old civilisations
- https://www.quora.com/Many-places-end-with-the-syllable-stan-such-as-Pakistan-Turkmenistan-and-Uzbekistan-Is-there-a-meaning-to-this-use-of-the-suffix-stan
- turkey, peru, italy pompeii, luoyang (eastern zhou), bologna, qin mausoleum, european capital of culture
- https://www.quora.com/Many-places-end-with-the-syllable-stan-such-as-Pakistan-Turkmenistan-and-Uzbekistan-Is-there-a-meaning-to-this-use-of-the-suffix-stan
- nuristan, afghanistan (formerly kafiristan)
- peristan, afghanistan
- 科希斯坦县Kohistan (Urdu: کوہستان, Pashto: اباسين کوهستان; "Land of Mountains"), also called Abasin Kohistan or Indus Kohistan, pakistan
"-sanne"
- saint-ursanne, switzerland
- lausanne, switzerland
x-gaglore
x-borne, bourne-x
"-sanne"
- saint-ursanne, switzerland
- lausanne, switzerland
x-gaglore
- bangalore, india
- mangalore, india
banga- / manga-
- bangalore, india
- mangalore, india
- 曼加雷瓦島 Mangareva french polynesia
x-borne, bourne-x
- broxbourne, hertfordshire, uk (google to establish there, news oct2020)
- selborne, hampshire, uk
- selborne, hampshire, uk
- bournemouth, uk
- melbourne, australia
x-burgh
x-bridge
"south"-named places
- yunnan
- jiangling county in hubei
"巴" places
- baiae, ancient roman town, base of western roman navy
mala- places
- Maranhão馬拉尼昂州 , brazil
- 馬拉若島Marajó, brazil
- melbourne, australia
x-burgh
- edinburgh
- dunstunburgh castle, northumberland
x-borough
- peterborough
- Mexborough is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England.
- flamborough head, yorkshire
- loughborough, leicestershire
- borough park, new york, usa
- borough places in other parts of the world in comments section https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Edinburgh-pronounced-Edinboro
boro places
boro places
- 波拉次克（俄語：По́лоцк，白俄羅斯語：По́лацк，羅馬化：Polatsk (BGN/PCGN), Polack (official transliteration)，立陶宛語：Polockas，波蘭語：Połock）, belarus
- borobudur
- 菠蘿山（Por Lo Shan）hk
- 菠蘿輋（Po Lo Che，俗寫波羅輋）sai kung
x-bridge
- cambridge
- tonbridge
- 金斯布里奇（Kingsbridge）
- elmbridge, sussex uk
x-wick
x-wick
- warwick
- randwick, nsw australia
- chadwick, illinois (est 1853)
x-do
x-do
- edo
- toledo
- hokkaido
- el dorado
- colorado
- coronado, california
- cheongdo, 清道郡, s korea
- binondo, manila
- tondo, manila
x-mal, x-mail
x-mal, x-mail
- ismailia, egypt
- somalia
"east" -named places
- Österlen is the southeastern part of the Swedish province of Scania. The name derives from its location 'east of the route' (ancient route from Ystad, heading north-east); 'Öster om len' ('len' is short for leden, i.e. route).
"east" -named places
- Österlen is the southeastern part of the Swedish province of Scania. The name derives from its location 'east of the route' (ancient route from Ystad, heading north-east); 'Öster om len' ('len' is short for leden, i.e. route).
- Östermalm, stockholm
- ciudad del este, paraguay
- 海南東方市
- 廣西東興
- 廣西東蘭
- ciudad del este, paraguay
- 海南東方市
- 廣西東興
- 廣西東蘭
- 湖北恩施市巴東縣
-dongning東寧-heilongjiang,also said to be an old name of taiwan during qing dynasty
-dongning東寧-heilongjiang,also said to be an old name of taiwan during qing dynasty
"south"-named places
- yunnan
- in china
- in japan
- jiangling county in hubei
- Under the Tang dynasty, it served as the southern capital and was known as Nandu (南都). Later on, Jiangling was the capital of the small Jingnan kingdom that existed from 924 to 963 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
- 南澳县nan'ao, shantou
- In many Polynesian languages including Tongan, the word tonga means "south"
- In many Polynesian languages including Tongan, the word tonga means "south"
- nanbu
- Nanbu (南部町, Nanbu-chō) is a town located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan
- 南堡乡位于河北省邯郸市邯山区东部
- The Nanbu clan (南部氏, Nanbu-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan
"巴" places
- baiae, ancient roman town, base of western roman navy
-洛斯巴諾斯, california usaThe town's Spanish name Los Bañosmeans "the baths"
- 巴城（今雅加达）
- 巴城（今雅加达）
- 蒲甘bagan, formerly pagan, myanmar
- Bari, Italy
- Bari, Italy
-班巴里Bambari central african republic
- 帕里亞半島 paria peninsula, venezuela
- Le Bas-Rhin est un département français de la région Grand Est. Il fait partie de la région historique et culturelle d'Alsace avec le département du Haut-Rhin.Il s'agit du dernier département français à avoir conservé le terme « bas » dans son nom. Les autres départements qui étaient concernés ont préféré changer de dénomination, jugeant ce qualificatif peu valorisant. Exemples : les Basses-Pyrénées devenues en 1969 les Pyrénées-Atlantiques ou les Basses-Alpes, devenues en 1970 le département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Le même phénomène a été observé pour les départements « inférieurs » (Charente-Inférieure, Seine-Inférieure ou Loire-Inférieure).Le département a été créé à la Révolution française.
- 帕里亞半島 paria peninsula, venezuela
- Le Bas-Rhin est un département français de la région Grand Est. Il fait partie de la région historique et culturelle d'Alsace avec le département du Haut-Rhin.Il s'agit du dernier département français à avoir conservé le terme « bas » dans son nom. Les autres départements qui étaient concernés ont préféré changer de dénomination, jugeant ce qualificatif peu valorisant. Exemples : les Basses-Pyrénées devenues en 1969 les Pyrénées-Atlantiques ou les Basses-Alpes, devenues en 1970 le département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Le même phénomène a été observé pour les départements « inférieurs » (Charente-Inférieure, Seine-Inférieure ou Loire-Inférieure).Le département a été créé à la Révolution française.
- 巴塔 Bata Equatorial Guinea
- baba mountain range, afghanistan
- Bawana, Delhi, India
- Bawana, Delhi, India
- Bamaga Queensland, Australia
- The Bashi Channel
- bacoor, cavite, philippines
- The Bashi Channel
- bacoor, cavite, philippines
- 巴生在马来文里被称为Klang，但在中文却被称为巴生。巴生这名字很明显不是像马来西亚其他地方一样由马来语地名直接音译过来的。有人提出了巴生这词是来自于马来语海水涨潮"Pasang"这一词的音译。这词展现出了巴生河流涨潮时辰对于商人的重要性。而关于马来语Klang一词的来源，则有两种说法。第一种说法是Kelang听起来像是造船厂里打铁的声音。而第二种说法这是来自于Kilang一词。Kilang在马来语是仓库的意思。由于当年这里有许多仓库，所以就开始叫这里为Kilang，最后演变成今天的Klang。
- Balai Peringatan Sun Yat Sen Nanyang (Hanzi Sederhana: 孙中山南洋纪念馆; Hanzi Tradisional: 孫中山南洋紀念館), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan Wan Qing Yuan (晚晴園), dan awalnya sebagai Vila Sun Yat Sen (孫中山故居), adalah sebuah vila bergaya kolonial dua lantai di Balestier, Singapura.
- bacheng county, kunshan, jiangsu 巴城镇
- bazhong, sichuan
- banan, chongqing, sichuan
- bachu county, xinjiang
- Balai Peringatan Sun Yat Sen Nanyang (Hanzi Sederhana: 孙中山南洋纪念馆; Hanzi Tradisional: 孫中山南洋紀念館), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan Wan Qing Yuan (晚晴園), dan awalnya sebagai Vila Sun Yat Sen (孫中山故居), adalah sebuah vila bergaya kolonial dua lantai di Balestier, Singapura.
- note that "balai peringatan" only appear in bahasa indonesian
- bacheng county, kunshan, jiangsu 巴城镇
- bazhong, sichuan
- banan, chongqing, sichuan
- bachu county, xinjiang
- 湖北恩施市巴東縣
mala- places
- Maranhão馬拉尼昂州 , brazil
- 馬拉若島Marajó, brazil
- Maracanã
- guatemala
- Malabo (formerly Santa Isabel) , capital of Equatorial Guinea and the province of Bioko Norte.
- Mälaren Valley, Mälaren(lake) 梅拉倫湖, sweden
-Connemara, ireland- Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro,Brazil
- Maracanã River (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil, a river located in Maracanã neighborhood
- Maracanã, Pará, a Brazilian municipality located in Pará state
- Maracanã River (Amazonas), Brazil
- C.D. Maracaná San Rafael, a football club based in San Rafael Obrajuelo, El Salvador
- Maracanã Esporte Clube, a Brazilian football club
- Maracanã Stadium (Estádio do Maracanã), a stadium located in the Maracanã neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, an indoor sporting arena, located in the Maracanã neighborhood, near the stadium
- Estadio Parque Maracaná, a football stadium in Montevideo, Uruguay
- Estadio Maracaná, a football stadium in Panama City, Panama
- Marakana (Maracana) Stadium, a stadium located in Belgrade, Serbia
- guatemala
- Malabo (formerly Santa Isabel) , capital of Equatorial Guinea and the province of Bioko Norte.
- Mälaren Valley, Mälaren(lake) 梅拉倫湖, sweden
- 馬拉扎恩（英語：Marazion，康瓦爾語：Marhasyow）, cornwall
- malaga, spain
- Marawah (Arabic: مَرَوَح, romanized: Marawaḥ) the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates, north of the Khor al-Bazm (lagoon) along the Abu Dhabi coastline in the southern Gulf.
- Marawah (Arabic: مَرَوَح, romanized: Marawaḥ) the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates, north of the Khor al-Bazm (lagoon) along the Abu Dhabi coastline in the southern Gulf.
- 阿聯酋考古家早前在當地發現一顆史前珍珠，估計已有八千年歷史，宣稱為世上最古老的珍珠（圖）。阿布扎比當局周日指，該顆珍珠證明了人類遠在新石器時代，已開始進行貨物交易。是次考古還出土了陶器、貝殼製成的珠子、石珠及火石箭鏃等珍貴文物。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191022/00180_033.html
- 莫洛傑奇諾Maladzyechna belarus
- 馬拉蒂亞malatya, turkey- Marmara Island, Sea of Marmara, turkey
- 卡赫拉曼馬拉什舊名馬拉什Marash, officially known as Kahramanmaraş, (Turkish pronunciation: [kahɾaˈmanmaɾaʃ]), historically known as Germanicea (Greek: Γερμανίκεια), is a city in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey and the administrative center of Kahramanmaraş Province. Before 1973, Kahramanmaraş was named Maraş.
- malakasa village, greece
- samara oblast, russia
- samara oblast, russia
-尤爾馬拉（Jūrmala；意思為「海濱」）
- malawi, africa
- malawi, africa
- Elgeyo-Marakwet County, kenya
- 馬拉區Mara Region , Tanzania
- marawi, philippines
- 马拉巴尔海岸（Malabar Coast）, india
- 馬萊塔省（Malaita Province）, solomon islands
- 馬萊塔省（Malaita Province）, solomon islands
- malabar, nsw, australia (named after indian malabar coast) - mallacoota, australia
- maralbexi country, xinjiang
- malaysia
- maratua island, indonesia
- 沙特阿拉伯西北部文化城鎮埃爾奧拉（Alula），去年十二月落成了一座名為「Maraya」（阿拉伯語意即鏡子）的莊嚴音樂劇院，距該國首個世界遺產石谷考古遺址僅約廿公里，它近日榮膺世界最大鏡面建築。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200319/00180_039.html
-village of mallah https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3080567/coronavirus-pregnant-hong-kong-mother-stuck
- malaysia
- maratua island, indonesia
- 沙特阿拉伯西北部文化城鎮埃爾奧拉（Alula），去年十二月落成了一座名為「Maraya」（阿拉伯語意即鏡子）的莊嚴音樂劇院，距該國首個世界遺產石谷考古遺址僅約廿公里，它近日榮膺世界最大鏡面建築。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200319/00180_039.html
-village of mallah https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3080567/coronavirus-pregnant-hong-kong-mother-stuck
- House of Malatesta, itallian family
- object
- marasca cherry and related products
- any relation?
- malta
- maldives
- 馬爾康市, barkam/markang, sichuan
nia-/nya- places
- nyagan, siberia
Pa- places
- karbala or kerbala, iraq
- The County Palatine of the Rhine (German: Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein), later the Electorate of the Palatinate (German: Kurfürstentum von der Pfalz) or simply Electoral Palatinate (German: Kurpfalz)
- malaria
- marathon
- malta
- maldives
- 馬爾康市, barkam/markang, sichuan
nia-/nya- places
- nyagan, siberia
- hometown of tennis player sharapova
Pa- places
- karbala or kerbala, iraq
- The County Palatine of the Rhine (German: Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein), later the Electorate of the Palatinate (German: Kurfürstentum von der Pfalz) or simply Electoral Palatinate (German: Kurpfalz)
- palatinate forest is pfalzerwald
- paju 坡州市, south korea
- republic of palau
- Palau (Gallurese: Lu Palau) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia
- palawan island, south china sea
- Palawan (pron. /pəˈlɑːwɑːn/), officially the Province of Palawan (Cuyonon: Probinsya i'ang Palawan / Paragua; Kinaray-a: Kapuoran kang Palawan; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Palawan) is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of MIMAROPA.
- Palabuhanratu or Pelabuhan Ratu , west java
- cappella palatina - royal chapel of palermo
pan-
- Pan-Town-on-the-Mississippi: Pan Motor Company's Town https://forgottenminnesota.com/blog/2019/5/pan-town-on-the-mississippi-pan-motor-companys-town
pana-
- a lot of places in cyprus begin with pana
bra-, pla-
- kiv
Cata - places
- catalonia
- Catania , Sicily (facing the Ionian Sea). The ancient indigenous population of the Sicels named their villages after geographical attributes of their location. The Sicilian word, katane, means "grater, flaying knife, skinning place" or a "crude tool apt to pare". Other translations of the name are "harsh lands", "uneven ground", "sharp stones", or "rugged or rough soil". The latter etymologies are easily justifiable since, for many centuries following an eruption, the city has always been rebuilt within its black-lava landscape. Around 729 BC, the ancient village of Katane became the Chalcidian colony of Katánē where the native population was rapidly Hellenized. The Naxian founders, coming from the adjacent coast, later used the name for their new settlement along the River Amenano. Around 263 BC, the city was variously known as Catĭna and Catăna (Greek: Κατάνη, Ancient Greek: [katánεː]; Latin: Catana, pronounced [ˈkatana], and Catina.). The former has been primarily used for its supposed assonance with catina, the Latin feminization of the name catinus. Catinus has two meanings: "a gulf, a basin or a bay" and "a bowl, a vessel or a trough", thanks to the city’s distinctive topography. Around 900, when Catania was part of the emirate of Sicily, it was known in Arabic as Balad al-fīl (بلد الفيل) and Madinat al-fīl (مدينة الفيل). The former means "The Village (or the Country) of the Elephant", while the latter means "The City of the Elephant". The Elephant is the lava sculpture over the fountain in Piazza Duomo. Most likely a prehistoric sculpture that was reforged during the Byzantine Era, it appears to be a talisman that was reputedly powerful enough to protect the city from enemies and to keep away misfortune, plagues, or natural calamities. Another Arab toponym was Qaṭāniyyah (قطانية), allegedly from the Arabic word for the "leguminous plants". Pulses like lentils, beans, peas, broad beans, and lupins were chiefly cultivated in the plains around the city well before the arrival of Aghlabids. Afterwards, many Arabic agronomists developed these crops and the citrus orchards in the area around the city. The toponym Wadi Musa (وادي موسى), or "Valley of Moses" (from the Arabic name of the Simeto River), was rarely used.
x- pur, pura, pore
- manipur
- jodhpur, rajasthan
- jaipur, rajasthan
-ara -, -ala -
common imperial crisis of the later nineteenth-century
- 1890 ultimatum crisis in portugal - british pressure forced lisbon govt to abandon its plans of forging a portuguese south african empire by uniting angola and mocambique
- 1898 crisis in spain - country lost its overseas colonies after a short war against the United States
so called state mobilized contention
- 2010s
revolution 1848
revolution 1871
revolution/independence movement/civil war
- 1910s
- 1945-49
Constitution
dirty war
- 1980s
- https://havanatimes.org/opinion/political-segregation-in-the-nicaragua-of-ortega-and-murillo/amp/
colour revolution
"democracy tsunami"
- 智利首都聖地亞哥上周五（18日）爆發嚴重警民衝突，示威者不滿地鐵公司提高繁忙時段的票價，破壞幾乎全市一百六十四個車站，整個地鐵網絡被迫關閉；警方則以水炮及催淚彈驅散。總統皮涅拉宣布該市進入緊急狀態，並考慮以國家安全法平息騷亂。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191020/00180_010.html
- ireland
- pakistan
- formation of labour union
sanction act against those who suppress protesters
- canada
strike
- china 1925
- 就在伊朗導彈襲擊伊拉克美軍基地的同一天，印度十個工會發起了全國大罷工，號稱有二千五百萬人參加，抗議莫迪政府推動經濟不力。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200114/00192_001.html
transitions to democracy
- southern european countries - portugal, greece and spain in 1974-5
new era/significant change of rule leadership
- 2019
cave people
- 小瑟亚村里活跃的生活都是在地下的。哈卡斯共和国的这个角落里共有40多个洞穴。其中有一些不太可怕的洞穴，比如考古洞穴，那是供中小学生游览的洞穴，他们来小瑟亚村过假期，在导游的照看下在错综复杂的洞穴迷宫中钻来钻去，愉快地玩橙色黏土。
来源：«透视俄罗斯» - http://tsrus.cn/lvyou/2018/09/22/663019
Crowned lion with sword
- new visual identity of the finnish foreign Service http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=371033
年号是中国帝制时代的产物，第一个年号“建元”出现在公元前一四○年的汉武帝时期。后来这一做法传播至东亚儒家文化圈其他国家。朝鲜、越南因地缘相接，使用年号都早于日本，然若论连贯性，则都不及后者。自一九四五年越南保大皇帝退位后，日本成为世界上唯一使用年号的国家。日本于公元六四五年（唐太宗贞观十九年）开始使用首个年号“大化”。而后一千三百多年间的几百个年号，与中国年号相映成趣。有的是重名，如日本的仁寿、贞观、弘治，都是中国曾用过的；有些是倒置，如中国有永建、治平，而日本有建永、平治；有些意思相关，如中国有赤乌，日本有白雉。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180109/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
zodiac
- The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac, but the Sino-Korean word 양 (yang) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language (where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean "Goat"), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope.
- In Kazakhstan, an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used, but the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: улу), and Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс).
days of the week
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-coincidences-in-the-naming-of-the-days-of-the-week-after-the-Sun-the-Moon-and-the-planets-even-in-different-languages-Is-it-a-borrowing-from-the-West
- https://www.quora.com/How-are-the-days-of-the-week-named-in-your-language-country
- Portuguese speakers consider Sunday to be the first day of the week following the Greco-Roman tradition, which places Sunday as the first and Saturday as the last. https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Monday-translate-to-first-day-in-Lithuanian-but-second-day-Portuguese
- for persians, Saturday is the first day of the week
成年禮
- 世界各地都有不同的成年禮，而本港亦有「過儀門」，這個傳統成年禮將於本月中旬首次在本港舉行，主辦機構屆時將會搭建一個高十二呎、闊四十呎的巨型「儀門」， 供約二千名中四或以上學生行禮。「過儀門」活動由民政事務局及華人廟宇委員會合辦。委員會文化及宣傳小組主席葉長清昨指，儀門是指廟堂高邸的設施，「是威儀之所在」，當人進入廟堂高邸拜謁時，在未通過儀門前，需再次整肅衣冠，謹守禮儀，以免失儀。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181204/00176_062.html
tunnels
- north korea
- north vietnam
"light" themed festival
- paju 坡州市, south korea
- republic of palau
- Palau (Gallurese: Lu Palau) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia
- palawan island, south china sea
- Palawan (pron. /pəˈlɑːwɑːn/), officially the Province of Palawan (Cuyonon: Probinsya i'ang Palawan / Paragua; Kinaray-a: Kapuoran kang Palawan; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Palawan) is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of MIMAROPA.
- Palabuhanratu or Pelabuhan Ratu , west java
- cappella palatina - royal chapel of palermo
- [early music feb19 issue published by oxford] commissioned by christian king roger ii of sicily after founding his kingdom in 1130; monumentalised the norman monarchy's exalted ideology; chapel merged byzantine and islamic architecture, mosaics, ceilings, pavements and liturgical furniture - epitomizes the multicultural makeup of roger's kingdom: an island made up of latin, greek, arabic traditions, and a court boasting an aabic chancery (diwan) and muslim poets and scientists
- palikao (various places, references)
- Pan-Town-on-the-Mississippi: Pan Motor Company's Town https://forgottenminnesota.com/blog/2019/5/pan-town-on-the-mississippi-pan-motor-companys-town
pana-
- a lot of places in cyprus begin with pana
bra-, pla-
- 普萊西德湖（Lake Placid）, ny, usa
- 普拉西亞（西班牙語：Placilla）, chile (sun, moon, five stars in coat of arms)
- brazil
- brasilia
- brahman (indian caste, cow breed)
para- places
- paraguay
- Pará 帕拉, brazil
para- places
- paraguay
- Pará 帕拉, brazil
- parana state, brazil - paranagua, brazil
- Parramatta suburb of Sydney, Australia on the banks of the Parramatta River.
- Paramaribo ( nickname: Par′bo), Suriname, located on the banks of the Suriname River in the Paramaribo District. The city is named for the Paramaribo tribe living at the mouth of the Suriname River; the name is from Tupi–Guarani para "large river" + maribo "inhabitants".
- 皮尔布拉 The Pilbara (/ˈpɪlbərə/) is a large, dry, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal peoples; its ancient landscapes; the red earth; its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore; and as a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.
- Paramus Bergen County, New Jersey, United States
- Parramatta suburb of Sydney, Australia on the banks of the Parramatta River.
- Paramaribo ( nickname: Par′bo), Suriname, located on the banks of the Suriname River in the Paramaribo District. The city is named for the Paramaribo tribe living at the mouth of the Suriname River; the name is from Tupi–Guarani para "large river" + maribo "inhabitants".
- 皮尔布拉 The Pilbara (/ˈpɪlbərə/) is a large, dry, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal peoples; its ancient landscapes; the red earth; its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore; and as a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.
- Paramus Bergen County, New Jersey, United States
- paradise, nevada, usa
- Paracas may refer to:
- Paracas may refer to:
- Paracas culture, an Andean society that existed in Peru between approximately 750 BC and 100 AD
- Paracas Peninsula, located in the Ica Region of Peru
- Paracas Bay, located in the Pisco Province of the Ica Region in Peru
- Paracas (municipality), the capital city of the Paracas District
- Paracas District, located in the Pisco Province of the Ica Region in Peru
- Paracas National Reserve
- 埃爾帕拉伊索省 El Paraíso honduras
- El Paraíso (Spanish pronunciation: [el paɾaˈiso], "The Paradise") is the modern name of a Late Preceramic (3500–1800 BC) archaeological site located in the Chillón Valley on the central coast of Peru.
- valparaiso, chile
- valparaiso, chile
-阿特巴拉Atbara sudan
- Maulovir Para, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
- 帕拉納克市Parañaque, manila
- bala, wales
- Bala, Ontario, Canada, was named after the town in 1868.
- 坎帕拉Kampala
- balayan bay, philippines
- island of paragua, philippines
- barasan, iloilo, philippines
- barasan, s korea
- Barasan village is located in Gudha Malani Tehsil of Barmer district in Rajasthan, India.
- barakah, uae
cali/kali places
- kozhikode (calicut in other languages), kerala, india
- cariboo mountains, canada
- california
- 帕拉納克市Parañaque, manila
- bala, wales
- Bala, Ontario, Canada, was named after the town in 1868.
- 坎帕拉Kampala
- balayan bay, philippines
- island of paragua, philippines
- barasan, iloilo, philippines
- barasan, s korea
- Barasan village is located in Gudha Malani Tehsil of Barmer district in Rajasthan, India.
- barakah, uae
cali/kali places
- kozhikode (calicut in other languages), kerala, india
- cariboo mountains, canada
- california
- 卡里比布Karibib namibia
-Caribbean
- cali, colombia
- kalibo, philippines
- kalibo, philippines
- 吉靈廟縣（緬甸語：ကလေးခရိုင်；英語：Kale District，Kalemyo District），又譯卡勒縣，《明史》作戛里Kale District myanmar
- kalidonia (version used by cyprus deputy ministry of tourism)/caledonia waterfall, platres village, cyprus
- 加里薩garissa county kenya
- kalevala epic
- kalidonia (version used by cyprus deputy ministry of tourism)/caledonia waterfall, platres village, cyprus
- 加里薩garissa county kenya
- kalevala epic
- kali in j javanese means river
- sunan kalijaga is a javanese islam saint
- caribou, reindeer in north america
- caribou, reindeer in north america
- Caligae - sandal-boots for Roman legionary soldiers
"Pak" places
- Pakhoi (in wiki, redirected to Beihai北海 in guangxi)
- Baiyun Mountain, formerly romanized as Pakwan
sala places
"Pak" places
- Pakhoi (in wiki, redirected to Beihai北海 in guangxi)
- Baiyun Mountain, formerly romanized as Pakwan
sala places
- salamis island
sara places
sara places
- sarawak
- saraswait, hindu goddess
solo places
- Solovetsky Islands 索洛韋茨基群島
- solomon islands
- "Ben oni" (בֶּן־אוֹנִי) is a Hebrew term meaning "son of my sorrow" (cf. Genesis 35:18)
ta places
solo places
- Solovetsky Islands 索洛韋茨基群島
- solomon islands
- "Ben oni" (בֶּן־אוֹנִי) is a Hebrew term meaning "son of my sorrow" (cf. Genesis 35:18)
ta places
- talavera, spain
- taiz, yemen
- tajikistan
- tasmania
ver- 凡爾- places
- versailles
- 凡爾登Verdun
- 弗金斯 （Vergennes, Vermont）美國佛蒙特州阿迪森縣
新/xin/sin places
- country
- new england
ver- 凡爾- places
- versailles
- 凡爾登Verdun
- 弗金斯 （Vergennes, Vermont）美國佛蒙特州阿迪森縣
新/xin/sin places
- country
- new spain
- new france
- Neudeutschland
- Neuschwabenland, Antarctica
- Novaya Zemlya (/ˌnoʊvəjə ˈzɛmliə/, also UK: /ˌnɒv-, -aɪ.ə -/, US: /- zɛmˈl(j)ɑː/; Russian: Но́вая Земля́, IPA: [ˈnovəjə zʲɪmˈlʲa], lit. '"New Land"'), also known as Nova Zembla (especially in Dutch), is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in northern Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe, the easternmost point of Europe lying at Cape Flissingsky on the Northern island. West of Novaya Zemlya is the Barents Sea, and to the east is the Kara Sea.
- marked as nova zembla in bathymetric map of pacific ocean 1914
- Nova Zembla Island ("New Land") Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island.
- nova scotia- new england
- new haven ct usa
- new mexico
- new orleans
- new mexico
- new orleans
- new lisbon, ohio
- New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw Nederland; Latin: Nova Belgica or Novum Belgium) , a 17th-century colony of the Dutch Republic that , East Coast of North America. The claimed territories extended from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod, while the more limited settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
- nijmegan, netherlands , called Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, Noviomagus in 104 by roman emperor trajan
- Nieuw Amsterdam, suriname
- new granada
- Nuevo León (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnweβo leˈon] ), or New Leon, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León
- Ny-Ålesund ("New Ålesund") is a research town in Oscar II Land on the island of Spitsbergenin Svalbard, Norway. It is situated on the Brøgger peninsula (Brøggerhalvøya) and on the shore of the bay of Kongsfjorden. The company town is owned and operated by Kings Bay, who provide facilities for permanent research institutes from ten countries. The town is ultimately owned by the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is not incorporated. Ny-Ålesund has an all-year permanent population of 30 to 35, with the summer population reaching 120. Its facilities include Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben, Svalbard Rocket Range, a port and Ny-Ålesund Town and Mine Museum, as well as fifteen permanent research stations. It is the northernmost functional civilian settlement in the world.
- Novosibirsk - coined "chicago of siberia", originally named Novonikolayevsk
- Novokuznetsk (Russian: Новокузнецк, IPA: [nəvəkʊzˈnʲɛt͡sk]; literally: "new smith's")
It was previously known as Kuznetsk (until 1931), Stalinsk (until 1961).
- New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw Nederland; Latin: Nova Belgica or Novum Belgium) , a 17th-century colony of the Dutch Republic that , East Coast of North America. The claimed territories extended from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod, while the more limited settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
- nijmegan, netherlands , called Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, Noviomagus in 104 by roman emperor trajan
- Nieuw Amsterdam, suriname
- new granada
- Nuevo León (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnweβo leˈon] ), or New Leon, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León
- Ny-Ålesund ("New Ålesund") is a research town in Oscar II Land on the island of Spitsbergenin Svalbard, Norway. It is situated on the Brøgger peninsula (Brøggerhalvøya) and on the shore of the bay of Kongsfjorden. The company town is owned and operated by Kings Bay, who provide facilities for permanent research institutes from ten countries. The town is ultimately owned by the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is not incorporated. Ny-Ålesund has an all-year permanent population of 30 to 35, with the summer population reaching 120. Its facilities include Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben, Svalbard Rocket Range, a port and Ny-Ålesund Town and Mine Museum, as well as fifteen permanent research stations. It is the northernmost functional civilian settlement in the world.
- hkej 16oct18 shum article
- Novosibirsk - coined "chicago of siberia", originally named Novonikolayevsk
- Novokuznetsk (Russian: Новокузнецк, IPA: [nəvəkʊzˈnʲɛt͡sk]; literally: "new smith's")
It was previously known as Kuznetsk (until 1931), Stalinsk (until 1961).
- Novopolotsk (Belarusian: Наваполацк [n̪äväˈpɔɫ̪ät̻͡s̪k], Navapołack (Łacinka); Russian: Новополоцк [n̪əvɐˈpo̞ɫ̪ət̻͡s̪k], Novopolotsk, lit. New Polotsk) is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means "New Polotsk".
- 新索科利尼基Novosokolnikiwas founded in 1901 due to construction of the railway between Moscow and Riga. At the time, it was a part of Velikoluksky Uyezd in Pskov Governorate.[citation needed] The name is due to the nearby locality then known as Sokolniki, whose name in turn is derived from the Russian word "Russian: сокол" (sokol, meaning "falcon"), since the residents specialized on breeding falcons for hunting.[2] Novosokolniki was granted town status in 1925.
- 新安郡 sinan county, korea
- New Julfa (Persian: نو جلفا – Now Jolfā, جلفای نو – Jolfā ye Now; Armenian: Նոր Ջուղա – Nor Jugha) is the Armenian quarter of Isfahan, Iran, located along the south bank of the Zayande River. Established and named after the older city of Julfa (Jugha), Nakhichavan in the early 17th century, it is still one of the oldest and largest Armenian quarters in the world.
- Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay, Basque: Bizkai Berria) was the first province in the north of New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. It consisted mostly of the area which is today the states of Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico.
- new hanover
- new rochelle, new york
- Nueva Sparta State, in Spanish Estado Nueva Esparta, venezuela
- New Helvetia , meaning "New Switzerland", was a 19th-century Alta California settlement and rancho, centered in present-day Sacramento, California
- 新怡詩夏省nueva ecija, philippines
- 新約基（葡萄牙語：Nova Iorque）, brazil (means new york)
- lanark, new lanark, both in scotland
- 新安郡 sinan county, korea
- New Julfa (Persian: نو جلفا – Now Jolfā, جلفای نو – Jolfā ye Now; Armenian: Նոր Ջուղա – Nor Jugha) is the Armenian quarter of Isfahan, Iran, located along the south bank of the Zayande River. Established and named after the older city of Julfa (Jugha), Nakhichavan in the early 17th century, it is still one of the oldest and largest Armenian quarters in the world.
- 朱利法Julfa (Azerbaijani: Culfa, Ҹулфа, جولفا), formerly Jugha (Armenian: Ջուղա, sometimes transliterated as Djugha) and also rendered as Djulfa, Dzhul’fa, Jolfa, Dzhulfa, Džulfa, Jolfā, Jolfā-ye Nakhjavān (Persian: جلفای نخجوان), is the administrative capital of the Julfa Rayon administrative region of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan.
- Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay, Basque: Bizkai Berria) was the first province in the north of New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. It consisted mostly of the area which is today the states of Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico.
- new hanover
- new rochelle, new york
- Nueva Sparta State, in Spanish Estado Nueva Esparta, venezuela
- New Helvetia , meaning "New Switzerland", was a 19th-century Alta California settlement and rancho, centered in present-day Sacramento, California
- 新怡詩夏省nueva ecija, philippines
- 新約基（葡萄牙語：Nova Iorque）, brazil (means new york)
- lanark, new lanark, both in scotland
- new ross, ireland
- ****newcastle
- layla curtis digital printed collage artwork newcastlegateshead 2005 - a cartographic bricolage of the region, drawing on its regional namesakes from countries as diverse as australia, canada, jamaica and ireland.
- germany
- Neuchâtel is sometimes referred to historically by the German name Neuenburg
- Neukölln
- kiv
- newfoundland similar pronunciation to new finland
- newar, nepal chinese 紐瓦爾
- papua new guinea
- neuchatel (neuenburg in german) , switerland
Cata - places
- catalonia
- Catania , Sicily (facing the Ionian Sea). The ancient indigenous population of the Sicels named their villages after geographical attributes of their location. The Sicilian word, katane, means "grater, flaying knife, skinning place" or a "crude tool apt to pare". Other translations of the name are "harsh lands", "uneven ground", "sharp stones", or "rugged or rough soil". The latter etymologies are easily justifiable since, for many centuries following an eruption, the city has always been rebuilt within its black-lava landscape. Around 729 BC, the ancient village of Katane became the Chalcidian colony of Katánē where the native population was rapidly Hellenized. The Naxian founders, coming from the adjacent coast, later used the name for their new settlement along the River Amenano. Around 263 BC, the city was variously known as Catĭna and Catăna (Greek: Κατάνη, Ancient Greek: [katánεː]; Latin: Catana, pronounced [ˈkatana], and Catina.). The former has been primarily used for its supposed assonance with catina, the Latin feminization of the name catinus. Catinus has two meanings: "a gulf, a basin or a bay" and "a bowl, a vessel or a trough", thanks to the city’s distinctive topography. Around 900, when Catania was part of the emirate of Sicily, it was known in Arabic as Balad al-fīl (بلد الفيل) and Madinat al-fīl (مدينة الفيل). The former means "The Village (or the Country) of the Elephant", while the latter means "The City of the Elephant". The Elephant is the lava sculpture over the fountain in Piazza Duomo. Most likely a prehistoric sculpture that was reforged during the Byzantine Era, it appears to be a talisman that was reputedly powerful enough to protect the city from enemies and to keep away misfortune, plagues, or natural calamities. Another Arab toponym was Qaṭāniyyah (قطانية), allegedly from the Arabic word for the "leguminous plants". Pulses like lentils, beans, peas, broad beans, and lupins were chiefly cultivated in the plains around the city well before the arrival of Aghlabids. Afterwards, many Arabic agronomists developed these crops and the citrus orchards in the area around the city. The toponym Wadi Musa (وادي موسى), or "Valley of Moses" (from the Arabic name of the Simeto River), was rarely used.
- katanga province, dr congo (est during belgian congo times, now split into different provinces)
- Mount Katahdin, maine, usa (Named by the Penobscot Native Americans, which means "The Greatest Mountain")
- santa catalina island, california
- santa catarina, brazil
- santa catarina, brazil
- state's coat of arms include a star
- aracataca, colombia
- The Raso da Catarina, caatinga biome of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil. It is a sandstone plateau, much eroded, that is extremely dry for most of the year. Vegetation includes low bushes, often thorny, cacti and bromeliads.
- The Raso da Catarina, caatinga biome of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil. It is a sandstone plateau, much eroded, that is extremely dry for most of the year. Vegetation includes low bushes, often thorny, cacti and bromeliads.
- qatar
- Al Qadarif, also spelt Gadaref or Gadarif
- kata noi beach, phuket
- Katagiri Dam (Japanese: 片桐ダム) is a dam in the Nagano Prefecture, Japan, completed in 1989.
- Katagiri (written: 片桐) is a Japanese surname.
- kata noi beach, phuket
- Katagiri Dam (Japanese: 片桐ダム) is a dam in the Nagano Prefecture, Japan, completed in 1989.
- Katagiri (written: 片桐) is a Japanese surname.
- 卡坦端内斯省Catanduanes, philippines
kara- places
kara- places
- kalamazoo, michigan, usa
****note kara meant tang dynasty 唐****
- 卡拉克穆爾（Calakmul或Kalakmul）是馬雅文明古典時期最重要的城邦之一。在馬雅的時代，她是城邦「Kana」（馬雅語意為「蛇」）的首都。因此卡拉克穆爾的王朝也被稱為「蛇之王朝」。
****note kara meant tang dynasty 唐****
- 卡拉克穆爾（Calakmul或Kalakmul）是馬雅文明古典時期最重要的城邦之一。在馬雅的時代，她是城邦「Kana」（馬雅語意為「蛇」）的首都。因此卡拉克穆爾的王朝也被稱為「蛇之王朝」。
- 卡拉沃县（Kalawao County）hawaii
- Islām Qala (Persian/Pashto: اسلام قلعه, also Eslām Qalʿeh), known historically as Kafir Qala, is a border town in the western Herat province of Afghanistan
- Karatsu (唐津市 )
- Karachi (Urdu: کراچی; ALA-LC: Karācī, IPA: [kəˈraːˌtʃi] ; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh.
- Karatsu (唐津市 )
- Karachi (Urdu: کراچی; ALA-LC: Karācī, IPA: [kəˈraːˌtʃi] ; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh.
- karauli 卡勞利, rajaststan, india - Karaweik (Burmese: ကရဝိက် ဖောင် [kəɹəweɪʔ pʰàʊɴ]) or Karaweik Hall is a palace on the eastern shore of Kandawgyi Lake, Yangon, Burma.The word karaweik comes from Pali karavika (ကရဝီက), which is a mythical bird with a melodious cry.The barge was designed by Burmese architect U Ngwe Hlaing, who based it on the Pyigyimon royal barge.
- Karakol (Kyrgyz: Каракол, Qaraqol/Karakol, قاراقول, Kyrgyz pronunciation: [qɑrɑqoɫ]), formerly Przhevalsk, is the fourth largest city in Kyrgyzstan
- Karakol (Kyrgyz: Каракол, Qaraqol/Karakol, قاراقول, Kyrgyz pronunciation: [qɑrɑqoɫ]), formerly Przhevalsk, is the fourth largest city in Kyrgyzstan
- 卡拉干達karaganda kazakhstan
- kalahari desert
- kalahari desert
- name from the Tswana or Setswana language spoken in Southern Africa
- calama, chile
- caracas, venezuela- Calarcá, colombia
- tlaxcala,mexico
- kiikala, finland
- tlaxcala,mexico
- kiikala, finland
land
- calabria, italy - Kalarites (Greek: Καλαρίτες, Aromanian: Călăreți) is an Aromanian village and a former community in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece.
- caracal 卡拉卡爾 , romania
- calabria, italy - Kalarites (Greek: Καλαρίτες, Aromanian: Călăreți) is an Aromanian village and a former community in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece.
- Sotirios Voulgaris, who founded the jewelry and luxury goods company Bulgari was born in Kalarites.
- caracal 卡拉卡爾 , romania
- Karánsebes (now Caransebeş, a city in modern-day Romania)
- austro-turkish battle in 1788 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-most-Austrian-thing-ever
- kala, svaneti, georgia
- ankara, turkey
- Bakhdida (Syriac: ܒܓ݂ܕܝܕܐ Arabic: بخديدا) Syriac pronunciation: [bɑχdɛːdə], also known as Baghdeda, Qaraqosh, or Al-Hamdaniya, Iraq
- nagorno-karabakh, azerbaijan - kaladi or kalady, kerala, india, in present day kochi
- kalapani, india - Kalamassery Ernakulam district Kochi , Kerala, India.The name Kalamassery is derived from Kalabhasery. In Malayalam a word can have multiple meanings: in common usage "kalabham" means yellow sandalwood paste, and in literary Malayalam, it can mean Elephant.
- tankara, gujarat, india
- karakoram mountain, asia 喀喇崑崙山脈（突厥語意為「黑色岩山」/ 英文Karakoram）
- karamay or qaramay, xinjiang
- karakoram mountain, asia 喀喇崑崙山脈（突厥語意為「黑色岩山」/ 英文Karakoram）
- karamay or qaramay, xinjiang
- Takarajima (宝島). japan
- El Calafate is a city in Patagonia, Argentina.
- Kara-Bom - a Palaeolithic site in the Gorny Altai, Russia
- Kara-Bom - a Palaeolithic site in the Gorny Altai, Russia
- 卡拉巴爾carabal province, nigeria
- 卡拉斯堡 karasburg, karas region, namibia
- 卡拉斯堡 karasburg, karas region, namibia
- 卡拉巴松 Calabarzon (/ká-lɑ-bɑr-zon/), formally known as Southern Tagalog Mainland and designated as Region IV-A The name of the region is an acronym of its five component provinces: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon.
- calamian islands 卡拉棉群島, philippines
- calamian islands 卡拉棉群島, philippines
-Calatagan, batangas ph
- laucala island, fiji
- karakul - a breed of sheep
- calabash - bottle gourd
- caracal is a wild cat
- caracal is a wild cat
- carabao is a type of water buffalo native to philippines
- people
gong/gung/貢 places
- ngong hills, kenya
- people
- karaite jews
- roman empire caracalla 卡拉卡垃
gong/gung/貢 places
- ngong hills, kenya
-伍倫貢, australia
- Gaoligong Mountains, (高黎贡山), yunnan
- mount agung, indonesia
- ugong, pasig, philippines
- saigon, vietnam
- Gaoligong Mountains, (高黎贡山), yunnan
- mount agung, indonesia
- ugong, pasig, philippines
- saigon, vietnam
- 热贡, qinghai
- 自貢, sichuan
- 自貢, sichuan
- 呈貢區, kunming, yunnan
- 西貢, nt, hk
"e"- places
- previous name of homs, syria - emesa
- España- ????? estonia??????egypt????ethiopia?????ecuador???
- 西貢, nt, hk
"e"- places
- previous name of homs, syria - emesa
- España- ????? estonia??????egypt????ethiopia?????ecuador???
-elazig turkey
- 埃努古州Enugu, nigeria
- eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. The derivation of the word eThekwini is debated, the name is said to mean either ‘lagoon’ or ‘the one-testicled one’, referring to the appearance of the Durban Bay. In an 1859 Zulu grammar book, Bishop Colenso asserted that the root word iTeku means "bay of the sea" and noted that the locative form, eTekwini, was used as a proper name for Durban. An 1895 English-Zulu dictionary translates the base word iteku as "bay", "creek", "gulf" or "sinus", while a 1905 Zulu-English dictionary notes that eTekwini is used for Durban.
- The City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality The name Ekurhuleni means place of peace in XiTsonga
sierra xxx
"u"- places
- [何大齊] 象形U 音kan砍
"u"- things
- uber
- Ukiyo-e (浮世絵)
- udine, italy
- ur
- ura
- ure
- uro
- uru
are places name (or roots of them) all over the world
x-來/x-noy
- people
x-川, -cheon, -chuan
-Aizu-Wakamatsu Castle (会津若松城, Aizu-Wakamatsu-jō), also known as Tsuruga Castle (鶴ヶ城 Tsuru-ga-jō) is a concrete replica of a traditional Japanese castle in northern Japan, at the center of the city of Aizuwakamatsu, in Fukushima Prefecture.During the Nanboku-cho period, the area was ruled by the Ashina clan. Ashina Naomori built Kurokawa Castle (黒川城, Kurokawa-jō) within the Aizu basin in 1384.
- note that in spanish, the following countries' names began with an "e"
i, is names
- isparta - correspo
- islam
"tri"- names
- Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
- tripoli
- slovakia - eslovaquia
- slovenia - eslovenia
- emei, sichuan
i, is names
- isparta - correspo
- islam
"tri"- names
- Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
- tripoli
- 英國於南大西洋海外領地崔斯坦達庫尼亞島（Tristan da Cunha）
- hk property development 翠雅山(Triazza)
turk - places
- hk property development 翠雅山(Triazza)
turk - places
- turkey
- turkmenistan
- turkana, kenya
puerto XXX
puerto XXX
- 卡貝薩斯港 Puerto Cabezas, nicaragua
- puerto espana, trinidad and tobago
- puerto rico
- puerto seco beach, jamaica
- puerto rico
- puerto seco beach, jamaica
- 巴亞爾塔港Puerto Vallarta Mexican state of Jalisco.
- puerto maldonado, peru
- puerto williams
- Puerto Princesa, officially the City of Puerto Princesa, (Cuyonon: Siyudad i'ang Puerto Princesa; Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa sang Puerto Princesa; Filipino: Lungsod ng Puerto Princesa; Spanish: Ciudad de Puerto Princesa), and often referred to as Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.Historically, the place was named after Maria Cristina, one of the princesses born to Isabella II of Spain and her consort, Francis, Duke of Cádiz. When the princess suffered an untimely death, the Queen changed the name to Puerto de la Princesa. Eventually, the name was shortened to Puerto Princesa.
costa xxx
- puerto maldonado, peru
- puerto williams
- 位於南美洲最南端的智利威廉斯港（Puerto Williams），近日獲得政府升格成為城市，得以取代阿根廷的烏斯懷亞（Ushuaia），成為世界最南端城市。當地居民對此感到高興，不過有人擔心家園會被盛名所累，表現得憂心忡忡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190601/00180_026.html
- Puerto Princesa, officially the City of Puerto Princesa, (Cuyonon: Siyudad i'ang Puerto Princesa; Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa sang Puerto Princesa; Filipino: Lungsod ng Puerto Princesa; Spanish: Ciudad de Puerto Princesa), and often referred to as Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.Historically, the place was named after Maria Cristina, one of the princesses born to Isabella II of Spain and her consort, Francis, Duke of Cádiz. When the princess suffered an untimely death, the Queen changed the name to Puerto de la Princesa. Eventually, the name was shortened to Puerto Princesa.
costa xxx
- costa rica
- costa navarino, greece
- The Costa Smeralda (Italian: [ˈkɔsta zmeˈralda], lit. 'Emerald Coast'; Gallurese: Monti di Mola; Sardinian: Montes de Mola) is a coastal area and tourist destination in northern Sardinia, Italy, with a length of some 20 km, although the term originally designated only a small stretch in the commune of Arzachena. With white sand beaches, golf clubs, private jet and helicopter services, and exclusive hotels, the area has drawn celebrities, business leaders, and other affluent visitors.Development of the area started in 1961, and was financed by a consortium of companies led by Prince Karim Aga Khan. Spiaggia del Principe, one of the beaches along the Costa Smeralda, was named after this Ishmaelite prince. Architects involved in the project included Michele Busiri Vici, Jacques Couëlle, Savin Couëlle, and Vietti.
- economist 14aug2021
riviera
sierra xxx
- sierra leone, west africa
- sierre nevada, usa
"ts"- words
"ts"- words
- 斯特凡诺斯·齐齐帕斯or 西西帕斯 Stefanos Tsitsipas (Sztéfanosz Cicipász in magyar), tennis player
"u"- places
- [何大齊] 象形U 音kan砍
- 乌拉尔山脉（The Urals）
- uzes, france
- uganda
- 烏盧古魯山脈 The Uluguru Mountains, tanzania
- Ubangi (also spelled Ubangui, Ubanghi, or Oubangui) may refer to: 北烏班吉省（North Ubangi）, kenya; Ubangi Province in the north of Zaire; Ubangi River, tributary of the Congo River in the region of Central Africa; Ubangi-Shari, a French colony which became the Central African Republic; Apostolic Vicariate of Belgian Ubanghi, a former Catholic missionary (initially an Apostolic Prefecture)
- ulaanbatar
- Ulyanovsk is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia
- urubamba valley, peru
- Ubinas is a stratovolcano in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru
- Ushuaia (/uːˈʃwaɪ.ə/; Spanish pronunciation: [uˈswaʝa]) is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina.
- Al-'Uyayna or Al-'Uyaynah (Arabic: العيينة) village Saudi Arabia, birthplace of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, whose followers are known as the Wahabis.
- Utøya island, norway
- U-Tapao International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติอู่ตะเภา) (IATA: UTP, ICAO: VTBU) also spelled Utapao and U-Taphao, is a joint civil–military public airport serving Rayong and Pattaya cities in Thailand.
- mariUpol, ukraine
- Usuki (臼杵市), kyushu
- ulu muda forest, kedah, malaysia
- utrecht
- uzes, france
- uganda
- 烏盧古魯山脈 The Uluguru Mountains, tanzania
- Ubangi (also spelled Ubangui, Ubanghi, or Oubangui) may refer to: 北烏班吉省（North Ubangi）, kenya; Ubangi Province in the north of Zaire; Ubangi River, tributary of the Congo River in the region of Central Africa; Ubangi-Shari, a French colony which became the Central African Republic; Apostolic Vicariate of Belgian Ubanghi, a former Catholic missionary (initially an Apostolic Prefecture)
- ulaanbatar
- Ulyanovsk is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia
- urubamba valley, peru
- Ubinas is a stratovolcano in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru
- Ushuaia (/uːˈʃwaɪ.ə/; Spanish pronunciation: [uˈswaʝa]) is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina.
- Al-'Uyayna or Al-'Uyaynah (Arabic: العيينة) village Saudi Arabia, birthplace of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, whose followers are known as the Wahabis.
- Utøya island, norway
- U-Tapao International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติอู่ตะเภา) (IATA: UTP, ICAO: VTBU) also spelled Utapao and U-Taphao, is a joint civil–military public airport serving Rayong and Pattaya cities in Thailand.
- us military base during vietnam war
- mariUpol, ukraine
- Usuki (臼杵市), kyushu
- ulu muda forest, kedah, malaysia
- utrecht
- Ugu, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Ugu is Zulu for "coast".
- uMkhanyakude KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.
- uThukela KwaZulu-Natal province South Africa.
- uMzinyathi KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The seat of uMzinyathi is Dundee.
- Ubud is a town on the Indonesian island of Bali in Ubud District, located amongst rice paddies and steep ravines in the central foothills of the Gianyar regency. Promoted as an arts and culture centre, it has developed a large tourism industry
- Ulanbay Gucheng 烏拉泊古城西漢時這裡就是一個居民不到2000人的小國。唐代在此設輪台縣，屬庭州，並在今烏拉泊附近建成了輪台縣城。烏拉泊重鎮扼絲綢之路北道和中道的咽喉，在經濟、軍事上具有很重要的戰略價值，所以唐朝把它作為絲路北道的惟一收稅城並派重軍駐守。清乾隆十八年（1763年）這些地方被清廷命名“迪化”，1773年，在今烏魯木齊“老滿城”的地方另築新城，命名“鞏寧”，現在成為發展中的鳥魯木齊市的一部分。
- uri
- ulong
- 乌隆他尼府（泰语：จังหวัดอุดรธานี，皇家转写：Changwat Udon Thani，泰语发音：[t͡ɕāŋ.wàt ʔù.dɔ̄ːn tʰāː.nīː]），简称乌隆府
- uhuru
- uMkhanyakude KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.
- uThukela KwaZulu-Natal province South Africa.
- uMzinyathi KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The seat of uMzinyathi is Dundee.
- Ubud is a town on the Indonesian island of Bali in Ubud District, located amongst rice paddies and steep ravines in the central foothills of the Gianyar regency. Promoted as an arts and culture centre, it has developed a large tourism industry
- Ulanbay Gucheng 烏拉泊古城西漢時這裡就是一個居民不到2000人的小國。唐代在此設輪台縣，屬庭州，並在今烏拉泊附近建成了輪台縣城。烏拉泊重鎮扼絲綢之路北道和中道的咽喉，在經濟、軍事上具有很重要的戰略價值，所以唐朝把它作為絲路北道的惟一收稅城並派重軍駐守。清乾隆十八年（1763年）這些地方被清廷命名“迪化”，1773年，在今烏魯木齊“老滿城”的地方另築新城，命名“鞏寧”，現在成為發展中的鳥魯木齊市的一部分。
- uri
- ulong
- 乌隆他尼府（泰语：จังหวัดอุดรธานี，皇家转写：Changwat Udon Thani，泰语发音：[t͡ɕāŋ.wàt ʔù.dɔ̄ːn tʰāː.nīː]），简称乌隆府
- uhuru
- object
- ukulele
- udon
"u"- things
- uber
- Ukiyo-e (浮世絵)
- udine, italy
- Based on an old Hungarian legend, Attila (?–453), the leader of the Huns, built a hill there, when besieging Aquileia, because he needed a winter quarters billet: he instructed his soldiers to bring soil in their helmets and shields, because the landscape was too flat, without any hill. He established the town there, and built a square-shape tower.
- ur
- ura
- Aitutaki in cook islands, also traditionally known as Araʻura and Utataki
- ure
- river ure north yorkshire
- uro
- *****CJK Unified Ideographs is also referred to as the Unified Repertoire and Ordering (URO)
- uru
are places name (or roots of them) all over the world
印度南部安得拉邦埃盧魯（Eluru）上周六遭神秘疾病侵襲，至今一人死亡及300人送院。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201208/00180_017.html
argent- places
- argentina
- Argenteuil (French pronunciation: [aʁʒɑ̃tœj]; Argenteuil ) northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. The name Argenteuil is recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 697 as Argentoialum, from a Latin/Gaulish root argento meaning "silver", "silvery", "shiny", perhaps in reference to the gleaming surface of the river Seine, on the banks of which Argenteuil is located, and from a Celtic suffix -ialo meaning "clearing, glade" or "place of".Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century (see Abélard and the Convent of Argenteuil). The monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution.
missi- places
- mississipi
- Mississauga /ˌmɪsɪˈsɔːɡə/ ), Ontario, canada 密西沙加（Mississauga），美西沙加，簡稱密市或美城
pig places
- pig beach, bahamas
- bay of pigs, cuba
hel- places
- helsinki
- 赫爾辛格 Helsingør (/ˌhɛlsɪŋˈɜːr/ HEL-sing-UR, Danish: [hɛlseŋˈøɐ̯ˀ]; Swedish: Helsingör), classically known in English as Elsinore, city in eastern Denmark.
- note!
mani- places
- manila, philippines
- 馬尼薩manisa, turkey
yala, yara places
- 也拉府yala province The name "Yala" is the Thai transliteration of the Sanskrit word "jāla" (Devanagari: जाल), meaning "net". The province is also known as "Jala" (Jawi: جالا) in Patani Malaylanguage.
roman- places
- romania
- 伊澤爾河畔羅芒（Romans-sur-Isère）法國德龍省 Drôme department
-penn- places
argent- places
- argentina
- Argenteuil (French pronunciation: [aʁʒɑ̃tœj]; Argenteuil ) northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. The name Argenteuil is recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 697 as Argentoialum, from a Latin/Gaulish root argento meaning "silver", "silvery", "shiny", perhaps in reference to the gleaming surface of the river Seine, on the banks of which Argenteuil is located, and from a Celtic suffix -ialo meaning "clearing, glade" or "place of".Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century (see Abélard and the Convent of Argenteuil). The monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution.
missi- places
- mississipi
- Mississauga /ˌmɪsɪˈsɔːɡə/ ), Ontario, canada 密西沙加（Mississauga），美西沙加，簡稱密市或美城
pig places
- pig beach, bahamas
- bay of pigs, cuba
hel- places
- helsinki
- 赫爾辛格 Helsingør (/ˌhɛlsɪŋˈɜːr/ HEL-sing-UR, Danish: [hɛlseŋˈøɐ̯ˀ]; Swedish: Helsingör), classically known in English as Elsinore, city in eastern Denmark.
- note!
- if h is silent, structure becomes el+x?
hari, hali, ari, ali places
- haryana, india
- Haryana has been derived from the Sanskrit words Hari (the Hindu god Vishnu) and ayana (home), meaning "the Abode of God". However, scholars such as Muni Lal, Murli Chand Sharma, HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name comes from a compound of the words Hari (Sanskrit Harit, "green") and Aranya (forest).
- arizona
- arica, chile
- alicante spain
- manila, philippines
- 馬尼薩manisa, turkey
yala, yara places
- 也拉府yala province The name "Yala" is the Thai transliteration of the Sanskrit word "jāla" (Devanagari: जाल), meaning "net". The province is also known as "Jala" (Jawi: جالا) in Patani Malaylanguage.
roman- places
- romania
- 伊澤爾河畔羅芒（Romans-sur-Isère）法國德龍省 Drôme department
- people
- Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov - revived mosaic art
-penn- places
- 本寧山（the Pennines）, uk
- etymology - a source - derive their name from the Latin Alpes Pœninæ whose name has been variously derived from the Carthaginians, a local god, and Celtic peninus.
x-來/x-noy
-Hebrews (希伯來人)
- illinois, usa
- 皮納爾縣（Pinal County）, arizona, usa
- 瓦萊州valais, switzerland
- 瓦萊州valais, switzerland
- capital sion, The Romans called the upper Rhône valley Vallis Poenina.
- links with cholera https://www.valais.ch/en/information/landingpage/recipes/cholera
- 欽奈Chennai
- 馬來西亞?
- 汶萊達魯薩蘭國（馬來語：Negara Brunei Darussalam；爪夷文：بروني دارالسلام），也作汶萊和平之國，簡稱汶萊或文萊，舊亦稱婆羅乃. 汶萊從8世紀開始有人定居，在中國歷史的唐朝史籍中稱婆利，明朝史籍中稱汶萊，亦有古籍稱之為勃泥或渤泥。
- 早来町Hayakita, hokkaido
- 馬來西亞?
- 汶萊達魯薩蘭國（馬來語：Negara Brunei Darussalam；爪夷文：بروني دارالسلام），也作汶萊和平之國，簡稱汶萊或文萊，舊亦稱婆羅乃. 汶萊從8世紀開始有人定居，在中國歷史的唐朝史籍中稱婆利，明朝史籍中稱汶萊，亦有古籍稱之為勃泥或渤泥。
- 早来町Hayakita, hokkaido
- 班乃岛（Panay），菲律宾中部米沙鄢群岛西部
- pinoy
- Châtenoy
- gauloise
x- 物浦
- 大物浦 - now 尼崎市amagasaki大物町
- liverpool, uk
- pinoy
- Châtenoy
- La paroisse de Chastenoy acquiert le statut de municipalité avec le décret du de l'Assemblée Nationale puis celui de « commune », au sens de l'administration territoriale actuelle, par le décret de la Convention nationale du 10 brumaire an II (). Il faut toutefois attendre la loi du sur l'organisation municipale pour qu'un régime juridique uniforme soit défini pour toutes les communes de France, point de départ de l’affirmation progressive des communes face au pouvoir central. Aucun événement de restructuration majeure du territoire, de type suppression, cession ou réception de territoire, n'a affecté la commune depuis sa création. La commune est membre de la communauté de communes du canton de Lorris, une intercommunalité qui remplace l'ancien SIVOM du canton de Lorris créé en février 1969, depuis sa création le jusqu'au .
- 法國昨舉行全國市議會選舉首輪投票，惟東部上索恩省沙特魯瓦鎮沒有候選人。該鎮與國內其他一百零五個市鎮一樣，無人願意競逐市長，恐失去獨立行政地位，需融入其他城鎮。沙特魯瓦鎮只有一百三十居民，七十三歲市長於二○○八年上任至今，不可再次連任。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200316/00180_035.html
- gauloise
x- 物浦
- 大物浦 - now 尼崎市amagasaki大物町
- liverpool, uk
- 哈特利浦（Hartlepool）, uk
- Penmaenpool (Welsh: Llynpenmaen), wales
- 濟物浦 jemulpo, south korea (now incheon)
- 馬屎埔mashipo, fanling, hk
-sk places
- minsk
- norilsk, russia
- minusinsk, russia
- Arkhangelsk Oblast, russia
- 濟物浦 jemulpo, south korea (now incheon)
- used in isabella bird's book on photos in china in 1894-1896
x- pu, pool
-普爾Poole, uk The town's name derives from a corruption of the Celtic word bol and the Old English word pool meaning a place near a pool or creek. Variants include Pool, Pole, Poles, Poll, Polle, Polman, and Poolman.
- 中國大陸譯為布萊克浦；香港譯為黑池；台灣譯為黑潭Blackpool gets its name from a historic drainage channel (possibly Spen Dyke) that ran over a peat bog, discharging discoloured water into the Irish Sea, which formed a black pool (on the other side of the sea, "Dublin" (Dubh Linn) is derived from the Irish for "black pool"). Another explanation is that the local dialect for stream was "pul" or "poole", hence "Black poole".[citation needed]People originating from Blackpool are called Sandgrownians or Sandgrown'uns
- 1935年9月，中央红军攻下天险腊子口后，来到甘肃省宕昌县一个富庶的小镇——哈达铺。在这里，中央红军得到难得的物资给养，并通过几份报纸，确定了到陕甘革命根据地落脚的重大战略决策。http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/17/c_1124888171.htm， 毛澤 東看到 《大公報 》上登載有陝北紅軍劉志丹和徐海東部隊活動和陝北根據地的消息 ， 決心率紅軍去陝北建立抗日民主根據地。《大公報 》為中央紅軍指出了一個明確的方 向 。 「一張報紙定乾坤 」 ，已成為在當地廣為流傳的佳話 。在哈達鋪紅軍長征紀念館 裏展示的1935 年 8 、 9 月 《大公報 》複印件中，《陝北軍事形勢轉變 》等標題清晰可 見 。 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210630/PDF/b3_screen.pdf
x- nople
- constantinople
- adrianople
- minsk
- norilsk, russia
- minusinsk, russia
- Arkhangelsk Oblast, russia
- Chelyabinsk Oblast, russia
kuala xx
- kuala lumpur
- kuala lipis, pahang
丹places
- 丹麥
- bhutan
- sudan
- 丹波, japan
- nantan, japan
kuala xx
- kuala lumpur
- kuala lipis, pahang
丹places
- 丹麥
- bhutan
- sudan
- 丹波, japan
- nantan, japan
- Handan County (邯郸县) Hebei, China
- Danzhai County丹寨县Tanchai guizhou
- 南丹縣 nandan county, guangxi
- 南丹山历史文化积淀深厚。早在隋唐之前，就有道家炼丹师修炼养生炼丹之术。以致唐代开元年间（公元725年），就修建了佛山最早的佛教寺院——开元寺，禅修养生之风气传承至今。南丹山人文资源丰富，独特的长寿养生文化、休闲文化、中医药文化、佛教文化、道教文化、武术文化、知青文化、归侨文化使这里被人们喻为广东的香格里拉。
- baden, germany
- 南丹縣 nandan county, guangxi
- 南丹山历史文化积淀深厚。早在隋唐之前，就有道家炼丹师修炼养生炼丹之术。以致唐代开元年间（公元725年），就修建了佛山最早的佛教寺院——开元寺，禅修养生之风气传承至今。南丹山人文资源丰富，独特的长寿养生文化、休闲文化、中医药文化、佛教文化、道教文化、武术文化、知青文化、归侨文化使这里被人们喻为广东的香格里拉。
- baden, germany
- Patan, capital of Gujarat in medieval times
登places
- 奧格登（Ogden）, utah
bel- places
- belize
- belgium
- belarus
- belfast
- belgrade
- belgravia
登places
- 奧格登（Ogden）, utah
bel- places
- belize
- belgium
- belarus
- belfast
- belgrade
- belgravia
- beloit, wisconsin
- [food factory] all things green
- people
- Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.
- belilios
x-川, -cheon, -chuan
- 雲南德宏州隴川縣
-吳川市（郵政式拼音：Ngchün）廣東省湛江市
- sichuan
- 湖北利川市
-meichuan hubei
- sichuan
- 湖北利川市
-meichuan hubei
- Yichuan County Y Xuyên 伊川县中国河南省
- 銅川市tongchuan, shaanxi
- yinchuan, ningxia
- 金川郡 kumchon, north korea
-陜川郡 hapcheon s korea
- 富川bucheon, s korea
- 果川gwacheon, s korea
- incheon/icheon, s korea
- 利川 licheon , lichuan
- 華川 hwacheon
- 抱川 pocheon
- 東豆川dongducheon
- 雲泉 uncheon
- 漣川 yeoncheon
- tone river 利根川 tonegawa
- 果川gwacheon, s korea
- incheon/icheon, s korea
- 利川 licheon , lichuan
- 華川 hwacheon
- 抱川 pocheon
- 東豆川dongducheon
- 雲泉 uncheon
- 漣川 yeoncheon
- tone river 利根川 tonegawa
- Isuzu River (五十鈴川, Isuzu-gawa) Mie Prefecture, Japan
-荒川區arakawa tokyo
- Onagawa (女川町, Onagawa-chō) Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
- 武川县wuchuan inner mongolia-Aizu-Wakamatsu Castle (会津若松城, Aizu-Wakamatsu-jō), also known as Tsuruga Castle (鶴ヶ城 Tsuru-ga-jō) is a concrete replica of a traditional Japanese castle in northern Japan, at the center of the city of Aizuwakamatsu, in Fukushima Prefecture.During the Nanboku-cho period, the area was ruled by the Ashina clan. Ashina Naomori built Kurokawa Castle (黒川城, Kurokawa-jō) within the Aizu basin in 1384.
- 日本漫畫《鬼滅之刃》近期大熱，福島縣會津若松市的會津蘆牧溫泉旅館「大川莊」，其浮動舞台因神似漫畫中的經典場景「無限城」，成為網絡熱話。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201103/00180_051.html
x- pur, pura, pore
- manipur
- jodhpur, rajasthan
- jaipur, rajasthan
- kanpur, uttar pradesh, formerly孔坡（Cawnpore）
- Gorakhpur, uttar pradesh
- ghazipur, varanasi, uttar pradesh
- ghazipur, varanasi, uttar pradesh
- pirojpur, bangladesh
- 拉特納普勒Ratnapura, sri lanka The name 'Ratnapura' is a Sanskrit word meaning "city of gems", from the Sanskrit words pura (town) and ratna (gemstone).
- Amarapura, myanmar
- singapore
- singapore
- kuala lumpur
x-desh
- kamdesh, afghanisatn
- merdesh village, afghanistan
-ara -, -ala -
- mount arafat turkey
- In Armenia, a province, two cities (Ararat, Masis), and two villages (Ararat, Masis) are named after the mountain.
- The Turkish province of Ağrı was named for the mountain (its Turkish name) in 1927, while the provincial capital city of Karaköse was renamed to Ağrı in 1946.
- In the United States, a river in Virginia and North Carolina was named after the mountain no later than 1770. An unincorporated community in North Carolina was later named after the river.There is a township and a mountain in Pennsylvania called for the mountain.
- In the Australian state of Victoria, a city was named Ararat in 1840. Its local government area is also called Ararat.
- alamata, ethiopia
-荒川區arakawa tokyo
- 懷阿拉Whyalla australia
ata
ata
- ataturk
- atabaque (/ɑːtəˈbɑːkiː/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ataˈbaki]) is a tall, wooden, Afro-Brazilian hand drum
x-hara
- sahara
- bukhara布哈拉, uzbekistan
- maharashtra, india
x-hara
- sahara
- bukhara布哈拉, uzbekistan
- maharashtra, india
- kashihara, nara japan
- Makinohara (牧之原市, Makinohara-shi) western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.
- Makinohara (牧之原市, Makinohara-shi) western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.
- haramain hugh speed rail
- [NATS]hara- japanese for pelvis, pelvic girdle
蘇維埃 in china
- shaanxi
- 1927年12月11日爆发了广州起义。当天上午在广州市公安局宣布成立,张太雷主持该政府和工农兵执委代表第一次联席会议。推举苏兆征为政府主席(在苏未到广州前由张太雷代理),恽代英为秘书长,叶挺为工农红军总指挥,叶剑英为副总指挥。12日中午,在西瓜园操场举行拥护苏维埃政府大会,通过了政府职员名单,颁布了《苏维埃政府对内对外政纲》,宣布一切政权归苏维埃,打倒反革命国民党和各式军阀;工人实行八小时工作制,监督生产;一切土地收归国有,归农人耕作;联合苏联,打倒帝国主义。因起义部队寡不敌众,13日被迫退出广州。广州苏维埃政权被扼杀。
- 11月3日，高潭区苏维埃政府成立90周年纪念活动筹备工作会议召开。县领导郭武飘、方少宏、钟守挺、刘远彬、杨伟斌、董建、周永坤、叶惠英、黄绿青、何岸灵以及县直有关部门主要负责人等参加会议。http://www.huidong.gov.cn/pages/cms/hdxzz/html/news-zwyw-4c101947e79c4459890eb46da4ced7a0.html
- A canton is a type of administrative division of a country. In general, cantons are relatively small in terms of area and population when compared with other administrative divisions such as counties, departments, or provinces. Internationally, the best-known cantons - and the most politically important - are those of Switzerland. As the constituents of the Swiss Confederation, theoretically (and historically), the Swiss cantons are semi-sovereign states.The term is derived from the French word canton, meaning corner or district (from which "Cantonment" is also derived).
- canton, usa is the hometown of president mckinley (see reference to alaska purchase)
- Canton (/ˈkæntən/) , Stark County, Ohio, United States. The city lies on the edge of Ohio's extensive Amish country, particularly in Holmes and Wayne counties to the city's west and southwest. Canton is the largest municipality in the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Stark and Carroll counties. Founded in 1805, incorporated as a village in 1822, and re-incorporated as a city in 1838.The plat of Canton was recorded at New Lisbon, Ohio, on November 15, 1805, by Bezaleel Wells, a surveyor and devout Episcopalian from Maryland born January 28, 1763. Canton was likely named as a memorial to Captain John O'Donnell, an Irish merchant marine with the British East India Trading Company whom Wells admired. O'Donnell named his estate in Maryland after the Chinese city Canton (a traditional English name for Guangzhou) as he had been the first person to transport goods from there to Baltimore. The name selected by Wells may also have been influenced by the Huguenot use of the word "canton," which meant a division of a district containing several communes.
蘇維埃 in china
- shaanxi
- 1927年12月11日爆发了广州起义。当天上午在广州市公安局宣布成立,张太雷主持该政府和工农兵执委代表第一次联席会议。推举苏兆征为政府主席(在苏未到广州前由张太雷代理),恽代英为秘书长,叶挺为工农红军总指挥,叶剑英为副总指挥。12日中午,在西瓜园操场举行拥护苏维埃政府大会,通过了政府职员名单,颁布了《苏维埃政府对内对外政纲》,宣布一切政权归苏维埃,打倒反革命国民党和各式军阀;工人实行八小时工作制,监督生产;一切土地收归国有,归农人耕作;联合苏联,打倒帝国主义。因起义部队寡不敌众,13日被迫退出广州。广州苏维埃政权被扼杀。
- 11月3日，高潭区苏维埃政府成立90周年纪念活动筹备工作会议召开。县领导郭武飘、方少宏、钟守挺、刘远彬、杨伟斌、董建、周永坤、叶惠英、黄绿青、何岸灵以及县直有关部门主要负责人等参加会议。http://www.huidong.gov.cn/pages/cms/hdxzz/html/news-zwyw-4c101947e79c4459890eb46da4ced7a0.html
- http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201711/1113/HZ21B13CHBB.pdf
- A canton is a type of administrative division of a country. In general, cantons are relatively small in terms of area and population when compared with other administrative divisions such as counties, departments, or provinces. Internationally, the best-known cantons - and the most politically important - are those of Switzerland. As the constituents of the Swiss Confederation, theoretically (and historically), the Swiss cantons are semi-sovereign states.The term is derived from the French word canton, meaning corner or district (from which "Cantonment" is also derived).
- canton, usa is the hometown of president mckinley (see reference to alaska purchase)
- Canton (/ˈkæntən/) , Stark County, Ohio, United States. The city lies on the edge of Ohio's extensive Amish country, particularly in Holmes and Wayne counties to the city's west and southwest. Canton is the largest municipality in the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Stark and Carroll counties. Founded in 1805, incorporated as a village in 1822, and re-incorporated as a city in 1838.The plat of Canton was recorded at New Lisbon, Ohio, on November 15, 1805, by Bezaleel Wells, a surveyor and devout Episcopalian from Maryland born January 28, 1763. Canton was likely named as a memorial to Captain John O'Donnell, an Irish merchant marine with the British East India Trading Company whom Wells admired. O'Donnell named his estate in Maryland after the Chinese city Canton (a traditional English name for Guangzhou) as he had been the first person to transport goods from there to Baltimore. The name selected by Wells may also have been influenced by the Huguenot use of the word "canton," which meant a division of a district containing several communes.
- 阿巴里靈阿環礁，又名坎顿岛 Kanton Island (also known as Canton Island or Abariringa), kiribati
- [1776 chron] monsieur canton - an allusion to a swiss servant, being the name of a character in george colman and david garrick's the clandestine marriage
pyramid
- https://www.quora.com/What-word-starts-and-ends-with-u
inverted i names
- citysuper
- Think Global was an electric car company located in Oslo, Norway, which manufactured cars under the TH!NK brand. Production of the Th!nk City was stopped in March 2011 and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years. The company was bought soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS and production ceased in August 2012 with no more announcements regarding future production.
- The Th!nk City is an electric city car that was produced by Norwegian carmaker Think Global, and production partner Valmet Automotive. It is a small two-seater/2+2-seater highway capable vehicle produced from 2008 to 2012, with a top speed of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph), and an all-electric range of 160 kilometres (99 mi) on a full charge. As of early 2011, the Th!nk was one of only five crash-tested, mass-produced, and highway-certified electric cars in the world, together with the Tesla Roadster (2008), the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, the Nissan Leaf and the Smart ED. The Th!nk City was sold in Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, France, Austria, Switzerland, Finland, the United Kingdom and the United States.The Th!nk City was exhibited for the first time in the UK in July 2008. At the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, Think announced that the Th!nk City would be launched in Denmark and Sweden in 2008, followed by launching in the UK, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands in 2009. At the 2008 British International Motor Show at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre, London, THINK announced that the Th!nk City will be available to UK customers from the summer of 2009. Prime Minister Gordon Brown joined Transport Minister Geoff Hoon for a presentation by Managing Director of Think UK.
unusual chinese translation
- b sound to m/w sound
- d to l
- hard c/k to f sound in cantonese
- c/k to h sound in cantonese
- k to q sound in mandarin
x2 叠字
- [1776 chron] monsieur canton - an allusion to a swiss servant, being the name of a character in george colman and david garrick's the clandestine marriage
pyramid
- egypt, latin america, shaanxi
- Canal de Marseille
- https://www.quora.com/What-word-starts-and-ends-with-u
inverted i names
- citysuper
- Think Global was an electric car company located in Oslo, Norway, which manufactured cars under the TH!NK brand. Production of the Th!nk City was stopped in March 2011 and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years. The company was bought soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS and production ceased in August 2012 with no more announcements regarding future production.
- The Th!nk City is an electric city car that was produced by Norwegian carmaker Think Global, and production partner Valmet Automotive. It is a small two-seater/2+2-seater highway capable vehicle produced from 2008 to 2012, with a top speed of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph), and an all-electric range of 160 kilometres (99 mi) on a full charge. As of early 2011, the Th!nk was one of only five crash-tested, mass-produced, and highway-certified electric cars in the world, together with the Tesla Roadster (2008), the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, the Nissan Leaf and the Smart ED. The Th!nk City was sold in Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, France, Austria, Switzerland, Finland, the United Kingdom and the United States.The Th!nk City was exhibited for the first time in the UK in July 2008. At the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, Think announced that the Th!nk City would be launched in Denmark and Sweden in 2008, followed by launching in the UK, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands in 2009. At the 2008 British International Motor Show at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre, London, THINK announced that the Th!nk City will be available to UK customers from the summer of 2009. Prime Minister Gordon Brown joined Transport Minister Geoff Hoon for a presentation by Managing Director of Think UK.
unusual chinese translation
- b sound to m/w sound
- 墨西哥巴耶西約（Vallecillo）
- 建於古羅馬帝國時期的哈德良長城為英國的歷史地標，附近的文德蘭達要塞（Vindolanda Roman Fort）https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200518/00180_038.html
- 布卡武（法语：Bukavu）, dr congo
- bangladesh
- mumbai
- 巴拉瑞特（Ballarat），早期中文亦稱「孖辣」, victoria, australia
- Owari Province (尾張国, Owari no Kuni) - abbreviated name Bishū (尾州).
- 马尔康市Barkam or Markang or Muerkvua, sichuan
- 眉山, Bizan, tokushima
- Wandan Township 萬丹鄉, pingtung, taiwan
- visayas (bisayas) 米沙鄢群島（英語：Visayas、米沙鄢語：Kabisay-an）（又譯為维萨亚斯群岛）
- 萬丹省（Banten）, indonesia
- 萬隆市（印尼語：Kota Bandung）
- 民丹島（Pulau Bintan/Negeri Segantang Lada）
- 马德望（Battambang）, cambodia
- 文冬（Bentong）, malaysia
- 萬宜bangi, selangor, malaysia
- 武吉免登（马来语：Bukit Bintang，亦称星光大道或金三角）
- Bukit Batok (武吉巴督), singapore
- bangsar 孟沙, kuala lumpur
- Bandai --> 萬代
- "television" is written テレビ (terebi)
- 萬錦（Markham, ontario, canada)
- !!!!!bangkok
- Ban Pong (Thai: บ้านโป่ง, pronounced [bâːn pòːŋ]) is a district (amphoe) of Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. The Mon people settled in the Ban Pong area about four centuries ago. The Mon communities have maintained some of their traditions and have built their own Buddhist temples Later the town attracted numerous Chinese immigrants. Also many Lao Wiang communities settled in the Nong Kop subdistrict of rural Ban Pong.
- featured in thailand grand spaces
- 泰國曼谷市政府近日宣布，市內挽開區的挽開披隆公園（Bang Khae Phirom Park）已經啟用
- tamalakao - 大巴六九
- Pulau Lombok, indonesia 龍目島
- 印尼峇里藍夢島（Nusa Lembongan）https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200125/00178_010.html
- 烏敏島（Pulau Ubin） means "Granite Island" in Malay
- banzai cliff, saipan 万岁崖
- Ole Wanscher (September 16, 1903 – December 27, 1985), Danish furniture designer, leading figures in the Scandinavian Design movement (a part of Mid-Century Modernism), at a time when Scandinavian Design achieved worldwide popularity.
- translated by phillips at may19 auction preview as 奥莱万夏
- Ubinas --> 烏維納斯
- 描籠涯barangay
- bangka萬華區taipei
- basay people, taiwan 巴賽、馬塞/賽
- in japanese, 番外 is bangai when romanised; ばん【番】; ばんぺい番兵 is sentry/guard
- havana, cuba - in certain cases, it is written as habana
- !!!! india film "mission mangal" on india space programme
- Aw Boon Haw（胡文虎） and Aw Boon Par（胡文豹）
- 宋仲基、、全汝彬和玉澤演主演《Vincenzo文森佐》http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/01/01/pdf23.htm
- b sound to f sound
- v sound to m/w sound
- 斯塔万格（挪威語：Stavanger)
- 萌島（馬恩島蓋爾文：Ellan Vannin；英文：Isle of Man；又譯做「人島」、「曼島」）
- 列萬Liévin (French pronunciation: [ljevɛ̃]; Picard: Lévin; West Flemish: Lieven) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.
- 斯洛維尼亞共和国（斯洛維尼亞語：Republika Slovenija），通稱斯洛文尼亚
- 拉文納 Ravenna, italy
- 塔特萬Tatvan (Kurdish: Tetwan)Turkey
- 素萬那普Suvarṇabhūmi -golden land ( buddhist context)
- 亞歷山大·武契奇Aleksandar Vučić
- 紐黑文（New Haven），又稱紐海文、紐哈芬
- 甲米地（Cavite）, ph
- 望加锡（印尼语：Makassar，有时也拼作Macassar、Mangkasara，布吉-望加锡语：ᨆᨀᨔᨑ）, indonesia
- 萬隆市（印尼語：Kota Bandung）
- hard c/k to f sound in cantonese
- kurds
- Cusco, peru 庫斯科（西班牙文：Cuzco），又译作科斯科
- kuwait
- 科爾丘拉島（克羅埃西亞語：Korčula)
- kuban, russia
- Chau Sen Cocsal (Khmer: ចៅ សែនកុសល; 1 September 1905 – 22 January 2009), also known as "Chhum" (Khmer: ឈុំ) 肖桑科薩（高棉語：ចៅ សែនកុសល，1905年9月1日－2009年1月22日）柬埔寨政治家。肖桑科薩是下高棉人，出生在法屬交趾支那朱篤省知尊縣（今屬越南安江省）。他與周成和坤·維克是親戚。
- karinto 花林糖'
- 馬丘比丘（Machu Picchu）
- c/k to h sound in cantonese
- wisconsin, usa
- cancun
- 維肯viken, norway
- 阿布坎馬Abu Kamal syria
- canberra
- kandahar, afghanistan
- canterbury
- 斯肯索普（Scunthorpe）, uk
- 坎布里安山脈（英語：Cambrian Mountains，威爾斯語：Mynyddoedd Cambria）, wales
- 基爾肯尼kilkenny ireland
- 阿利坎特市alicante spain
- 坎登Kandern germany
- 坎德河 kander, switzerland
- 坎普河Kamp river austria
- 坎帕尼亚 campania italy
- 堪薩斯kansas
- arkansas
- kentucky
- kenya
- ***** 阿坎族 The Akan west africa
- 坎帕拉Kampala, uganda
- 坎普爾 kanpur, uttar pradesh, idnia
- 康提 Kandy, Sri Lanka
- 亞爸坎 abakan, russia
- 肯特山khentii mountains, mongolia
- kenting, taiwan
- 阿巴里靈阿環礁，又名坎顿岛 Kanton Island (also known as Canton Island or Abariringa), kiribati
- george, georgia
- daegu 大邱
- 萬宜bangi, selangor, malaysia
- k to q sound in mandarin
- 慶伯利岩（Kimberlite）https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200326/00180_038.html
x2 叠字
- walla walla, name of indigenous tribe and city in washington, usa
- dukuduku, s africa
- song song village, north marianas islands
- unai lam lam, tinian island
- paupau beach, saipan
- laolao beach, saipan
- pago pago, american samoa
- 塔威塔威省 Tawi-Tawi philippines
- lapu-lapu, a filipino hero
- song song village, north marianas islands
- unai lam lam, tinian island
- paupau beach, saipan
- laolao beach, saipan
- pago pago, american samoa
- 塔威塔威省 Tawi-Tawi philippines
- lapu-lapu, a filipino hero
common imperial crisis of the later nineteenth-century
- 1890 ultimatum crisis in portugal - british pressure forced lisbon govt to abandon its plans of forging a portuguese south african empire by uniting angola and mocambique
- 1898 crisis in spain - country lost its overseas colonies after a short war against the United States
so called state mobilized contention
- The Quiet Revolution (French: Révolution tranquille) was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state (état-providence), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election. The Quiet Revolution typically refers to the efforts made by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage (elected in 1960), and sometimes Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970 after the Union Nationale's Daniel Johnson in 1966), though given the profound effect of the changes, most provincial governments since the early 1960s have maintained an orientation based on core concepts developed and implemented in that era. A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to take more direct control over the fields of health care and education, which had previously been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It created ministries of Health and Education, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government further allowed unionization of the civil service. It took measures to increase Québécois control over the province's economy and nationalized electricity production and distribution and worked to establish the Canada/Québec Pension Plan. Hydro-Québec was also created in an attempt to nationalize Québec's electric companies. French-Canadians in Québec also adopted the new name 'Québécois', trying to create a separate identity from France and establish themselves as a reformed province. The Quiet Revolution was a period of unbridled economic and social development in Québec and Canada and paralleled similar developments in the West in general. It was a byproduct of Canada's 20-year post-war expansion and Québec's position as the leading province for more than a century before and after Confederation. It witnessed particular changes to the built environment and social structures of Montreal, Québec's leading city. The Quiet Revolution also extended beyond Québec's borders by virtue of its influence on contemporary Canadian politics. During the same era of renewed Quebecois nationalism, French Canadians made great inroads into both the structure and direction of the federal government and national policy. Moreover, certain facets of the welfare state, as they developed in Québec in the 1960s, became nationalized by virtue of Québec's acceptance and promotion. This would include rural electrification and healthcare initiatives undertaken by Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan twenty years earlier.
- Cesar Chavez (born César Estrada Chávez, locally[ˈsesaɾ esˈtɾaða ˈtʃaβes]; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW) in 1962.By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida.
- congo - [situationist international] transportation strike in leopoldville, united nations expeditionary corps sent in in july 1960, also ghanian troops were involved
- [situationist international] crushing of revolutionary impetus of cuba by formation of one party system (in march 1962 general lister, whose role in the repression of the spanish revolution is well known, was named assistant chief of staff to the cuban army)
- civil rights movement 1963 mississippi
- [situationist int] oct1964 rhodesian crisis, uni of edinburgh
- riots in watts , los angeles 1965 (anti vietnam war)
- ???long hot summer of 1967???
- manson family scam???? (re. abc's tv programme)
- The 1967 Newark riots was one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967". This riot occurred in Newark, New Jersey, between July 12 and July 17, 1967. Over the four days of rioting, looting, and property destruction, 26 people died and hundreds were injured.
- scmp 25jul19
- The March of the One Hundred Thousand was a manifestation of popular protest against the Military dictatorship in Brazil, which occurred on June 26, 1968 in Rio de Janeiro, organized by the student movement and with the participation of artists, intellectuals and other sectors of Brazilian society.Early in the morning, participants of the march already took to the streets of the neighborhood Cinelândia, in downtown Rio de Janeiro.
- Cultural revolution 1968; crisis in poland 1968
- 67暴動
- 有行家提及當年港英政府查封報館的舊事，記得資深傳媒人仁哥去年九月在一份免費報介紹過事件來龍去脈。在這篇《六七事件被查封的報紙》專欄中，仁哥「從舊書堆裏翻出三分一九六七年被港英政府查封的左派報紙，向大家簡單介紹當年政府怎樣動用同樣的緊急法，去對付左派報紙。」三份左派報紙《田豐日報》、《香港夜報》和《新午報》，其評論、報道和社論分別被控「刊登煽動性文字」、「刊登虛假消息」和「刊登文字圖引起警隊不滿」等罪名，同一日被查封，三報負責人及兩名承印人等被拘捕檢控，分別判囚三年。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200814/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
- civil unrest in France during May 1968
- Un soixante-huitard est un individu ayant l'âge d'avoir participé aux événements de Mai 1968, ou ayant adopté les mœurs et les idées qui se sont imposées à cette occasion.
- [situationist int] during the night of 16may1968, thousands of comrades were at billancourt [note by me] Billancourt may refer to:Billancourt, Somme, commune in the Somme department; Boulogne-Billancourt, commune in the western suburbs of Paris; Billancourt (Paris Métro)
- ft 20apr18 "macron is the heir to the spirit of 1968"
- germany 1968
- It was 1967; the Shah of Iran was at a performance of “The Magic Flute” at the nearby Opera; crowds of protesters had been forced into side streets; a shot rang out. Benno Ohnesorg, a 26-year-old, lay bleeding on the ground, his head cradled by another student in a photo that shocked the young Federal Republic and radicalised the movement for the demonstrations that swept German universities over the following year. Ohnesorg’s killer had been an unmarked police officer, later acquitted. This convinced protesters that, long after 1945, authoritarian violence still lurked in German society.https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/06/02/the-legacy-of-germanys-student-protests-in-1968
- The 1968 movement in Italy or Sessantotto was inspired by distaste for traditional Italian society and international protests. In May 1968 all universities, except Bocconi, were occupied. In the same month a hundred artists, including Gio Pomodoro, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Ernesto Treccani and Gianni Dova occupied for 15 days the Palazzo della Triennale. The Hot Autumn (Italian: Autunno caldo) of 1969–70 is a term used for a series of large strikes in factories and industrial centers of Northern Italy, in which workers demanded better pay and better conditions. In 1969 and 1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes in the region. The decrease in the flow of labour migration from Southern Italy had resulted in nearly full employment levels in the northern part of the country, meaning that the workforce there now had the leverage to start flexing its muscles.
- The Years of Lead (Italian: Anni di piombo) is a term used for a period of social and political turmoil in Italy that lasted from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, marked by a wave of both far-right and far-left incidents of political terrorism.
- student protest in 1968 in japan
- https://features.japantimes.co.jp/student-riots/
- The Tatenokai (楯の会, 楯の會) or Shield Society was a private militia in Japan dedicated to traditional Japanese values and veneration of the Emperor. It was founded and led by author Yukio Mishima. The Tatenokai was created on October 5, 1968, recruiting its membership primarily from the staff of Ronsō Journal, an obscure right-wing college newspaper. The private army was formed due to Mishima's alarm over the scale of left-wing protests in Tokyo and his recruitment advertisement were placed in right-wing newspapers. There were around 100 original members, who were mostly students of Waseda University. Along with outdoor activities, the members, who joined voluntarily, were subjected to rigorous physical training that included kendo and long-distance running. In an unusual move, the Tatenokai was granted the right to train with the nation's armed forces, the Japan Self-Defense Forces.
- On November 25, 1970, Mishima and four members of his militia entered a military base in central Tokyo, took the commandant hostage, and attempted to inspire the Japan Self-Defense Forces to overturn Japan's 1947 Constitution. When this was unsuccessful, Mishima committed seppuku.
- The Athens Polytechnic uprising occurred in November 1973 as a massive demonstration of popular rejection of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. The uprising began on November 14, 1973, escalated to an open anti-junta revolt, and ended in bloodshed in the early morning of November 17 after a series of events starting with a tank crashing through the gates of the Polytechnic.
- The popular uprising of 14 October 1973 (Thai: เหตุการณ์ 14 ตุลา, RTGS: Hetkan Sip-Si Tula, "October 14 Event"; or Thai: วันมหาวิปโยค, RTGS: Wan Maha Wippayok, "Day of Great Sorrow") was a watershed event in Thailand's history. The uprising resulted in the end of the ruling military dictatorship of anti-communist Thanom Kittikachorn and altered the Thai political system. Notably, it highlighted the growing influence of Thai university students in politics.Student activism in Thailand grew during the 1950s, as many students became inspired by leftist ideology to mobilize and organize demonstrations and rallies against the pro-American policies of the ruling government. The rise of university students as a political force was also due to the increase in absolute numbers of university students. From 1961 to 1972, the number of university students increased from 15,000 to 150,000, while the number of universities increased from five to seventeen. Prior to 1968, student activity was confined to demonstrations of loyalty rather than demands for change or criticism of the political system. The death of Sarit Thanarat in December 1963 changed things as the government under Thanom was more tolerant of students and intellectuals. The publication of the Social Science Review in the 1960s was credited as being responsible for restarting intellectual thinking and debate in Thai politics. Discussion groups sprang up at major universities which developed into organized and important independent groups, e.g., the "Sapha Na Dome" and "Sethatham" and the "SOTUS" group. These independent groups in turn produced their own writings and the Social Science Review began to publish articles from them. Some of the writings were critical of the government. These groups also started to hold clandestine political seminars which encouraged students to be analytical and critical.
- The Thammasat University massacre, or ambiguously-worded the 6 October event (Thai: เหตุการณ์ 6 ตุลา RTGS: het kan hok tula) as it is known in Thailand, was a violent crackdown by Thai police and lynching by right-wing paramilitaries and bystanders against leftist protesters who had occupied Bangkok's Thammasat University and the adjacent Sanam Luang, on 6 October 1976. Prior to the massacre, thousands of students, workers and other leftists had been holding ongoing demonstrations against the return of former dictator Thanom Kittikachorn to Thailand since mid-September. 學者認為，法政大學大屠殺事件與墨西哥特拉特洛爾科事件、台灣二二八事件、中國大陸六四天安門事件類似，經過數十年才打破沉默，且相關紀錄尚未完整呈現。 泰國在二戰後雖然採君主立憲制，實際上國家長期處於軍政府獨裁統治之下，法政大學大屠殺事件結束了1973年人民起義之後開啟的短暫民主時期。之後泰國回歸軍政府統治，實行戒嚴。
- central americal in late 1970s
- popular insurrection in nicaragu in 1979
- coup in el salvador in 1979 by people's revolutionary army ([sedgewick] founded in 1972, ties to church)
- 1980年邁阿密騷亂 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200603/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- Tiananmen movement 1989
- kaunda resisted zambia going to imf but in 1989 accepted its terms at last. An austerity programme forced him to end food subsidies; the riots that followed led to the multi-party elections he dreaded, and in 1991 he was voted out of power
- 1992年洛杉磯暴動 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200603/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- bolivarian venezuela 1999-
- 2001年辛辛那提騷亂 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200603/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia were a series of protests in late 2013 against the application of bilingualism in Vukovar, whereby Serbian and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet were assigned co-official status due to the local minority population. The implementation of this decision became mandatory after the 2011 Croatian census, according to which Serbs in Vukovar comprise more than one-third (34.8%) of Vukovar's total population.
- women protest after trump's inauguration?
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170123/00180_005.html 特朗普女兒伊萬卡的叔仔喬舒亞（Joshua Kushner）參加前日在華盛頓大示威。一名女記者於示威人海中「野生捕獲」喬舒亞。
- 敍利亞、格魯吉亞、吉爾吉斯，乃至「阿拉伯之春」的各國，都是同一套路，美國是破壞了撒手便走，讓所謂的「民主自決」盡成一個個爛攤子。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191203/00184_001.html
- 2010s
- hk umbrella movement, sea of black
- indonesia
- 2020
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3030368/indonesia-student-clashes-police-over-new-laws-spark-comparisons Indonesian computer studies student T.A., 23, was blasted by police water cannons on Tuesday in the East Javanese city of Malang, when he and hundreds of students took to the streets to protest controversial changes to the national criminal code. The Brawijaya University student, who did not want to give his full name, was among the thousands of people – mostly students – from Medan in western Indonesia to Gorontalo in the northern part of the archipelago who united to reject sweeping legislation that would discriminate against women and minorities and restrict free speech, among other changes.
- 加拿大多倫多近四千人上周六發起遊行，要求調查一名黑人女子在警員入屋後墮樓死亡一事。遊行人士高呼反對種族主義口號，期間沒有發生暴力事件。但受人流影響，多倫多市中心多條道路一度交通中斷，另溫哥華亦有示威。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200602/00176_013.html
- 澳洲悉尼昨日有數千人上街，他們高呼「黑人生命很重要」口號，聲援美國反警暴示威，遊行氣氛平靜，現場有警員維持秩序。西澳省珀斯前晚亦有遊行，悼念美國警暴案黑人死者弗洛伊德，部分人持蠟燭，有人舉起「只有黑人生命很重要，澳洲人的生命才重要」標語。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200603/00176_008.html
- 警暴問題在全球引起關注之際，澳洲悉尼市郊薩里山一名警員日前拘捕一名十六歲原住民青年時，掃腿絆跌對方，導致他肩膊、膝蓋、手肘及臉部受傷，牙齒亦有破損。涉案警員被指無理拘捕及不當使用武力，正接受調查；警方前日強調，事件不應與美國警暴事件相提並論。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200604/00180_012.html
- 美國黑人弗洛伊德死於警方執法引起國際社會關注，法國巴黎前天有人無視禁聚令，發起示威抗議警暴和種族不平等，期間有示威者投擲物品及縱火，警方施放催淚彈驅散，令原本和平的示威最終暴力收場，未知是否有人受傷。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200604/00180_011.html
- http://www.wboc.com/story/42215439/thousands-in-malis-capital-demand-that-president-step-down
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200608/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
revolution 1820s
- greece https://www.quora.com/How-was-Greece-dominated-and-governed-as-one-of-its-states-by-the-Ottoman-Empire-for-500-years-until-it-gained-its-independence-from-the-Ottoman-Empire-in-1821-Should-Greece-be-gone-out-of-existence-as-Byzantine-was
revolution 1871
revolution/independence movement/civil war
- 1910s
- mexico revolution 1910-1920
- greece
- russia
- germany
- The Kiel mutiny (German: Kieler Matrosenaufstand) was a major revolt by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet on 3 November 1918.
- egyptian revolution of 1919
- india 1917年，薩巴爾馬蒂河岸的薩蒂亞格拉哈（現為薩巴爾瑪蒂）成為印度獨立運動的中心。在1919年針對《羅拉特法》的大規模抗議活動中，紡織工人燒毀了全市51座政府大樓，以抗議一戰後英國試圖延長戰時規定。在1920年代，紡織工人和教師進行罷工，要求獲得公民權利以及更高的薪水和工作條件。1930年，甘地從亞美達巴德出發，加入遊行。
- russia
- The Kronstadt rebellion or Kronstadt mutiny (Russian: Кронштадтское восстание, tr. Kronshtadtskoye vosstaniye) was an insurrection of the Soviet sailors, soldiers and civilians of the port city of Kronstadt against the Bolshevik government of the Russian SFSR. 1921
- 1930s
- el salvador - communist revolt in 1932
- china
- Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia
- greek civil war
- vietnam - revolution in 1945, indochina wars 1946-89
- 194749 palestine war
- The Asbestos strike of 1949, based in and around Asbestos, Quebec, was a four-month labour dispute by asbestos miners. It has traditionally been portrayed as a turning point in Quebec history that helped lead to the Quiet Revolution. It also helped launch the careers of Jean Marchand, Gérard Pelletier, and Pierre Trudeau.
- egyptian revolution 1952
- 1955-59 liberation struggle in cyprus
- [situationist international] upsurge of masses in USSR, Poland and Hungary (in latter case see the dangerously confusing revivial of rotten old watchwords of clerical nationalism resulting from the fatal error of the prohibition of any marxist opposition)
- algerican revolt (success)
- major strikes in spain
1970s1980s regime overthrown
- The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas [sandiˈnistas] in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s.The FSLN overthrew Anastasio Somoza DeBayle in 1979, ending the Somoza dynasty, and established a revolutionary government in its place. Having seized power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981.
Constitution
- 1946 : Brazil, France, El Salvador, Yugoslavia, republic of china, Japan, thailand (also 1947 and 1949)
- decolonization from 1950s to 1970s
- pakistan - crisis in 1954; 1956, 1962, 1973 versions
- 1990s: colombia (1991 to replace 1886)
- 2009 : honduras
- 2010s : south sudan (2011)
- 1980s
- The Dirty War (Spanish: guerra sucia) is the name used by the military junta or civic-military dictatorship of Argentina (Spanish: dictadura cívico-militar de Argentina) for the period of United States-backed state terrorism in Argentina from 1976 to 1983 as a part of Operation Condor, during which military and security forces and right-wing death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA, or Triple A) hunted down any political dissidents and anyone believed to be associated with socialism, left-wing Peronism or the Montoneros movement. About 30,000 people disappeared, many of whom were impossible to formally report due to the nature of state terrorism. The excuse for the Coup d'Etat was the armed actions of the Montoneros and the ERP, but actual target of the Operation Condor were students, militants, trade unionists, writers, journalists, artists and anyone suspected to be a left-wingactivist, including Peronist guerrillas. The "disappeared" (victims kidnapped, tortured and murdered whose bodies were disappeared by the military government) included those thought to be politically or ideologically a threat to the military junta even vaguely, or contrary to the plan of neoliberal economic policies dictated by Operation Condor.They were killed in an attempt by the junta to silence the social and political opposition.Many of the members of the juntas are currently in prison for crimes against humanity and genocide.
- The internal conflict in Peru is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government of Peru, the Communist Party of Peru (also known as Shining Pathor "PCP-SL") and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. The conflict began on May 17, 1980. It is estimated that there have been nearly 70,000 deaths, making it the bloodiest war in Peruvian history, since the European colonization of the country.
- https://havanatimes.org/opinion/political-segregation-in-the-nicaragua-of-ortega-and-murillo/amp/
colour revolution
- red power movement 1960s
- american indian demand for rights such as tribal sovereignty and treaty rights
- rooted in minneapolis and st paul
- 人民力量革命使菲律賓成為第三波民主化中的亞洲先例，被認為也帶動了臺灣與南韓等國的民主運動。1987年1月，一位漢城大學學生在警察偵訊後死亡引發公眾憤怒，超過一百萬的學生與民眾參加了六月民主運動，迫使政府宣布釋放所有異議人士，並於10月舉行公民投票修改憲法，「進一步加強基本自由與民主秩序」，增訂「憲法確保所有公民作為人的價值和尊嚴，以及追求幸福的權利。國家有責任確認和確保個人擁有基本並不可侵犯的人權」。12月，南韓舉行首次自由的總統直接民選。李承晚、朴正熙和全斗煥獨裁統治時期的在野黨領袖金泳三與金大中分別於1993年和1998年當選韓國總統。1986年底，中國許多大中城市亦發生大規模的八六學潮，被視為較開明的中共總書記胡耀邦於1987年1月未經正規程序即被迫辭職。1989年，北京發生因悼念胡耀邦而起的更大規模學潮，後被中共鎮壓。
- The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution 2005
- The Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010, also known as the Second Kyrgyz Revolution, the Melon Revolution,the April Events
- The Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010, also known as the Second Kyrgyz Revolution, the Melon Revolution,the April Events
"democracy tsunami"
- 智利首都聖地亞哥上周五（18日）爆發嚴重警民衝突，示威者不滿地鐵公司提高繁忙時段的票價，破壞幾乎全市一百六十四個車站，整個地鐵網絡被迫關閉；警方則以水炮及催淚彈驅散。總統皮涅拉宣布該市進入緊急狀態，並考慮以國家安全法平息騷亂。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191020/00180_010.html
- haiti
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2019/oct/25/why-people-are-protesting-in-haiti-video-report Weeks of widespread protest have paralysed parts of Haiti. Demonstrators are calling for the country's president, Jovenel Moïse, to resign from office, but despite violence and charges of corruption he has so far refused to stand down
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-protests/bolivia-protests-enter-third-week-as-morales-faces-ultimatum-idUSKBN1XE1V7
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/21/americas/colombia-national-strike-intl/index.html
- 26日，來自德國各 地的上萬農民開着5000多台 拖拉機，浩浩蕩蕩地衝向首 都柏林，抗議政府限制使用 殺蟲劑等農業政策和環保規 定，部分區域的交通受阻， 抗議者最終聚集在柏林地標 勃蘭登堡門。德國總理默克 爾表示，將在12月2日 與40個農業組織 進行交流。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191128/PDF/a23_screen.pdf
- ireland
- 幾乎在同一時間，愛爾蘭和法國也爆 發了大規模的農民示威，大量拖拉機湧入 兩國首都。26日至27日，來自愛爾蘭各地 的農民將拖拉機開進首都都柏林，並停放 在城中心，抗議牛肉價格過低，以及提高 碳排放稅等應對氣候變化的舉措。抗議者 表示，在農業部長與他們見面之前，將一 直封鎖都柏林交通。 都柏林的基爾代爾街及聖斯蒂芬綠地 等交通要道均被堵塞，歷史悠久的舒爾本 萬麗酒店門口也停滿拖拉機。部分抗議者 26日晚就返回農場，也有人在拖拉機裏過 夜，並指27日將有新人加入，以維持對首 都道路的封鎖。 27日，法國農民試圖用1000台拖拉機 封鎖首都巴黎，抗議收入增長停滯和自由 貿易協定導致的不公平競爭。地區農民聯 合會發言人德皮內（Elise Despiney）表示， 他們將封堵環城公路，直到法國總統馬克 龍同意會見示威者。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191128/PDF/a23_screen.pdf
- pakistan
- https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3035817/thousands-islamists-converge-pakistan-capital-aiming-unseat The cleric insists that Khan needs to be removed from office, and a new “free and fair” election held.However, the group has remained vague about what tactics they plan to use. Ahead of the march, social media users panned Rehman and his followers over their refusal to allow women to participate, questioning their commitment to democratic principles.名為「自由遊行（Freedom March）」的示威由伊姆蘭汗政敵、政黨「伊斯蘭神學者協會」的領袖拉赫曼帶領。安全部隊較早前封鎖通往該市的主要入口，但示威者依然湧入首都。報道指，逾兩萬人參加當地的祈禱。示威者揮動黑白條紋的伊斯蘭神學者協會旗，並高呼口號。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191103/00180_027.html
- 伊拉克反政府示威持續，至今造成最少三百二十人死亡。首都巴格達的示威者周日重佔行政重地「綠區」三條主要橋樑，並與安全部隊再爆衝突。一名示威者頭部遭催淚彈擊中身亡，另有三十二人受傷。消息指，兩枚喀秋莎火箭射入綠區，但未造成嚴重破壞及傷亡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191119/00180_002.html
- eye injury
- protestors in chile
- ft 20jan2020 "precarious workers find their voice" new group of upstart unions (UK)
- songs
- "hk model"
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3047573/revival-philippine-protest-songs-era-ferdinand-marcos
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3094618/thailand-protests-how-hong-kong-and-hunger-games-inspired do you hear the people sing, number of demands - number of fingers raised
- raising hand - five - Indian women and children protest against the new citizenship law in Bangalore. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3096533/republic-ram-indias-modi-lays-foundation-hindu-state-grand
- 美國芝加哥前日清晨發生大規模警民衝突及搶掠，數百名暴徒聽信網上流傳的警察打死人流言後，破壞市中心多處商店並搶掠。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/12/a24-0812.pdf
sanction act against those who suppress protesters
- canada
- Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Sergei Magnitsky Law) https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/J-2.3/FullText.html
strike
- china 1925
- 自五卅惨案发生后，举国同愤。但英国仍继续援用武力压迫政策。6月11日汉口惨案发生，6月13日九江冲突发生，6月23日沙基惨案发生，7月2日重庆惨案发生，7月31日南京惨案发生。其中最严重的冲突为广州发生的沙基惨案。自五卅惨案、汉口惨案相继发生后，6月21日香港与广州沙面之华工同时总罢工，香港重要事业多呈停顿状态。1925年1月中国共产党第四次全国代表大会以后，群众运动蓬勃发展，2月至4月，上海、青岛的日本纱厂工人在中国共产党领导下，先后组织数万工人举行大规模罢工斗争，取得了重大胜利，同时也遭到日本帝国主义和北洋军阀的镇压。日本帝国主义勾结北洋军阀政府企图破坏工人运动，酝酿新的血腥屠杀。5月14日，上海日本纱厂工人为抗议日本资方无理开除工人再度罢工，日本资本家开枪打死工人顾正红（共产党员），打伤10余名工人，激起上海工人、学生和市民的强烈愤怒。同时，在上海的帝国主义者提出有损中国主权，打击中国民族工商业的“四提案”（增订印刷附律，增加码头捐，交易所注册及所谓“取缔重工法案”），该决定于6月2日在上海纳税外人会上通过，引起了包括民族资产阶级在内的上海各阶层人士的强烈反对。
- 就在伊朗導彈襲擊伊拉克美軍基地的同一天，印度十個工會發起了全國大罷工，號稱有二千五百萬人參加，抗議莫迪政府推動經濟不力。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200114/00192_001.html
transitions to democracy
- southern european countries - portugal, greece and spain in 1974-5
new era/significant change of rule leadership
- 2019
- japan royalty
- thailand royalty
cave people
- 小瑟亚村里活跃的生活都是在地下的。哈卡斯共和国的这个角落里共有40多个洞穴。其中有一些不太可怕的洞穴，比如考古洞穴，那是供中小学生游览的洞穴，他们来小瑟亚村过假期，在导游的照看下在错综复杂的洞穴迷宫中钻来钻去，愉快地玩橙色黏土。
来源：«透视俄罗斯» - http://tsrus.cn/lvyou/2018/09/22/663019
Crowned lion with sword
- new visual identity of the finnish foreign Service http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=371033
年号是中国帝制时代的产物，第一个年号“建元”出现在公元前一四○年的汉武帝时期。后来这一做法传播至东亚儒家文化圈其他国家。朝鲜、越南因地缘相接，使用年号都早于日本，然若论连贯性，则都不及后者。自一九四五年越南保大皇帝退位后，日本成为世界上唯一使用年号的国家。日本于公元六四五年（唐太宗贞观十九年）开始使用首个年号“大化”。而后一千三百多年间的几百个年号，与中国年号相映成趣。有的是重名，如日本的仁寿、贞观、弘治，都是中国曾用过的；有些是倒置，如中国有永建、治平，而日本有建永、平治；有些意思相关，如中国有赤乌，日本有白雉。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180109/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
zodiac
- The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac, but the Sino-Korean word 양 (yang) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language (where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean "Goat"), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope.
- The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep (hitsuji) instead of the Goat (which would be yagi), and the Wild boar (inoshishi, i) instead of the Pig (buta). The Japanese have, since 1873, celebrated the beginning of the new year on January 1 as per the Gregorian calendar.
- The Vietnamese zodiac is almost identical to the Chinese zodiac except the second animal is the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal is the Cat instead of the Rabbit.
- hkej 28feb18 shum article
- The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as kra). Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle (kura-kura) and mousedeer (kancil). One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit, the other being either the Pigor Monkey.
- The Thai zodiac includes a nāga in place of the Dragon and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but either on the first day of fifth month in Thai lunar calendar, or during the Songkran festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use.
- The European Huns used the Chinese zodiac.[citation needed] This common Chinese-Turkic Zodiac was in use in Balkan Bulgaria well into the Bulgars' adoption of Slavic languagesand Orthodox Christianity- In Kazakhstan, an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used, but the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: улу), and Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс).
- In Mongolia 12 year beasts are called "Арван хоёр жил" meaning "12 years"
- nepal gurung zodiac: mouse, cow, tiger, cat, eagle, serpent, horse, sheep, monkey, bird, dog, deer
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200119/PDF/a9_screen.pdf 緬甸有八個 「星相日」 ，才對應產生出緬甸的八個生肖。例如星期 日叫日曜日，星期一叫月曜日……特別之處 在於星期三，緬甸人把星期三又分成上 下兩個半天，上午叫水曜日，下午 則叫羅睺曜日。其中 「羅睺」 是 古印度傳說中的惡魔，搶奪太 陽和月亮的光輝，製造出日 、月食。正因為有了這八個 「星相日」 ，才對應產生出 緬甸的八個生肖。這八個 生肖分別是：星期一屬虎 （月亮），星期二屬獅（ 火星），星期三上午屬象 （水星），星期三下午屬 無牙象（羅睺星），星期 四屬鼠（木星），星期五屬 天竺鼠（金星），星期六屬 龍（土星），星期日屬金翅鳥 （太陽）。根據自己出生在星期 幾，緬甸人就可以確定自己是什麼 生肖。- 印度的十二生肖，與中國人的生肖大致相同。印度的生 肖名稱和順序是：鼠、牛、獅、兔、那伽（龍）、摩睺羅伽 （蛇）、馬、羊、猴、金翅鳥、狗、豬。只是中國有 「虎」 無 「獅」 ，印度則有 「獅」 無 「虎」 。希臘的十二生肖，與埃及的十二生肖基本相同，只是希臘人 有 「鼠」 無 「貓」 ，埃及人則有 「貓」 無 「鼠」 。埃及的生肖名 稱是：牛、羊、猴、驢、蟹、蛇、犬、貓、鱷、紅鶴、獅、 鷹。希臘的生肖是：牛、羊、猴、驢、蟹、蛇、犬、鼠、 鱷、紅鶴、獅、鷹。巴比倫十二生肖則為：牛、羊、猴、 驢、蟑螂、蛇、犬、貓、鱷、紅鶴、獅、鷹。 埃及和希臘的生肖與古巴比倫的基本相同，只是以 「蟹 」 取代了 「蟑螂」 。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200119/PDF/a9_screen.pdf- nepal gurung zodiac: mouse, cow, tiger, cat, eagle, serpent, horse, sheep, monkey, bird, dog, deer
days of the week
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-coincidences-in-the-naming-of-the-days-of-the-week-after-the-Sun-the-Moon-and-the-planets-even-in-different-languages-Is-it-a-borrowing-from-the-West
- https://www.quora.com/How-are-the-days-of-the-week-named-in-your-language-country
- Portuguese speakers consider Sunday to be the first day of the week following the Greco-Roman tradition, which places Sunday as the first and Saturday as the last. https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Monday-translate-to-first-day-in-Lithuanian-but-second-day-Portuguese
- for persians, Saturday is the first day of the week
成年禮
- 世界各地都有不同的成年禮，而本港亦有「過儀門」，這個傳統成年禮將於本月中旬首次在本港舉行，主辦機構屆時將會搭建一個高十二呎、闊四十呎的巨型「儀門」， 供約二千名中四或以上學生行禮。「過儀門」活動由民政事務局及華人廟宇委員會合辦。委員會文化及宣傳小組主席葉長清昨指，儀門是指廟堂高邸的設施，「是威儀之所在」，當人進入廟堂高邸拜謁時，在未通過儀門前，需再次整肅衣冠，謹守禮儀，以免失儀。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181204/00176_062.html
tunnels
- north korea
- north vietnam
- The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone ran from east-west near the center of present-day Vietnam (spanning more than a hundred kilometers) and was a couple of kilometers wide, about a hundred kilometers north of the city of Huế. It ran along the Ben Hai River for much of its length, and an island nearby was controlled by North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War. Although it was nominally described as being at "the 17th parallel," almost all of the zone lies to the south of the parallel, with only a small portion of the zone near the eastern end actually including the parallel.Vinh Moc (Vĩnh Mốc) is a tunnel complex in Quảng Trị, Vietnam. During the Vietnam War it was strategically located on the border of North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The tunnels were built to shelter people from the intense bombing of Son Trung and Son Ha communes in Vinh Linh county of Quảng Trị Province in the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone.
- https://www.quora.com/How-extensive-was-the-North-Vietnamese-tunnel-system-in-the-Vietnam-War
- 美國海關及邊防局（CBP）周三（29日）公布，在西南部的美墨邊境發現史上最長一點三公里地道。地道內備有車軌、電力，以至完善的抽氣及排水系統，極具規模。當局相信，有跨國犯罪組織利用地道來走私毒品。地道由墨西哥邊境蒂華納的工廠區開始，延綿一點三公里接通美國加州聖迭戈。此前美方發現過的美墨地道，最長亦不足一公里，今次可謂大破紀錄。美媒指出，地道在墨西哥一側的位置，屬販毒集團「西納羅亞」（Sinaloa Cartel）的勢力範圍。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200131/00180_008.html
"light" themed festival
- 德國法蘭克福於周日晚上，舉行為期五日的燈光節（Luminale festival）http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180320/00180_041.html
- hkcd 8oct18 a16 中山古鎮國際燈光節
- Festival of Lights sa Zamboanga Sibugay, dinarayo https://www.facebook.com/piawesternmindanao/videos/593565074435182/?t=0
- 阿聯酋沙迦近日舉行為期十一日的燈光節，市內多座清真寺、大學及市政府大廈等十九個地點的外牆，每晚都投影出色彩絢爛奪目的3D燈影圖案。主題包括可蘭經經文、宇宙星空，以及阿聯酋的太空科技成就，令人目不暇給。今屆沙迦燈光節已是第十屆https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200213/00180_017.html
- hkcd 8oct18 a16 中山古鎮國際燈光節
- Festival of Lights sa Zamboanga Sibugay, dinarayo https://www.facebook.com/piawesternmindanao/videos/593565074435182/?t=0
- 阿聯酋沙迦近日舉行為期十一日的燈光節，市內多座清真寺、大學及市政府大廈等十九個地點的外牆，每晚都投影出色彩絢爛奪目的3D燈影圖案。主題包括可蘭經經文、宇宙星空，以及阿聯酋的太空科技成就，令人目不暇給。今屆沙迦燈光節已是第十屆https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200213/00180_017.html
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