etymology
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-Chinese-term-for-Africa-fei-zhou-Someone-told-me-it-is-negative-as-fei-is-negative-so-was-that-intentional-What-was-the-historical-term-for-Africa-What-did-Zheng-He-call-Africa-since-Zheng there is a fictional land named “Utopia.” The name comes from the Greek words: οὐ (“not”) and τόπος (“place”). The name which literally meant “Not-land” was however used to imply that the land of Utopia was so marvellous, it should not exist. “Utopianism” in English also subsequently became a synonym for idealism, which in itself could be both a praise and a criticism.
economic bloc
- African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA)- African leaders have signed an agreement to set up a massive free-trade area to improve regional integration and boost economic growth across the continent.The deal to create the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) was signed at an extraordinary summit in Kigali, Rwanda by representatives of 44 of the 55 African Union (AU) member states.The agreement commits countries to removing tariffs on 90 percent of goods, with 10 percent of "sensitive items" to be phased in later. It will also liberalise trade in services and might in the future include free movement of people and a single currency. AfCFTA will now have to be ratified by individual countries. By creating a free-trade zone, African leaders hope to boost intra-Africa trade, which stands at around 10 percent of all trade across the continent. The list of countries that did not sign the agreement was not immediately available. Nigeria pulled out of the signing ceremony after President Muhammadu Buhari cancelled his attendance on Sunday. A statement at the time said the decision was made "to allow time for broader consultations". The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) had warned Buhari against signing the agreement, calling it a "renewed, extremely dangerous and radioactive neo-liberal policy initiative".
- ft article 11apr18 african free trade pact raise prosperity hopes
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201904/09/WS5cabf3b7a3104842260b5143.html
The recent ratification by Gambia's legislature of the Continental Free Trade Area agreement, or the CFTA, means the ambitious initiative has entered the implementation phase.
The agreement, signed by 49 out of the 55 members of the African Union, needed legislative ratifications by at least 22 countries for the treaty to enter into force. - https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/economic-game-changer-african-leaders-launch-free-trade-zone-190707195025885.html African leaders launched a continental free-trade zone that, if successful, would unite 1.3 billion people, create a $3.4 trillion economic bloc, and usher in a new era of development. After four years of talks, an agreement to form a 55-nation trade bloc was reached in March, paving the way for Sunday's African Union summit in Niger where Ghana was announced as the host of the trade zone's future headquarters and discussions were held on how exactly the bloc will operate.
- Addis Ababa conference Africa sets sights on free trade area ft 2dec16
- Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Congo ( Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon)
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTREGINI/EXTAFRREGINICOO/0,,contentMDK:20626584~menuPK:1592430~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:1587585,00.html
- bank of central african states https://www.beac.int/
(Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Congo ( Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon)
The term Barbary Coast (also Barbary, Berbery or Berber Coast) was used by Europeans from the 16th century to the early 19th to refer to the coastal regions of North Africa, specifically the modern nations of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The term was coined in reference to the Berbers.巴巴利海岸（Barbary Coast）或巴巴利（Barbary），又譯巴貝里海岸或巴貝里. 這地區名義上是奧斯曼帝國的轄區，但實際上是由海盜和迪伊統治。
- uk
- dick whittington folklore - whittington arrived at barbary coast and helped moorish king and queen of a plague of rats. The real richard whittington was lord mayor of london in 1397, 1406 and 1419.
The Horn of Africa (Somali: Geeska Afrika,Oromo: Gaaffaa Afriikaa, Amharic: የአፍሪካ ቀንድ? yäafrika qänd, Arabic: القرن الأفريقي al-qarn al-'afrīqī, Tigrinya: ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ?) (shortened to HOA) is a peninsula inNortheast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea,Ethiopia, and Somalia.
The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for 900,000 square kilometres , covering much of Botswana, parts of Namibia and regions of South Africa.Kalahari is derived from the Tswana word Kgala, meaning "the great thirst", or Kgalagadi, meaning "a waterless place"; the Kalahari has vast areas covered by red sand without any permanent surface water.
The Mara River is a river in Mara Region in Kenya and Tanzania , and lies across the migration path of ungulates in the Maasai Mara/Serengeti game reserves.The river is a vital source to grazing animals within the reserve. Although during the dry season it may often appear shallow, it may swell to up to twice its normal size after heavy rainfall. This can create rapids in the river, which may lead to shortage of food for predators that cannot cross the river to hunt.
Matabeleland (also known as Mthwakazi) is a region located south western of Zimbabwe,it is divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo,and Matabeleland South. Around the 10th and 11th centuries, the Bantu-speaking Bakalanga arrived from the south and settled in Mapungubwe on the Limpopo and Shashi river valleys. Later they moved north to Great Zimbabwe. By the 15th century, the Bakalanga had established a strong empire at Khami under a powerful ruler called Dlembeu. This empire was split by the end of the 15th century and were later conquered by the Nguni people.In the late 1830s, Mzilikazi Khumalo, led a group of Nguni and other tribes into the Lozvi Empire of the Bakalanga. Many of the Bakalanga people were incorporated to create a large state called Mthwakazi Kingdom. Mthwakazi, a Zulu word which means "something which becomes big at conception", in Zulu "into ethe ithwasa yabankulu" but the territory was called Matabeleland by Europeans. Mzilikazi organised this ethnically diverse nation into a militaristic system of regimental towns and established his capital at Bulawayo ("the place of killing"). Mzilikazi was a statesman of considerable stature, able to weld the many conquered tribes into a strong, centralised kingdom. In 1840, Matabeleland was founded.In 1852, the Boer government in the Transvaal made a treaty with Mzilikazi. Gold was discovered in northern Mthwakazi in 1867. The area, settled by the Zezuru people, remnants of the Mwenemutapa kingdom, while the European powers increasingly became interested in the region. Mzilikazi died on 9 September 1868, near Bulawayo. His son, Lobengula, succeeded him as king. In exchange for wealth and arms, Lobengula granted several concessions to the British, but it was not until twenty years later that the most prominent of these, the 1888 Rudd Concession gave Cecil Rhodes exclusive mineral rights in much of the lands east of Lobengula's main territory. Gold was already known to exist, but with the Rudd concession, Rhodes was able in 1889 to obtain a Royal Charter to form the British South Africa Company.
- It was in Matabeleland during the Second Matabele War that Robert Baden-Powell, who later became the founder of the Scout Movement, and the younger Frederick Russell Burnham, the American born Chief of Scouts for the British Army, first met and began their lifelong friendship.[4] Baden-Powell had already, in 1884, published a book called "Reconnaissance and Scouting". In mid-June 1896, while scouting in the Matobo Hills, Burnham passed on to Baden-Powell aspects of woodcraft he had acquired in America, and it was during this time with Burnham that perhaps the seeds were sown for the program and the code of honour eventually crystalised in Baden-Powell's 1899 "Aids to Scouting for NCOs and Men" and his later (1908) "Scouting for Boys", which was written after his experience of how useful and reliable the boys at Mafeking had been.[5] Practiced by frontiersmen of the American Old West and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, woodcraft was generally unknown to the British. These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, the fundamentals of Scouting. Baden-Powell recognised that wars in Africa were changing markedly and the British Army needed to adapt; so during their joint scouting missions, Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, tracking, fieldcraft, and self-reliance. It was also during these scouting missions in the Matobo Hills that Baden-Powell first started to wear his signature campaign hat like the one worn by Burnham.
nile
- The White Nile (Arabic: النيل الأبيض an-nīl al-'abyaḍ) is a river in Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile; the other is the Blue Nile. The name comes from colouring due to clay carried in the water. In the strict meaning, "White Nile" refers to the river formed at Lake No, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers. In the wider sense, "White Nile" refers to all the stretches of river draining from Lake Victoria through to the merger with the Blue Nile. These higher stretches being named the "Victoria Nile" (via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert), the "Albert Nile" (to the South Sudan border) and then the "Mountain Nile" or "Bahr-al-Jabal" (down to Lake No). "White Nile" may sometimes include the headwaters of Lake Victoria, the most remote of which being 2,300 miles (3,700 km) from the Blue Nile.
- The Blue Nile (Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy (Black Abay) to Ethiopians; Arabic: النيل الأزرق; transliterated: an-Nīl al-Azraq) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The Blue Nile supplies about 80% of the water in the Nile during the rainy season.The Blue Nile is so-called because floods during the summer monsoon erode a vast amount of fertile soil from the Ethiopian Highlands and carry it downstream as silt, turning the water dark brown or almost black.
- grand ethiopian renaissance dam
The Orange River (Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is the longest river in South Africa and the Orange River Basin extends extensively into Namibia and Botswana to the north. It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Namibia and between South Africa and Lesotho, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities. The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The river was named by Robert Jacob Gordon after the Dutch Royal House. Other names include Gariep River (used by the Khoi people), Groote River or Senqu River (used in Lesotho). The official name, however, is the Orange River.The earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river Gariep'. An early Dutch name for the river was Groote Rivier meaning "Great River". [8] The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the Dutch East India Company garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779. Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange. A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color its tributary, the Vaal River (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey).[citation needed] Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition. In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River.The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu. The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation."
sahara
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21717383-back-spotlight-fate-western-sahara-no-closer
The Sahel (/səˈhɛl/, sāḥil; ساحل Arabic pronunciation: [ˈsaːħil] "coast, shore")[1] is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south. Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The name is derived from the Arabic term for "coast, shore"; this is explained as being used in a figurative sense (in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara).[2][3] However, such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic, and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from the Arabic word sahl سهل "plain" instead.
-The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert, especially with the Islamic world. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after AD 750 and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bendregion, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.The Sahel states were hindered from expanding south into the forest zone of the north Akan state of Bonoman and Yoruba peoples as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region.[
nile
- The White Nile (Arabic: النيل الأبيض an-nīl al-'abyaḍ) is a river in Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile; the other is the Blue Nile. The name comes from colouring due to clay carried in the water. In the strict meaning, "White Nile" refers to the river formed at Lake No, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers. In the wider sense, "White Nile" refers to all the stretches of river draining from Lake Victoria through to the merger with the Blue Nile. These higher stretches being named the "Victoria Nile" (via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert), the "Albert Nile" (to the South Sudan border) and then the "Mountain Nile" or "Bahr-al-Jabal" (down to Lake No). "White Nile" may sometimes include the headwaters of Lake Victoria, the most remote of which being 2,300 miles (3,700 km) from the Blue Nile.
- The Blue Nile (Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy (Black Abay) to Ethiopians; Arabic: النيل الأزرق; transliterated: an-Nīl al-Azraq) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The Blue Nile supplies about 80% of the water in the Nile during the rainy season.The Blue Nile is so-called because floods during the summer monsoon erode a vast amount of fertile soil from the Ethiopian Highlands and carry it downstream as silt, turning the water dark brown or almost black.
- grand ethiopian renaissance dam
- http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/352313/Egypt/Politics-/Ethiopia-denies-GERD-negotiations-stalemate;-says-.aspx Ethiopia denied on Sunday that trilateral negotiations on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) have reached a dead end, asserting its readiness to resolve any differences that impede consultations with Egypt and Sudan. Abiy's comments came one day after the Egyptian side announced that the negotiations on the GERD had reached a dead end due to the “intransigence” of the Ethiopian side.
- Sudanese Foreign Minister Asmaa Abdalla has said that Sudan believes Ethiopia “would think twice” about filling the controversial Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) before an agreement is reached if it is met by “a strong stance” from Sudan and Egypt. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/371622/Egypt/Politics-/An-agreement-must-be-reached-before-filling-the-GE.aspx
- The US is cutting aid to Ethiopia over a controversial mega dam being built on a tributary of the River Nile. The move was triggered by Ethiopia's move to start filling the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam before reaching agreement with Egypt and Sudan. Egypt has long been opposed to any development on the Nile that could reduce the amount of water it receives.Ethiopia says it needs the dam to provide a reliable electricity supply. Once fully operational, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd) will be the largest hydro-electric plant in Africa and provide power to up to 65 million Ethiopians.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54007123
- 美國國務院前日表示，華府將重新撥款資助埃塞俄比亞的青尼羅河水力發電廠「復興大壩」，去年該國在未與鄰國即埃及和蘇丹簽訂協議下單方面啟用大壩，因而遭擔任斡旋角色的前朝政府暫停資助，涉及金額達2.72億美元（約21億港元）。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210221/00180_034.html
The Orange River (Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is the longest river in South Africa and the Orange River Basin extends extensively into Namibia and Botswana to the north. It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Namibia and between South Africa and Lesotho, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities. The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The river was named by Robert Jacob Gordon after the Dutch Royal House. Other names include Gariep River (used by the Khoi people), Groote River or Senqu River (used in Lesotho). The official name, however, is the Orange River.The earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river Gariep'. An early Dutch name for the river was Groote Rivier meaning "Great River". [8] The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the Dutch East India Company garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779. Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange. A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color its tributary, the Vaal River (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey).[citation needed] Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition. In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River.The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu. The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation."
sahara
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21717383-back-spotlight-fate-western-sahara-no-closer
The Sahel (/səˈhɛl/, sāḥil; ساحل Arabic pronunciation: [ˈsaːħil] "coast, shore")[1] is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south. Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The name is derived from the Arabic term for "coast, shore"; this is explained as being used in a figurative sense (in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara).[2][3] However, such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic, and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from the Arabic word sahl سهل "plain" instead.
-The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert, especially with the Islamic world. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after AD 750 and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bendregion, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.The Sahel states were hindered from expanding south into the forest zone of the north Akan state of Bonoman and Yoruba peoples as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region.[
-總統拜登同日已和法國總統馬克龍通話，表達希望增進雙邊關係意願，強調將透過北約及歐盟，加強跨大西洋關係承諾。雙方同意在共同外交政策上合作，包括中國、中東、俄羅斯及西非薩赫勒地區（Sahel region）事務。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210126/00180_004.html
The Shashe River (or Shashi River) is a major left-bank tributary of the Limpopo River in Zimbabwe. It rises northwest of Francistown, Botswana and flows into the Limpopo River where Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa meet.[2] The confluence is at the site of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the river are in Zimbabwe and there are two legal crossing points. The Shashi runs through the Shashi Irrigation Scheme and the Tuli Block.沙希河，又译作沙谢河，是林波波河的一条支流。
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. According to the United Nations, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.[2] It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority; a vestige of colonialism, which some say, divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity.Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct ethnographic sections based on each area's respective inhabitants.[9]
Natural resources
- Numerous developing countries in Africa are still searching for ways to maximize theirpotential oil and gas production - particularly those historically well endowed with naturalresources.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-10/27/content_18806468.htm
- palm oil
- http://www.economist.com/news/international/21620222-continents-dwindling-secessionists-looked-wistfully-scotland-why-cant-we-do-it
democracy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21710286-country-should-be-beacon-african-democracy-ailing-nkrumahs-heirs
The Shashe River (or Shashi River) is a major left-bank tributary of the Limpopo River in Zimbabwe. It rises northwest of Francistown, Botswana and flows into the Limpopo River where Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa meet.[2] The confluence is at the site of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the river are in Zimbabwe and there are two legal crossing points. The Shashi runs through the Shashi Irrigation Scheme and the Tuli Block.沙希河，又译作沙谢河，是林波波河的一条支流。
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. According to the United Nations, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.[2] It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority; a vestige of colonialism, which some say, divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity.Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct ethnographic sections based on each area's respective inhabitants.[9]
- Commentators in Arabic in the medieval period used the general term bilâd as-sûdân ("Land of the Blacks") for the vast Sudan region (an expression denoting West and Central Africa[10]), or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to Western Sudan.[11] Its equivalent in Southeast Africa was Zanj ("Country of the Blacks"), which was situated in the vicinity of the Great Lakes region. The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj, from the area to their extreme east on the Red Sea coast in the Horn of Africa.[9] In modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea was Al-Habash or Abyssinia, which was inhabited by the Habash or Abyssinians, who were the forebears of the Habesha. In northern Somalia was Barbara or the Bilad al-Barbar ("Land of the Berbers"), which was inhabited by the Eastern Baribah or Barbaroi, as the ancestors of the Somalis were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient Greek geographers, respectively. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups: Hamites and Semites in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa, who spoke languages belonging to the Afroasiatic family; Negroes in most of the rest of the subcontinent (hence, the former toponym Black Africa for Tropical Africa), who spoke languages belonging to the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan families; and Khoisan in Southern Africa, who spoke languages belonging to the Khoisanfamily.
- https://www.ft.com/content/baf01b06-4329-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b Sub-Saharan Africa is slipping into a new debt crisis, with 40 per cent of the region’s countries now at high risk of debt distress — double the proportion of five years ago. With the number of countries already unable to service their debts doubling in the past year to eight, officials at the IMF are urging all African countries to raise taxes to provide more scope for paying interest, which has increased to levels last experienced at the start of the century.Natural resources
- Numerous developing countries in Africa are still searching for ways to maximize theirpotential oil and gas production - particularly those historically well endowed with naturalresources.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-10/27/content_18806468.htm
- palm oil
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612241-companies-wanting-make-palm-oil-face-angry-environmentalists-grow-cherish
- http://www.economist.com/news/international/21620222-continents-dwindling-secessionists-looked-wistfully-scotland-why-cant-we-do-it
democracy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21710286-country-should-be-beacon-african-democracy-ailing-nkrumahs-heirs
- economist 7mar2020 "how to beat the big men", "generation game"
Economy
Economy
- economist 6jun2020 "thanks, but no" african govts are surprisingly reluctant to accept debt relief
- prices
monetary
- The CFA franc (in French: franc CFA [fʁɑ̃ seɛfɑ], or colloquially franc) is the name of two currencies used in parts of West and Central African countries which are guaranteed by the French treasury. The two CFA franc currencies are the West African CFA franc and the Central African CFA franc. Although theoretically separate, the two CFA franc currencies are effectively interchangeable. The ISO currency codes are XAF for the Central African CFA franc, whereas XOF for the West African CFA franc. Both CFA francs have a fixed exchange rate to the euro: 100 CFA francs = 1 former French (nouveau) franc = 0.152449 euro; or 1 euro = 655.957 CFA francs exactly.
Although Central African CFA francs and West African CFA francs have always been at parity and have therefore always had the same monetary value against other currencies, they are in principle separate currencies. They could theoretically have different values from any moment if one of the two CFA monetary authorities, or France, decided it. Therefore, West African CFA coins and banknotes are theoretically not accepted in countries using Central African CFA francs, and vice versa. However, in practice, the permanent parity of the two CFA franc currencies is widely assumed.
urbanisation
- ft 12sep18 "africa battles with rapid urbanisation"
Industrialisation
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21677633-there-long-road-ahead-africa-emulate-east-asia-more-marathon Over the past 15 years sub-Saharan African economies have expanded at an average rate of about 5% a year, enough to have doubled output over the period. They were helped largely by a commodities boom that was caused, in part, by rapid urbanisation in China. As China’s economy has slowed, the prices of many commodities mined in Africa have slumped again. Copper, for instance, now sells for about half as much as it did at its peak. This, in turn, is hitting Africa’s growth: the IMF reckons it will slip to under 4% this year, leading many to fret that a harmful old pattern of commodity-driven boom and bust in Africa is about to repeat itself. One of the main reasons to worry is that Africa’s manufacturing industry has largely missed out on the boom. The figures are stark. The UN’s Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), which is publishing a big report on industrialisation in Africa next month, reckons that from 1980 to 2013 the African manufacturing sector’s contribution to the continent’s total economy actually declined from 12% to 11%, leaving it with the smallest share of any developing region. Moreover, in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, manufacturing’s share of output has fallen during the past 25 years. A comparison of Africa and Asia is striking. In Africa manufacturing provides just over 6% of all jobs, a figure that barely changed over more than three decades to 2008. In Asia the figure grew from 11% to 16% over the same period.
Entrepreneurship
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21701484-africa-has-enterprising-people-too-few-businesses-opportunities-galore
association
- The Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa is an ecumenical Christian organization in Africa. It was founded in 1999 and is a member of the World Council of Churches.
Company
- iROKOtv (african version of netflix)
Industry
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21638141-africas-growth-being-powered-things-other-commodities-twilight
- agriculture
- mining
- Financial
- hotel
- street vendors
Internet
- lower cost handsets help drive internet revolution http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e97ddee4-1e53-11e4-ab52-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3FKapdIxV
- .africa
Education
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21713858-why-it-bottom-class-south-africa-has-one-worlds-worst-education
Pan-Africanism is a worldwide identity movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent. Based upon a common fate going back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans, with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Caribbean, Latin America and the United States.[1] It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.[2] The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny".
- The Pan-African flag, also known as the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) flag, is a tri-color flagconsisting of three equal horizontal bands of (from top down) red, black and green. The UNIA formally adopted it on August 13, 1920,[33] during its month-long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York. Variations of the flag have been used in various countries and territories in Africa and the Americas to represent Pan-Africanist ideologies. Among these are the flags of Malawi, Kenyaand Saint Kitts and Nevis. Several Pan-African organizations and movements have also often employed the emblematic red, black and green tri-color scheme in variety of contexts. Additionally, the flags of a number of nations in Africa and of Pan-African groups use green, yellow and red. This color combination was originally adopted from the 1897 flag of Ethiopia, and was inspired by the fact that Ethiopia is the continent's oldest independent nation.
- Maafa is an aspect of Pan-African studies. The term collectively refers to 500 years of suffering (including the present) of people of African heritage through slavery, imperialism, colonialism, and other forms of oppression.[37][38] In this area of study, both the actual history and the legacy of that history are studied as a single discourse. The emphasis in the historical narrative is on African agents, as opposed to non-African agents.
- pan african congress
- The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, was where the first meeting took place in July 1905. The Niagara Movement was a call for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement, and it was opposed to policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.
- The National Negro Committee (formed: New York City, May 31 and June 1, 1909 - ceased: New York City, May 12, 1910) was created in response to the Springfield race riot of 1908against the black community in Springfield, Illinois. Prominent black activists and white progressives called for a national conference to discuss African American civil rights. They met to address the social, economic, and political rights of African Americans. This gathering served as the predecessor to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was formally named during the second meeting in May 1910.
- advocates
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-Greeks-feel-about-Afrocentrism
afrofuturism
- hkej 15 and 16 nov18 shum article
diaspora
- prices
- https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21738911-africas-economic-paradox-why-africas-poor-pay-high-prices
monetary
- The CFA franc (in French: franc CFA [fʁɑ̃ seɛfɑ], or colloquially franc) is the name of two currencies used in parts of West and Central African countries which are guaranteed by the French treasury. The two CFA franc currencies are the West African CFA franc and the Central African CFA franc. Although theoretically separate, the two CFA franc currencies are effectively interchangeable. The ISO currency codes are XAF for the Central African CFA franc, whereas XOF for the West African CFA franc. Both CFA francs have a fixed exchange rate to the euro: 100 CFA francs = 1 former French (nouveau) franc = 0.152449 euro; or 1 euro = 655.957 CFA francs exactly.
Although Central African CFA francs and West African CFA francs have always been at parity and have therefore always had the same monetary value against other currencies, they are in principle separate currencies. They could theoretically have different values from any moment if one of the two CFA monetary authorities, or France, decided it. Therefore, West African CFA coins and banknotes are theoretically not accepted in countries using Central African CFA francs, and vice versa. However, in practice, the permanent parity of the two CFA franc currencies is widely assumed.
- economist article 27jan18 "a french-backed currency comes under fire"
- ft 25jun2020 david pilling article "death to the cfa franc. Long live the cfa franc"
- economist 15feb2020 value judgments - why do african countries like their currencies strong
- ft 12sep18 "africa battles with rapid urbanisation"
Industrialisation
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21677633-there-long-road-ahead-africa-emulate-east-asia-more-marathon Over the past 15 years sub-Saharan African economies have expanded at an average rate of about 5% a year, enough to have doubled output over the period. They were helped largely by a commodities boom that was caused, in part, by rapid urbanisation in China. As China’s economy has slowed, the prices of many commodities mined in Africa have slumped again. Copper, for instance, now sells for about half as much as it did at its peak. This, in turn, is hitting Africa’s growth: the IMF reckons it will slip to under 4% this year, leading many to fret that a harmful old pattern of commodity-driven boom and bust in Africa is about to repeat itself. One of the main reasons to worry is that Africa’s manufacturing industry has largely missed out on the boom. The figures are stark. The UN’s Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), which is publishing a big report on industrialisation in Africa next month, reckons that from 1980 to 2013 the African manufacturing sector’s contribution to the continent’s total economy actually declined from 12% to 11%, leaving it with the smallest share of any developing region. Moreover, in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, manufacturing’s share of output has fallen during the past 25 years. A comparison of Africa and Asia is striking. In Africa manufacturing provides just over 6% of all jobs, a figure that barely changed over more than three decades to 2008. In Asia the figure grew from 11% to 16% over the same period.
Entrepreneurship
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21701484-africa-has-enterprising-people-too-few-businesses-opportunities-galore
association
- The Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa is an ecumenical Christian organization in Africa. It was founded in 1999 and is a member of the World Council of Churches.
Company
- iROKOtv (african version of netflix)
Industry
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21638141-africas-growth-being-powered-things-other-commodities-twilight
- agriculture
- http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21694521-farms-africa-are-prospering-last-thanks-persistence-technology-and-decentAccording to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rwanda’s farmers produced 792,000 tonnes of grain in 2014—more than three times as much as in 2000. Production of maize, a vital crop in east Africa, jumped sevenfold. Agricultural statistics can be dicey, African ones especially so. But Rwanda’s plunging poverty rate makes these plausible, and so does the view from Gitega. Another farmer, Dative Mukandayisenga, says most of her neighbours are getting much more from their land. Perhaps only one in five persists with the old, scattershot “broadcast” sowing—and most of the holdouts are old people. Rwanda is exceptional. But in this respect it is not all that exceptional. Cereal production tripled in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2014, although a severe drought associated with the current El Niño made for a poor harvest last year. The value of crops grown in Cameroon, Ghana and Zambia has risen by at least 50% in the past decade; Kenya has done almost as well. Millions of African farmers like Mr Nzabahimana have become more secure and better-fed as a result of better-managed, better-fertilised crops grown from hybrid seeds. They are demonstrating that small farmers can benefit from improved techniques. Despite some big, much-publicised land sales to foreign investors, almost two-thirds of African farms are less than a hectare in their extent, so this is good news. Progress need not mean turfing millions of smallholders off the land, as some had feared—though by making them richer it may yet give them and their children the means to move, should they wish. For the time being, though, more than half of the adult workers south of the Sahara are employed in agriculture; in Rwanda, about four-fifths are. With so many farmers and not much heavy industry, boosting agricultural productivity is among the best ways of raising living standards across the continent. And there is a long way to go. Sub-Saharan Africa’s farms remain far less productive than Latin American and Asian ones. The continent as a whole exports less farm produce than Thailand. Since 1961 the total value of all agricultural production in Africa has risen fourfold. This is almost exactly the improvement seen in India, which sounds encouraging; after all, India had a “green revolution” during that time. But whereas Indian farmers got far higher grain yields per hectare, in Africa much of the new production just came from new land. In the early 1960s sub-Saharan Africa had 1.5m square kilometres given over to arable farming; now it uses 800,000 square kilometres more. Another thing African farming had more of was people. Even today, when population growth has slowed in rural Asia and Latin America, in rural Africa it is still 2%. More people meant more workers, which can mean more yield from a farm in absolute terms. But it also meant more mouths to feed. Africa’s population grew more steeply than India’s, and as a result production per person fell in much of the continent during the late 20th century. The explanations for Africa’s difficulties begin with geology. Much African bedrock is ancient, dating back to before the continent’s time at the heart of a huge land mass known as Gondwanaland. For hundreds of millions of years Africa has seen little of the tectonic activity that provides fresh rock for the wind and rain to grind into fertile soils. There is some naturally fertile land in the south and around the East African Rift, which runs through Rwanda. But much of the interior is barely worth farming (see map).
- https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724415-good-intentions-poor-results-why-fertiliser-subsidies-africa-have-not-worked
- ports
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21695054-new-investment-alone-will-not-fix-africas-ports-governments-need-deal
- mining
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2cc22b7a-ae04-11e4-919e-00144feab7de.html Mining companies’ excitement over Africa is being cooled by fresh five-year lows in commodity prices — resulting in cuts to investment in even the most resource-rich countries. When the commodities supercycle was in full swing, Africa was a frontier of choice, offering investors some of the best but least-explored mineral resources. Miners scrambled for choice assets, exemplified by Rio Tinto’s $3.7bn acquisition of a coal project in Mozambique in 2011. But, in sharp contrast, the past year has been bitter for miners. South Africa’s platinum sector endured a five-month strike; iron ore mines closed in Ebola-hit Sierra Leone; and copper-rich Zambia crossed swords with global companies over a tax rise.
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21653618-falling-cost-renewable-energy-may-allow-africa-bypass
- African oil exporting countries, including Angola, Nigeria and Sudan, have squandered a decade’s worth of economic opportunity by failing to diversify or reinvest windfall profits into sustainable growth, according to research by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation. https://www.ft.com/content/e3e3dc00-893f-11e6-8aa5-f79f5696c731
- Financial
- expanding financial sector draws increasing interest from investors http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d8edbc78-1e50-11e4-ab52-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3FKapdIxV
- stock market
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21711084-too-few-listings-too-little-liquidity-africas-stockmarkets-struggle-africas-stock
- Mobile payment
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/902d416a-169e-11e5-b07f-00144feabdc0.html The Africa tech sector provides a rich opportunity to build from “Ground Zero”, says Ken Njoroge, a Kenyan entrepreneur. With Bolaji Akinboro, his business partner, he co-founded Cellulant, the mobile money transfer company, in 2002 with “$3,000, a credit card and a business plan drawn on the back of a serviette”. The company offers a mobile payment system across 10 countries, including Kenya, Zambia, Botswana and Gambia, and aims to expand to another 13 in the next 15 months. This would give it access to more than 500m consumers in the continent. Profit comes from a cut of 1-2 per cent taken from each transaction. “We estimate [there is] a $25bn opportunity — completely open for us to compete and take market share,” Mr Njoroge says. Payment system companies such as Cellulant provide some of African technology’s biggest success stories in making the most of previously unmet demand. Mobile phones have allowed Africans to leapfrog their infrastructural shortcomings. The number of people with mobile connections across the continent is growing: from 778m people in 2013 to a projected 1bn by the end of this year, according to a 2014 study by Informa Telecoms & Media.
- legal
- M-Pesa, developed in 2007 by Safaricom, a Kenyan mobile service provider, pioneered mobile money transfers. Allowing even small amounts to be transferred via SMS, it has reached millions who previously had no access to financial services. The impact on Kenya’s largely cash economy has been profound and a number of spin-offs have been developed. Just as important for its developers, it has helped to establish Africa as a leader in mobile banking. “Innovation is leading, regulation is following,” says Juliana Rotich, co-founder and executive director of Ushahidi, a Kenyan-based non-profit tech company, which has also developed BRCK, a self-powered, brick-shaped mobile WiFi router designed to provide resilient connectivity where power failures and poor line speeds are common.
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a3ca86b4-bece-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html The race to develop mobile payment systems across Africa is spawning a new generation of tech entrepreneurs, searching for innovative ways to reach their customers. From finance and farming to education and healthcare, dozens of apps are being created to help overcome the continent’s infrastructure deficits and help meet the aspirations of an increasingly tech-savvy urbanising population. “The conventional thing to say about Africa is it’s cursed by a lack of infrastructure,” says Jesse Moore, the chief executive of M-Kopa, a four-year-old Nairobi-based company that uses mobile phone technology to lease off-grid, solar powered lighting and power systems in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. On the contrary, Mr Moore argues, the continent’s old infrastructure deficit is spurring innovation, pointing to m-pesa, the mobile money transfer system pioneered by Kenya’s main telecoms company, Safaricom, which is 40 per cent owned by Vodafone of the UK.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191014/PDF/a20_screen.pdf 非洲手機金融發展一日千里
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21709011-rise-paralegals-poor-law
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21657378-two-african-business-giants-go-head-head-over-mobile-telecoms-and-payments-new-east-africa SAFARICOM is among the most innovative firms in the telecoms industry worldwide, and east Africa’s biggest company. Incumbency has now put the Kenya-based mobile-phone operator in the crosshairs of insurgent rivals. The company is at the centre of a corporate battle that is being watched intently by the continent’s business and government elites. Few firms have done more in recent years to boost Africa’s fortunes than Safaricom. It has built the world’s most widely used mobile-money network, called M-Pesa, bringing financial services to the poorest. Almost everyone in Kenya can send funds to almost everyone else instantaneously from any mobile phone (not just smartphones). The value of transactions flowing through the system is equivalent to about 40% of GDP. Its ease of use has made possible all sorts of other economic activity based around the exchange of small payments. It is now being copied in many other poor countries.
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21711511-mobile-phones-are-transforming-africa-where-they-can-get-signal-mobile-phones
- http://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2104958/how-chinese-smartphone-makers-compete-samsung-and-apple-overseas Transsion Holdings, a Shenzhen-based phone maker, has captured more than 40 per cent of the mobile market in sub-Saharan African countries by offering headset features designed for local needs.To name a few, they include smartphones with four SIM cards slots – a design that helps users save money by avoiding out-of-network calls – long standby feature phones with a battery life of up to 15 days to avoid the inconvenience of charging phones in Africa, and camera technology that brings out the best in darker skin tones.The top five Chinese smartphone vendors – Huawei Technologies, Oppo, Vivo, ZTE Corp and Xiaomi – captured about 29.6 per cent of global shipments in the first quarter of 2017, compared with 17.7 per cent in the same period in 2015, according to Counterpoint Technology Market Research. During the same time frame the market shares held by Samsung and Apple have declined, despite retaining their respective positions as No 1 and No 2 in the world.
- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21692882-air-travel-africa-needlessly-hard-and-costly-open-skies-would-make-it-cheaper-let-africans, http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692871-africa-ripe-air-travel-pity-its-governments-are-holding-it
- https://www.ft.com/content/4e672998-03f0-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 Twenty-three African states, including South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya, have launched a single aviation market in a bid to boost connectivity, reduce fares and stimulate economic growth on a continent widely considered the most expensive and inconvenient to fly around. Three decades after the concept was first proposed, the 55-member African Union on Sunday unveiled the first phase of the Single African Air Transport Market. Officials hope it will eventually replicate the European Common Aviation Area, which allows airlines from member states to fly between any member state. Airline executives and industry analysts welcomed the move as a “seismic event” but cautioned that much more work was needed to create genuinely open skies in Africa. Africa accounts for about 15 per cent of the world’s population but only 3 per cent of the world’s aviation traffic, according to the International Civil Aviation Organisation, a UN agency.
- economist 31aug19 "blue-sky thinking" most african airlines lose money. why are governments so keen on them
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21701488-new-way-round-old-problem-help-above
- hotel
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-04/23/content_24778843.htm http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21697288-africa-needs-decent-hotels-building-them-not-easy-no-room-inn
- cosmetics
- north africa report by spc https://content.yudu.com/web/fiqy/0A3zhan/spcapril20/html/index.html?page=30&origin=reader
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21716032-messy-vital-cracking-down-african-street-vendors
Internet
- lower cost handsets help drive internet revolution http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e97ddee4-1e53-11e4-ab52-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3FKapdIxV
- .africa
- http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/07/tech/africa-domain-name/ A proposed new ".africa" internet domain name will provide a stronger brand identity than current little known country domains, while preventing registration revenues flowing abroad, say backers. DotConnectAfrica, a non-profit organization registered in Mauritius, is one of the groups vying to establish and operate the dot africa name space for businesses and individuals across the continent.
The opportunity has arisen since the Internet Corporation for Names and Numbers (ICANN), the body which manages internet domain names, voted earlier this year to allow new varieties of top-level domains -- the suffix of an internet address. ICANN will be accepting applications for new generic top-level domains, or gTLDs, between January and April next year, with successful applications expected to be operational by 2013. Two other groups -- the African Top-Level Domains Association and the African Registry Consortium -- have also expressed an interest in applying to operate ".africa", while the African Union has said it plans to endorse a group to apply for the rights to operate the domain on its behalf. The African Union Commission also plans to apply to ICANN to operate the ".africa" domain, along with the French and Arabic alternatives ".afrique" and ".afriqia". It is currently running an open tender process for technical organizations to operate the domains on its behalf, which will be included in the AUC's application to ICANN.
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700661-lawyers-california-are-denying-africans-their-own-domain-scramble
Education
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21713858-why-it-bottom-class-south-africa-has-one-worlds-worst-education
Pan-Africanism is a worldwide identity movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent. Based upon a common fate going back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans, with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Caribbean, Latin America and the United States.[1] It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.[2] The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny".
- The Pan-African flag, also known as the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) flag, is a tri-color flagconsisting of three equal horizontal bands of (from top down) red, black and green. The UNIA formally adopted it on August 13, 1920,[33] during its month-long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York. Variations of the flag have been used in various countries and territories in Africa and the Americas to represent Pan-Africanist ideologies. Among these are the flags of Malawi, Kenyaand Saint Kitts and Nevis. Several Pan-African organizations and movements have also often employed the emblematic red, black and green tri-color scheme in variety of contexts. Additionally, the flags of a number of nations in Africa and of Pan-African groups use green, yellow and red. This color combination was originally adopted from the 1897 flag of Ethiopia, and was inspired by the fact that Ethiopia is the continent's oldest independent nation.
- Maafa is an aspect of Pan-African studies. The term collectively refers to 500 years of suffering (including the present) of people of African heritage through slavery, imperialism, colonialism, and other forms of oppression.[37][38] In this area of study, both the actual history and the legacy of that history are studied as a single discourse. The emphasis in the historical narrative is on African agents, as opposed to non-African agents.
- pan african congress
- The First Pan-African Conference was held in London from 23 to 25 July 1900 (just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 "in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events").[1] Organized primarily by the Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams,[2] it took place in Westminster Town Hall (now Caxton Hall)[3] and was attended by 37 delegates and about 10 other participants and observers[4][5] from Africa, the West Indies, the US and the UK, including Samuel Coleridge Taylor (the youngest delegate), John Alcindor, Dadabhai Naoroji, John Archer, Henry Francis Downing, and W. E. B. Du Bois, with Bishop Alexander Walters of the AME Zion Church taking the chair. Du Bois played a leading role, drafting a letter ("Address to the Nations of the World") to European leaders appealing to them to struggle against racism, to grant colonies in Africa and the West Indies the right to self-government and demanding political and other rights for African Americans.
- In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London, Paris and Brussels. There was an Indian revolutionary who took part, Shapurji Saklatvala, and a journalist from Ghana named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. The only dissenting voices were these of Blaise Diagne and Gratien Candace, French politicians of African and Guadeloupian descent, who represented Senegal and Guadeloupe in the French Chamber of Deputies. They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme.
- In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and in Lisbon. This meeting was totally unorganized. This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in the Diaspora and the African-European relationship. Before the Congress met in London, Isaac Béton of the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published in the Crisis, Du Bois drew on words spoken by Ida Gibbs Hunt and Rayford Logan to imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had travelled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and Béton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France.
- In 1927, The Fourth Pan-African Congress was held in New York City and adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings.
- The Fifth Pan-African Congress was held in Manchester, United Kingdom, 15–21 October 1945. It followed the foundation of the Pan-African Federation in Manchester in 1944. Africans again fought in World War II. After this war, many felt that they now deserved independence. This Congress is widely considered to have been the most important. Organised by the influential Trinidadian pan-Africanist George Padmore and Ghanaian independence leader Kwame Nkrumah, it was attended by 90 delegates, 26 from Africa. They included many scholars, intellectuals and political activists who would later go on to become influential leaders in various African independence movements and the American civil rights movement, including the Kenyan independence leader Jomo Kenyatta, American activist and academic W. E. B. Du Bois, Malawi's Hastings Banda, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, prominent Jamaican barrister Dudley Thompson and Obafemi Awolowo and Jaja Wachuku from Nigeria. It also led partially to the creation of the Pan-African Federation, founded in 1946 by Nkrumah and Kenyatta. There were 33 delegates from the West Indies and 35 from various British organizations, including the West African Students Union. The presence of 77-year-old Du Bois was historic, as he had organized the First Pan-African Congress in 1919.
- The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, was where the first meeting took place in July 1905. The Niagara Movement was a call for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement, and it was opposed to policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.
- The National Negro Committee (formed: New York City, May 31 and June 1, 1909 - ceased: New York City, May 12, 1910) was created in response to the Springfield race riot of 1908against the black community in Springfield, Illinois. Prominent black activists and white progressives called for a national conference to discuss African American civil rights. They met to address the social, economic, and political rights of African Americans. This gathering served as the predecessor to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was formally named during the second meeting in May 1910.
- advocates
- William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois (/duːˈbɔɪs/ doo-BOYSS; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Alfred and Mary Silvina (née Burghardt) Du Bois.[2] Mary Silvina Burghardt's family was part of the very small free black population of Great Barrington and had long owned land in the state. She was descended from Dutch, African and English ancestors.[3] William Du Bois's maternal great-great-grandfather was Tom Burghardt, a slave (born in West Africaaround 1730) who was held by the Dutch colonist Conraed Burghardt. Tom briefly served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, which may have been how he gained his freedom during the 18th century.[4] His son Jack Burghardt was the father of Othello Burghardt, who was the father of Mary Silvina Burghardt.
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-Greeks-feel-about-Afrocentrism
afrofuturism
- hkej 15 and 16 nov18 shum article
diaspora
- economist 28jun2020 "citizens of the world" wealthy africans are snapping up foreign passports
International relations
- us and europe fight back as china's influence grows http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0e1a6852-1e55-11e4-ab52-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3FKapdIxV
Trade and investment environment
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21716031-what-century-old-german-ship-says-about-trade-modern-continent
- free trade zone
- financial
Investment promotion
- list of IPAs
- ft 25sep18 "the scramble for african business"
Infrastructure
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21703399-notion-leapfrogging-poor-infrastructure-africa-needs-come-back-down-earth-look
Power supply
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21685504-electrification-plans-are-stalling-because-distributors-wont-pay-power-hungry
Hydroelectricity
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21688360-largest-hydroelectric-project-africa-has-so-far-produced-only-discord-egypt
ict
- https://ibmafricananswers.economist.com/the-digital-future-of-agriculture-in-africa/
Migration
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21693972-african-migrants-head-south-well-north-land-good-hope SOME African migrants forge across the Mediterranean in flimsy boats. Others take a somewhat less risky (and cheaper) journey, heading for the bright lights of South Africa. Unemployment may be a shocking 34% south of the Limpopo river, but there are still plenty of opportunities for those who are prepared to work hard.
Many migrants follow in the footsteps of their compatriots. Malawians and Mozambicans are often found tending lush suburban gardens. Somalis run tiny convenience stores, known as spaza shops, in black townships. Johannesburg’s “Little Addis” bustles with Ethiopian traders and the sound of Amharic. Congolese and Cameroonian vendors hawk cassava and plantains in Yeoville, another Johannesburg neighbourhood. Zimbabweans, who are typically better educated than their South African peers, can be found totting up company accounts, working as mining engineers or, failing that, waiting on tables. For many Africans, South Africa seems a stable, functional, prosperous place. It is also a potential stepping stone to the rest of the world.
People
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa]; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I of Central Africa and Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa, was a military officer and the head of state of the Central African Republic and its successor state, the Central African Empire, from his coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a subsequent coup (supported by France) on 20 September 1979. Of this period, he served almost eleven years (1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976) as president (the last four years aspresident for life), and for almost three years he reigned as self-proclaimed Emperor of Central Africa, though he was a military dictator. His "imperial" regime lasted from 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979. Following his overthrow, the Central African Republic was restored under his predecessor, David Dacko. Bokassa's imperial title did not achieve international diplomatic recognition. Born in French Equatorial Africa, the son of a village chief, Bokassa was orphaned at age 12. Educated in mission schools, he joined theFrench colonial army in 1939 as a private. He distinguished himself in the war in Indochina, winning medals and rising to the rank of captain. When French Equatorial Africa gained its independence as the Central African Republic in 1960, the new president David Dacko, who was his distant cousin, invited Bokassa to head the armed forces.[1] In 1966, Bokassa used his position to oust Dacko and declared himself president. He then began a reign of terror, taking all important government posts for himself.[2] He personally supervised judicial beatings and introduced a rule that thieves would have an ear cut off for the first two offenses and a hand for the third. In December 1976, in emulation of his heroNapoleon, he appointed himself emperor of the Central African Empire, with a coronation ceremony in 1977 costing US$20 million ($80 million today), practically bankrupting the country. His diamond-encrusted crown alone cost $5 million ($20 million today).[2] In 1979 he had hundreds of schoolchildren arrested for refusing to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. Bokassa was reported to have personally supervised the massacre of 100 of the schoolchildren by his Imperial Guard. On 20 September 1979, French paratroopers deposed him and re-installed Dacko as president. Bokassa went into exile in France where he had a chateau and other property bought with the money he had embezzled. After his overthrow in 1979, Central Africa reverted to its former name and status as the Central African Republic. In his absence, he was tried and sentenced to death. He returned to the Central African Republic in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder. In 1987, he was cleared of charges of cannibalism, but found guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes. The death sentence was later commuted to life in solitary confinement, but just six years later, in 1993, he was freed. He lived a private life in his former capital, Bangui, and died in November 1996.
- Rich people
Clans/tribes
- Berbers or Amazighs (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ Imaziɣen, singular: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ Amaziɣ/Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa. They are distributed in an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River. Historically, they spoke Berber languages, which together form the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Since the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the seventh century, a large number of Berbers inhabiting the Maghreb have acquired different degrees of knowledge of varieties of the languages of North Africa. After the colonization of North Africa by France, "the French government succeeded in integrating the French language in Algeria by making French the official national language and requiring all education to take place in French."[30] Foreign languages, mainly French and to some degree Spanish, inherited from former European colonial powers, are used by most educated Berbers in Algeria and Morocco in some formal contexts, such as higher education or business. Today, most Berber people live in North Africa, mainly in Libya, Algeria, and Morocco; Small Berber populations are also found in Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Tunisia, Burkina Faso and Egypt, as well as large immigrant communities living in France, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and other countries of Europe. The majority of Berbers are predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- The Aja are a group of people native to south-western Benin and south-eastern Togo. According to oral tradition, the Aja migrated to southern Benin in the 12th or 13th centuries from Tado on the Mono River, and c. 1600, three brothers, Kokpon, Do-Aklin, and Te-Agdanlin, split the ruling of the region then occupied by the Aja amongst themselves: Kokpon took the capital city of Great Ardra, reigning over the Allada kingdom; Do-Aklin founded Abomey, which would become capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey; and Te-Agdanlin founded Little Ardra, also known as Ajatche, later called Porto Novo (literally, "New Port") by Portuguese traders and the current capital city of Benin.Those Aja living in Abomey mingled with the local tribe, thus creating a new people known as the Fon, or "Dahomey" ethnic group. This group is now the largest in Benin. Another source claims the Aja were the rulers of Dahomey (Benin) until 1893, when the French conquered them.[citation needed] Currently, there are approximately 500,000 Ajas in an area straddling the border between Benin and Togo, 50 kilometres (30 miles) long and 30 km (20 mi) wide.
- The Teke people, or Bateke, are a Bantu Central African ethnic group that speak the Teke languages. Its population is situated mainly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and with a minority in Gabon. Omar Bongo, who was President of Gabon in the late 20th century, was a Teke. The name of the tribe shows what the occupation of the tribe was: trading. The word teke means 'to buy'. The economy of the Teke is mainly based on farming maize, millet and tobacco, but the Teke are also hunters, skilled fishermen and traders. The Teke lived in an area across Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon.
- The Ewe people (Ewe: Eʋeawó, lit. "Ewe people"; or Mono Kple Volta Tɔ́sisiwo Dome, lit. "Ewe nation","Eʋenyigba" Eweland;) are an African ethnic group. The largest population of Ewe people is in Ghana with (3.3m) people, and the second largest population in Togo with (2m) people [5] .[1] They speak the Ewe language (Ewe: Eʋegbe) which belongs to the Niger-Congo Gbe family of languages. They are related to other speakers of Gbe languages, such as, the Yoruba people, Fon, Gen, Phla Phera, and the Aja people of Togo and Benin.
- The Ga-Adangme, Gã-Adaŋbɛ, Ga-Dangme, or GaDangme are an ethnic group in Ghana and Togo. The Ga and Adangbe people are grouped respectively as part of the Ga–Dangme ethnolinguistic group.
-阿乔利人Acoli are a Nilo-Shemetic Luo ethnic group who migrated from Bhar el Ghazal South Sudan Magwi County and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acoliland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). It is mutually intelligible with Lango, Alur and other Luo languages. The Luo language and dialect is spoken by the Luo groups who are currently settled in various locations including western Kenya, Eastern Uganda, Acholiland, West Nile in Uganda, and South Sudan. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek in Acholi, and later translated to English.
- The Makonde are an ethnic group in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique. The Makonde developed their culture on the Mueda Plateau in Mozambique. At present they live throughout Tanzania and Mozambique, and have a small presence in Kenya.The Makonde successfully resisted predation by African, Arab, and European slavers. They did not fall under colonial power until the 1920s. During the 1960s the revolution which drove the Portuguese out of Mozambique was launched from the Makonde homeland of the Mueda Plateau. For a time the revolutionary movement FRELIMO derived some of its financial support from the sale of Makonde carvings, and the group became the backbone of the revolutionary movement. The Maconde of Mozambique, due to their role in the resistance to Portuguese colonial rule, remain an influential group in the politics of the country. They speak Makonde, also known as ChiMakonde, a Bantu language closely related to Yao.[6] Many speak other languages such as English in Tanzania, Portuguese in Mozambique, and Swahili and Makua in both countries.[6] The Makonde are traditionally a matrilineal society where children and inheritances belong to women, and husbands move into the village of their wives. Their traditional religion is an animistic form of ancestor worship and still continues, although Makonde of Tanzania are nominally Muslim and those of Mozambique are Catholic or Muslim. In Makonde rituals, when a girl becomes a woman, Muidini is the best dancer out of the group of girls undergoing the rituals. The Makonde are best known for their wood carvings, primarily made of blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon, or mpingo), and their observances of puberty.
- The Lungu people (also known as Rungu or Tabwa) are an ethnic and linguistic group living primarily on the southwestern shores of Lake Tanganyika, on the Marungu massif in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in southwestern Tanzania and northeastern Zambia. They speak dialects of the Mambwe-Lungu language, a Bantu language closely related to that of the nearby Bemba people and Luba people. Lungu people comprise several clans and many subclans based on matrilineal descent, some with their own dialects, which are depicted as separate tribes on older ethnographic maps. PeopleGroups.org reports a population of 851,359 Lungu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1999. In 1987 the Rungu population in Tanzania was estimated to number 34,000. The number of Rungu in Zambia has not been independently estimated, though the combined number of Mambwe and Rungu in Zambia was estimated to be 262,800 in 1993.
language
- Most people in Africa speak three languages. They have their respective tribal language, and most African countries have dozens of those; I think Nigeria tops the list with no less than 250 different languages. Then they speak a trade language: the most widely used is kiSwahili. Then they speak an administrative language, which is usually the old colonial language.https://www.quora.com/Why-did-African-countries-never-replace-their-colonial-language-with-their-local-native-language-to-create-more-pride-for-their-nationality
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-reasonably-accepted-estimates-of-when-Proto-Niger-Congo-and-Proto-Nilo-Saharan-were-spoken-and-what-triggered-their-huge-expansion-in-Africa
- Xhosa (English: /ˈkɔːsə/ or /ˈkoʊsə/;[6][7][8] Xhosa: isiXhosa [isikǁʰɔ́ːsa]) is a Nguni Bantu language with click consonants ("Xhosa" begins with a click) and one of the official languages of South Africa.[9] Although not widely spoken there, it is also an official language of Zimbabwe.[10] "Xhosa is spoken as a first language by 8.2 million people and by 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape Province. Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (Ethnologue)".[11] Like most other Bantu languages, Xhosa is a tonal language;[12] the same sequence of consonants and vowels can have different meanings, depending on intonation. Xhosa has two tones: high and low.Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, though the most widely spoken African language is Zulu.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Egyptian-language-the-only-Afro-Asiatic-isolate-language-like-the-Armenian-Albanian-etc-are-Indo-European-isolate-languages note the map of languages
- economist 6apr19 "the word on the kona" political slang in africa
- french
costume
- A burnous (Berber languages: ⴰⴱⵔⵏⵓⵙ, Arabic: برنس) also spelled "burnoose", "bournous" or "barnous", from the Berber abernus via the Latin "Birrus" itself from the Greek βίρρος(birros) according to the Encyclopédie berbère[1], is a long cloak of coarse woollenfabric with a hood, usually white in color, worn by the Algerian Berbers first before it spread to other parts of the Maghreb region . The colour of the Burnous is white, beige, or dark brown. The white burnous is worn during important events and by people with high positions. The burnous became a distinctive part of the uniform of the French Army of Africa's Spahicavalry, recruited in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. It was also sometimes worn unofficially by officers or soldiers of other units in North Africa. The white burnous remains part of the parade uniform of the one remaining spahi regiment of the French Army: the 1st Spahi Regiment. Other names for a burnous include albornoz, sbernia, sberna, and bernusso.
Millionaires
- They are 163,000. That's roughly the number of millionaires living in Africa -- and the figure is rising rapidly. Most of them are based in Johannesburg, according to the latest AfrAsia Bank New World Wealth Report,which found that the South African city tops the list of millionaire hotspots with 23,400 individuals holding net assets worth at least $1 million. Cairo follows in second with 10,200, whilst the Nigerian megacity of Lagos has 9,100. Meanwhile, Accra is expected to see a 78% rise in millionaires by 2025 -- the highest increase anywhere in Africa.http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/18/africa/africa-millionaires-bimpe-nkontchou-interview/index.html?sr=cnnifb
ancient civilisation
International relations
- us and europe fight back as china's influence grows http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0e1a6852-1e55-11e4-ab52-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3FKapdIxV
Trade and investment environment
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21716031-what-century-old-german-ship-says-about-trade-modern-continent
- free trade zone
- http://africaecon.org/index.php/trade_agr/view_trade_agreement/22/0/_/5 The leaders of three African trading blocs signed an agreement to create a free trade zone of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $624bn (£382.9bn). The three blocs which struck the deal were the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (Comesa).
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e737a2b0-10dc-11e5-8413-00144feabdc0.html For all the talk there has been little action, and trade between Africa’s 54 nations has remained stubbornly low. The continent still predominantly relies on the export of raw materials and the import of finished products, primarily from China. Often African nations struggle to find a common voice as politics and regional and national interests stymie co-operation. But African officials say the dynamics are shifting as heads of state at an African Union summit in Johannesburg today formally launch negotiations for a continental free-trade area. They have set the target of 2017 for the agreement to be implemented. It is a highly ambitious goal in a hugely diverse continent. But Fatima Haram Acyl, AU commissioner for trade and industry, insists that the initiative is not mere rhetoric. African leaders, she says, realise that improving trade is critical to tackling the continent’s problems of unemployment, poverty and underdevelopment. She adds that Africa risks “missing the boat” as other regions push ahead with their own trade agreements. “It is happening now because there’s a huge realisation that even when you talk about the peace and security of this continent, some of these root causes [of instability] are really underdevelopment,” Ms Acyl told the Financial Times. “The more and more we talk about it, we find out our real strength lies in our unity.” A free-trade agreement would focus on breaking down trade barriers to improve the intracontinental flow of services and goods, while easing the movement of people by simplifying visa processes, she says.
- http://www.economist.com/news/21693562-africas-internal-trade-deals-look-good-paper-pity-they-are-rarely The Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA), which covers 26 African countries will create the biggest free-trade area on the continent, “from Cairo to the Cape”, as its supporters boast. Many in the developing world see global trade as rigged in favour of rich countries. But African regional integration is all the rage. The continent features 17 trade blocs. The TFTA aims to join up three of them: the East African Community (EAC), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). At a conference on African business on February 20th-21st in the Egyptian resort of Sharm el-Sheikh, several leaders called for a united African market. An abundance of borders has long divided the continent’s 54 countries, limiting economies of scale. Fixing common problems such as a shortage of roads takes teamwork—and in turn should lead to more integration. Average transport costs in Africa are twice the world average and are thought to harm trade on the continent more than tariffs and other barriers. A shame, then, that regional economic deals are often poorly implemented. An African firm selling goods on the continent still faces an average tariff rate of 8.7%, compared with 2.5% overseas, says the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). That is one reason why intra-African trade as a percentage of total African trade is well below what is seen in other poor regions (see chart). Nearly all African countries are party to more than one regional agreement. These overlapping allegiances can tie them in knots. Members of COMESA, for example, impose a common external tariff on goods of non-members. But several members are also in the SADC free-trade area, which requires lower tariffs on goods from some non-COMESA states. The TFTA is meant to iron out these differences, but the details are still to be decided. African countries vary in size, geography and resources, so trade deals affect each differently. Manufacturing tends to cluster in powerhouses such as Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. Small agricultural producers fear being swamped with food from larger neighbours. There are no mechanisms for helping the losers. So it is difficult to convince countries to make sacrifices in order to increase trade. Whether to protect their dominance or avoid hardship, most countries revert to protectionism. Take the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It is meant to be a customs union, but has an extensive list of exceptions. Two decades after it promised free movement of people, goods and transport, implementation is poor. East Africa does better, but Karim Sadek, the director of Rift Valley Railways in Kenya and Uganda, says that not having to stop at the border would make his life easier. “You get used to the inefficiencies.” Non-tariff barriers are not only an African problem. Product standards and rules of origin are used by America to block Mexican goods under NAFTA. But evidence cited by UNCTAD suggests that the reduction of tariffs in Africa has led to an increase in the use of other obstacles. In SADC such protectionism has resulted in more imports from non-SADC countries. Clothes, for example, are required to be both manufactured and sourced in SADC countries to qualify for preferences. Since few textiles are produced in the region, the rules have stifled trade in garments.
- https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724390-challenges-establishing-rule-law-why-justice-africa-slow-and
- financial
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-03/04/content_19711138.htm Carriers' success on the continent based on its shortage of affordable banking services As telecommunications carriers in Europe seek a share of the billions of dollars likely to flow tocompanies that build mobile-payment systems, Claudio Chiche has a few words of advice: AskAfrica for help.
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21702175-property-rights-are-still-wretchedly-insecure-africa-title-come
- economist 12sep2020 "parcels, plots and power" the unfulfilled potential of land reform in africa
Investment promotion
- list of IPAs
- http://www.africaglobalbusinessforum.com/sites/default/files/pictures/AfricanInvestmentPromotionAgencies-Logos.pdf
- ft 25sep18 "the scramble for african business"
Infrastructure
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21703399-notion-leapfrogging-poor-infrastructure-africa-needs-come-back-down-earth-look
Power supply
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21685504-electrification-plans-are-stalling-because-distributors-wont-pay-power-hungry
Hydroelectricity
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21688360-largest-hydroelectric-project-africa-has-so-far-produced-only-discord-egypt
ict
- https://ibmafricananswers.economist.com/the-digital-future-of-agriculture-in-africa/
Migration
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21693972-african-migrants-head-south-well-north-land-good-hope SOME African migrants forge across the Mediterranean in flimsy boats. Others take a somewhat less risky (and cheaper) journey, heading for the bright lights of South Africa. Unemployment may be a shocking 34% south of the Limpopo river, but there are still plenty of opportunities for those who are prepared to work hard.
Many migrants follow in the footsteps of their compatriots. Malawians and Mozambicans are often found tending lush suburban gardens. Somalis run tiny convenience stores, known as spaza shops, in black townships. Johannesburg’s “Little Addis” bustles with Ethiopian traders and the sound of Amharic. Congolese and Cameroonian vendors hawk cassava and plantains in Yeoville, another Johannesburg neighbourhood. Zimbabweans, who are typically better educated than their South African peers, can be found totting up company accounts, working as mining engineers or, failing that, waiting on tables. For many Africans, South Africa seems a stable, functional, prosperous place. It is also a potential stepping stone to the rest of the world.
People
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa]; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I of Central Africa and Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa, was a military officer and the head of state of the Central African Republic and its successor state, the Central African Empire, from his coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a subsequent coup (supported by France) on 20 September 1979. Of this period, he served almost eleven years (1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976) as president (the last four years aspresident for life), and for almost three years he reigned as self-proclaimed Emperor of Central Africa, though he was a military dictator. His "imperial" regime lasted from 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979. Following his overthrow, the Central African Republic was restored under his predecessor, David Dacko. Bokassa's imperial title did not achieve international diplomatic recognition. Born in French Equatorial Africa, the son of a village chief, Bokassa was orphaned at age 12. Educated in mission schools, he joined theFrench colonial army in 1939 as a private. He distinguished himself in the war in Indochina, winning medals and rising to the rank of captain. When French Equatorial Africa gained its independence as the Central African Republic in 1960, the new president David Dacko, who was his distant cousin, invited Bokassa to head the armed forces.[1] In 1966, Bokassa used his position to oust Dacko and declared himself president. He then began a reign of terror, taking all important government posts for himself.[2] He personally supervised judicial beatings and introduced a rule that thieves would have an ear cut off for the first two offenses and a hand for the third. In December 1976, in emulation of his heroNapoleon, he appointed himself emperor of the Central African Empire, with a coronation ceremony in 1977 costing US$20 million ($80 million today), practically bankrupting the country. His diamond-encrusted crown alone cost $5 million ($20 million today).[2] In 1979 he had hundreds of schoolchildren arrested for refusing to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. Bokassa was reported to have personally supervised the massacre of 100 of the schoolchildren by his Imperial Guard. On 20 September 1979, French paratroopers deposed him and re-installed Dacko as president. Bokassa went into exile in France where he had a chateau and other property bought with the money he had embezzled. After his overthrow in 1979, Central Africa reverted to its former name and status as the Central African Republic. In his absence, he was tried and sentenced to death. He returned to the Central African Republic in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder. In 1987, he was cleared of charges of cannibalism, but found guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes. The death sentence was later commuted to life in solitary confinement, but just six years later, in 1993, he was freed. He lived a private life in his former capital, Bangui, and died in November 1996.
- Rich people
Clans/tribes
- Berbers or Amazighs (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ Imaziɣen, singular: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ Amaziɣ/Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa. They are distributed in an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River. Historically, they spoke Berber languages, which together form the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Since the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the seventh century, a large number of Berbers inhabiting the Maghreb have acquired different degrees of knowledge of varieties of the languages of North Africa. After the colonization of North Africa by France, "the French government succeeded in integrating the French language in Algeria by making French the official national language and requiring all education to take place in French."[30] Foreign languages, mainly French and to some degree Spanish, inherited from former European colonial powers, are used by most educated Berbers in Algeria and Morocco in some formal contexts, such as higher education or business. Today, most Berber people live in North Africa, mainly in Libya, Algeria, and Morocco; Small Berber populations are also found in Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Tunisia, Burkina Faso and Egypt, as well as large immigrant communities living in France, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and other countries of Europe. The majority of Berbers are predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- The name Berber derives from an ancient Egyptian language term meaning "outlander" or variations thereof. The exonym was later adopted by the Greeks, with a similar connotation. Among its oldest written attestations, Berber appears as an ethnonym in the 1st century AD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Despite these early manuscripts, certain modern scholars have argued that the term only emerged around 900 AD in the writings of Arab genealogists, with Maurice Lenoir positing an 8th or 9th century date of appearance. The English term was introduced in the 19th century, replacing the earlier Barbary. The Berbers are the Mauri cited by the Chronicle of 754 during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, to become since the 11th century the catch-all term Moros (in Spanish; Moors in English) on the charters and chronicles of the expanding Christian Iberian kingdoms to refer to the Andalusi, the north Africans, and the Muslims overall.
- For nearly 250 years, Berber kings of the 'House of Masinissa' ruled in Numidia, which included much of Tunisia, and later in adjacent regions, first as sovereigns allied with Rome and then eventually as Roman clients. This period commenced with the defeat of Carthage by the Roman Army, assisted by Berber cavalry led by Masinissa at the Battle of Zama in 202, and it lasted until the year 40, during the reign of the Roman Emperor Gaius, also known as Caligula (37–41). During the Second Punic War (218–201) Rome entered into an alliance with Masinissa, the son of a Berber tribal leader. Masinissa had been driven out of his ancestral realm by a Carthage-backed Berber rival. Following the Roman victory at Zama, Masinissa (r.202–148) was celebrated as a "friend of the Roman people". He became king of Numidia and ruled for over fifty years. For seven generations his line of kings continued its relationship with an increasingly powerful Roman state. During this era, the Berbers ruled over many cities as well as extensive land, and the peoples under their governance prospered. Municipal and civic affairs were organized using a combination of Punic and Berber political traditions. One descendant king, a grandson of Masinissa, Jugurtha (r. 118–105), successfully attacked his cousin kings, who were also allies of Rome, and in the course of a long struggle he became an enemy of Rome. In the Roman civil wars after the fall of the Roman Republic (44 BC), Berber kings were courted by the contending political factions for their military support. Berber kings continued to reign, but had become merely clients of Imperial Rome. One such Berber king married the daughter of Cleopatra of Egypt. He and his son, the last two Berber kings (reigns: 25 BC–40 AD), were not accepted by many of their Berber subjects. During this period, Roman settlers were increasingly taking the traditional pasture lands of transhumant Berber tribes for their own use as farms. The commoner Tacfarinas raised a revolt in defense of Berber land rights and became a great tribal chief as a result of his insurgency (17-24 AD) against Rome.
- Circa 220 BC, three large Berber kingdoms had arisen. Markedly influenced by Punic civilization, they had nonetheless endured as separate Berber entities, their culture surviving throughout the long reign of Carthage. West to east these kingdoms were: (1) the Mauri (in modern Morocco) under king Baga; (2) the Masaesyli (in northern Algeria) under Syphax, who then controlled two capitals: to the west Siga (near modern Oran) and to the east Cirta (modern Constantine); and (3) the Massyli (south of Cirta, west and south of nearby Carthage), ruled by Gala [Gaia] (the father of Masinissa). Following the Second Punic War, Massyli and eastern Masaesyli were joined to become Numidia, located in historic Tunisia. Here Masinissa ruled and reigned. Both Rome and the Hellenic states gave Masinissa the honors befitting an admired king.
- https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/algerias-ancient-pyramid-tombs-still-shrouded-mystery-doc-1bx7no1 Dating back centuries, Algeria's pyramid tombs are unique relics of an ancient era but a dearth of research has left the Jeddars shrouded in mystery. The 13 monuments, whose square stone bases are topped with angular mounds, are perched on a pair of hills near the city of Tiaret, some 250 kilometres (155 miles) southwest of the capital Algiers.Constructed between the fourth and seventh centuries, the tombs are believed by some scholars to have been built as final resting places for Berber royalty -- although nobody knows who truly laid within.
- note that the berberist flag has sign that resembles that of MTR corp
- according to Bachir Bensaddek, berbers talked by starting with arabic and end with french
- language
- Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. Bantu is a major branch of the Niger–Congo language family spoken by most populations in Africa. There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility,[2] though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and Ethnologuecounts 535 languages.The word Bantu, and its variations, means "people" or "humans". The root in Proto-Bantu is reconstructed as *-ntu. Versions of the word Bantu (that is, the root plus the class 2 noun class prefix *ba-) occur in all Bantu languages: for example, as watu in Swahili; bantu in Kikongo; anthu in Chichewa;batu in Lingala; bato in Kiluba; bantu in Duala; abanto in Gusii; andũ in Kamba and Kikuyu; abantu in Kirundi, Zulu, Xhosa, Runyakitara, and Ganda; wandru in Shingazidja; abantru in Mpondo and Ndebele; bãtfu in Phuthi; bantfu in Swati; banuin Lala; vanhu in Shona and Tsonga; batho in Sesotho, Tswana and Northern Sotho; antu in Meru; andu in Embu; vandu in some Luhya dialects; vhathu in Venda; and mbaityo in Tiv.
- https://www.quora.com/How-different-are-Berber-languages-from-Semitic-languages The Berber languages are extremely distantly related to Semitic languages. There is a little bit of similarity in grammar to Semitic languages, but native Berber words are almost never similar to Semitic words. But Berber languages have some ancient words borrowed from the Punic language, which was a Semitic language that was spoken on the northern coast of Africa, including the large city Carthago. Later, with the Arab conquests of north Africa, and the conversion of Berbers to Islam, the Berber languages borrowed plenty of words from Arabic. Some borrowed a very large number of words, some fewer words, but still plenty. And Arabic is of course a Semitic language too, like Punic. Punic became extinct quite a number of centuries ago, some time after the Roman conquest. So no language can borrow words from Punic now. But Berber languages continue to borrow words from Arabic.
- Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savanna south of the Central African rain-forest. In Southern Africa on the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, the largest of over 200 such sites in Southern Africa, such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation among Bantu peoples increased in frequency. Some examples of such Bantu states include: in Central Africa, the Kingdom of Kongo,[21] Lunda Empire,[22] and Luba Empire[23] of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo; in the Great Lakes Region, the Buganda[24] and Karagwe[24] Kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania; and in Southern Africa, the Mutapa Empire,[25] Rozwi Empire,[26] and the Danamombe, Khami, and Naletale Kingdoms of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Toward the 18th and 19th centuries, the flow of Zanj (Bantu) slaves from Southeast Africa increased with the rise of the Omani Sultanate of Zanzibar, based in Zanzibar, Tanzania. With the arrival of European colonialists, the Zanzibar Sultanate came into direct trade conflict and competition with Portuguese and other Europeans along the Swahili Coast, leading eventually to the fall of the Sultanate and the end of slave trading on the Swahili Coast in the mid-19th century.
- The Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya. They speak the Bantu Kikuyu language as a mother tongue. The term Kikuyu is the Swahili form of the native pronunciation Gĩkũyũ. They are also referred to as the Agĩkũyũ or Nyũmba ya Mũmbi meaning House Of The Potter or Creator. Gĩkũyũ literally means a huge sycamore (mũkũyũ) tree and Agĩkũyũ thus literally refers to the children of the huge sycamore.
- The Meru, Amîîrú, "Ameru" or Ngaa people are a Bantu ethnic group that inhabit the Meru region of Kenya on the fertile lands of north and eastern slopes of Mount Kenya, in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. The name "Meru" refers to both the people and the region, which for many years was the only administrative unit. In 1992, the Greater Meru was divided into three administrative units: Meru Central, Meru North (Nyambene), and Tharaka-Nithi (Tharaka and Meru South). After the promulgation of a new constitution in Kenya on 27 August 2010, the Greater Meru was further re-defined and now consists of the twin counties of Tharaka-Nithi and Meru.The Ngaa people are of Bantu origin. Like the closely related Kikuyu, Embu and Mbeere they are concentrated in the vicinity of Mount Kenya. The exact place that the Ameru ancestors migrated from after the initial Bantu expansion from West Africa is uncertain.Du manière générale, les Meru possèdent l'une des histoires orales les plus détaillées et les plus étonnantes des tribus du Kenya. Elle est également très intrigante, du moins d'un point de vue occidental, étant donné qu'elle contient des similarités bibliques fortes qui laissent à penser qu'ils ont pu composer l'une des tribus d'Israël ou qu'ils ont pu adopter un temps la religion judaïque, à l'instar des Falashas d'Éthiopie aujourd'hui. Cette histoire inclut une grande part de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament : un bébé dans un panier de roseaux qui devient un chef et un prophète, le massacre de nouveau-nés par un roi tyrannique, un exode, l'écartement et la traversée des eaux par une nation tout entière, la représentation d'Aaronsous la forme d'une lance magique, la figure du chef comparable à Moïse, des références à l'Égypte antique (Misiri), etc.
- The Northern Ndebele people (Northern Ndebele: amaNdebele) are a Bantu-speaking nation and ethnic group in Southern Africa, who share a common Ndebele culture and Ndebele language (isiNdebele) . The Northern Ndebele were historically referred to as the Matabele which derives from the Sesotho expression thebele, indicating people who sheltered behind tall cowhide shields. The term Bathebele was applied to at least two Nguni-speaking groups who settled in the region later called the Transvaal, long before the Mfecane. Although the amaNdebele of Mzilikazi used the much smaller cowhide shields and short stabbing assegai of King Shaka’s army, they also were called Bathebele, which in isiNguni was rendered as amaNdebele. The history of the Northern Ndebele began when a Nguni group split from King Shaka in the early 19th century under the leadership of Mzilikazi, a former chief in his kingdom and ally. Under his command the disgruntled abaNguni went on to conquer and rule the chiefdoms of the Southern Ndebele. This was where the name and identity of the eventual kingdom was adopted.
- ft 13aug19 expat throw zimbabwe economic life line - omalayitsha means transporters in ndebele language
- 胡图族 The Hutu /ˈhuːtuː/, also known as the Abahutu, are a Bantu ethnic or social group native to the African Great Lakes region of Africa, an area now primarily in Burundi and Rwanda. They mainly live in Rwanda, Burundi, and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where they form one of the principal ethnic groups alongside the Tutsi and the Twa.
- people
- Pierre Nkurunziza, president of burundi 2005-2020
- The Tswana (Tswana: Batswana, singular Motswana) are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group who are native to Southern Africa.Batswana are the native people of south-western Botswana, Gauteng, North West and some parts of Northern Cape provinces of South Africa where the majority of Batswana are located.Bogobe is a porridge made from sorghum or millet which can be prepared differently to make various porridges. The most popular sorghum porridge is Ting.[20] Bogobe jwa Logala/Sengana is a traditional Setswana dish prepared from sorghum porridge mixed/cooked with milk. Seswaa is Botswana's national dish and is often served at weddings, funerals, and other celebrations. Seswaa is a pounded or shredded meat and often served with Bogobe (Porridge). Madila is a sour cultured milk a primitive form of cheese curd prepared from cow and goat milk over a period of time until fully matured for consumption. Segankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu)
- Lozi people, or Barotse, are a southern African Bantu speaking ethnic group who speak Lozi or Silozi a Sotho-Tswana language. The Lozi people consist of more than 46 different ethnic groups and are primarily situated in western Zambia, inhabiting the region of Barotseland.Lozi is also a nationality of the people of Barotseland. It is one of the many East African tribes. The Lozi people number approxThe word Lozi means 'plain' in the Makololo language, in reference to the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi on and around which most Lozi live. It may also be spelled Lotse or Rotse, the spelling Lozi having originated with German missionaries in what is now Namibia. Mu- and Ba- are corresponding singular and plural prefixes for certain nouns in the Silozi language, so Murotse means 'person of the plain' while Barotse means 'people of the plain.imately 3,575,000. Lozi are also found in Zambia, Namibia(Caprivi Strip), Angola, Botswana, Mozambique(50,000), and Zimbabwe (8,000). The Lozi are also known as the Malozi, Nyambe, Makololo, Barotose, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, or Tozvi.Lozi society is highly stratified, with a monarch at the top and those of recent royal descent occupying high positions in society.
- language
- Chewa (/ˈtʃɛwə/), also known as Nyanja (/ˈnjændʒə/), is a language of the Bantu language family. The noun class prefix chi- is used for languages,[4] so the language is usually called Chichewa and Chinyanja (spelled Cinianja in Mozambique). In Malawi, the name was officially changed from Chinyanja to Chichewa in 1968 at the insistence of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (himself of the Chewa tribe), and this is still the name most commonly used in Malawi today.[5] In Zambia, the language is generally known as Nyanja or Cinyanja/Chinyanja '(language) of the lake' (referring to Lake Malawi).
- Swahili, also known as Kiswahili (translation: language of the Swahili people), is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of eastern and south-eastern Africa, including Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Comorian, spoken in the Comoros Islands is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Swahili, though other authorities consider it a distinct language.Its old name was Kingozi, but as traders came from Arab countries, their vocabulary intermingled with the language. It was originally written in Arabic script.Its name came from Arabic: سَاحِل sāħil = "coast", broken plural سَوَاحِل sawāħil = "coasts", سَوَاحِلِىّ sawāħilï = "of coasts".
- island of Lamu, close to Kenya’s northern coast, which is an epicentre of Swahili culture in East Africa https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3018489/china-meets-resistance-over-kenya-coal-plant-test-its-african
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201908/22/WS5d5ded0ba310cf3e35567377.html The Southern Africa Development Community, or SADC, has adopted Kiswahili as its fourth official language. Other SADC official languages are English, Portuguese and French.The decision was announced at a recent summit of 16 southern African heads of state in Tanzania. Kiswahili is already an official language in Tanzania, Kenya and Rwanda and of the African Union. It's also used in some parts of central and southern Africa. John Magufuli, chairman of SADC, made his speech in Kiswahili at the summit, appealing to the heads of state to fast-track the adoption of the language. According to a summit communique, the leaders approved Kiswahili as the fourth SADC official working language, in recognition of the contribution of the former Tanzanian President Julius Kambarage Nyerere's role in the liberation struggle of southern Africa.
- The Fula people or Fulani or Fulɓe (Fula:Fulɓe; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara:Fulaw), numbering approximately 20 million people in total, are one of the most widely dispersed and culturally diverse of the peoples of Africa. The Fulani are bound together by the Fula language/Fulfulde as well as by some basic cultural elements such as thepulaaku, a code of conduct common to all Fulani groups. A significant proportion of their number, (an estimated 13 million), are nomadic, making them the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world.[6] Spread over many countries, they are found mainly in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa, but also in Sudan and Egypt.
- Heckles and eyebrows are rising at the news that Disney Corporation has trademarked the Swahili tagline “hakuna matata” from the film The Lion King. First popularised in 1982 in the song Jambo Bwanafrom the Kenyan band Them Mushrooms, then Disneyfied a decade later, the phrase roughly translates to “no worries”. Though Disney applied for the trademark when the movie came out in 1994, a petition was launched asking us to “say no to Disney or any corporations/individuals looking to trademark languages, terms or phrases they didn’t invent”. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/21/trademarking-hakuna-matata-disney-africa-lion-king, see also economist 22dec18 issue
- according to david attenborough, jumbo (name of elephant shipped to uk in 19thc) in swahili means hello
- safari means journey in swahili
- appen recruit people in hk speaking fulani
- The Aja are a group of people native to south-western Benin and south-eastern Togo. According to oral tradition, the Aja migrated to southern Benin in the 12th or 13th centuries from Tado on the Mono River, and c. 1600, three brothers, Kokpon, Do-Aklin, and Te-Agdanlin, split the ruling of the region then occupied by the Aja amongst themselves: Kokpon took the capital city of Great Ardra, reigning over the Allada kingdom; Do-Aklin founded Abomey, which would become capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey; and Te-Agdanlin founded Little Ardra, also known as Ajatche, later called Porto Novo (literally, "New Port") by Portuguese traders and the current capital city of Benin.Those Aja living in Abomey mingled with the local tribe, thus creating a new people known as the Fon, or "Dahomey" ethnic group. This group is now the largest in Benin. Another source claims the Aja were the rulers of Dahomey (Benin) until 1893, when the French conquered them.[citation needed] Currently, there are approximately 500,000 Ajas in an area straddling the border between Benin and Togo, 50 kilometres (30 miles) long and 30 km (20 mi) wide.
The Aja speak a language known as Aja-Gbe, or simply 'Aja'; only 1-5% are literate in their native tongue. According to one source, voodoo originated with the Aja. There are three dialects: Tàgóbé (in Togo only), Dògóbè (in Benin only), and Hwègbè (in both countries). Many are trilingual, also speaking French and Fongbe, the lingua-franca of southern Benin, while Ewe is spoken as a second language by those Aja living in Togo and Ghana.
- The Fon people, also called Fon nu, Agadja or Dahomey, are a major West African ethnic and linguistic group.[1][2] They are the largest ethnic group in Benin found particularly in its south region; they are also found in southwest Nigeria and Togo. Their total population is estimated to be about 3,500,000 people, and they speak the Fon language, a member of the Niger-Congo language group. The history of the Fon people is linked to the Dahomey kingdom, a well organized kingdom by the 17th-century but one that shared more ancient roots with the Aja people.[2] The Fon people traditionally were a culture of an oral tradition and had a well developed polytheistic religious system.[3] They were noted by early 19th-century European traders for their N'Nonmiton practice or Dahomey Amazons – which empowered their women to serve in the military, who decades later fought the French colonial forces in 1890. Most Fon today live in villages and small towns in mud houses with corrugated iron gable roofs. Cities built by the Fon include Abomey, the historical capital city of Dahomey, and Ouidah on what was historically referred to by Europeans as the Slave Coast. These cities became major commercial centres for the slave trade. A significant portion of the sugar plantations in the French West Indies, particularly Haiti and Trinidad, were populated with slaves that came from the Slave Coast, through the lands of Ewe and Fon people.- The Teke people, or Bateke, are a Bantu Central African ethnic group that speak the Teke languages. Its population is situated mainly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and with a minority in Gabon. Omar Bongo, who was President of Gabon in the late 20th century, was a Teke. The name of the tribe shows what the occupation of the tribe was: trading. The word teke means 'to buy'. The economy of the Teke is mainly based on farming maize, millet and tobacco, but the Teke are also hunters, skilled fishermen and traders. The Teke lived in an area across Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon.
- The Ewe people (Ewe: Eʋeawó, lit. "Ewe people"; or Mono Kple Volta Tɔ́sisiwo Dome, lit. "Ewe nation","Eʋenyigba" Eweland;) are an African ethnic group. The largest population of Ewe people is in Ghana with (3.3m) people, and the second largest population in Togo with (2m) people [5] .[1] They speak the Ewe language (Ewe: Eʋegbe) which belongs to the Niger-Congo Gbe family of languages. They are related to other speakers of Gbe languages, such as, the Yoruba people, Fon, Gen, Phla Phera, and the Aja people of Togo and Benin.
- The Ga-Adangme, Gã-Adaŋbɛ, Ga-Dangme, or GaDangme are an ethnic group in Ghana and Togo. The Ga and Adangbe people are grouped respectively as part of the Ga–Dangme ethnolinguistic group.
- coffin craft china daily 9aug18
- hornrd helmet (catslogue of galerie bernard dulon
- https://www.academia.edu/33977463/History_of_Xitsonga-Speaking_Tribes
- https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/06/tsonga-people-south-african-peaceful.html
- Nkuna is a tribe that joined the Vanhlave from Zulu land, Nkuna settled on Rikhotso’s land then moved to Bokgaha land where he expanded and gave birth to clans such as Risimati, Xikwambana, Mbalati, Maxele, Mboweni and Mukhari.
- any relation? there are people with surname tsongas eg niki tsongas (member of us house of representatives) assisted by chinese liu wei
- The Kakwa people rose to international prominence when one of their descendant General Idi Amin assumed the power in Uganda through a coup.[3] He filled important military and civil positions in his administration with his ethnic group,[3][4][self-published source][5] and Nubians.[6] He arrested and killed officials from other ethnic groups such as the Acholi and Lango people, whom he doubted.[1] Idi Amin also supplied arms and financed the Sudanese Kakwa people in the first civil war of Sudan.[7] The Kakwa officials in Idi Amin regime were later accused of many humanitarian crimes. After Amin was deposed in 1979, many Kakwa people were killed in revenge killings, causing others to leave the area and fled to Sudan. However, they have now returned to their native areas in the West Nile region of northern Uganda.
- according to jiao sheng (3mar19 issue) the kakwa people apologised to acholi people (for wrongdoings to janani luwum)
-阿乔利人Acoli are a Nilo-Shemetic Luo ethnic group who migrated from Bhar el Ghazal South Sudan Magwi County and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acoliland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). It is mutually intelligible with Lango, Alur and other Luo languages. The Luo language and dialect is spoken by the Luo groups who are currently settled in various locations including western Kenya, Eastern Uganda, Acholiland, West Nile in Uganda, and South Sudan. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek in Acholi, and later translated to English.
- The Makonde are an ethnic group in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique. The Makonde developed their culture on the Mueda Plateau in Mozambique. At present they live throughout Tanzania and Mozambique, and have a small presence in Kenya.The Makonde successfully resisted predation by African, Arab, and European slavers. They did not fall under colonial power until the 1920s. During the 1960s the revolution which drove the Portuguese out of Mozambique was launched from the Makonde homeland of the Mueda Plateau. For a time the revolutionary movement FRELIMO derived some of its financial support from the sale of Makonde carvings, and the group became the backbone of the revolutionary movement. The Maconde of Mozambique, due to their role in the resistance to Portuguese colonial rule, remain an influential group in the politics of the country. They speak Makonde, also known as ChiMakonde, a Bantu language closely related to Yao.[6] Many speak other languages such as English in Tanzania, Portuguese in Mozambique, and Swahili and Makua in both countries.[6] The Makonde are traditionally a matrilineal society where children and inheritances belong to women, and husbands move into the village of their wives. Their traditional religion is an animistic form of ancestor worship and still continues, although Makonde of Tanzania are nominally Muslim and those of Mozambique are Catholic or Muslim. In Makonde rituals, when a girl becomes a woman, Muidini is the best dancer out of the group of girls undergoing the rituals. The Makonde are best known for their wood carvings, primarily made of blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon, or mpingo), and their observances of puberty.
- helmet mask
- yacuba
- https://www.artsy.net/artwork/anonymous-master-makonde-helmet-mask (note by me - a hinge of orient feel)
- https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5320584
- singtao 9amy19 wanhoi article tribe has close relationship with catfish, even treat them as deity
- ****bochimans in french [collins robert french dictionary]
- trance dance (www.discoverbotswanathebook.biz)
- [mcintyre] language - in namibia, 3 main bushmen language groups are the haixom in northern districts of otavi, tsumeb and grootfontein; the!kung in bushmanland; mbarankwengo in west caprivi. Outpost of tsumkwe is the centre for many of the bushmen communities in namibia.Bushmen are not nomads, they have clearly defined territories called n!ore within which they forage. Trance dancing - trances induced by a deliberate breathing technique. (note by me - that there is a swedish pop group called trance dance active in 1980s)
- notable people
- ********芳人（Fang），非洲中西部民族，屬於班圖尼格羅人種，又稱帕胡因人（Pahouin）、龐圭人、芳維人 The Fang people, also known as Fãn or Pahouin, are a Central African ethnic group found in Equatorial Guinea, northern Gabon, and southern Cameroon.[2][1] Representing about 85% of the total population of Equatorial Guinea, concentrated in the Río Muni region, the Fang people are its largest ethnic group.[3] The Fang are also the largest ethnic group in Gabon, making up about a quarter of the population. In other countries, in the regions they live, they are one of the most significant and influential ethnic groups.The Fang people speak the Fang language, also known as Pahouin or Pamue or Pangwe. The language is a Southern Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages.[5] The Fang language is similar and intelligible with languages spoken by Beti-Pahuin peoples, namely the Beti people to their north and the Bulu people in central. Their largest presence is in the southern regions, up to the Ogooué River estuary where anthropologists refer them also as "Fang proper".They have preserved their history largely through a musical oral tradition.[6] Many Fang people are fluent in Spanish, French, German and English, a tradition of second language they developed during the Spanish colonial rule in Equatorial Guinea, the French colonial rule in Gabon and the German-later-French colonial rule in Cameroon.The Fang people are relatively recent migrants into the Equatorial Guinea, and many of them moved from central Cameroon in the 19th century.Early ethnologists conjectured them to be Nilotic peoples from the upper Nile area, but a combination of evidence now places them to be of Bantu origins who began moving back into Africa around the seventh or eighth century possibly because of invasions from the north and the wars of West Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.[1] Their migration may be related to an attempt to escape the violence of slave raiding by the Hausa people,[1][7] but this theory has been contested.The Fang people were victims of the large transatlantic and trans-Saharan slave trade between the 16th and 19th century. They were stereotyped as cannibals by slave traders and missionaries, in part because human skulls and bones were found in open or in wooden boxes near their villages, a claim used to justify violence against them and their enslavement.[1] When their villages were raided, thousands of their wooden idols and villages were burnt by the slave raiders.[3] Later ethnologists who actually spent time with the Fang people later discovered that the Fang people were not cannibalistic, the human bones in open and wooden boxes were of their ancestors, and were Fang people's method of routine remembrance and religious reverence for their dead loved ones.
- lungu is also a surname
- e.g. HE Mr Edgar chagwa lungu, president of republic of zambia
- Lungu is a village in Estonia.
language
- Most people in Africa speak three languages. They have their respective tribal language, and most African countries have dozens of those; I think Nigeria tops the list with no less than 250 different languages. Then they speak a trade language: the most widely used is kiSwahili. Then they speak an administrative language, which is usually the old colonial language.https://www.quora.com/Why-did-African-countries-never-replace-their-colonial-language-with-their-local-native-language-to-create-more-pride-for-their-nationality
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-reasonably-accepted-estimates-of-when-Proto-Niger-Congo-and-Proto-Nilo-Saharan-were-spoken-and-what-triggered-their-huge-expansion-in-Africa
- Xhosa (English: /ˈkɔːsə/ or /ˈkoʊsə/;[6][7][8] Xhosa: isiXhosa [isikǁʰɔ́ːsa]) is a Nguni Bantu language with click consonants ("Xhosa" begins with a click) and one of the official languages of South Africa.[9] Although not widely spoken there, it is also an official language of Zimbabwe.[10] "Xhosa is spoken as a first language by 8.2 million people and by 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape Province. Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (Ethnologue)".[11] Like most other Bantu languages, Xhosa is a tonal language;[12] the same sequence of consonants and vowels can have different meanings, depending on intonation. Xhosa has two tones: high and low.Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, though the most widely spoken African language is Zulu.
- appen recruits people in hk who speaks xhosa language
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Egyptian-language-the-only-Afro-Asiatic-isolate-language-like-the-Armenian-Albanian-etc-are-Indo-European-isolate-languages note the map of languages
- economist 6apr19 "the word on the kona" political slang in africa
- french
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-French-given-names-and-surnames-so-uncommon-in-the-former-French-North-Africa-compared-to-the-countries-of-the-former-French-West-Africa
costume
- A burnous (Berber languages: ⴰⴱⵔⵏⵓⵙ, Arabic: برنس) also spelled "burnoose", "bournous" or "barnous", from the Berber abernus via the Latin "Birrus" itself from the Greek βίρρος(birros) according to the Encyclopédie berbère[1], is a long cloak of coarse woollenfabric with a hood, usually white in color, worn by the Algerian Berbers first before it spread to other parts of the Maghreb region . The colour of the Burnous is white, beige, or dark brown. The white burnous is worn during important events and by people with high positions. The burnous became a distinctive part of the uniform of the French Army of Africa's Spahicavalry, recruited in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. It was also sometimes worn unofficially by officers or soldiers of other units in North Africa. The white burnous remains part of the parade uniform of the one remaining spahi regiment of the French Army: the 1st Spahi Regiment. Other names for a burnous include albornoz, sbernia, sberna, and bernusso.
Millionaires
- They are 163,000. That's roughly the number of millionaires living in Africa -- and the figure is rising rapidly. Most of them are based in Johannesburg, according to the latest AfrAsia Bank New World Wealth Report,which found that the South African city tops the list of millionaire hotspots with 23,400 individuals holding net assets worth at least $1 million. Cairo follows in second with 10,200, whilst the Nigerian megacity of Lagos has 9,100. Meanwhile, Accra is expected to see a 78% rise in millionaires by 2025 -- the highest increase anywhere in Africa.http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/18/africa/africa-millionaires-bimpe-nkontchou-interview/index.html?sr=cnnifb
ancient civilisation
- nubia
- Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It was one of the earliest civilizations of ancientNortheastern Africa, with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward (through Nubian monuments and artifacts, as well as written records from Egypt and Rome), and was home to one of the African empires. There were a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout thePostclassical Era, the last of which collapsed in 1504, when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate, resulting in theArabization of much of the Nubian population. Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century, and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956. The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people, nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom ofMeroë. The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, ancestral to Old Nubian. Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD. Before the 4th century, and throughout classical antiquity, Nubia was known as Kush, or, in Classical Greek usage, included under the name Ethiopia (Aithiopia). Historically, the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group, a subfamily that includes Nobiin (the descendant of Old Nubian), Kenuzi-Dongola, Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan. Until at least 1970, theBirgid language was spoken north of Nyala in Darfur, but is now extinct.
- The Nubian people are descended from an ancient African civilisation that once ruled a large empire, including all of Egypt for a brief period. For thousands of years they have lived on the banks of the Nile river, from southern Egypt to northern Sudan. Christianity penetrated the region in the 4th century, but most Nubians converted to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries, as they came under the sway of Arab powers. When Sudan seceded from Egypt in 1956, the Nubian community was split between the two countries.http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21707224-nubians-have-given-much-egypt-time-country-give-back-let-them
- The Blemmyes (Latin Blemmyae) were a nomadic Beja tribal kingdom that existed from at least 600 BC to the 3rd century AD in Nubia. They were described in Roman histories of the later empire, with the Emperor Diocletian enlisting Nobatae mercenaries from the Western Desert oases to safeguard Aswan, the empire's southern frontier, from raids by the Blemmyes. They also became fictionalized as a legendary race of Acephali (headless) monsters who had eyes and mouths on their chest.
- mentioned in 山海經
- The Kingdom of Benin, also known as the Benin Kingdom, was a pre-colonial kingdom in what is now southern Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City in Edo state. It should not be confused with the modern-day Republic of Benin, formerly the Republic of Dahomey. The Benin Kingdom was "one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE",[2] until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897.
- The Almohad Caliphate (British English /almə(ʊ)ˈhɑːd/, U.S. English /ɑlməˈhɑd/; Berber: ⵉⵎⵡⴻⵃⵃⴷⴻⵏ (Imweḥḥden), from Arabic الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidūn), "the monotheists" or "the unifiers") was a Moroccan[5][6] Berber Muslim movement founded in the 12th century.[7] The Almohad movement was started by Ibn Tumart among the Masmuda tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains in roughly 1120.[7] They succeeded in overthrowing the ruling Almoravids in governing Morocco by 1147, when Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi (r. 1130–1163) conquered Marrakech and declared himself Caliph. They then extended their power over all of the Maghreb by 1159. Al-Andalus followed the fate of North Africa and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.[8] The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian princes of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Cordova and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the Marinids in 1215. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the WesternMaghreb.
- The Oba of Benin is the traditional ruler of the Edo people and all Edoid people and head of the historic Eweka dynasty of the Benin Empire - a West African empire centred on Benin City, in modern-day Nigeria. The ancient Benin homeland (not to be confused with the modern-day and unrelated Republic of Benin, which was then known as Dahomey) has been and continues to be mostly populated by the Edo (also known as the Bini or Benin ethnic group). The title of Oba was used after the Ogiso title and was created by Oranmiyan, Benin Empire's first "Oba". Oba Eweka I, Oranmiyan's son, is said to have ascended to power at some time between 1280 and 1300. The Oba of Benin was the Head of State (Emperor) of the Benin Empire until the Empire's annexation by the British, in 1897. In 1897, the British launched a Punitive or Imperialist Expedition, deposed and exiled the then Oba Ovonramwen, taking control of the area in order to establish the British colony of Nigeria. The expedition was mounted to avenge the defeat by the Binis of a British invasion force that had violated Benin territory earlier in 1896. It consisted of both indigenous soldiers and British officers, and is still remembered by the Edos with horror today. Under the pretext of covering for the cost of the expedition, the Benin royal art was stolen and auctioned off by the British. Ovonramwen died in 1914, his throne never having been restored to him. His son, grandson and now his great-grandson, however, all preserved their title and status as traditional rulers in modern-day Nigeria.
- art
- The Benin Bronzes are a group of more than a thousand metal plaques and sculptures that decorated the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin in what is now modern-day Nigeria. Collectively, the objects form the best known examples of Benin art, created from the thirteenth century onwards, by the Edo people, which also included other sculptures in brass or bronze, including some famous portrait heads and smaller pieces.
- ******** http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/rmAT6B7zTZCGACd7i7l6Wg The figure at the centre of this brass plaque is the oba - the king of Benin in Nigeria. In the background on either side of the oba are two tiny figures, identified as Portuguese traders, characterised by their long hair and European-style hats. Two attendants kneel beside the oba, indicating the hierarchical nature of royal power in Benin. In pre-Colonial times the king was regarded as the highest political and religious authority and respected as the representative of the ancestors. The kingdom of Benin dominated trade with Europeans on the Nigerian coast from the late 1400s to the end of the 1900s. When Portuguese traders arrived in Benin in the 1400s they brought brass bracelets, known as manillas, to exchange for pepper, ivory and slaves. The artists of Benin transformed this European brass into plaques to decorate the oba's palace. When these plaques were first seen in Europe in the late 1890s they astounded art critics who couldn't believe that such technically accomplished sculptures were created by African artists.
- The Almohad Caliphate (British English /almə(ʊ)ˈhɑːd/, U.S. English /ɑlməˈhɑd/; Berber: ⵉⵎⵡⴻⵃⵃⴷⴻⵏ (Imweḥḥden), from Arabic الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidūn), "the monotheists" or "the unifiers") was a Moroccan[5][6] Berber Muslim movement founded in the 12th century.[7] The Almohad movement was started by Ibn Tumart among the Masmuda tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains in roughly 1120.[7] They succeeded in overthrowing the ruling Almoravids in governing Morocco by 1147, when Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi (r. 1130–1163) conquered Marrakech and declared himself Caliph. They then extended their power over all of the Maghreb by 1159. Al-Andalus followed the fate of North Africa and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.[8] The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian princes of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Cordova and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the Marinids in 1215. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the WesternMaghreb.
History
- The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.
- By adopting an overall plan for the development of education at all levels, the May 1961 Addis Ababa Conference on education in African countries marked a strategic turning point in respect of goals (6) with the integration of primary education into the framework of global educational planning to the systematic development of which UNESCO devoted great efforts. (7) Between 1960 and 1970, with the support of the United Nations Special Fund, and then of UNDP on the one hand, and UNICEF on the other, UNESCO was to launch national primary education projects in about fifty countries in the different regions.
Islam
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa LAST June, a few months after Chadian forces had crossed into Nigeria to fight the Islamist insurgents of Boko Haram, two suicide-bombers detonated their belts in N’Djamena, Chad’s capital, killing more than 30 people. Two days later Chad’s government banned the wearing of the burqa, the Muslim woman’s covering that hides even the eyes. Henceforth, said the prime minister, security forces could “go into the markets… seize all the burqas on sale and burn them”. Those spotted in such “camouflage” would be “arrested, tried and sentenced after summary proceedings.” Heavy-handed as that sounds, several other sub-Saharan governments have followed suit. A month after Chad’s ban, Cameroon did the same in its northernmost region following suicide-bombings by people clad in burqas. Now the ban has been extended to five of Cameroon’s ten provinces, including its two biggest cities. Niger’s government has banned the garment in Diffa, a southern region that has also been hit by Boko Haram. And late last year Nigeria’s President Muhammadu Buhari, a Muslim, said that a ban even on the hijab, which shrouds a woman’s head and chest but leaves her face on show, may be necessary if bombings persist. Even countries unharmed by Islamist terror are banning the burqa. Last year Congo-Brazzaville barred it in public places to “prevent any act of terrorism”. And Senegal, which the French security service says is vulnerable to an attack, is pondering a ban, too. Only one west African country seems to be moving in the other direction. The Gambia’s eccentric dictator, Yahya Jammeh, who recently declared his nation to be Islamic, told all female government workers to cover their hair.
African union
- http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/05/africa/african-union-passport/index.html?sr=fbcnni070516african-union-passport1110AMStoryLink&linkId=26219313 the African Union is pursuing a path of closer integration through the launch of a common passport that will grant visa-free access to all 54 member states. The electronic passports will be unveiled at the AU summit in Kigali, Rwanda, later this month, where they will be issued to heads of state and senior officials. The Union aims to distribute them to all African citizens by 2018. "This flagship project has the specific aim of facilitating free movement of persons, goods and services around the continent - in order to foster intra-Africa trade, integration and socio-economic development," the Union announced in a statement. The passports represent a key plank of the Agenda 2063 action plan, which emphasizes the need for greater continental integration, drawing on the popular vision of Pan-African unity. Freedom of movement has been a longstanding priority among member states, as enshrined in previous agreements such as the 1991 Abuja Treaty. Common passports have already been adopted for several regions, such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
- usa
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-07/03/content_29966882.htm The African Union is calling upon the United States to rejoin the Paris climate agreement, saying the recent US withdrawal negatively affects Africa's vulnerable agriculture sector, said Josefa Sacko, AU Commissioner for rural economy and agriculture. The AU official was speaking to the press on Saturday during the 29th AU summit in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, where she said the pan-African bloc has taken various measures to promote sustainable natural resource management and mitigate impacts of climate change.
- The African Union has suspended Sudan's membership "with immediate effect", amid an upsurge of violence in the capital that has seen dozens killed. The pan-African body has warned of further action if power is not transferred to a civilian authority - a key demand of pro-democracy protesters. Opposition activists say a paramilitary group has killed 108 people this week, but officials put the figure at 46.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48545543
- China and the African Union dismissed on Monday a report that Beijing had bugged the regional bloc’s headquarters, which it built and paid for in the Ethiopian capital.
French newspaper Le Monde quoted anonymous African Union (AU) sources saying that data from computers in the Chinese-built building had been transferred nightly to Chinese servers for five years. After the hack was discovered a year ago, the building’s IT system including servers was changed, according to Le Monde. During a sweep for bugs after the discovery, microphones were also found hidden in desks and the walls, the newspaper reported.
The $200m headquarters was fully funded and built by China and opened to great fanfare in 2012. It was seen as a symbol of Beijing’s thrust for influence in Africa, and access to the continent’s natural resources.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/china-african-union-headquarters-bugging-spying - 在非洲国家官员展望非中合作时，不远处，中国政府援建的非盟总部综合服务中心正在建设中，它将进一步完善非盟总部的各项功能，改善非盟的办公和生活条件。中国驻非盟使团团长旷伟霖说：“非盟总部综合服务中心的建设再次证明了中国愿与非盟密切合作的坚定承诺。”http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180209/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
USA
- military
- 美國及摩洛哥上周五簽署協議加強軍事合作，以及強化摩洛哥未來十年的軍事實力。面對中國及俄羅斯在非洲的影響力，美國防長埃斯珀訪問北非三國，摩洛哥為最後一站，逗留兩天期間簽署該項協議。他此行亦到訪突尼斯及阿爾及利亞，但兩國當中只有突尼斯與美方簽署軍事協議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201005/00180_024.html
- During the eight years of Bush’s presidency, aid for development of sub-Saharan Africa quadrupled to $6.7 billion, according to J. Peter Pham, the Atlantic Council Africa Center director.It has remained about the same under Obama despite a 20 percent drop in overseas aid overall since he took office in 2009. It is an approach more akin to that taken by Bush’s predecessor, Democrat Bill Clinton, who signed the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, which dropped trade restrictions on more than 6,000 exports to America from 35 African countries.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-summit-obama-legacy-analysis/shadowed-by-bush-obama-seeks-africa-legacy-makeover-idUSKBN0G61DK20140806
- US hedge fund Och-Ziff will pay $413m and a subsidiary is pleading guilty to violating anti-corruption law over alleged bribing of Libya’s Gaddafi regime and other African government officials.https://www.ft.com/content/035a1e01-be1d-3fbd-bb57-ef11905242cf
- https://www.ft.com/content/4d0ecc3a-28fa-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c US President Donald Trump risks stoking extremism in Africa and provoking a further exodus of migrants heading for Europe if he goes ahead with plans to cut funding to the continent, according to the head of the African Development Bank.
- beef
- economist 29feb2020 "africa's beef with america" one meaty success aside, farmers struggle to export to america
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-microsoft/microsoft-to-spend-100-million-on-kenya-nigeria-tech-development-hub-idUSKCN1SK1BT Microsoft Corp will invest $100 million to open an Africa technology development center with sites in Kenya and Nigeria over the next five years, the company said on Tuesday. Global tech giants, including Alphabet Inc and Facebook, have been increasing investment on the continent in recent years to take advantage of growing economies with rising access rates to the internet by a youthful population.
- Andersen Global has stepped deeper into Africa, with new tie-ups in Chad and Eswatini (Swaziland).https://www.law.com/international-edition/2020/06/10/andersen-global-expands-into-untapped-african-markets-in-chad-eswatini/
- https://www.ft.com/content/463e2b04-dfbe-11e8-a6e5-792428919cee Universal Music Group has struck a licensing deal to push into Africa, as the world’s largest music company searches the globe to tap into riches from digital streaming. Through the agreement UMG — home to acts including Lady Gaga, Kendrick Lamar and Elton John — will license its catalogue to Boomplay, a fast-growing African music streaming service, as well as trying to build a stronger global audience for African acts. The move comes as owner Vivendi is looking to sell up to half of the shares of Universal Music, which analysts say is now worth more than $40bn thanks to a nascent recovery in the music business.
- Shaw is a small neighborhood located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. Named after Shaw Junior High School, a junior high school originally located at Seventh Street and Rhode Island Avenue NW, the Shaw neighborhood has been home to the largest urban population of African-Americans in Washington, D.C. since the 1920s. Shaw Junior High School was named after Colonel Robert Gould Shaw of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry during the U.S. Civil War. Shaw, centered around U Street NW, has been the hub for African-American social, cultural, and economic progress in the nation's capital, seeing on its own streets, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and many riots, marches, and protests that fought to achieve racial equality in Shaw and the entirety of America.Since the 1980s, Ethiopian-born business owners have been purchasing property in the neighbourhood of Shaw, specifically Thirteenth and Ninth Streets. The area has since gained distinctive popularity in Washington even outside of the Ethiopian community. According to restaurant owner Tefera Zwedie: "I remember it was if I'm not mistaken somewhere between 2000, 2001 it was something big for us to see one non-Ethiopian coming to the restaurant. Now 95 percent of them are non-Ethiopian." The food has become a main attraction and reason for locals and tourists to commute to Shaw and experience the many local Ethiopian restaurants.This influx of Ethiopians has revitalized the area, prompting members of the Ethiopian American community to lobby the city government to officially designate the block as "Little Ethiopia". Although no legislation was proposed, Shaw residents have expressed opposition to the idea, concerned that such a designation would isolate that area from the historically African-American Shaw.
- ft 2feb19 area hollowed out after 1968 civil rights riots
- china
- https://www.ft.com/content/f6691e18-22da-11e8-ae48-60d3531b7d11 Rex Tillerson has warned African governments they risk forfeiting their sovereignty when accepting money from China as the US secretary of state began the first visit to the continent by a senior Trump administration official. Mr Tillerson’s implied criticism comes as the US plays policy catch-up on a continent that hosts five of the world’s top-10 growing economies but where many struggle to secure financing. Some African governments have tended to bristle at Washington’s approach. Speaking at the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital, at the start of a week-long visit, Mr Tillerson said that while the US was “not attempting to keep Chinese investment dollars out of Africa”, governments could lose control of infrastructure and resources if projects went wrong.
- economist 22sep18 "The rebirth of eurafrica"
eu
- https://www.ft.com/content/130bd9a0-d120-11e7-9dbb-291a884dd8c6 Population growth in Africa threatens to push millions of people to an ill-prepared Europe in the next decades, the European Parliament president has warned, in a sign of wider fears over the EU’s migration strategy. Antonio Tajani called for a “Marshall plan” for Africa to supersede scattergun EU and national government initiatives in an effort to give people more reasons to stay in their home countries. Mr Tajani’s remarks ahead of a biennial EU-Africa summit in Ivory Coast this week echo wider concerns that Europe still lacks a viable long-term plan on migration should a recent sharp fall in numbers start to reverse.
uk
- International Trade Secretary, Dr Liam Fox , announced increases in financial trade support for UK businesses to trade with South Africa as he flew out to South Africa and Mozambique to discuss strengthening trade relations (Sunday 17 September). The visit will help to further develop the good bilateral trade relationships with the South African and Mozambique governments, promoting mutually beneficial support for British investment in Africa. In 2015 trade with Africa totalled £30.8 billion and the International Trade Secretary’s visit will build on the strong opportunities for trade between the UK and Africa. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/international-trade-secretary-announces-increasing-financial-support-for-uk-businesses-to-trade-with-south-africa-and-mozambique
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-takes-message-on-investment-in-africa-to-the-un On her first day at the UN General Assembly in New York the Prime Minister Theresa May, will join Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada, President Nana Akufo-Addo of Ghana and President Paul Kagame of Rwanda to convene investors, businesses and young African business leaders. The leaders of Kenya, Sierra Leone and Benin are also expected to attend. Philanthropist Bill Gates, who shares the PM’s vision for investing in Africa’s youth, is also expected to speak at the event. The PM will challenge attendees to invest in Africa to create more of the jobs that transform lives as well as economies, lift people out of poverty and enable countries to move to a future beyond aid. The joint event is the next step in the bold new approach set out on the PM’s visit to Africa last month where she announced a new UK partnership with Africa, centred on investment for job creation and inclusive growth.
- Sentebale is a registered charity founded in 2006 by Prince Harry of the British Royal Family and Prince Seeiso of the Lesotho Royal Family. Prince Harry met Prince Seeiso on his gap year in Lesotho and was moved to help vulnerable children and young people in the country. After ten years working in Lesotho, in November 2016, the charity launched operations in Botswana.
Sentebale means 'Forget me not' in Sesotho and the name was chosen "as a memorial to the charity work of our own mothers, as well as a reminder to us all not to forget Lesotho or its children." (Prince Harry speaking at the Concert for Diana).
- teresa may's visit to africa (note by me- a few days ahead of china africa summit) https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45338036
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45325701 Theresa May has announced plans to boost Britain's investment in Africa after Brexit, during her first trip to the continent as prime minister. In a speech in Cape Town, she pledged £4bn in support for African economies, to create jobs for young people. She also pledged a "fundamental shift" in aid spending to focus on long-term economic and security challenges rather than short-term poverty reduction.She will also visit Nigeria and Kenya during the three-day trade mission.
- legal
- https://www.law.com/international-edition/2020/07/07/clyde-co-set-to-expand-africa-presence-eyes-two-new-locations Clyde & Co is setting its sights on expanding its African presence with two new bases – one in Kenya and potentially another in Ghana – adding to its existing offices in Tanzania and South Africa.
Russia
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/03/18/a24-0318.pdf 非洲方面，俄國防技術 及軍備生產商Rostec子公司RT全球資源公司，最 近宣布投得在烏干達興建30億美元(約233億港元) 煉油廠的合約。俄國去年又與南非合作發射衛星系 統，英國衝突研究中心總監賈爾斯指，俄國對非洲 伸出外交之手是為增加「軟實力」，透過爭取第三 方國家的支持，增加在聯合國等國際機構的影響 力。
- ft 22aug18 "journalists kilings highlight russia move into africa"
france
- French President Emmanuel Macron made a surprise announcement during his recent African tour, saying in Burkina Faso's capital that one of his priorities was to restore African cultural treasures. http://www.france24.com/en/20171204-benin-france-buoyed-macron-pledge-africa-heritage-cultural-treasures
- 今次馬克龍訪問的非洲東部三國並非傳統的法語區國家，盡顯他在非洲開拓深耕的決心。觀乎今次代表團的商界代表陣容，由建築及工程服務企業萬喜集團領軍，成員包括能源開發商Voltalia、食品集團達能、法國電力集團（EDF）以及高速列車製造商通用─阿爾斯通（GE Alstom）等大型企業，可謂精銳盡出。在肯尼亞，兩國達成總值二十億歐元的經貿協定，反觀英國首相文翠珊去年八月訪問肯國空手而回，高盧雄雞勝了一仗，為法國媒體所津津樂道。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190321/00184_010.html- http://www.africanews.com/2019/02/07/totals-south-africa-gas-discovery-first-step-towards-exploiting-the-countrys-full-hydrocarbons-potential/ Gas discovery in the offshore Outeniqua Basin speaks to South Africa’s hidden oil & gas potential; gives an opportunity for a meaningful dialogue on attractive legislation and local content development. The African Energy Chamber (AEC) (EnergyChamber.org) welcomes the recent gas condensate discovery by Total in Block 11B/12B, 175km off the southern coast of South Africa. This is a great first step for the country which still relies on imports of oil and gas despite the great reserves believed to be in its soil and waters. The discovery, which will help open a new hydrocarbons province in South Africa, could prove the presence of billions of barrels of oil equivalent in South African waters, which will undoubtedly change the course of the country’s economy and help reduce dependency on imports.
poland
- coffee
- Kordian Tarasiewicz (ur. 19 listopada 1910 w Warszawie, zm. 16 grudnia 2013) – polski przedsiębiorca.
- [booklet obtained from 2019 tdc food fr introducing polish food] he attempted to grow coffee beans in africa before the break out of ww2, plans were halted due to the war
egypt
- https://www.intrafricantradefair.com/home/intra-african-trade-fair-2018
India
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21699936-murder-congolese-migrant-makes-africans-india-nervous-they-dont-love-us
Japan
- Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) (アフリカ開発会議 Afurika Kaihatsukaigi?) is a conference held regularly with the objective "to promote high-level policy dialogue between African leaders and development partners." Japan is a co-host of these conferences. Other co-organizers of TICAD are the United Nations Office of the Special Advisor on Africa (UN-OSSA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The series has included: TICAD I (1993); TICAD II (1998); TICAD III (2003); TICAD IV (2008); TICAD V (2013). The next conference is scheduled for Kenya in August 2016. It will be the first time the event will be held in Africa, previous conferences were all held in Japan.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20161003/00210_008.html
雖然，中國在非洲經營關係，遠比日本有歷史和深度，但日本企業憑着較高質素，以使日本近日屢獲非洲大型基建合約。丸紅商社（Marubeni），就與尼日利亞當地公司合作，承建於拉各斯州（Lagos State），價值近十八億九千萬美元的化石燃料發電廠。
三菱公司亦與法國道達爾（Total）能源公司，獲得在肯尼亞興建及營運太陽能發電設施的合約。其他日本大公司，近期亦分別在多個非洲國家，獲得大型基建訂單或公共服務營運合約，這對一些想多接海外訂單的中資基建公司，很難說沒有負面影響！ - 2019 edition https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/news/releases/2019/06a9de581ad31d46.html, https://www.mofa.go.jp/afr/af2/page25e_000274.html
- investors from japan
- 據日本產經新聞等媒體報道，日本主導的非洲開發會議將於本月底在橫濱召開，鑑於中國透過「一帶一路」倡議增加在非洲影響力，日本計劃於會議上宣佈，為非洲提供超過3,000億日圓(約222億港元)貸款及援助，推動當地基建發展，同時擬在首腦宣言中，列明對部分非洲國家的償還貸款能力表示關注，以牽制中國的「貸款外交」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/08/13/a24-0813.pdf
- ft 29aug19 mitsubishi invests in solar supplier (BBOXX) to africa
- Kubota Corporation (株式会社クボタ Kabushiki-kaisha Kubota) is a tractor and heavy equipment manufacturer based in Osaka, Japan. One of its notable contributions was to the construction of the Solar Ark.[4] The company was established in 1890.
- ft 28aug19 full page ad
south korea
- http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/ The opening ceremony of the “Korea-Africa Foundation,” the Foreign Ministry’s fourth affiliate established to strongly support private-public exchanges with Africa, took place on June 25 in the “Community Chest of Korea” building that houses the Foundation. The event brought together Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha, lawmakers of ruling and opposition parties who were members of the National Assembly Forum for Africa's New Era, and members of the African Diplomatic Corps in the Republic of Korea, all of whom offered congratulations to the body on its launch. ° Also among the event’s participants were those from the Foreign Ministry’s other subsidiary bodies, -- the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), the Korea Foundation (KF) and the Overseas Koreans Foundation -- other relevant public organizations, and such business groups as the Korea Chamber of Commerce. The participants expressed great expectations on the Foundation’s role as a platform for cooperation on Africa-related matters.
north korea
- https://www.ft.com/content/bda4e76e-0440-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 The US is stepping up pressure on African states to cut longstanding military and diplomatic ties with North Korea as part of its push to squeeze the funding of Kim Jong Un’s nuclear missile programme. US officials want African countries to expel North Korean workers and diplomats, alleging that Pyongyang’s 13 embassies on the continent double up as “profit making centres”.
chinese
- dubious activities
- 加拿大溫哥華祇桓講堂監院果明 法師，港加彌陀閣董事、溫哥華阿 彌陀佛關懷中心董事黎李鏡蘭，少 聰愛心行動的發起藝人莫少聰等一 行十人，6月7至17日前往非洲馬 拉威及納米比亞兩國，慈善探訪兩 個 阿 彌 陀 佛 關 懷 中 心 (Amitofo Care Centre.簡稱 ACC)，除帶去 食物、糖果、文具、足球等捐贈物 資外，分別向馬拉威 ACC 捐獻 12 噸大米和納米比亞 ACC 捐款 8000 美元作食糧之資。此外，香港佛教 青年協會、祇桓講堂與港九福德念 佛社及荃灣天后宮等善信合捐38.6 萬港元，送香港 ACC，作為非洲 愛滋病童醫藥費用。 http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201907/0725/HZ15725CSTA_HKCD.pdf
China
- diplomatic representation
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/02/06/a19-0206.pdf 首任中國駐非盟使團團長曠偉霖大 使昨日在京介紹，中國駐非盟使團的各項籌備工作 正緊鑼密鼓地展開，使團開館在即，他本人將於本 月下旬赴任。 據新華社報道，曠偉霖在當日舉行的媒體吹風會 上說，「首批建團人員已於去年底赴非盟總部所在 地埃塞俄比亞首都亞的斯亞貝巴。中方擬在使團內 設置專門負責政治、經濟、人文、和平安全等領域 事務的部門，為中國與非盟的全方位交流合作增添 新的活力。」
- http://www.africadesk.asia/ china africa investment association
- Africa China Cooperation Association for Development (ACCAD)
En 2016, il a présenté quinze conventions en mandarin à Mohammed VI, alors en visite dans l’Empire du Milieu.Le bac en poche en 1994, il saute dans un avion en direction de Pékin pour rejoindre son frère, qui y a élu domicile une dizaine d’années plus tôt. Vingt cinq ans plus tard, cet enseignant-chercheur à l’Université Sun Yat-Sen de Guangzhou est devenu un spécialiste des relations entre la Chine et le Maroc. Si bien qu’il s’apprête à publier un livre retraçant les relations économiques et culturelles entre les deux pays durant les soixante dernières années. “Je l’ai écrit en chinois. Sa traduction en français sera prête à la fin de l’année”, précise Nasser Bouchiba. En parallèle de sa carrière universitaire, il s’est lancé dans les affaires. Fondateur d’une usine de sous-traitance et de la marque d’accessoires Anabella Fashion, qu’il a revendus, l’homme se tourne désormais vers le conseil et l’accompagnement des exportations africaines vers la Chine. https://mobile.telquel.ma/2019/08/02/nasser-bouchiba-made-in-china_1647389
5年前，聯合國氣候變化巴黎大會通過《巴黎協定》，為2020年後的全球合作應對氣候變化明確了方向，開啟全球合作應對氣候變化新階段。5年來，中國的節能環保技術走入各國，中國在應對氣候變化和保護生態環境方面的貢獻，世界有目共睹。 「中國不但自己綠色發展實踐取得良好效果，還積極與他國分享經驗、開展合作，這體現了構建人類命運共同體的理念。」摩洛哥非洲中國合作與發展協會主席納賽爾．布希巴表示。 目前全球最大單體光伏電站「阿布扎比之光」位於阿聯酋沙漠深處，在建設過程中大量依託中國產品和中國技術。項目建設和運營負責人豪爾赫．佩雷亞表示，中國技術和中國經驗為項目順利實施提供了關鍵支持。項目所使用的320萬塊光伏面板都是中國製造，中方還派出人員指導施工。「這樣的合作不僅豐富了阿布扎比的清潔能源供應，還為當地建設類似項目提供了寶貴參考。」http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2020/1213/531239.html
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21639554-china-has-become-big-africa-now-backlash-one-among-many
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3032551/do-africas-emerging-nations-know-secret-chinas-economic
- china africa summit
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-09/05/content_21792169.htm China will work with African countries to make a China-Africa summit late this year a successful event, President Xi Jinping said on Friday while meeting with visiting South African President Jacob Zuma. The two countries announced that the sixth ministerial meeting of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation will be upgraded to a summit and is scheduled for Dec 4 and 5 in South Africa. The forum, held every three years since 2000, was upgraded to a summit once before, in 2006 in Beijing, and drew participants from 48 countries. State leaders of China and South Africa will invite African heads of state to the summit this year, Foreign Minister Wang Yi and his South African counterpart, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, announced on Thursday. Xi told Zuma that China-South Africa relations are in a period of opportunity, and that the "Year of China" events this year in South Africa have enhanced mutual understanding and friendship. The two countries should strengthen coordination and implementation of cooperation plans to produce more beneficial results, Xi said, adding that the two countries should work closely to safeguard the common interests of developing countries.
- 第十五屆藍廳 論壇26日在北京舉行。論壇聚焦中國國家主席習 近平即將主持的中非合作論壇約翰內斯堡峰會。 中國外交部長王毅出席26日的論壇並作主旨演講 說，此次峰會是中非關係史上一個重要時刻，對 中非關係的發展具有承前啟後的里程碑意義。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151127/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-11/27/content_22522620.htm China will import a broader range of goods and commodities from Africa to helpthe continent further diversify its businesses, a senior Chinese commerce officialsaid on Thursday. From natural resources to commodity-related products, China will import them allfrom Africa. Earlier this week, China offered zero-tariff on 97 percent of commodities importedfrom seven African countries, including Togo, Liberia, Rwanda, Angola and Zambia.The new tariff will take effect from December 10. Qian Keming, vice-minister of commerce, said China will offer more assistance,including holding specialized goods exhibitions, to broad-base African exports toChina and help African nations build more manufacturing facilities and diversifytheir economic structures and sales channels.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1884821/china-signs-us930m-business-deals-africa-ahead
- 中非合 作論壇約翰內斯堡峰會將於12月4日至5日在南非舉行 ，中國國家主席習近平將同南非總統祖馬共同主持。 本次中非合作論壇峰會的主題是：「中非攜手並進： 合作共贏、共同發展」，與會者將在峰會期間回顧論 壇成果和經驗，探討進一步推動中非合作的途徑。 習近平將在峰會開幕式上發表面向全非的主旨演 講，系統闡述中國發展對非關係的新理念、新政策、 新主張，宣布未來一段時期中非合作一系列重要舉措 。峰會將審議通過《峰會宣言》和《行動計劃》兩個 成果文件，闡述雙方對中非關係以及重大國際和地區 問題的看法和主張，並對未來3年中非各領域合作進 行全面規劃。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151204/PDF/a4_screen.pdf
- 中國國家主席習近平在中非合作論壇約翰內斯堡峰會開幕式上致辭時提出未來3年同非方重點實施的「十大合作計劃」。 為確保「十大合作計劃」順利實施，中方決定提供總額600億美元(約4,650億港元)的資金支持。習近平指出，為推進中非全面戰略合作夥伴關係建設，中方願在未來3年同非方重點實施「十大合作計劃」，堅持政府指導、企業主體、市場運作、合作共贏的原則，着力支持非洲破解基礎設施滯後，人才不足、資金短缺三大發展瓶頸，加快工業化和農業現代化進程，實現自主可持續發展。這「十大合作計劃」分別是，中非工業化合作計劃、中非農業現代化合作計劃、中非基礎設施合作計劃、中非金融合作計劃、中非綠色發展合作計劃、中非貿易和投資便利化合作計劃、中非減貧惠民合作計劃、中非公共衛生合作計劃、中非人文合作計劃、中非和平與安全合作計劃。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/05/a05-1205.pdf
- 中非合作論壇北京峰會3日在人民大會堂隆重開幕。中國國家主席習近平出席開幕式並發表主旨講話，強調中非要攜起手來，共同打造責任共擔、合作共贏、幸福共享、文化共興、安全共築、和諧共生的中非命運共同體，重點實施好產業促進、設施聯通、貿易便利、綠色發展、能力建設、健康衛生、人文交流、和平安全「八大行動」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/09/04/a01-24-0904.pdf
- 中非合作論壇北京峰會上，中國向遠道而來的非洲朋友再次發出「邀請函」，以一系列務實舉措歡迎他們參加即將於11月在上海舉辦的另一場盛會--首屆中國國際進口博覽會。中非論壇期間簽訂大單http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/09/06/a07-0906.pdf
- china african cooperation meeting
- Http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-07/23/content_26192101.htm More than half of the $60 billion in support China has promised Africa will go to building infrastructure, Vice-Foreign Minister Zhang Ming said on Friday at a media briefing on the coming China-African Cooperation meeting in Beijing. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-07/29/content_26263685.htm
- 2018年「中非合作論壇-減貧與發展會議」昨日在京開幕，與會代表就「『一帶一路』與中非減貧合作」展開積極研討，交流各國社會發展和減貧經驗，探討在「一帶一路」框架下，進一步推進中非減貧合作進程。國務院扶貧辦主任劉永富昨日在會上表示，中國和非洲國家有相同的奮鬥歷程，在減少貧困的實踐中都積累了很多好經驗、好做法，中非將着力加強四個領域合作，共同推動減貧事業發展。此次會議由中國國務院扶貧辦主辦，中國國際扶貧中心和中國農業大學「一帶一路」農業合作學院承辦。來自中國和安哥拉、博茨瓦納、毛里求斯等40個非洲國家，以及美國、日本、丹麥等國的政府官員、專家學者、非政府組織機構負責人、扶貧企業家、發展官員、國際組織代表300餘人參會。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/08/15/a15-0815.pdf
- cooperation with US in Africa
- beijing invites us to link up over africa http://www.cnbc.com/id/101897205#., http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0eb59686-1cb8-11e4-b4c7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz39ahdDzsK
- 中非關於基礎設施建設合作的諒解備忘錄。根 據備忘錄，中國將在非洲「2063年願景」戰略 框架內，加強與非洲國家在鐵路、公路、區域 航空及工業化領域的合作，促進非洲國家一體 化進程。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/29/a20-0129.pdf
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-11/25/content_18970884.htm Development fund has played a significant role in enhancing China's image on the continent, reports Jiang Xueqing. Chinese direct investment in Africa has greatly expanded in the last few years, exceeding $25 billion by the end of 2013, compared with just $9.33 billion in 2009. Today, more and more companies are doing business in Africa in sectors such as financial services, telecommunications, energy, manufacturing and agriculture.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151111/PDF/b1_screen.pdf 中國玻璃（03300）公布 ，該公司與國家開發銀行旗下中非發展基金訂立戰略合作協議 ，合作在非洲投資建築玻璃、太陽能玻璃及相關建材項目。 同時，作為合作的一部分，中國玻璃向中非發展基金旗下 中非製造，發行本金額1,000萬美元之可換股債券，年利率 7.5%，初步轉換價每股1.28元，較本周一收市價有12.28%溢價。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-05/14/content_25270470.htm The China-Africa Development Fund on Friday signed a cooperation agreement with Shaanxi government in Xi'an, the first of its kind with a provincial-level partner that aims to boost more investment in the African market. Hu Heping, governor of Shaanxi province, said the agreement had great significance for companies in Shaanxi, pointing the way for them to go abroad and accelerate their steps into Africa. According to the agreement, the two sides will establish Shaanxi Africa Industry Development Fund, which will help local companies in financing, project selection and loans for their businesses in Africa. "As a province with traditional heavy industry, including energy development and manufacturing, Shaanxi has a good number of companies which have an advantage in mining, oil exploration and large-scale equipment manufacturing. All those sectors are needed in Africa," Hu said. He said the China Development Bank, together with CAD Fund which has nine years of experience in Africa-related investment, will help companies in Shaanxi gain more information and financial aid in their business expansion in Africa. Chi Jianxin, chairman of the fund, said there were unprecedented opportunities in China-Africa cooperation at present and the thing that Africa needed the most was capital.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-06/27/content_29896758.htm progress
- 中國國家主席習近平昨在北京人民大會堂會見埃及、貝寧、畿內亞、利比里亞等國總統，見證簽署多份合作文件。內地官媒透露，中非發展基金的規模已達一百億美元（約七百八十億港元），並將擴大對非洲投資，推進「一帶一路」建設。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180902/00180_012.html
- china africa investment forum
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160807/PDF/a5_screen.pdf“中非金融與產業合作峰會”籌備會議6日在京舉行，來自尼日利亞、埃塞俄比亞等多個非洲國家的大使表示，他們的國家正處於大力扶植髮展基礎設施建設的重要時期，中國推出的“一帶一路”為中非合作提供難得機遇，藉助這個促進合作共贏的平台，他們歡迎來自中國的投資者赴非投資合作。
- Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi held respective meetings with foreign ministers from nine African countries on Monday, and they pledged efforts to strengthen cooperation and uphold multilateralism. The foreign ministers are Naledi Pandor from South Africa, Palamagamba Kabudi from Tanzania, Ezechiel Nibigira from Burundi, Aurelien Agbenonci from Benin, Nhial Deng Nhial from South Sudan, Mamadou Tangara from Gambia, Joseph Malanji from Zambia, Luis Filipe Tavares from Cape Verde, and Gbehzohngar Findley from Liberia. The African foreign ministers are in Beijing to attend the Coordinators' Meeting on the Implementation of the Follow-up Actions of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on the China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), with the aim of better implementing the outcomes of Beijing Summit in 2018.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/25/c_138170273.htm
- 全国政协中非友好小组成立大会暨第一次全体会议19日在京举行，全国政协副主席、中非友好小组组长王正伟出席会议并讲话，全国政协副主席兼秘书长夏宝龙主持会议。http://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/19/WS5d0a306ba3108375f8f2b6d3.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-03/23/content_24037567.htm Regional financial institution, the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) Bank,said Tuesday it plans to partner with the Chinese Export Import Bank to financeinfrastructure projects in Africa. PTA Bank President Admassu Tadesse told Xinhua in Nairobi that the Chinese haveshown commitment in helping develop the continent. "We will partner with the Chinese Exim Bank to co-finance a number ofinfrastructure projects in Africa," Tadesse said on the sidelines of the 18th AfricaEconomic Research Consortium (AERC) Policy Seminar. PTA bank shareholders include member states of the Common Market for Easternand Southern Africa (COMESA). People's Bank of China owns approximately tenpercent of PTA Bank's shareholding. Tadesse said the Chinese Exim Bank will provide about 80 percent of the finance inany given project while the PTA bank will supply the remainder. PTA will also partner with other Chinese financial institutions to undertakeinfrastructure projects in Africa. Tadesse said in the past decade China has increased its engagement with theAfrican continent.
- criticism of chinese aid
- African leaders are almost three times more likely to spend Chinese development aid in areas where they have ethnic ties, casting doubt on the humanitarian effectiveness of Beijing’s strict “hands-off” policy in the continent. China says it spends more than half of its foreign aid in 51 African countries, and AidData, an open-source data centre, says Beijing sent more than $80bn in “pledged, initiated, and completed projects” between 2000 and 2012. Most of that aid went to areas where national leaders were born, indicating a strong political bias, AidData said. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/nov/19/african-presidents-china-aid-patronage-politics
- https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21730027-much-it-comes-china-birthplaces-african-leaders-receive-awful
- 非洲33個國家97%輸華產品享受零關稅 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/08/29/a18-0829.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/01/15/a17-0115.pdf
- China ahead of US http://edition.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/business/2014/08/05/lok-defterios-china-africa-investment.cnn.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-12/05/content_22633606.htm A book detailing the investments of about 100 Chinese companies in more than 20African countries was officially launched in Johannesburg on Friday, the openingday of the Forum for China-Africa Cooperation Johannesburg Summit. Chinese Enterprises in Africa 2015, written in English and Chinese, was compiledover the past year as a result of China Daily, the national English-languagenewspaper in China, conducting extensive interviews across the continent.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20161228/00184_001.html 中國在非洲過往是集中投資能源礦產，○八年開始投資伸延至鐵路港口等交通運輸，中國的企業也開始在不同的領域發展。提出一帶一路戰略後，中國在非洲的投資考慮大有發展，不但在吉布提建設中國第一個海外海軍後勤基地，更建設港口、鐵路，打通吉布提通往埃塞俄比亞和西非的通道。吉布提至埃國首都的鐵路今年開通，把該國從內陸國家變成有了出口通道。埃塞俄比亞是非洲第二大人口國，有近一億人，近十年經濟高速增長。吉埃鐵路開通，標誌着中國一帶一路戰略在非洲進入實質發展階段。在此同時，一些深耕非洲市場的中國企業開始冒起。例如，深圳「傳音控股」的手機在撒哈拉之南的非洲市場已佔了四成，去年生產量為五千萬台，低於華為和小米（分別為一億和七千多萬台），但全部出口，出口量為全國第一；今年上半年出口三千多萬台，超越華為集團的二千五百萬台，增長勢頭強勁。
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21678777-western-worries-about-chinas-burgeoning-influence-africa-may-be-overblown-not
Western worries about China’s burgeoning influence in Africa may be overblown
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/1880017/chinese-investment-africa-down-40pc-first-half Chinese investment in Africa fell by more than 40 per cent year on year in the first half of this year, officials said yesterday, as the country's slowing growth dented its commodity demand. Natural resources from Africa have helped fuel China's economic boom, and the country became the continent's largest trade partner in 2009. But growth in the world's second-largest economy has slowed to its lowest rate since the aftermath of the global financial crisis, reducing commodity prices worldwide. Beijing's direct investment in Africa slumped "more than 40 per cent" to about US$1.2 billion in the first six months of the year, commerce ministry spokesman Shen Danyang said. China has handed out loans and funded infrastructure across Africa in what critics have branded as deals made for mining rights and construction contracts.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160313/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 今年中國政府工作報告鼓勵對外投資，不少企業家背景的代表委員紛紛表達想投資非洲的意願。品牌南非中國總經理風空已經聞風而動，3月10日，在北京國貿一家英式茶店裏，她告訴大公報記者説，“去非洲投資的呼聲越來越強，山東省十幾家企業找上門，我會在五月底帶他們去埃塞俄比亞、肯尼亞、烏干達和南非考察，這算是中國兩會和我最近距離接觸。” 2015年是中國成為淨對外投資元年，其中對非洲投資主要集中在基礎設施領域。特別是鐵路、公路、區域航空、港口、電力和電信部門的規劃、設計、建設、運行和維護。 風空説，中國投資非洲主要是政府驅動，發達國家市場已經飽和，非洲市場最具有潛力。特別是中國提出的區域互聯互通計劃，不僅能幫助中國促進出口以刺激經濟，還將使中國把一部分製造業轉向非洲。“中國正在進行經濟結構調整，國內製造業成本的上升必然帶來產業轉移，而非洲不少國家的勞動力經過培訓正好可以滿足這種需求。”此外，風空提醒説，“中國人到非洲投資，必須要根據不同國家的發展計劃找到交集，如此便可以獲得税務等優惠和便利措施。” 品牌南非主席琪琪向大公報指出，她最關注中國產業升級如何與非;洲對接，“中國已經表明要幫助非洲加速工業，包括在非洲將建造或升級一些工業園區，並設置區域性職業教育中心和學校，中國將培養20萬技術人員，並在中國國內為非洲人提供4萬個培訓機會。”
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180903/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co Ltd, or Sinotruk, the country's largest truck manufacturer by revenue, plans to build five spare parts warehouses and service centers in South Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria this year to keep pace with established European and US rivals in the region. The Shandong-based company assembles medium-duty trucks in Nigeria, delivers lengthened-chassis to Angola and ships heavy-duty trucks to Ghana. This has helped build for itself a reputation for competitively priced and easily serviceable products, including heavy military off-road vehicles, heavy and light trucks, large and medium-sized passenger cars, minivans, engines and spare parts. Sinotruk exported 12,470 trucks to Africa in 2015, up 13 percent year-on-year, thanks to growing demand from fast-growing markets like Senegal, Angola, Benin, Mali, Niger, Ethiopia and South Africa. It has exported more than 270,000 finished trucks to African markets since 2010. Cai Dong, general manager of Sinotruk, said continued foreign and domestic investment in infrastructure, energy and trade development will be vital to supporting economic growth in Africa over the next decade. The Chinese company is now seeking opportunities to build a new assembly line in an East African country. The Beijing-based China Chamber of International Commerce said that truck sales in Africa accounted for 17 percent of global sales in 2015, driven by an infrastructure boom and the surging consumer goods and logistics demand of more than 1.15 billion people, which offer rich opportunities for Chinese and foreign truck manufacturers. http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2016-03/14/content_15400003.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-07/22/content_26179380.htm incorporating Chinese standards into infrastructure projects in Africa is the key tosustainable development on the continent, said the top executive of ChinaCommunications Construction Co Ltd. "In the globalization process, we need to introduce Chinese standards overseasand integrate them into the local projects. Localization is the prerequisite for realsustainable development," said Sun Ziyu, president of CCCC. CCCC is a State-owned enterprise listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange thathas businesses designing and building transportation infrastructure plusmanufacturing dredging and other heavy machinery. It has more than 200 projectsoverseas, including railways, roads, bridges, tunnels, airports and harbors. CCCC began its Africa work in the 1970s in Equatorial Guinea and Mauritania. Nowit has projects in more than 50 countries in Africa, including the Mombasa-Nairobistandard gauge railway, the Addis Ababa-Adama Expressway in Ethiopia, andKribideep Sea Port in Cameroon. One of CCCC's largest projects in Africa is the standard gauge railway fromMombasa, the largest port in East Africa, to Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. Therailway will eventually extend to neighboring countries including Uganda, Rwanda,Burundi and South Sudan.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/01/05/a05-0105.pdf中國已經有 3,100 多家中 國 企 業 在 非 洲 投 資 經 營。
- military, security
- China will deepen security and defense cooperation with African countries to help them better tackle complex security issues ranging from piracy to epidemics, officials said on Tuesday. Major General Hu Changming, director of the Office for International Military Cooperation under the Central Military Commission, made the remark at the opening of the first China-Africa Defense and Security Forum in Beijing. Representatives from 50 African countries and regional organizations attend the ongoing forum. The history of Sino-African security cooperation dates to the mid-20th century, and the China-Africa security ties, which are win-win in nature, have become a major factor in maintaining regional peace and security, Hu said. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/27/WS5b32d380a3103349141defbd.html
- 在國防部例行記者會上，國防部新聞局局長、國防部新聞發言人吳謙在談及當前中非軍事關係時表示，中非軍事關係是中非命運共同體的重要組成部分。回顧歷史，中國軍隊與非洲各國軍隊親如兄弟，中非軍事交流與合作為非洲擺脫殖民統治、爭取民族解放和國家獨立作出了歷史性貢獻。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180831/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
- demographic
- sez- China has been sharing its domestically made technologies to help developing countries track their demographics to improve their economies. The China Population and Development Research Center of the National Health Commission has led the research and development of software that analyzes the dynamics between population trends and the allocation of social and economic resources.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-05/07/content_37465811.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-07/27/content_21417346.htm
In the last 10 years, China's economic involvement with Africa has increasedexponentially in contrast to trade with partners such as the United States andEurope. As part of its strategy of "going global", China is currently working on SEZsin sub-Saharan Africa. Five SEZs are under development in Zambia, Nigeria,Mauritius, Ethiopia and Egypt. No two other countries in the China-Africa partnership have had their bilateralrelationship evolve as fast or affect as many people as China and Nigeria. The Chinese are developing two SEZs in Nigeria and are building new roads,railways and airports across the country.
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/content/2016-12/28/content_3615604.htm 中非合作產業園落戶天寧
- 11月16日，第五届中非工业合作发展论坛在京开幕。近年来，中非关系不断升级，中非经济合作发展迅猛。中共十九大报告指出，中国要“主动参与和推动经济全球化进程，发展更高层次的开放型经济”。建设中非命运共同体，呼唤中非经济进一步深度融合。当前，中非经济合作模式正由贸易和承包工程逐渐扩展到产能、投资、技术、金融、服务等合作领域，工业化合作成为趋势性和战略性的重点领域。作为中非工业化合作的现实载体和系统集成，产业园的合作模式代表着发展新趋势。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171118/PDF/a7_screen.pdf
- 年逾80的資深外交官安惠侯，曾經擔任中國駐阿爾及利亞、突尼斯、埃及大使，先後在6個非洲國家常駐。最令他感慨的是，在非洲，從大人到小孩見到中國人都特別親，招手喊『中國人、中國人』。中國人的臉就是護照，到哪裡辦事都很方便。講到中非合作，安惠侯如數家珍：中國派出的第一支援非醫療隊是去阿爾及利亞，中國為阿爾及利亞發射了第一顆通訊衛星，埃及開羅大學專門設立中文系；非洲兄弟把中國『抬進』聯合國，中國軍艦在紅海巡航、打擊海盜......進入21世紀，非洲國家很想了解中國快速發展的經驗是甚麼，秘訣是甚麼？希望搭上中國發展的順風車，中非合作論壇應運而生，成為南南合作的一面旗幟。.https://www.facebook.com/MFAofficeHK/videos/359459367927643/?t=2
- 在南非舉行的中非峰會上，非洲國家與中國討論了採用人民幣作為外匯儲備的問題。報道稱，中國政府非洲事務特別代表鍾建華說：「一些國家在雙邊會議上提出了這個問題。雙方領導人對此給予高度重視」，他沒有對此予以詳述。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/06/a05-1206.pdf
- project won by chinese companies
- http://www.africadesk.asia/newsdetail_one_belt_and_one_road.php?id=55af6a3a321dd 2015年一季度，中國企業在非洲的工程承包新簽合同額231.1億美元，同比增長49.4%，非洲市場佔了海外工程承包新簽合同額的50.7%。在我國新簽合同額位居前10位的國家中，非洲國家佔了7席
- railway
- 蒙內鐵路http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150222/PDF/a16_screen.pdf, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150223/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-06/15/content_21003237.htm An overnight train ride from Nairobi to the seaside city of Mombasa can easily turn into a nightmare. It is not unusual for passengers to wake up in the morning stuck on the outskirts of the Kenyan capital. The train, which runs every two days, is supposed to leave Nairobi at 9 pm, but often does not depart until after midnight, and a journey that should take 15 hours can stretch to more than 20 hours. Though slow and inefficient, the narrow-gauge railway, built by the British 110 years ago, has been a lifeline for Kenya and other East African countries, transporting passengers and goods between the two most important cities in the country. The alternative is a highway linking the two cities, but that can be just as difficult, given that it is often heavily congested. Only a stone's throw from the old line, work is in full swing on a new railway line, using Chinese standards and technology. That will shorten the Nairobi-Mombasa trip to four and a half hours and will bring Kenya into the 21st century. Construction of the 472-kilometer standard-gauge railway, financed by Exim Bank of China, began in October and is expected to open in 2017. The estimated cost is $3.8 billion. The Chinese infrastructure, engineering and construction company China Road and Bridge Corp is employing about 1,900 Chinese and more than 10,000 Kenyan engineers and skilled workers on the project. The company said it will eventually employ 2,500 Chinese engineers and 30,000 local workers. The Kenyan government estimated that construction of the standard-gauge railway will help the country generate 1.5 percent of its GDP and eventually enable Kenya to become a gateway of East Africa after the Mombasa-Nairobi section joins other sections being built or to be built in the region.
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21699919-africas-new-railways-risk-going-way-old-ones-puffed-out
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-10/04/c_135730732.htm
On Wednesday, Africa's first modern electrified railway -- the Ethiopia-Djibouti railway built by Chinese firms, is set to become fully operational.During a visit to Ethiopia in May 2013, Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang hailed the Ethiopia-Djibouti railway as the "Tazara railway in a new era." In 1970s, China, where a thousand things still waited to be done, resolved to support the construction of the Tazara railway which links Tanzania's Dar es Salaam with Zambia's Kapiri Mposhi. More than 50,000 Chinese railway workers worked for construction of the railway. Among them, 64 Chinese experts made the ultimate sacrifice in a land far away from home. - "chinese railway technology boosting trade in africa" china daily 16mar18
- http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/weekly/2014-12/12/content_19071484.htm The footprint in Africa of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China has grown as its presence has expanded in 10 national markets, with its products used by flag carriers, government operators and others. The latest big push was during the 10th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition, held in November in the southern port city of Zhuhai, Guangdong province.
- construction equipment
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-10/12/content_22160288.htm Liu Jun, executive vice-president of the State-owned firm, talked about thecompany's plans in an interview with China Daily at the New York Forum Africa,which was held in Libreville, Gabon, in August. Liu said that the company will make it a priority to help the African countries betterprepare to receive industrial capacity transfers from China, which is seen as animportant way to boost growth in Africa. AVIC International is well-equipped to handle the challenges ahead. It has more than 80,000 employees in more than 180 countries and regions, and iscontrolled by the giant Aviation Industry Corp of China, an aerospace and defensecompany. AVIC has been in Africa for 30 years and has diversified its businesses there toinclude infrastructure and livelihood projects.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-12/14/content_22705754.htm The entry of Chinese-made construction equipment is now eating into the hugemarket share that European brands have traditionally enjoyed, he said. Last month, the company surpassed its annual sales target for heavy-dutyconstruction vehicles. For Shantui branded machinery, the sales trajectory hasbeen an ever rising one, he said, with 110 units having been sold last year,compared with 90 in 2013. Mambo said he expects 120 to be sold this year.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170712/PDF/a11_screen.pdf 中國企業收購礦權背後的故事
- energy
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160108/PDF/a18_screen.pdf 中國央行7日發佈消息説，中非產能合作基金已在北京完成註冊，首批資金100億美元。 據中新社報道，中非產能合作基金全稱為中非產能合作基金有限責任公司，是由外匯儲備、中國進出口銀行共同出資，依照《中華人民共和國公司法》設立的中長期開發投資基金。 近年來，中國對非務實合作加速推進。2015年12月4日，中國國家主席習近平出席中非合作論壇約翰內斯堡峰會開幕式時，全面闡述了開啟中非合作共贏、共同發展的新時代的政策理念。作為中非合作系列重要舉措的組成部分，習近平宣佈設立首批資金100億美元的中非產能合作基金。
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/30/c_137215820.htm Chinese firm Shenzhen JCN New Energy Technology said Tuesday it is seeking to introduce financial technology (fintech) in Africa that will boost solar power uptake by targeting low income households. Amdy Luo, the Sales Director, told Xinhua in Nairobi that the firm has developed proprietary technology that enables households to purchase a solar kit and make small mobile monthly payment towards the cost of the power kit.
- State-owned China Zhongyuan Engineering Corporation said it will deepen cooperation with African countries and help them solve bottleneck problems in their nuclear energy development. As the overseas nuclear project platform of China National Nuclear Corporation, CZEC is the world's leading provider of integrated nuclear power engineering solutions and China's largest overseas nuclear engineering constructor.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/04/WS5b8ddaa1a310add14f38966d.html
- http://www.scmp.com/business/commodities/article/1874654/china-gets-back-buying-west-african-crude-november China, a major buyer of West African crude oil, went cold as a buyer in October amid plummeting Asian refining margins and a build up in stored oil. Buyers in Europe and the US stepped in, with the latter taking more than two dozen West African cargoes for October loading. But a bounce back in Asian refinery margins, as well as a new slate of domestic Chinese refineries allowed to import oil, helped to boost demand for November-loading oil. “The US and Europe carried the candle in October,” one trader said of West Africa loadings. “But now China is back and showing interest.” Traders said there would be more Chinese storage space free by the time the cargoes booked now would arrive, in contrast to the 4 million barrels that were stranded off an eastern port earlier this month. Additionally, China also more than doubled, to 87.6 million tonnes, the 2016 crude oil import quota for non-state companies.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160608/PDF/a17_screen.pdf：中國石油 天然氣管道局7日透露，管道局與非洲復興 管道項目聯營體近日在河北廊坊市簽署預可 研協議，標誌着該項目進入實際運作階段。 項目建成後，將成為非洲南部地區最重要的 天然氣輸送動脈。 管道全線長2600公里 莫桑比克─南非天然氣管道項目又名非 洲復興管道項目，管道北起莫桑比克北部的 魯伍馬盆地氣田，南至南非境內豪登省，途 經莫桑比克首都馬普托，全線總長約2600公 里。其中莫桑比克境內約2000公里，南非境 內約600公里，項目預計總投資超過60億 美元，年設計輸氣量約為160億至200億立方 米。 據介紹，莫桑比克─南非天然氣管道項 目將採用純商業模式運作，由莫桑比克、南 非和中國三方組成聯營體共同實施項目。 據了解，中國石油天然氣管道局與莫桑 比克國家石油公司、莫桑比克PROFIN公司 、南非PROGAS公司、中國石油技術開發 公司在今年4月下旬正式簽署了這一項目 的聯合開發協議。
- Beijing-based Sinosteel Group Corp Ltd said it would bring more advanced metallurgical technologies to the African continent, speeding up the use of technological new materials while providing more EPC services in African countries. Africa has always been a major target market for Sinosteel's global industrial layout with rapid growth in recent years, said Xu Siwei, chairman of Sinosteel, during a high-level dialogue between Chinese and African leaders and business representatives held in Beijing on Tuesday.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/05/WS5b8f4402a310add14f389c23.html
- telecom
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-02/09/content_40253674.htm Transsion Holdings Ltd, a Shenzhen-based smartphone maker few Chinese have heard of, is securing the jewel in the crown of the mobile world－the African continent, one of the most promising mobile arenas in the world.Transsion has grabbed 40 percent of the African market, outcompeting much bigger opponents like Samsung Electronics Co Ltd and Huawei Technologies Co Ltd. Tecno and itel, two brands owned by Transsion, took the third and first spot in the African mobile market in the third quarter of 2016, respectively, data from technology consultancy Counterpoint Technology Market Research showed.
- 受“一带一路”倡议和中非十大合作计划推动，多家中国电 信设备製造商联合发起的“中非共建非洲信息高速公路”项目，即全长15万公里的“八横八纵”骨干光缆网络项目正稳步推进。该项目建成后，非洲将拥有覆盖整 个大陆的高速宽频骨干网络，逐步进入“信息高速时代”。该项目与“一带一路”战略相呼应，有助中国企业在非洲拓展业务，分享非洲千亿美元级别的巨大市场。 综合中通社、经济参考报报道：《人民日报》29日报道称，该项目预计铺设宽频光缆约15万公里，涉及非洲48个国家，途经82个大型城市。项目建成后，非洲将拥有覆盖整个大陆的高速宽带骨干网络，并能以此为基础进行区域网络、城域网络、无线网络的建设。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170330/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
- 中播控股（00471）宣布，就收购“非洲之星”的卫星平台与Silkwave Africa Holding Limited订立谅解备忘录。根据备忘录，Silkwave Africa同意给予中播有关非洲之星转发器的所有频宽使用权，为期三年，以促进集团与非洲之星相关的全球业务。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170919/PDF/a7_screen.pdf
- 傳易旗下嘅串流音樂應用Boomplay，據稱已經建立非洲最大嘅串流音樂曲庫，擁有500萬首歌曲。啱啱仲宣布完成2,000萬美元（約1.56億港元）嘅A輪融資，籌得資金將主要用喺擴充曲庫、產品升級同引進人才。Boomplay團隊目前約80人。Boomplay亦係傳音旗下TECNO手機嘅預裝音樂App，截至今年二月，Boomplay已有超過4,200萬用戶下載，每月活躍用戶2,000萬。目前佢覆蓋西非同東非嘅四大市場——尼日利亞、加納、肯尼亞同坦桑尼亞。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190402/00202_024.html
- legal
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-02/09/content_19524861.htm As Chinese companies become more deeply involved in Africa and hire more localsubcontractors and employees, they are starting to seek out legal advice more often on theirprojects, legal experts say. "In the last few years we're receiving more and more requests for advice from Chinesecompanies. And we are seeing other law firms representing more Chinese companies as well,"says Pascal Agboyibor, a partner specializing in energy and infrastructure with Orrick, Herrington& Sutcliffe LLP, a global law firm with a focus on the technology, energy and financial sectors.\
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201703/0330/HZ20330CHBB.pdf arbitration centre launched in shenzhen
- 記者從廣州仲裁委員會（以下簡稱廣仲）獲悉，該委近日與南部非洲仲裁院（AFSA）就促進國際營商環境法治專業化、服務貿易自由化商定合作事宜並簽訂合作備忘錄。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202008/0809/HA04809CHBB_HKCD.pdf
- health
- http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/africa/2015-03/26/content_19918014.htm China will assist the African Union in building its own centers for disease control and prevention, a move that is expected to greatly increase African nations' capacity to fight infectious diseases. "We are very likely to help African countries build several CDCs," said Wang Liji, vice-director for international cooperation at the National Health and Family Planning Commission. The African Union proposed building its own centers following the Ebola epidemic, which caused about 10,000 deaths in several West African countries after last year's outbreak, he said.
- china daily 22aug19 tianjin doctors to offer aid in africa
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2015-12/05/content_22634317.htm cooperation in agriculture is high on the agenda of the ongoing Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in Johannesburg, which is being co-chaired by Chinese President Xi Jinping and South African President Jacob Zuma. Grain is the ultimate support of society, goes an old Chinese saying. And true to the proverb, the Chinese government has always paid great attention to agriculture. In fact, the first official document released every year is on agricultural development and rural issues. For more than three decades, China has managed to provide enough food to its population that accounts for 22 percent of the world's total despite having just 7 percent of world's cultivable land. China has also lifted more than 500 million people out of poverty. And the country is working to eliminate abject poverty in the country by 2020. Since the early 2000s Chinese agricultural enterprises have been investing heavily in Africa and working with African countries. They help build agricultural zones in Africa, co-establish agricultural technology centers, and organize other programs such as training and fishing. More than 100 agricultural programs are running in Africa with Chinese help and agricultural technology centers have been set up in more than a dozen countries. China and African countries have complementary agricultural structures. The African continent has abundant natural resources while China has accumulated ample experiences in both traditional and modern agricultural production. Besides, compared with European and US enterprises that usually run large farms, Chinese enterprises can also run smaller agricultural plots.
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-03/07/content_28462070.htm China feeds more than 20 percent of the world's population using only 7 percent of the total arable land, according to World Bank statistics. Africa, on the other hand, has about a quarter of the world's arable land, but generates only 10 percent of global agricultural output and depends on imports to feed its population. Obudho also expects China to help Africa manage its urbanization process, through building cities and constructing infrastructure in order to unclog urban centers.
- 首屆中非熱帶農業科技合作論壇30日在海南博鰲開幕，來自中國和盧旺達、贊比亞、坦桑尼亞、尼日利亞、喀麥隆等非洲國家的專家學者齊聚一堂，圍繞中非熱帶農業科技創新合作、熱帶農業交流合作平台搭建與可持續發展、熱帶農業農村人力資源開發合作等議題展開交流研討。論壇上，中國熱帶農業科學院分別與贊比亞發展署、贊比亞農業研究院和盧旺達農業與畜牧業發展委員會簽署合作諒解備忘錄，同時舉行中國熱帶農業科學院─國 際熱帶農業中心聯合實驗室揭牌儀式，以進一步促進中非熱帶農業科技合作和發展。根據備忘錄，中方與贊比亞發展署將共同為雙方企業提供農業生產、農業加工和 管理技術的能力建設培訓，開展以熱帶農產品為主題的展覽和交易會，共同研發熱帶農業產品。雙方還將共同推動熱帶農業加工技術轉讓，建立熱帶農業技術轉讓中 心。在中方與盧旺達農業與畜牧業發展委員會簽署的諒解備忘錄中，雙方將開展生態系統管理和氣候變化行動的共同戰略研究，共同培養科技人才，共享農業技術改 善和創新的成果。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180831/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- Thousands of metric tons of rice donated by China to Somalia, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo were shipped from Shanghai on Friday afternoon. The move came as part of China's food assistance this year to the United Nations World Food Programme to help address food security challenges in those countries, as well as in the Republic of Congo and Lesotho.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-04/13/content_37457977.htm
- An agribusiness company in eastern China that has made significant inroads in the African market says its growing presence on the continent is boosting economic development and farmers' incomes. Qingdao Ruichang Tech-Industrial Co was one of the first Chinese enterprises to grow cotton in Africa, entering the market in 2003.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/05/WS5b8f3132a310add14f389af4.html
- fishing activity
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cde30954-fe93-11e4-8efb-00144feabdc0.html Chinese fishing companies are engaged in systematic pillaging of west African fisheries on a huge scale, according to a new report from Greenpeace, which also accuses the companies of taking advantage of weak and chaotic governance resulting from last year’s Ebola outbreak in the region. A two-year investigation by the environmental group found that four Chinese fishing companies, including state-owned China National Fisheries Corporation, carried out persistent “illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities and gross tonnage fraud” in west Africa.
- fisheries industry in west africa http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180510/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- endangered species
- 中藥阿膠近年在中國大行其道，驢皮供不應求下，生產商轉向非洲搜求，令這農耕動物數量大跌；關注組織警告，若果情況持續，驢子或於五年內絕種。以肯尼亞為例，當地每天屠宰數以千計驢子，取皮後再運往中國，過去九年間驢隻數量由一百八十萬大跌至一百二十萬。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180616/00180_016.html
- trade
- shoes
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/10/05/a23-1005.pdf廣東吳川素有「中國塑料鞋之鄉」之稱，「目前內地生產的塑料鞋，有四分之一來自吳川。」廣東吳川市塑料鞋行業協會會長楊帝林說。上世紀90年代，吳川塑料鞋開始進軍海外市場。目前，非洲市場銷售的塑料鞋九成來自中國，五成以上「吳川製造」。楊帝林說，吳川塑料鞋企業有400多家
- 這名30歲出頭的 小伙子，帶領非洲本土化團隊，在東西非三大城市 實現了 「當日達」 、 「黑色星期五」 日單破萬等許 多原本在非洲不可能完成的任務。楊濤堅信，非洲 電商的春天就在眼前， 「成熟國家的爆發點就在明 後年，第二梯隊的國家也就再等三五載。」http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171110/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/3022079/how-chinese-e-commerce-start-kilimall-wants-become-digital-enabler Kilimall, the Chinese start-up that is now one of Africa’s leading e-commerce players, is building a platform that empowers thousands of Chinese small businesses eyeing Africa with their localised services. Named after Africa’s highest mountain Kilimanjaro, Kilimall was the first Chinese e-commerce company to enter Africa, selling products that span various categories including electronics, clothing, home appliances, fashion bags, make-up and more.Since its founding in 2014, it has grown rapidly to become the biggest e-commerce site in Kenya with about 10 million users and over 10,000 sellers from both Africa and China. Now, it also distributes in Uganda and Nigeria.
- statistics http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/05/WS5b8f425da310add14f389c10.html
- Media from China and Africa should become recorders and disseminators of China-Africa friendship and the witnesses and promoters of Sino-African cooperation, Guo Weimin, vice-minister of the State Council Information Office, said during the China-Africa Media Forum in Johannesburg, South Africa, on Monday. About 20 editors from Namibia, Tanzania, Ghana, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zimbabwe and China participated in the forum, which is hosted by the Information Office of State Council. It aims to boost exchanges between Chinese and African media and strengthen fair media coverage of both sides.
http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-08/15/content_30637056.htm - china daily 3sep18 "media reps tour chinese captial top achievements"
- economist 20oct18 "soft power and censorship" china's state media news outlets are struggling to win african audiences
shanghai
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160608/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-10/27/content_18806471.htm http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-04/20/content_20478357.htm Whether they are in the lounge, in the kitchen or elsewhere in their homes, Africans are now being given a front-row view of how their world, and the world of trade, is changing. Their guides are the appliances they use to make their lives easier, appliances that used to carry names such as Philips, Samsung and Sanyo, but that now increasingly bear names such as Haier, Hisense and Shinco. The prevalence of these names is the result not only of the highly competitive prices at which they are sold, but also of an unrelenting drive by Chinese companies to innovate and to localize everything they sell. In turn, the success of the likes of Haier, Hisense and Shinco in localizing their products for Africa is spurring other Chinese home appliance and electronics companies to make similar efforts, looking to cash in on an increasingly prosperous continent with its growing middle class and lower labor costs.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/27/WS5b836660a310add14f387ef5.html
Headquartered in East China's Qingdao city, Hisense has been expanding its business in Africa since 2000, when it built a TV production line in Johannesburg. In 2013, it opened another plant in Atlantis, about 50 km from the city of Cape Town. Last year, Hisense produced 261,000 refrigerators and 389,000 televisions in South Africa.
http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/weekly/2015-02/06/content_19507421.htm He first came to Africa in 1998, to Rwanda, and moved to Uganda in 2000, and set up the factory in Tanzania in 2006. When the opportunity presented itself to go abroad in 1998, he came to Africa rather than going to the United States, he says, because he had heard tales of what happened to many Chinese who went there. "I didn't want to end up washing dishes in an American restaurant, but to build up my own business in a new market." He had been an agent selling video tape recorders before coming to Africa, and he says he knew how important it was to identify market demand, and eventually came up with the idea of selling flip-flops. "You can't imagine how popular they were. We were selling ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) flip-flops in Uganda in 2000 and we sold nearly 1.2 million pairs in a year. We then expanded into neighboring countries." That success did not come without considerable pain, much of it in China as he scoured the country looking for flip-flops that would not only have aesthetic appeal to African buyers but would be cheap as well. That work kept him away from his family for long periods.- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-07/06/content_21187200.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-09/01/content_21764140.htm Africa's richest man has signed a contract with a Chinese company to further increase Nigeria's cement production. Dangote Cement Plc of Nigeria signed construction contracts worth $228 million with China's Sinoma International Group to build cement plants in Senegal and Zambia. According to the agreements, the two companies will build nine cement plants across Africa, including Ethiopia, Zambia, Senegal, Kenya, Niger, Cameroon and Mali, with annual production capacity of between 1.5 million metric tons and 3 million tons. The expected accomplishment time is about 30 months. Shen Jun, chairman of Sinoma Nanjing, said the company's cooperation with Dangote could be traced back to 2008 and more than 10 cement plants have been established since then. He said the company plans to bring the latest and the most suitable technologies to Africa and work on transferring skills to local workers.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-09/18/content_21911125.htm China is making good progress in the creation of a network of aviation training and maintenancefacilities in Africa, being built in an effort to boost potential sales of the China-made aircraft, andhelp improve the continent's air transport sector. Speaking on the sidelines of the ongoing Aviation Expo China 2015 in Beijing, Zhang Guangjian,general manager of AVIC International Aero-Development Corp, told China Daily he hoped allthe planned facilities would be fully operational by 2020. The network is likely to comprise an aviation training center, two regional marketing offices, twomaintenance and support centers and three spare-parts warehouses, he said. Work has started on the maintenance and support offices in the Republic of Congo andTanzania. Construction is expected to start soon on the three spare-parts warehouses in Kenya,Zimbabwe and Congo while the aviation training center has already started operations. Congo and Zimbabwe are big users of Chinese aircraft while Kenya is a major regional air hub. The AVIC aviation training center in South Africa is a 1 billion yuan ($151 million) joint venturewith Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Test Flying Academy of SouthAfrica. That is capable of training a maximum of 300 flight students and it is expected to be extended to700 by 2020. "We plan to use these installations to help our civil aircraft industry expand its presence inAfrica's central and northwestern regions," he said, adding his company is also negotiating withTanzania, Zambia and Guinea on the founding of jointly invested airlines in each country. Zhang's firm is a subsidiary of Aviation Industry Corp of China and is responsible for exportingthe country's civil aircraft.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/02/27/a05-0227.pdf
- result of cooperation
- 據中新社報道，中非合作論壇約翰內斯堡峰會取得巨大成功，但個別西方媒體認為，非洲國家從中國援助中受益有限，無助於推動改善民主、人權。中國外交部發言人華春瑩在昨日的例行記者會上進行了一一駁斥。華春瑩首先指出，中非合作最大的特點就是合作共贏。中國與非洲開展合作時，堅持優先考慮非洲自身的實際需要，優先幫助非洲改善民生，優先支持非洲提升自主發展能力。華春瑩表示，中國迄今通過援助和提供融資支持，幫助非洲國家建設了5,675公里鐵路、4,507公里公路、18座橋樑、12個港口、14座機場和航站樓、64座電站、76個體育設施以及水利、通訊等基礎設施和68所醫院、200多所學校、23個農業技術示範中心。僅2000年以來，就為非洲提供了5.5萬個政府獎學金名額，培訓了8萬多人次各類實用人才。這些合作成果為非洲發展創造了更好條件，而且惠及非洲普通民眾。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/11/a23-1211.pdf
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/lifeandart/2016-12/13/content_15541042.html three-year Chinese Ministry of Culture project to help African countries to train 1,000 people by the end of 2018. President Xi Jinping proposed the plan at the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in December last year. During the Shenzhen program, delegates visited the country's leading cultural enterprises in the city, including internet giant Tencent Holdings Ltd, art printer and database provider Artron, and top animation company Huaqiang. They also attended lectures and events.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-04/10/content_28853615.htm A growing number of young Chinese are visiting Africa as unpaid workers and engaging more with people from countries across the continent. Hou Liqiang reports.
- africans in china
- https://www.ft.com/content/7106ab42-80d1-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff hundreds of thousands of Chinese workers — both private entrepreneurs and employees of state-run companies — to have returned from Africa in recent years, as lower commodity prices hit many of the continent’s economies. The volume of Chinese returnees — 150,000 are estimated to have left oil-rich Angola in the past four years alone — means that the Chinese population in Africa is now in decline from about 1m in 2013, according to analysts. While most of China’s migration to Africa has been by small-scale entrepreneurs, the number of contract workers serving Chinese state-owned enterprises fell 32,000 last year to 233,000, according to the state-run China International Contractors Association. “Continent-wide there seems to be a decrease,” says Barry Sautman, who monitors Chinese migration to the continent at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. “In part because of a downturn in the commodities cycle, it became unsustainable for many Chinese to continue their businesses.” The migrant decline mirrors a fall in trade and investment between China and Africa, which reached more than $200bn in 2015, before falling below $150bn last year. China’s direct investment in the continent is negligible compared with trade.
- guangdong
- 非洲裔人士聚居廣州，始於上世紀九十年代，當時小北路近越秀公園一帶，聚集了來自新疆、甘肅等地的回民，後來非洲人來了，他們主要從事售賣服裝、舊電器及拖鞋生意。非洲人的生活圈迅速擴展至附近下塘村，村內設立了非洲餐廳和酒吧，愈來愈多非洲人在附近大廈開設公司，連下塘的登峰酒店亦改建為服裝批發中心。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20161120/00176_095.html
- guangzhou
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20170315/00176_034.html 廣州近年涉及非洲裔人士的罪案事件頻生，廣州當局為此推行嚴格措施，據報現時居住在廣州的非洲人口正逐漸減少。廣州市公安局副局長蔡巍證實，截至上月廿五日，在廣州的非洲人有一萬零三百四十四人，是近年的最低數字。
- in the 1970s Beijing embarked on the construction of the Tanzam railway, which connected Dar-es-Salaam to Zambia. Project was financed by China, and twenty thousand chinese workers were sent to build it.
taiwan
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2161262/taiwanese-businesses-feel-squeeze-africa-beijing Taiwan’s businesses in Africa, already squeezed diplomatically and facing tough competition from their mainland counterparts, can expect to come under even more pressure as Beijing extends its reach across the continent, a Taiwanese business leader warned on Friday.
Hong kong
- association
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160125/00176_130.html至於喺非洲投資農業嘅James吳俊華，最近牽頭成立「香港非洲商會」，並出任創會主席。James話，非洲係「一帶一路」嘅其中一站，希望成立商會配合歷史機遇，協助商界打開非洲之門。James仲趁機為非洲國家抱不平，認為香港人以為當地好窮，治安又唔好，其實非洲有幾十個國家，當地經濟發展亦唔錯，希望將來商會做多啲正面宣傳，令港人對非洲印象改觀。
- opportunities for HK
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-09/28/content_15789732.htm Africa's fast-growing economies can provide huge opportunities to Asian investors, especially those from the Chinese mainland, experts have told the Africa Investment Summit being held in Hong Kong. Delegates heard that countries on the continent's East and West coasts offer the biggest potential, being places where they can get access, in particular, to offshore oil and gas projects. Africa currently holds a significant share of the world's resources, including 89 percent of its platinum, 74 percent of its chrome, 60 percent of its diamonds, and 12 percent of its proven oil reserves, according to a report delivered during the event by Hong Kong's Alquity Investment Management Ltd, the fund management company. "Africa has a lot of resources, but we need the funds to exploit them, (and Asian countries such as) China have the financial capacity to help African countries to develop (their resources)," said Jose Chinjamba with the National Private Investment Agency of Angola.
- maritime
- investors from HK
- http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1209557/hong-kong-ship-owners-seize-chance-africa-trade-soars Burgeoning trade between China and Africa and sales by German shipping investment funds have combined to create opportunities for two fledgling Hong Kong ship owners. Tribini Capital and Mandarin Shipping have both acquired container ships from distressed-ship investment vehicles in Germany in the past few months and chartered the vessels to larger shipping lines operating between Asia and Africa. Cargo volumes from Asia to Africa are growing two to three times faster than volumes between Africa and Europe or North America, shipping experts said. The growth is being fuelled by African consumer demand for Chinese-made mobile phones and other products including chemicals, and by commodity demand in Asia. The ship owners, owned by separate investors, found they were competing against each other to acquire their ships, with Tribini Capital losing out to Mandarin for two vessels. Mandarin Shipping director William Fairclough said although the company was not exclusively focused on the container ship sector, "we do see opportunities there given the current problems in the German KG market".
- investors from HK
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1a358d9c-725a-11e5-a129-3fcc4f641d98.html The future of a secretive Hong Kong-based business network at the heart of China’s advance into Africa has been thrown into doubt after reports that its frontman, a jet-setting tycoon with seven names and ties to the intelligence services, has been caught up in a Communist party investigation. Sam Pa, as the bespectacled tycoon is best known, was detained at a hotel in Beijing on October 8, according to a report in Caixin magazine and a person familiar with the matter. Mr Pa, who has cultivated relationships with dictators from Harare to Pyongyang in pursuit of deals in resources and infrastructure worth billions of dollars, could not be reached on his usual phone numbers. Mr Pa’s detention came a day after Chinese state media announced that Su Shulin, the governor of Fujian Province and a former chairman of state-owned oil group Sinopec, had been placed under investigation for “suspected serious disciplinary offences” by the ruling party’s anti-graft body. Mr Su became the latest casualty in President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign. Caixin said the probes into Mr Pa and Mr Su were related; the pair were pictured at the same high-level meeting in Beijing in 2008 alongside a top oil official from Angola. Sinopec, a key base of support for disgraced oil and security tsar Zhou Yongkang, has been a key partner of the business network Mr Pa leads — known informally as the Queensway group after the address of its Hong Kong headquarters. On Wednesday an employee at that address said she knew nothing about his detention. The Financial Times examined Mr Pa’s dealmaking in Africa in an investigation in 2014. A report this year examined potential Queensway group connections to businesses in North Korea. In 2004, Sinopec acquired a stake in a prime oil prospect off the Angolan coast in partnership with a hitherto unknown company called China Sonangol. The latter’s backers were Angola’s state oil company, which serves as the financial engine of the African nation’s authoritarian ruling clique, and a Queensway group holding company. That was the deal that propelled Mr Pa — who, as the FT last year found, had built up African contacts while working with Chinese intelligence services — into the forefront of China’s quest for Africa’s natural resources. Other deals followed, including a 2009 multibillion-dollar infrastructure-for-resources pact with the military junta that had seized control of Guinea and a Zimbabwean diamond venture that saw Mr Pa placed under US sanctions last year for allegedly aiding Robert Mugabe’s regime. The Angolan oil project, operated by BP, yields 180,000 barrels of crude a day and has helped the southern African country become a major crude supplier to China.
- 港商設廠 放眼非洲 http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20140722/00176_125.html
- 防範伊波拉 商界靠自救 http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20140813/00176_120.html
- http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20120218/00408_008.html 曾縱橫中港影視製作同戶外媒體行業多年嘅博愛醫院副主席吳俊華，當年因為要做配樂而買咗大量黑膠唱片，連已故歌手「哥哥」張國榮嘅黑膠唱碟都完好無缺。十二年前，佢轉戰非洲尼日利亞，成立非洲第一條VCD、DVD生產線，得到「非洲VCD之父」嘅稱號。個個生意佬都話北望神州，點解佢反而走去非洲搏殺呢？提起就一肚冤氣，原來二十年前佢斥資五百萬元喺惠州淡水買咗塊地，諗住發展為影視城，冇耐就被市政府徵用興建政府大樓，被迫換咗另一塊地，其後因其他原因又再換地，依家仍然得個吉。難怪佢個心淡晒，疊埋心水去尼日利亞投資影碟，成為行業先鋒。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/20/pdf38.htm 人稱「鞋王」的 Shu Talk老闆梁日昌早在 2009年於非洲埃塞俄比亞開設鞋廠，說得上是「一帶一路」的先 鋒。他談到在當地的投資，認為是值得的，公司更計劃在未來 3年擴建現有廠房；笑說擔 心若繼續在當地發展，不知何時才能退休。
- africans in hk
- 有本地紀錄片介紹，香港 的非洲族裔約有一千七百至三 千人，大部分經營出口生意， 比如回收手提電話再於家鄉轉 售。一些人可能因為膚色就歧 視他們不夠乾淨甚至帶有體味 ，可他們有許多人也出於這種 歧視比其他族裔都更注重整潔 。事實上，雙方都不應拘泥刻 板印象，惟通過語言溝通才能 相互了解。非洲人和中國人一 樣，尊老愛幼，重視家庭，嫁 給非洲人的港女就更欣賞他們 的誠實和風度。同時，在港非 洲人也注重社群連結，他們相 互熟悉，甚至設置了主席一職 負責處理問題，協調矛盾。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200612/PDF/b3_screen.pdf
- chungking mansion
- african restaurants in hk
- event
- [hk sacred spaces] Chungking Mansions was designed as residential housing and built by the Sino-Philippine developer Jaime Chua Tiampo - 蔡天普 the Mansions were a crowd jewel of Tsim Sha Tsui in the 1960s when it was built. It had apartments, a shopping arcade, a rather famous nightclub all with pretensions to luxury before its reputation took a decidedly downward turn in the 1970s and 1980s. Through it all, the Mansions survived fires, corruption scandals, and a few police raids clinging to a low-tech, high-intensity globalized entrepreneurship that few places in the world can match.
- african restaurants in hk
- http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1329497/plate-harvest
- event
- africa day 2013 on 20may13 organised by honorary consuls, simon galpin as guest speaker
Newspaper supplement
- ft 5oct15
- ft 28aug19 african development special
- ft 23sep19 future of africa healthcare special
Event
- http://www.africainvestsummit.asia/
- ft 5oct15
- ft 28aug19 african development special
- ft 23sep19 future of africa healthcare special
Event
- http://www.africainvestsummit.asia/
- to be held in hk in 2015
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