Monday, December 17, 2018

Chile

kiv country names in other languages, e.g portuguese

Government
-  Ministry of Finance of Chile El Ministerio de Hacienda es el ministerio de Estado encargado de dirigir las finanzas de Chile; lo encabeza el ministro de Hacienda Felipe Larraín Bascuñán. En mayo de 1811, el director supremo Bernardo O'Higgins ordenó crear las Salas de Guerra, de Gobierno y Policía, y de la Real Hacienda3​ y en marzo de 1814, Francisco de la Lastra, jefe de Estado por un breve periodo, nombró a José María Villarroel Osorio titular de la Secretaría de Hacienda.
- Production Development Corporation (CORFO) (full name in Spanish: Corporación de Fomento de la Producción de Chile) is a Chilean governmental organization that was founded in 1939, by President Pedro Aguirre Cerda, to promote economic growth in Chile. Originally, CORFO was responsible for the creation of basic industries during the Presidential Republic Era, namely oil, power, steel, sugar, transportation among many others. CORFO oversees a variety of programs aimed at generating the economic development of Chile, through the promotion of inward investment and the advocacy of competitiveness for domestic companies. CORFO’s main areas are Quality and Productivity, Innovation and Investment Promotion.
- Prochile http://www.prochile.gob.cl/importadores/seleccion-idiomas/
  • http://www.prochile.gob.cl/sectores/industrias/#;
  • http://www.prochile.gob.cl/sectores/servicios/   
  • People
  • Chi fung erick chan, trade officer, trade commission cg of chile (hjtdc event)

- Foreign Investment Committee CIEChile http://www.ciechile.gob.cl/en

  • http://www.ciechile.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Foreign_Investors_Guide_in_Chile.pdf


The National Congress of Chile (Spanish: Congreso Nacional de Chile) is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. The National Congress of Chile was founded on July 4, 1811. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house), of 155 Deputies (120 before 2017) and by the Senate (upper house), formed by 50 Senators (38 before 2017).The organisation of Congress and its powers and duties are defined in articles 42 to 59 of the current constitution and by the Constitutional Organic Law No. 18,918. On 13 September 1973, the Government Junta of Chile dissolved Congress.


Concepción (Spanish pronunciation: [kon.sepˈsjon] ; in full: Concepción de la Madre Santísima de la Luz, "Conception of the Blessed Mother of Light") is a Chilean city and commune belonging to the metropolitan area of Greater Concepción, it is one of the largest urban conurbations of Chile.[2] It has a significant impact on domestic trade[3] being part of the most heavily industrialized region in the country. Concepción was founded by Pedro de Valdivia[FN 1] in 1550 north of the Bío Bío River, at the site which is today known as Penco. At that time it was given the name Concepción de María Purísima del Nuevo Extremo (Mary Immaculate Conception of the New End). The new settlement of Concepción was just a few kilometers north of La Frontera (The Frontier), the boundary between Spanish territory and the land of the Mapuche, an American Indian ethnic group that remained independent until the 1870s. The settlement was formally recognized by the Spanish authorities as a town two years later by a royal decree. It was given a coat-of-arms that is still in use today.
- coat of arms: black eagle?, eight point star, inverted crescent moon

奇洛埃岛  Chiloé Island (Spanish: Isla de Chiloé), also known as Greater Island of Chiloé (Isla Grande de Chiloé) When the Spanish conquistadores arrived on Chiloé Island in the 16th Century, the island was inhabited by the Chono, Huilliche and Cunco peoples. The original peoples navigated the treacherous waters of the Chiloé Archipelago in boats called dalcas with skill that impressed the Spaniards.The first Spaniard to sight the coast of Chiloé was the explorer Alonso de Camargo in 1540, as he was travelling to Peru.[7] However, in an expedition ordered by Pedro de Valdivia, captain Francisco de Ulloa reached the Chacao Channel in 1553 and explored the islands forming the archipelago, and is thus considered the first discoverer of Chiloé.[6] In 1558, Spanish soldier García Hurtado de Mendoza began an expedition which would culminate in the Chiloé archipelago being claimed for the Spanish crown.The city of Castro was founded in 1567.[8] The island was originally called New Galicia by the Spanish discoverers,[9] but this name did not stick and the name Chiloé, meaning “place of seagulls” in the Huilliche language, was given to the island.Jesuit missionaries to Chiloé Island, charged with the evangelization of the local population arrived on Chiloé at the turn of the 17th Century and built a number of chapels throughout the archipelago. By 1767 there were already 79 and today more than 150 wooden churches built in traditional style can be found on the islands, many of these declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.[7][10] Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the Franciscans assumed responsibility for the religious mission to Chiloé from 1771.Chiloé only became part of the Chilean republic in 1826, eight years after independence and following the two failed campaigns for independence in 1820 and 1824.[11] From 1843, a large number of Chilotes (as inhabitants of the island are called) migrated to Patagonia in search of work, mainly in Punta Arenas, but as living and working conditions in Chiloé improved in the following century this migration began gradually to decrease.

Easter Island (Rapa Nui: Rapa Nui, Spanish: Isla de Pascua) is a Chilean island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. Easter Island is famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui people.
- ancient civilisation

  • [wisdom of pacific islanders] ancient script on stone tablets 朗戈—朗戈人(精通咒語的人)一邊念誦 spells and at the same time hit on those tablets; hungarian 赫维什 found similarities of the scripts and those of Mohenjo-daro civilisation
- ancient language

  • Rongorongo, you see, is one of the four inventions of writing. It was used during Easter Island’s golden age (think Moa statues), but when they cut down the last tree there and their civilization started to decline, a change happened. With no wood to write with, the island entered a dark age. There was no longer any reason to write anything down, in fact, it was better to just burn earlier records to cook. Eventually, they just forgot how to read it. https://www.quora.com/Which-ancient-language-are-we-aware-of-but-are-unable-to-decode

- Japan
  •  日本放送協會（NHK）周四披露日本機密文件報道，智利政府於一九三七年為求籌募資金建造軍艦，曾向美國、英國，甚至日本等國家兜售知名古蹟復活島，令該島幾乎成為日本領土。據報，該份機密文件是智利駐日本大使館發布的電報，附有關於復活島的資料，最終日本政府並無購買。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180427/00180_018.html
伊基克The city developed during the heyday of the saltpetre mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century. Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population, it was conquered by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). Today it is one of only two free ports of Chile, the other one being Punta Arenas, in the country's far south.
- 今天智利依然有一個自由港伊基克被稱為「小香港」https://www.facebook.com/shensimon/photos/a.224514904249334/2824303497603782/?


santiago
- Plaza Baquedano is a major landmark in Santiago, Chile. The plaza was inaugurated in 1928, being crowned by a monument made by Chilean sculptor Virgínio Arias and featuring General Manuel Baquedano, giving the current name to the urban landmark. It is located where formerly the Mapocho River used to fork. The oval-shaped plaza is the focal point of celebrations and riots in the city. The area also serves as a hub for Santiago's street network. Some of the main streets of Santiago intersect in the area, including Avenida Providencia, Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins and Avenida Vicuña Mackenna. A tunnel entrance to the Costanera Norte Highway is close to Plaza Baquedano. Parque Forestal, Balmaceda Park and Bustamante Park converge here.Plaza Baquedano, formerly known as Plaza Italia and before that as Plaza Colón, was created in 1875 as Plaza La Serena and adopted its current name in 1928 to honor Manuel Baquedano.[1]It was originally a traffic circle but its geometric design and functionality have changed since then.


瓦尔迪维亚  Valdivia (Spanish pronunciation: [balˈdiβja]) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder Pedro de Valdivia and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Cau-CauRivers, approximately 15 km (9 mi) east of the coastal towns of Corral and Niebla. Since October 2007, Valdivia has been the capital of Los Ríos Region and is also the capital of Valdivia Province. The city of Valdivia and the Chiloé Archipelago were once the two southernmost outliers of the Spanish Empire. From 1645 to 1740 the city depended directly on the Viceroyalty of Peru, which financed the building of the Valdivian fort system that turned Valdivia into one of the most fortified cities of the New World.[5] In the second half of the 19th century, Valdivia was the port of entry for German immigrants who settled in the city and surrounding areas.The area around Valdivia may have been populated since 12,000 – 11,800 BC, according to archaeological discoveries in Monte Verde[7] (less than 200 km south of Valdivia), which would place it about a thousand years before the Clovis culture in North America. This challenges the "Clovis First" model of migration to the New World. Researchers speculate that the first inhabitants of Valdivia and Chile travelled to America by watercraft and not across a land-bridge in the Bering Strait. During at least the Middle Archaic, southern Chile was populated by indigenous groups who shared a common lithic culture called the Chan-Chan Complex, named for the archaeological site of Chan-Chan located some 35 km north of Valdivia along the coast. By the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, Valdivia was inhabited by the Huilliche (Mapudungunfor People of the South). The Huilliche and Mapuche were both referred to by the Spaniards as Araucanos. Their main language was a variant of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language.

 瓦尔帕莱索（西班牙語：Valparaíso，意即「天堂谷地」） Valparaíso (/ˌvælpəˈraɪzoʊ, -soʊ/; Spanish: [balpaɾaˈiso]) is a major city, seaport, and educational centre in the commune of Valparaíso, Chile. "Greater Valparaíso" is the third largest metropolitan area in the country. Valparaíso is located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northwest of Santiago by road and is one of the South Pacific's most important seaports. Valparaíso is the capital of Chile's second most populated administrative region and has been the headquarters for the Chilean National Congress since 1990. Valparaíso has seven universities. Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century, when the city served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by crossing the Straits of Magellan. Valparaíso mushroomed during its golden age, as a magnet for European immigrants, when the city was known by international sailors as "Little San Francisco" and "The Jewel of the Pacific".Notable features include Latin America's oldest stock exchange, the continent's first volunteer fire department, Chile's first public library, and the oldest Spanish language newspaper in continuous publication in the world, El Mercurio de Valparaíso.The second half of the twentieth century was unfavorable to Valparaíso, as many wealthy families abandoned the city. The opening of the Panama Canal and reduction in ship traffic dealt a serious blow to Valparaíso's port-based economy. 
- The Bay of Valparaíso was probably first populated by the Picunche natives, known for their agriculture, or the Chango people, who were nomads dedicated to fishing, and traveling between modern-day Caldera and Concepcion. Spanish explorers, considered the first European discoverers of Chile, arrived in 1536, aboard the Santiaguillo, a supply ship sent by Diego de Almagro. The Santiaguillo carried men and supplies for Almagro's expedition, under the command of Juan de Saavedra, who named the town after his native village of Valparaíso de Arriba in Cuenca Province, Spain.


Company
-  Quiñenco S.A is a Chile-based company engaged in the investment in companies active in the industrial and financial sectors. It is one of Chile’s largest business conglomerates, with US$71 billion in assets under management. Founded in 1957 by Andrónico Luksic, Quiñenco is controlled by Chile’s Grupo Luksic. The Company's business is structured into six divisions: Financial Services, Beverage & Food, Manufacturing, Energy, Transport, and Port & Shipping Services.[7] The group employs around 69,000 people in Chile and worldwide and its companies generated an aggregated sales revenue of US$20 billion in 2014. Major subsidiaries and associate companies that are part of the conglomerate, with percentage of equity participation:
  • Banco de Chile - bank (51.3%)
  • Compañía de Cervecerias Unidas - beverage producer (60%)
  • TechPack- packaging manufacturer (65.9%)
  • CSAV- shipping line (55.2%)
  • SM SAAM — port and tug boat operator (42.4%)
  • ENEX- fuel (100%)
  • Nexans- cable manufacturer of which Quiñenco is main shareholder (28.6%)
The Luksic Group’s mining and railway investments are managed by Antofagasta plc. Quiñenco is listed on the Santiago stock exchange and other Chilean exchanges. Most Quiñenco operating companies are also listed in Chile.-  The Luksic Group is a business conglomerate in Chile. Founded in the early 1950s in Antofagasta, its original activities were related to the copper mining industry. Since then, the group has expanded into the mining, financial, beverage and food, manufacturing, energy, transport, port and shipping services, railway and tourism industries. It is active in Chile, Argentina, Colombia and Brazil. In 1996, the group reorganized its ownership structure so that all the financial and  industrial investments were placed under control of Quiñenco, while the mining and railway investments were to be controlled by Antofagasta, simplifying control within the Luksic Group.
  •  Andrónico Luksic Craig is the eldest son of Andrónico Luksic and Ena Craig. He spent his early childhood years, along with his younger brother Guillermo, in the mineral deserts of northern Chile. When Andrónico was only around four years old, his mother died during a heart operation.  Fourteen years after this unfortunate death, his father would marry Iris Fontbona, giving birth to three new children: María Paola, María Gabriela and Jean-Paul.[citation needed]In 1960, Andrónico and his family moved to Santiago, where they lived in a house at Alcántara street. In Santiago, he first attended The Grange School. Then, at the age of 16, Andrónico went to the United States to attend high school at the Dublin School for Boys (in New Hampshire). Upon graduating, he moved to Boston to pursue a degree in business at Babson College. His tenure at Babson was cut short when he returned to South America to work in the family's Ford dealerships.[citation needed] There, he married the Argentine Patricia Lederer Tcherniak, with whom he had five children: Andrónico, Davor, Dax, Maximiliano and Fernanda. The couple divorced in 2016.
- aviation

- retail chain

  • Falabella
- mining
  • CODELCO (Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile or, in English, the National Copper Corporation of Chile) is a Chilean state owned copper mining company. It was formed in 1976 from foreign-owned copper companies that were nationalised in 1971. The headquarters are in Santiago and the seven-man board of directors is appointed by the President of the Republic. It has the Minister of Mining as its president and six other members including the Minister of Finance and one representative each from the Copper Workers Federation and the National Association of Copper Supervisors.
  • world's largest copper company

- food
  • directory of aquaculture and fisheries http://www.directorioaqua.com/contenido/dapel_vision_internacional_en.php
- wine
  • http://www.donmelchor.com/ 
  • Hket 22jun16 c3

- optical
  • Opticas moneda rotter
  • Buyer of 2015 hktdc optical fair
- ARAUCO is a forestry company that was established 47 years ago to produce and manage renewable forest resources 
- newspaper

  • El Mercurio is a Chilean newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. Its Santiago edition is considered the country's newspaper of record and it is considered the oldest daily in the Spanish language currently in circulation. El Mercurio is owned by El Mercurio S.A.P. (Sociedad Anónima Periodística 'joint stock news company'), which operates a network of 19 regional dailies and 32 radio stations across the country.The paper played "a significant role in setting the stage for the military coup" which took place on 11 September 1973, bringing General Augusto Pinochet to power. It mobilised opponents of President Salvador Allende and the gremialismo movement to be active in destabilisation from the street, while also advocating the neoliberal policies of the yet-to-come Chicago Boys.



trade and investment environment
- 智利政府上周五宣布，將全面禁止商店向顧客提供膠袋，成為南美洲首個實行膠袋禁令的國家。大型企業將會獲半年寬限期，小型商店則有兩年時間。在適應期內，商戶在每次交易中，最多只可向顧客提供兩個膠袋，違者會被罰款三百七十美元（約二千九百港元）。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180805/00180_010.html


Industry
- lithium

  • http://www.economist.com/news/business/21688386-amid-surge-demand-rechargeable-batteries-companies-are-scrambling-supplies The focus of CITIC’s interest appears to lie on a lunar-like landscape of encrusted salt in Chile’s Atacama desert. It is a brine deposit washed off the Andes millions of years ago, containing about a fifth of the world’s known lithium resources. (Even more are in adjacent Bolivia but they are mostly untapped; see chart 1.) Just weeks before, CITIC had bought a stake in a Hong Kong electric-vehicle maker that uses lithium-ion batteries, indicating its growing interest in clean-energy technologies. At SQM’s facilities the brine is pumped from an underground reservoir into hundreds of ponds. As it evaporates it turns into shades of blue and green, making the plant resemble a giant artist’s palette. It produces mostly potassium compounds but also a viscous liquid, lithium chloride. This is taken by tanker to a plant near the coast where it is turned into finely powdered lithium carbonate and hydroxide, which are then shipped around the world.It is not a big business: lithium accounts for only about 5% of the materials in some car batteries, and for less than 10% of their cost. Worldwide sales of lithium salts are only about $1 billion a year. But the element is a vital component of batteries that power everything from cars to smartphones, laptops and power tools. With demand for such high-density energy storage set to surge as vehicles become greener and electricity becomes cleaner, Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, calls lithium “the new gasoline”. The juice still to be squeezed from lithium-ion batteries can be seen at the Angamos power plant on Chile’s northern coastline. It uses 1m lime-green battery cells in ten shipping containers to regulate the electricity grid across the Atacama region at times of peak demand, including at SQM’s lithium-mining operations hundreds of miles away across the desert. For the lithium the power plant uses, it is a homecoming. Extracted at SQM, it was sent to China to be turned into cells, put into battery packs in America, and shipped back to Chile by AES Energy Storage. That is a long journey for a tiny element of a little battery cell—but one that may embody the future of the world’s energy supplies.
  • https://www.ft.com/content/2265fa60-b5b0-11e7-a398-73d59db9e399 Sinochem, China’s state chemical group, is among bidders for a $4bn stake in Chile’s SQM, one of the world’s largest producers of lithium, a key component in the batteries of electric cars. The stake put up for sale by Canada’s PotashCorp has also attracted interest from China’s GSR Capital, a private equity firm, Ningbo Shanshan, a battery materials company, and China’s largest lithium producer, Tianqi Lithium, according to people familiar with the process.
  •  https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tianqi-lithium-m-a-sqm/chinas-tianqi-lithium-to-buy-a-quarter-of-chiles-sqm-for-41-billion-idUSKCN1II1I8 China’s Tianqi Lithium Corp (002466.SZ) said on Thursday it will buy nearly a quarter of Chilean lithium producer SQM SQMa.SN for $4.1 billion, gaining it coveted access to a key ingredient in rechargeable batteries that power mobile phones and electric cars.
  •  https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-lithium-russia/russias-rosatom-may-buy-controlling-stake-in-chile-lithium-project-idUSKBN1WU1MI Uranium One Group, a subsidiary of Russia’s state nuclear company Rosatom, may buy a controlling stake in a lithium project in Chile’s Atacama salt flat from Wealth Minerals Ltd (WML.V), the Canada-listed company said on Tuesday. Under a deal struck with Wealth, the Russian nuclear firm has the option to purchase up to a 51% stake in Wealth’s Atacama project in northern Chile, the statement said.Chile’s Atacama salt flat, home to leading lithium producers SQM SQMa.SN and Albemarle (ALB.N), accounts for around one-third the world’s supply of lithium, a key ingredient in the batteries that power electric vehicles, tablets and cell phones.Rosatom’s interest in Chile’s lithium industry comes as electric automakers and governments scour the world for the metals needed to power the quickly expanding industry.
  • economist 5oct19 "just in brine production"  can lithium charge up the economy?


- salmon
  •  智利延基韋省卡爾布科上月遭暴風雨侵襲，令當地一個海上養殖場受損，約六十萬條三文魚游走，至今只撈回約三萬條魚。上述三文魚並未注射抗生素，不適合人類食用，更有可能破壞當地食物鏈生態，智利環境部要求政府調查事件，並打算入稟法院向養殖場索償。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180809/00180_027.html

people
- Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (Spanish pronunciation: [auˈɣusto pinoˈ(t)ʃe] or [-ˈ(t)ʃet]; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general, politician and the dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990; he remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998. He was also president of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.Following his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people,[10]the internment of as many as 80,000 people and the torture of tens of thousands. According to the Chilean government, the amount of executions and forced disappearances was 3,095. Under the influence of the free market-oriented neoliberal "Chicago Boys", the military government implemented economic liberalization, including currency stabilization, removed tariff protections for local industry, banned trade unions and privatized social security and hundreds of state-owned enterprises. These policies produced what has been referred to as the "Miracle of Chile" by right-wing Libertarian Milton Friedman, critics state that economic inequality dramatically increased and attribute the devastating effects of the 1982 monetary crisis on the Chilean economy to these policies.[15][16] Chile was, for most of the 1990s, the best-performing economy in Latin America, though the legacy of Pinochet's reforms continues to be in dispute. His fortune grew considerably during his years in power through dozens of bank accounts secretly held abroad and a fortune in real estate. He was later prosecuted for embezzlement, tax fraud and for possible commissions levied on arms deals. Pinochet's 17-year rule was given a legal framework through a controversial 1980 plebiscite, which approved a new Constitution drafted by a government-appointed commission. In a 1988 plebiscite 56% voted against Pinochet's continuing as president, which led to democratic elections for the Presidency and Congress. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 10 March 1998, when he retired and became a senator-for-life in accordance with his 1980 Constitution. However, Pinochet was arrested under an international arrest warrant on a visit to London on 10 October 1998 in connection with numerous human rights violations. Following a legal battle he was released on grounds of ill-health, and returned to Chile on 3 March 2000. In 2004, Chilean Judge Juan Guzmán Tapia ruled that Pinochet was medically fit to stand trial and placed him under house arrest.[8] By the time of his death on 10 December 2006, about 300 criminal charges were still pending against him in Chile for numerous human rights violations during his 17-year rule, and tax evasion and embezzlement during and after his rule;[19] he was accused of having corruptly amassed at least 28 million USD.[20] Despite the indictment and 300 charges, he only served time in house arrest. 

  • Pinochet was born in Valparaíso, the son of Augusto Pinochet Vera, a descendant of a French Breton immigrant from Lamballe, and Avelina Ugarte Martínez, a woman of Basque descent.
- Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique (Spanish: [miˈɣel ˈxwan seβasˈtjan piˈɲeɾa etʃeˈnike] (About this sound listen); born December 1, 1949), more commonly known as Sebastián Piñera, is a Chilean politician and businessman. He was President of Chile between 2010 and 2014. Piñera is the third child of the marriage between José Piñera Carvallo and Magdalena Echenique Rozas. He was born on December 1, 1949, in Santiago, Chile.[citation needed] His siblings are María Magdalena, José Manuel, Juan Pablo, José Miguel, and María Teresa.[citation needed] Sebastián Piñera is of Basque–Cantabric ancestry.[citation needed] Among his ancestors on his maternal side is his mother's great great grandmother, Luisa Pinto Garmendia, the sister of President Aníbal Pinto Garmendia and daughter of President Francisco Antonio Pinto and Luisa Garmendia Alurralde, who was a descendant of the last Inca emperor Huayna Capac.[2] He is a nephew of the oldest living Roman Catholic bishop in the world, Bernardino Piñera.
- spanish conquistador

  • Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia or Valdiva (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾo ðe βalˈðiβja]; April 17, 1497 – December 25, 1553[1]) was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. After serving with the Spanish army in Italy and Flanders, he was sent to South America in 1534, where he served as lieutenant under Francisco Pizarro in Peru, acting as his second in command. In 1540 he led an expedition of 150 Spaniards into Chile, where he defeated a large force of indigenous natives and founded Santiago in 1541. He extended Spanish rule south to the Biobío River in 1546, fought again in Peru (1546 – 48), and returned to Chile as governor in 1549. He began to conquer Chile south of the Biobío and founded Concepción in 1550.[2] He was captured and killed in a campaign against the Mapuche. The city of Valdiviain Chile is named after him.

- billionaires
  • http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21717438-one-south-americas-most-modern-countries-resents-its-tight-knit-elite-why-chileans-dislike

politics
- Demonstrators in Chile set a university building ablaze and ransacked a church on Friday (Nov 8) at the close of an otherwise peaceful rally marking three weeks of unprecedented protests against social and economic inequality. Protesters clashed with police who had set up barricades to protect private Pedro de Valdivia University, and shortly thereafter the wooden roof of its 100-year-old administration building began to burn, witnesses said.Nearby, hooded protesters looted the church of La Asuncion, which was built in 1876, dragging furniture outside and setting it alight.Tens of thousands of people had filed earlier into Plaza Italia, which has become ground zero in this spasm of grassroots fury over low wages, high costs for education and health care and a socio-economic system they see as favouring the wealthy. The unrest has left 20 people dead. In the third such huge march, they renamed the square "Dignity Plaza". As night fell, protesters blocked roads near an upscale shopping mall that is considered a symbol of modern, prosperous Chile and erected flaming barricades. They chanted and shouted slogans against conservative President Sebastian Pinera. The mall has been closed for nearly two weeks because of the unrest.https://www.straitstimes.com/world/americas/protesters-in-chile-set-fire-to-university-loot-church
- new constitution
  • economist 14mar2020 how to reform chile - a new constitution offers a path out of anger and disorder

Economic policy
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/97dce28e-7b18-11e4-87d4-00144feabdc0.html For 30 years Chile has been a laboratory for free market economics, with privatised pensions and even a school voucher system designed by Milton Friedman, the godfather of Chicago economics, who once described Chile’s success as a “miracle”. Yet now Latin America’s most prosperous country may be reversing the experiment, to the consternation of free marketeers everywhere.

  • [wikipedia] The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom trained at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Upon their return to Latin America they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including the military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990). As economic advisors, many of them reached high positions within those.[1] The Heritage Foundation credits them with transforming Chile into Latin America's best performing economy and one of the world's most business-friendly jurisdictions.[2] However, critics point to drastic increases in unemployment that can be attributed to policies implemented on their advice to fight inflation. Some (such as Nobel laureate Amartya Sen) have argued that these policies were deliberately intended to serve the interests of American corporations at the expense of Latin American populations.[3][4][5] Peter Kornbluh states that in the case of Chile, American attempts to destabilize the Chilean economy ceased once the Chicago Boys had gained political influence; this may have been the true underlying cause of the subsequent increase in economic growth. 在1980年代，開始出現芝加哥男孩這個稱呼，用來描述一群拉丁美洲經濟學家，他們學習並支持新自由主義經濟學理論，曾留學芝加哥大學，但是這群人中，有幾位是在哈佛大學或麻省理工學院取得學位。這些拉丁美洲經濟學家，以智利籍最多，但也有其他國籍的。

- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d60ac2b2-7453-11e5-a129-3fcc4f641d98.html in executive boardrooms across Santiago, there is a growing fear that leftist reforms championed by Chile’s president Michelle Bachelet threaten the free-market model that has produced what is arguably the most successful economy in Latin America. This is despite the fact that Chile is weathering a commodities downturn that is hitting the rest of resource-rich Latin America hard and contributing to an investor stampede out of emerging markets. “Chile continues to be top of the class in South America,” Rodrigo Valdés, the finance minister, told the Financial Times. But the government’s confidence sways few in the business community. Their crisis of confidence is becoming self-fulfilling, undermining Chile’s ability to weather stormy conditions in the global economy on the back of sound economic management. “If it looks like the rules of the game are going to change, you wait until they do — that’s natural. And if the reforms themselves are bad too — like the labour and tax reforms — that only amplifies the pessimism,” says Axel Christensen, chief investment strategist for Latin America at BlackRock. Labour reforms being discussed in Congress that would boost the power of trade unions have caused deep disquiet among businesses. Companies have also been fiercely critical of complicated tax reforms that were passed by Congress last year, increasing corporation tax from 20 per cent to 25 per cent. The government has agreed to amend and simplify the tax reforms. The pessimism has compounded a drop in investment in the mining sector caused by falling copper prices, leading to an overall decline in investment from 25.5 per cent of GDP in 2012 to 21.5 per cent this year, according to central bank figures.


immigration policy
- https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21740469-santiagosebasti-n-pi-era-tightens-up-his-countrys-generous-immigration-policies-chile-gives


Competition
- toiletries
  • 智利反壟斷機構前日指控當地兩大廁紙生產商，指兩家公司聯手操控價格，導致當地廁紙、衛生巾、餐巾紙、毛巾、面紙及潔面濕紙巾等日常生活用品價格過高。反壟斷機構FNE表示，CMPC Tissue和SCA Chile兩家公司在過去十多年間，共謀瓜分市場，操控廁紙及其他紙類產品價格，堪稱該國歷來最大規模的共謀操控價格案之一。報道指，兩家公司在2000年爆發價格戰，後來雙方高層在一次高爾夫球場會面中達成停戰協議，開始聯手操控價格，迫使新對手退出市場，行為一直持續到至少2011年。兩家公司每年營業額合計約4億美元(約31億港元)，掌控智利90%廁紙市場。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/10/31/a22-1031.pdf
astronomy
- 全球最大光學望遠鏡「極端巨大望遠鏡計劃」(Extremely Large Telescope，ELT)前日在智利動工，其主要鏡片直徑達39米，比現時的同類觀測儀器約大5倍，預定2024年啟用。ELT坐落於阿塔卡馬沙漠中部一座3,000米高的山，它將會協助科學家找出更多小型行星，拍攝大型行星，甚至分析它們的大氣層，了解外星生命是否存在。智利總統巴切萊特形容，「在這建造的不僅是望遠鏡，更是科學可能性的最偉大例子之一。」資助ELT的歐洲南方天文台估計，它的造價約為10億歐元(約87億港元)。阿塔卡馬沙漠極為乾燥，可謂地球上最接近完美的觀測太空地點，預計到2020年代，全球約70%的天文觀測器材會坐落於此。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/28/a14-0528.pdf


tourist spot
- Largest swimming pool San Alfonso del Mar

Literature
- Pablo Neruda (/nəˈruːdə/;[1]Spanish: [ˈpaβlo neˈɾuða]) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chileanpoet-diplomat and politician Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973). He derived his pen name from the Czech poet Jan Neruda. Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971. Neruda became known as a poet when he was 10 years old. He wrote in a variety of styles, including surrealist poems, historical epics, overtly political manifestos, a prose autobiography, and passionate love poems such as the ones in his collection Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (1924). He often wrote in green ink, which was his personal symbol for desire and hope.

  • hkej 30jun17 shum article
indigenous people
- The Rapa Nui are the native Polynesian inhabitants of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the Rapa Nui people currently make up 60% of Easter Island's population and have a significant portion of their population residing in mainland Chile. They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of the island, Spanish. At the 2002 census there were 3,304 island inhabitants—almost all living in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast. As of 2011, Rapa Nui's main source of income derived from tourism, which focuses on the giant sculptures called Moai.
  • writing system
  • Rongorongo is a system of connected glyphs which was found on the island - and is considered to be the proto writing of the Old Rapa Nui language which was spoken on the island https://www.quora.com/How-many-ancient-civilizations-have-a-written-language-we-cant-decipher/answer/Lara-Novakov
history
- boundary

  • https://www.quora.com/How-come-Chile-is-a-thin-strip-of-land-while-its-neighbour-Argentina-has-a-large-chunk-of-territory

- 1973 coup

  • Cuban diplomats and other personnel were expelled from Chile after the 1973 coup. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cuba/1978-09-01/cuban-foreign-policy
venezuela
- https://www.ft.com/content/260738c6-edd7-11e9-bfa4-b25f11f42901 Chile’s foreign minister has vowed to work with allies to cut off Venezuela’s communications, shut down its air space and implement a naval blockade if Nicolás Maduro refuses to hold free elections. Amid an escalating humanitarian crisis that is destabilising the region, causing more than 4m Venezuelans to emigrate, “ever stricter” measures must be taken to put pressure on Caracas to comply with demands to restore democratic order, Teodoro Ribera said. “The solution to the crisis has to be soon . . . Venezuela is a problem for hemispheric security,” Mr Ribera told the Financial Times. He pointed out that some 400,000 Venezuelans now live among Chile’s 18m-strong population. “We have to make Maduro understand that it is preferable to call elections than not to call them.”

uk
- continuity agreement

  • Her Majesty’s Ambassador to Chile Jamie Bowden signed the UK-Chile agreement in Santiago today (Wednesday 30 January) with Chilean Foreign Minister Roberto Ampuero. The news has been welcomed by the Wine and Spirit Trade Association, which confirmed that this is important to protect parts of the UK’s wine industry, which contributes almost £19 billion to the UK economy supporting around 190,000 jobs. This trade continuity agreement has been agreed as we prepare to leave the EU on 29 March, and we expect to sign a number of other agreements due to be agreed in the coming weeks. This certainty will help to further strengthen the trading relationship between the UK and Chile which was worth £1.8 billion and grew by 11% in 2017. UK manufacturers benefit from preferential access to the Chilean market to sell their goods, and UK consumers benefit from lower prices on Chilean goods, such as wines, fruits and nuts and other products.   Trade in goods and services between the UK and Chile has grown by 9% per year on average since the agreement was provisionally applied in 2003. UK exports to Chile have grown by 16% on average each year and a total increase of 351% since the agreement was provisionally applied. The  agreement also protects intellectual property rights and maintains preferential market access for trade in services. It will also allow British and Chilean companies to bid for some public sector contracts in each other’s countries, helping to create jobs and deliver better value for taxpayers.  https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-chile-sign-continuity-agreement

- 復活節島的原住民政府周二請求智利中央政府，協助他們取回一個於一百五十年前被英國人偷走的摩艾石像，指它與島上逾九百個摩艾石像不同，兩者使用不同物料製成。該個摩艾石像現時存放在英國大英博物館。該名為Hoa Hakananai'a（意指被偷走或躲藏的朋友）的摩艾石像高二點四米，一八六八年被英國人偷走帶回英國，作為送給維多利亞女王的禮物。原住民政府形容 它是獨一無二，把祖先歷史兩個重要階段聯繫起來。此外，該石像以玄武岩製成，但島上的石像則以凝灰岩雕刻。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180809/00180_015.html


india
- india and chile have had a preferential trade agreement since 2007



China
- ties
  • http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21631800-food-and-drink-draw-two-regions-together-salud
- fta

  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-01/28/content_23280571.htm China and Chile are in talks to expand the 10-year-old free trade agreementbetween the two sides, to boost trade in agricultural products and develop logisticsand financial services, Chilean officials said on Wednesday. Carlos Furche, Chilean Minister of Agriculture, said governments from both sidesare keen to accelerate talks in areas including air transportation, e-commerce,services, customs procedures and rules of origin, as well as add grapes, pork andwool in the trade list of agricultural products.
  • 据新华社报道：国家主席习近平11日在越南岘港同智利总统巴切莱特一道出席中智自由贸易协定升级议定书签字仪式。习近平强调，这是中国同拉美国家首个完成自由贸易协定升级。升级后的中智自由贸易协定将为中智务实合作注入新动力，为中拉合作树立新标桿，在国际上起到积极示范作用。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171112/PDF/a3_screen.pdf
  • More items will be exempted from tariffs after the upgraded free trade agreement between China and Chile came into place, with the exemption likely to cover 98 percent of the items for bilateral trade, the Ministry of Commerce said on Friday."The protocol will further explore the potential of China-Chile bilateral economic and trade cooperation, and enhance the level of trade liberalization and facilitation between the two countries," the ministry said.http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201903/02/WS5c79d119a3106c65c34ec4c7.html

- http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1597693/chile-seeks-more-chinese-investment
- antarctica

  • https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3027764/china-starts-talks-chile-use-punta-arenas-jumping-point China is in talks with Chile over the use of a port in the South American country to transport personnel and materials destined for explorations programmes in Antarctica, the Chilean foreign ministry said on Tuesday.The discussion took place during the first meeting of the Chile-China Antarctic Joint Cooperation Committee in Santiago, where Chilean authorities are considering whether to give Chinese exploration vessels access to the port of Punta Arenas.


- infrastructure

  • http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1651221/chinese-firms-compete-projects-chile-without-state-help
- bank

  • http://www.reuters.com/article/chile-china-idUSL2N1881NS Chile's bank regulator said on Wednesday it had authorized China Construction Bank to begin operating in the country, a move that could boost the use of the yuan currency in Latin America.  The approval is the final step in a lengthy process the Beijing-based bank began in January 2014, and makes it the first clearing bank for the yuan in the region.  Last year, the People's Bank of China designated China Construction Bank as the official yuan clearing bank in Chile.  As part of that deal, the two nations agreed to a currency swap agreement that would facilitate the exchange of a maximum of 2.2 trillion pesos ($3.25 billion) for three years.  It comes at a time when the Chinese government is actively looking to increase the yuan's use throughout Latin America.  Chile's top trade partner, China accounts for over 20 percent of the South American nation's exports, mostly of copper but also wood pulp, wine, salmon, and other products.
  • The Bank Of China opened a branch in Chile on Wednesday, becoming the second Chinese bank to have an agency in the South American country.http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2018-06/07/c_137237646.htm
- ict
  • The first Xiaomi physical store in Chile was opened in Santiago on April 27. The 250-square-meter place offers smartphones, wearable devices, smart home supplies and other Xiaomi products. According to Xinhua, the store managed to get 1,500 customers in its first day! Very impressive all things considered. The Chilean store was mainly another part of Xiaomi’s ongoing global expansion plan. The company began operations in Chile on December 2018, and they’ve been going strong since then. It’s not inaccurate to say that they’ve been doing well in the country, and this store is proof of that. https://www.gizmochina.com/2019/06/03/xiaomi-opened-first-store-in-chile/

- energy
  • http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2014-11/11/content_15189376.html Chile plans to raise its renewable energy use from 6 percent now to 20 percent of total energy use by 2025, which will mean investment opportunities for Chinese companies that possess capital and technology, the president of the South American country said on Monday in Beijing.
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-power-m-a-spic-idUSKBN1951KX China's State Power Investment Corp (SPIC) [CPWRI.UL] is in exclusive talks to acquire energy company Latin America Power's Chilean assets for $325 to $400 million, two sources with knowledge of the process said this week, as SPIC steps up its involvement in the region. Latin America Power (LAP) has more than 300 megawatts of wind and hydropower assets in Chile and Peru, over 250 megawatts of which is located in Chile. That includes two large wind farms near the Chilean capital Santiago. In 2015, now-bankrupt SunEdison (SUNEQ.PK) agreed to purchase the company, which is partially held by Grupo BTG Pactual SA [BTG.UL] and Blackstone Group-backed Patria Investimentos (BX.N), for $700 million. The U.S. solar company later terminated the deal, however, resulting in a court battle and a $28.5 million settlement for LAP in 2016. LAP then put its assets back on the market and attracted interest from a number of companies including Chilean power company Colbun COL.SN, SPIC, and Canadian company BluEarth Renewables Inc, according to the sources who requested anonymity as they are not permitted to speak publicly. However, both BluEarth and Colbun COL.SN are no longer in the running, the sources said. SPIC, through a Chilean subsidiary, declined to comment, as did LAP and Colbun.
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-08/29/content_31286624.htm China and Chile issued a joint declaration of cooperation in promoting sustainable development of energy and boosting cross-border power grid connectivity on Tuesday. The move was to address the challenge of merging environmental and economic goals, according to the statement co-released by Chile's Ministry of Energy and China-led Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO). In the declaration, the two sides agreed to share their know-how and technical capacity to conduct research on nationwide and cross-regional power grid networks.
  • 中國國家電網公司周一以廿二億三千萬美元（約一百七十三億港元）的價格，向美國上市公司Sempra Energy收購智利第三大供電公司Chilquinta Energia，以及供電設備製造商Tecnored的所有股權，交易料明年首季完成。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191016/00178_002.html

- lithium
  • https://www.ft.com/content/ab639040-1aa9-11e7-a266-12672483791a BYD, the Chinese electric car and bus company part-owned by Warren Buffett, is talking to lithium producers in Chile about potential deals to secure supplies of the key battery material.
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-lithium-china-exclusive/exclusive-chile-files-complaint-to-block-sale-of-sqm-shares-to-chinese-companies-idUSKCN1GL2LP Chile’s government has asked antitrust regulators to block the sale of a stake in lithium company SQM to a Chinese company on the grounds it would give China an unfair advantage in the global race to secure resources to develop electric vehicles, according to a document seen by Reuters. Chile development agency Corfo, which oversees SQM’s lithium leases in the Salar de Atacama, claimed in a 45-page complaint filed on Friday that the purchase of a stake in SQM by “Tianqi Lithium, or any entity related to it directly or indirectly (including companies controlled by the government of China)” would “gravely distort market competition.”
- mining
  • 'Chinese firms can gain from mining deals' http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-11/11/content_18896563.htm
  • http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/11/24/a19-1124.pdf 京奧獎牌金和銅來自智利
- railway

  • 當地時間10月26日，智利國家鐵路公司（EFE）宣布中車四方公司聯合體中標比奧比奧和阿勞卡尼亞大區共13列（36輛）軌道車輛採購項目。這是中國軌道交通裝備企業首次進入智利市場。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181028/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
- electric vehicle
  • Europe’s biggest utility Enel and Chinese electric vehicle giant BYD on Thursday marked the arrival of 100 electric buses in Chile and said they would work together on similar plans for three other Latin American nations.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-environment-electricvehicles/enel-byd-say-chile-electric-bus-roll-out-heralds-more-for-region-idUSKBN1OC2M9
- bus

  • china daily 26aug19 chinese made electric buses arrive in chile

- taxi

  • http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/07/c_138288876.htm China's global ride-hailing app DiDi Chuxing launched operations in Chile's capital Santiago on Tuesday. Before inaugurating its service here, the company spent two months in the smaller test market of Greater Valparaiso, Chile's second-largest metropolitan area after Greater Santiago.

- tourism
  • Martin Pathan, the committee's investment attraction officer, said Chile wants to attract investors to build hotels in some of the unique natural environments of the country. The country has glaciers in the south close to the Antarctic. It also has deserts in the north where the sky is so clear that it attracts the world's astrophysicists to study the skies. Chile also boasts the mysterious Easter Island, located to the west of Chile's mainland. The island is known for its hundreds of giant statues created by the island's natives centuries ago. To reduce tourism damage to the island, flights are limited and fares are high, according to Li Baorong, China's ambassador to Chile. Chile in recent years has sought to attract Asian tourists. The Chilean Ministry of Economics will organize roadshows in October in Asia including stops in Shanghai, Beijing and Macao, bringing along business representatives, in a bid to promote the country's tourist destinations. Chile received only 12,000 Chinese tourists among a total of 3.7 million visitors last year. Starting from July 1, Chile has agreed to waive visa fees for Chinese visitors. http://m.chinadaily.com.cn/en/2015-06/10/content_20956669.htm
  • Chile plans to launch an immersive culture park in Hainan to showcase its original produce and introduce Chinese visitors to the South American country's rich culture and stunning scenery. The Chile Experience park will be developed by Wines of Chile and the Shanghai-based Lam International, Chilean President Sebastian Pinera announced in Beijing in late April.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/01/WS5cf1f467a3104842260befcc.html
- pork
  • 智利豬肉協會執行主席胡安‧卡洛斯‧多明戈斯稱，今年上半年，中國首次在出口數量和金額上成為智利豬肉的第一大目的國。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201909/0903/HA08903CZXX_HKCD.pdf
- fish

  • 聯想控股（03396）宣布，旗下從事現代農業和食品產業的附屬公司佳沃集團簽訂承諾協定，收購智利三文魚公司Australis Seafoods S.A.約94.47%股份。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181120/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
  • 聯想控股（03396）宣布，旗下A股附屬公司佳沃農業開發股份聯合絲路基金就早前向智利三文魚公司Australis Seafoods全部股東發出公開收購要約，於7月2日成功購入目標公司主要股東持有的95.26%股份，項目順利實現交割，標誌着首個中國企業跨境併購海外三文魚上游資源項目完成。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190703/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- pears

  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-08/17/content_37502802.htm Chilean fruit growers recently celebrated the country's first shipment to China of four kinds of pears they hope will win over local consumers. "This is a very significant milestone for the Chilean fruit growing sector," Chilean Agriculture Minister Antonio Walker told reporters on a tour to the Frusan Processing Plant in San Fernando in the O'Higgins region, some 140 kilometers south of the capital Santiago. Harvested pears are transported in giant crates to plants like Frusan to be cleaned and refrigerated in separate batches depending on their destination market, plant operators said.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-08/17/content_37502802.htm

- wine

  • http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-10/23/content_33596107.htm Vina Concha y Toro or CYT, the world's second-largest wine group and Chile's largest wine group, is seeking to expand business in China where consumption upgrade and opening-up of trade are presenting fresh growth opportunities. Collaboration with Chinese partners, developing products with China's local wine and liquor makers, and taking omni-channel distribution approach are the main measures the group has been taking in the China market, CYT's top executives said.


- media

  • 中方已宣布將設立中拉新聞交流 中心，邀請拉美部分媒體記者赴華工作 學習。未來5年中方還將為拉美和加勒比 國家培訓500名媒體從業人員http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161124/PDF/a7_screen.pdf, 


- sino chilean ties
  • www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-11/10/content_18892173.htm
  • http://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2016-11/25/content_15531804.htmlChinese scholars and researchers held a seminar with their Chilean counterparts on Wednesday to discuss working more closely and providing policymakers in both countries with insightful advice.
- investors from china

  • China's top smelter Jiangxi Copper and Chilean miner Antofagasta Minerals have agreed 2016 treatment and refining charges 9 percent lower than this year's fees, a signal that concentrate supply is tightening.http://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/15/reuters-america-metals-copper-falls-as-caution-prevails-ahead-of-fed-meeting.html
- week of chile http://www.prochile.gob.cl/landing/chileweek2015/
  • http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-05/24/c_134265196.htm Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's upcoming visit to Chile is an expression of the strategic ties and friendship between the two countries, Chilean Foreign Minister Heraldo Munoz said. In a broader message to the Chinese people, Munoz said Chile is looking forward to the Chinese premier's visit, especially in the lead-up to the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries, which will be marked by a cultural "Week of Chile" in Beijing and Shanghai, and a dialogue on economic cooperation.
  • 2018
  • https://www.prochile.gob.cl/noticia/lanzan-chile-week-china-2018/


Hong Kong
- leaders visit

  • 據外交部駐港特派員公署網站載，外交部駐港特派員謝鋒於9月5日會見了來港舉辦第三屆「智利周」活動的智利前總統弗雷一行。雙方就中智關係、港智經貿合作等交換了意見。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/09/08/a14-0908.pdf
- ties

  • hkej 13apr18 shum article 香港最早與智利的大規模交流，可追溯至19世紀中期的苦力貿易。此前世界殖民貿易一直採用黑奴，直到廢奴運動興起，南美、美國南部的種植園、基建失去大量廉價勞動力，這些地方就將目光投向亞洲，試圖大規模引進華裔、印度裔工人，表面上是作為自由合約勞工，實際上只是好不了黑奴多少的苦力。
    當時中國廣東、福建沿海一帶人口急速膨脹，成了苦力一大來源；而香港作為英屬自由港，自然是華工出國的窗口；至於南美的太平洋沿海國家智利，往往是華工踏上美洲大陸的第一站。不過當時華工留在智利的不多，主要都是走到古巴、秘魯等國，受雇於當地種植園，亦有不少建設鐵路、公路，但智利作為重要中轉站，卻因而開啟了和香港的海路交流。不久苦力的人權狀況也受盡批評，英國逐漸禁止華工從自己控制的港口前往美洲，中國苦力離岸的大本營，就轉移至澳門了。不過，智利與香港的聯繫並未中斷，因為在世紀之交，智利是西半球一大海軍強權，而當時任何有海軍的國家，都會因為種種原因，「路過」香港。智利的實力，從1879-1883年的「硝石戰爭」可見一斑，當時玻利維亞、秘魯聯手對抗智利，最終戰敗割地賠款，玻利維亞沿海領土更全部被智利吞併，成了內陸國，過程中智利海軍居功至偉。與此同時，智利海軍也殖民了東太平洋幾塊小島，包括著名的復活節島，以及後來被稱為「魯賓遜漂流島」的胡安．費爾南德斯群島（Juan Fernández Islands）。若非20世紀世界格局大變，智利又出現內部政潮，其實頗有可能進一步向太平洋西進，所以智利海軍出現在香港，並非純粹偶然。

- ipa
  • http://www.chinadailyasia.com/hknews/2016-11/19/content_15528559.html signed ipa during APEC
- scmp special business report 18sep15
- http://www.prochile.gob.cl/paises/hong-kong/
- delegation to hk

  • http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201709/0906/HA12906CSTA.pdf chioean delegation visit chaozhou商會

- event by CIE Chile http://www.ciechile.gob.cl/en/ciechile-promociono-oportunidades-de-inversion-ante-empresarios-de-hong-kong-tailandia-y-filipinas/, https://www.flickr.com/photos/prochile/11116438515/in/photostream/, https://www.flickr.com/photos/prochile/11116622493/in/photostream/
- cuhk exchange programme with 智利天主教大學 hkej 5sep15 a22
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20151222/19421364 智利民航局職員早前罷工令當地約10個機場癱瘓，約1,600名旅客因此被困智利旅遊勝地復活節島（Easter Island），本港捷旅一個11人南極團已滯留當地4天，有患高血壓及糖尿病團友更瀕臨斷藥，憂心忡忡。捷旅表示正盡力協助團友，消息稱最快今天可望有客機接團友離開復活節島，但仍未能確定何時可返港。記者：張珮琪 http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1893762/arrangements-made-hongkongers-stranded-chile-strike-return-home

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