Maria Quero Y Ruiz in 1974 and the couple lived on the La Palma and Gran Canaria islands between 1976 and 1979. The newly opened tourist route is also aimed at promoting the places in which the couple had lived. One of Sanmao's most celebrated works is about her love story and adventures with her husband, who died in a diving accident in 1979 in La Palma, where he was later buried. In 1991, Sanmao hanged herself at a hospital in Taipei after a cancer scare and the shock of losing a Hong Kong movie award for her script for the film Red Dust. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/26/WS5a9356f0a3106e7dcc13dff1.html
Hong Kong- A new tourist route on a Spanish-administered archipelago off the west coast of Morocco in the Atlantic Ocean will soon be opened for Chinese travelers in commemoration of the late writer Sanmao, according to local tourism authorities. The route, located on the Canary Islands and available from March, is dedicated to Sanmao, a female writer from Taiwan who lived there during the latter half of the 20th century. The announcement was made recently by Alicia Vanoostende, tourism adviser to La Palma, one of the seven main islands of the archipelago. Born as Chen Maoping and also known as Echo Chan in the English-speaking world, the writer adopted her pseudonym "Sanmao" from the name of the protagonist of a famous Chinese comic series created by caricaturist Zhang Leping in the 1930s. Sanmao married a Spaniard named Jose Maria Quero Y Ruiz in 1974 and the couple lived on the La Palma and Gran Canaria islands between 1976 and 1979. The newly opened tourist route is also aimed at promoting the places in which the couple had lived. One of Sanmao's most celebrated works is about her love story and adventures with her husband, who died in a diving accident in 1979 in La Palma, where he was later buried. In 1991, Sanmao hanged herself at a hospital in Taipei after a cancer scare and the shock of losing a Hong Kong movie award for her script for the film Red Dust. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/26/WS5a9356f0a3106e7dcc13dff1.html
- ties with HK
- interview with spanish cg 4nov14 hkej c3
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2015-04/20/content_20478376.htm TheSpanish Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong is about to celebrate its 25th anniversary. A fewof the largest Spanish multinationals, global leaders, have established headquarters in the city- such as Inditex (Zara and other brands), banks BBVA and Santander, or telecom giantTelefnica - as have many small- and medium-enterprises. The Double Taxation Agreementbetween Spain and Hong Kong, which became effective from 2012, has made Hong Kongeven more attractive. Consequently, Net-Craman has recently become the first Spanish lawfirm licensed by the Hong Kong Law Society.
- https://www.facebook.com/hkgcc/photos/pcb.1024197174308158/1024197020974840/?type=3&permPage=1 brand spain visit
- flight connection
- http://www.expansion.com/empresas/transporte/2015/09/08/55eec94122601d09668b4587.html Cathay Pacific Airways operará un vuelo directo entre Madrid y Hong Kong
- Hutchison Whampoa, operates a Barcelona's port terminal
- Jardines opened Mandarin Oriental in Barcelona
- Marionnaud has 115 shops all over the country
- http://www.gaming-awards.com/NEWS/lawrence-ho-company-apply-for-casino-resort-license-in-spain/ Melco Crown Entertainment’s subsidiary company MelcoLot Ltd which offer sports lotteries on mainland China is looking to expand into the casino business with an application to build a casino resort in Barcelona. Lawrence Ho who owns MelcoLot as part of the larger Melco Crown Entertainment division has for some time shown an interest in expanding into the Spanish market and now with a new listed subsidiary of MelcoLot Glory Holdings Ltd “has recently become a shareholder” of a company called BCN Integrated Resorts 2 SA, a 50-50 joint venture with Veremonte España SL. Hket 10oct15 a8
- http://economists-pick-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Research-Articles/Hong-Kong%E2%80%99s-Role-in-Spain%E2%80%99s-Road-to-a-New-Normal/rp/en/1/1X000000/1X09Y58D.htm
- Egg food group
- 寰宇移民顧問銷售總監劉碧琪形容，如果有一個客申請移民西班牙，另一邊廂至少有100人申請葡萄牙。兩者同樣是在當地房地產投資50萬歐元，便可取得居留當地的權利，當中西班牙需等約9至12個月取得身份，葡萄牙則最快4至6個月；另葡萄牙設有較低門檻選擇，可投資35萬歐元（約303萬港元）於舊房產重建項目，西班牙則沒有這選項。當申請人取得永久居民身份可選擇轉售物業。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20191211/00269_001.html
- 港人Steven約13、14年前到西班牙讀西班牙文，其後在當地找到工作後便定居，現居於西班牙第三大城市巴倫西亞（Valencia）。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20191211/00269_002.html
- 西班牙之友
- Include stanley ho, cathay pacific, hutchison port, peter gordan of wharf http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201512/1215/HZ18C15CLBA.pdf
- Music Festival Barcelona http://www.musicfestivalbarcelona.com/, https://www.facebook.com/musicfestivalbarcelona
- Spanish Speaking Women's Association www.amhh.org.hk
- event
- spanish october hk 2013
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