Policy
- Project 211 (211工程) is a project of National Key Universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of high-level universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development. During the first phase of the project, from 1996 to 2000, approximately US$2.2 billion was distributed. China today has 116 institutions of higher education (about 6 percent) designated as 211 Project institutions for having met certain scientific, technical, and human resourcesstandards and offer advanced degree programs). Project 211 schools take on the responsibility of training four-fifths of doctoral students, two-thirds of graduate students, half of students from abroad and one-third of undergraduates. They offer 85% of the state's key subjects, hold 96 percent of the state's key laboratories, and consume 70% of scientific research funding. The name for the project comes from an abbreviation of the slogan "面向21世纪，办好100所高校 (For the 21st century, to manage 100 universities successfully)". 100 was approximate number of participating universities. Since 2014, Project 211 was less mentioned and gradually succeeded by a new project called plan 111 (Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities). In September 2017, Project 211, together with Project 985, were replaced by the Double First Class University Plan as the officially sponsored national university development scheme.
- 教育部部長陳寶生周日展望中國教育，到二○四九年將引領世界教育發展，「中國的標準將成為世界的標準」，而中國將成為世界上最受人嚮往的留學目的地，但他同時承認中國在「幼有所育、學有所教」方面有三個「硬骨頭」有待解決。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171023/00178_005.html
- teaching materials
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/08/28/a16-0828.pdf 教育部昨日發佈消息稱，普通高中思想政治、語文、歷史三科統編教材將於9月秋季學期開始，在北京、天津、遼寧、上海、山東、海南等6省（市）率先投入使用，其他省市根據新高考推進和各省實際情況陸續推進，2022年前將全部使用新教材。普通高中歷史教材總主編、中國史學會原會長張海鵬表示，歷史教材重點突出國家主權、海洋意識教育，增強學生維護國家統一和國家主權安全的意識，形成正確的國家觀。張海鵬表示，歷史教材把中華5,000多年文明史、中國人民170多年鬥爭史和中國共產黨90多年奮鬥史、國家主權、海洋意識教育，以及民族團結進步教育作為重點學習內容。教材以史實為依託，講述西藏、新疆、台灣及其附屬島嶼、南海諸島等作為中國領土不可分割一部分的歷史淵源，增強學生維護國家統一和國家主權安全的意識。
- universites
- those in China who lived through Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution, during which universities and colleges were closed for 12 years from 1965 to 1977, kept open only for workers, peasants and soldiers who were selected based on their revolutionary fervour.https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3094480/coronavirus-has-dealt-class-2020-bad-hand-chinas-class-77-offers
- china daily 28jun19 university told to halt cash offers for recruiting students
- china daily 17jul19 15 higher vocational schools to university
- naming
- 高等學校名稱未經授權，不得 使用其他高等學校曾使用過的名稱 ，不得冠以中華、中國、國家等字 樣，也不得冠以華北、華東、東北 、西南等大區字樣 ——國家教育 部八月三十一日發布《高等學校命 名暫行辦法》，引發關注。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200902/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- stem
- 1995年5月6日颁布的《中共中央国务院关于加速科学技术进步的决定》，首次提出在全国实施科教兴国的战略。江泽民在会上指出：“科教兴国，是指全面落实科学技术是第一生产力的思想，坚持教育为本，把科技和教育摆在经济、社会发展的重要位置，增强国家的科技实力及实现生产力转化的能力，提高全民族的科技文化素质。”同年，中国共产党第十四届五中全会在关于国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标的建设中把实施科教兴国战略列为今后15年直至21世纪加速中国社会主义现代化建设的重要方针之一。1996年，八届全国人大四次会议正式提出了国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标。为全面落实科教兴国战略，农业、工业、国防、财贸等行业和部门都提出了依靠科技振兴行业的发展战略。各省、市、自治区及各地（市）、县（市）也制定了科教兴省、科教兴市、科教兴县的发展战略和发展方针。1988年，江苏省率先提出实施“科教兴省”战略，决定转换经济增长方式，从过去主要依靠廉价资源和廉价劳动力逐步转换到主要依靠科技水平和劳动者素质上来。“科教兴国”作为一项全国性的战略提出后加速了地方科技事业和经济的发展。1996年，国家科技领导小组成立，各地方随继成立了科技领导小组或科教兴省（区、市）领导小组，截至到1997年6月，全国共有26个省（市、区）和计划单列市成立了科技领导小组。据统计，到1997年底，全国已有20多个省、200多个城市制定了以科技促进经济发展的计划。1998年经中央批准，国家科技教育领导小组成立，并于6月9日举行第一次会议。朱镕基总理主持，指出要深入贯彻江泽民同志关于知识经济和建立创新体系的重要批示精神，国家要在财力上支持知识创新工程的试点，要加大对科技和教育的投入。
- vocational education
- first vocational education law in 1996 china daily 25feb19
- 國務院本月十三日發布《國家職業教育改革實施方案》，並表明計劃二○年初步成立300個示範職業教育集團或聯盟，鼓勵股份制及混合所有制的職業院校和各類職業培訓機構發展。分析指，職業教育市場規模至二○二二年將至逾萬億元（人民幣‧下同），預期當局容許更多私人資本投資，令市場從公營主導轉型為多元參與，相信職業教育將成為教育股重要布局之一，亦會迎來民辦職業院校上市潮。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190225/00202_031.html
- 中共中央、國務 院印發的《關於深化教育教學改革 全面提高義務教育質量的意見》（以 下簡稱《意見》）昨日對外發布。《意 見》提出要堅持「五育」並舉，強化課 堂主陣地作用，切實提高課堂教學 質量，全面發展素質教育。值得一提 的是，意見明確提出「大力發展校園 足球」、「杜絕將學生作業變成家長 作業或要求家長檢查批改作業」 、 「強化對網絡遊戲、微視頻的管 控」 等當下社會關注的議題（更多 乾貨見列表）。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201907/0709/HA08709CZGG_HKCD.pdf
- sending students overseas
- [china daily 19sep19] in 1950, sent 25 college grads to czechoslovakia, poland, romania, hungary and bulgaria; from 1950 to65, sent 10,689 students to 29 countries, with about 80% to soviet union
- return procedure
- 大陸教育部繼早前為簡化學歷認證程序，自本月起取消留學回國人員證明，另在昨日在官網發布公告稱，自明年1月1日起，取消大陸民眾在港澳台地區的學習證明，簡化辦事程序，方便在當地學習的民眾在大陸工作和生活。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201119/00178_017.html
- simplified chinese
- Schools should use standard, simplified Chinese in teaching, based on relevant laws, the Ministry of Education said recently, playing down concerns that the use of simplified Chinese is detrimental to preserving cultural heritage.In response to a proposal made this year by a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the ministry said students can also learn about traditional Chinese when they learn about Chinese classic writings and Chinese calligraphy at school.Over the course of history, Chinese characters have undergone constant simplification. Current simplified Chinese was adopted after much research and selection and has strong public support, the ministry said.Changes to Chinese script are not confined to the modern era, and people who understand traditional Chinese may not necessarily understand classic writings without proper training, it said.The State Council, China's Cabinet, issued a list of simplified Chinese characters in 1956 and began to promote them for use in printing to increase literacy. Simplified Chinese characters were created mainly by decreasing the number of strokes and replacing complicated components of characters with simpler shapes.http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201912/09/WS5ded880ea310cf3e3557cae4.html
- 國務院教育部周三表示，就全國政協委員早前提出的《關於兩岸三地繁簡體字互認互通的提案》，當局同意繁體與簡體字同屬中華文化，指目前已有多項措施處理字型問題，便利港澳台人士；惟基於技術所限，目前尚無法在身份證等文件上達成字型互換。教育部回應，隨着兩岸三地交流愈趨頻密，更多港澳台人士到內地工作和生活時，或會因證件字型問題遇上阻滯。對此，國家移民管理局、教育部、工業和信息化部等16部門早前已印發《關於推動出入境證件便利化應用的工作方案》等。然而，由於繁簡漢字並非一一對應，電腦系統難以判斷市民證件上名字的正確寫法。故目前，港澳台人士應以有效證件上的姓名為準；工業和信息化部等部門正在加快修訂國家標準《信息技術 中文編碼字符集》，料將收錄逾8.7萬個簡體字、繁體字，以及10種少數民族文字，以便利群眾。就內地使用繁體字方面，目前各大院校的中文、歷史、考古、藝術、中醫藥等專業科目均有使用繁體字教科書，並且會要求相關科目的研究生入學時，必須能夠使用繁體字。另據有關規定，華僑港澳台學生在申考內地院校時，可使用繁體字填寫答卷。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201217/00178_005.html
- holiday
- 教育部上周五表示，部分學校已開始試行增加春、秋假，並相應縮短寒、暑假時間；政府同時鼓勵學校課外實踐，推行中小學、中等職業學校學生，開展約一周的研學旅行。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191105/00178_013.html
-教育部印發《關於破除高校哲學社會科學研究評價中「唯論文」不良導向的若干意見》，提出多項要求。包括大學等機構不能以刊物、頭銜、榮譽、資歷等判斷論文質量，不得將SSCI、CSSCI等論文收錄數等指標，與資源分配、物質獎勵、績效工資等方面掛鈎，防止高額獎勵論文。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201216/00178_016.html
Government control
- https://www.ft.com/content/8a7552d8-1f68-11e7-a454-ab04428977f9 China is stepping up pressure on educational institutions, including many that run joint programmes with leading western universities, as President Xi Jinping’s ideologically infused anti-corruption campaign takes aim at the country’s intellectual establishment. Teams of agents from the Communist party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection arrived on the campuses of China’s 29 top universities in the middle of March and will remain there to carry out inspections until the start of May. University presidents and senior administration staff have been told to remain on campus and cancel all travel plans, according to two people familiar with the situation. Apart from evidence of corruption in academia, the CCDI teams will be looking for examples of breaches of “political discipline”, including ideological problems and infiltration of “western values” such as democracy and freedom of speech.
- 內地媒體報道，廣東以色列理工學院今年九月成立了黨組織，副校長馮興雷當選了黨支部書記。全國九間中外合辦大學中，已有八間成立了黨組織。報道指，中組部和教育部近年致力推行中外合辦大學成立黨組織，視為推進黨建設的新任務。早前全國中外合作辦學年會中，中組部官員強調要把思想政治工作貫穿教育教學的全過程。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171205/00178_010.html
Legislation
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201611/1121/HA12B21COWW.pdf 民辦教育促進法
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/12/16/a17-1216.pdf 中國教育 部網站昨日發佈消息指，日前公佈的《中小 學（幼兒園）安全工作專項督導暫行辦法》 強調，要重點督導治理檢查教育等相關職能 部門、中小學對校園欺凌和暴力行為、防溺 水、交通事故、涉校涉生違法犯罪和心理、 行為諮詢與矯治等重點問題的預防與應對情 況。
- education on math as next export http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-08/16/content_18352472.htm
- chinese colleges reach out to asean countries http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-09/03/content_18540590.htm
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21616974-chinese-management-ideas-are-beginning-get-attention-they-deserve-china-wave
- ap program gain popularity in china http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-10/27/content_18805231.htm
- private equity eyes pre-schooling business opportunities hkej 13nov14 b6
- course materials
- 國家教育部官方網站周二公布，就全國大中小學教材以及學校選用境外教材，提出新規劃及管理辦法。當中指出，義務教育（即九年免費教育）的學校不得使用境外教材，普通高中等教育若選用有關教材，需按照國家有關政策執行，並於去年十二月十九日生效。今次是中國首次對各學段、各學科領域教材建設作規劃。由國家教材委員會印發的《全國大中小學教材建設規劃》（下稱規劃），提出推進大中小學教材建設的指導思想、基本原則、建設目標、重點任務和保障舉措。規劃的目標是令教材更具中國特色和國際視野，增強育人功能。另教育部也針對中小學、職業院校、大專院校等的教材管理提出不同要求。其中，《中小學教材管理辦法》要求教材使用應嚴格遵照選用結果，不得以地方課程、校本課程教材等替代國家課程教材。義務教育學校不得使用境外教材，普通高中選用境外教材，亦需按照國家有關政策執行。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200108/00178_017.html
- online education
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2015-10/12/content_15328191.html During the past decade, soaring office rents and labor costs have challenged the traditional education model. Diverse learning needs, including smaller class sizes and tailored services, have propped up the online education industry. But then, China's market will transform in the next three to five years, with "40 percent online and 60 percent offline", Yu Minhong, CEO of New Oriental Education & Technology Group, a listed company, has predicted. Meanwhile, the government is building the Open University of China, enabling students to earn qualifications online, and the Ministry of Education is asking key universities to offer MOOCs supported by subsidies under the National Outline for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020). According to the Report on the Diversification of China's Education Industry 2014 issued by Deloitte Touche Ltd, China has seen 2.3 online education startups spring up every day in the 12 months to the end of March last year. The market was worth 80 billion yuan (US$12.57 billion) in 2014. Since 2012, overseas online education providers, including Coursera, Udacity and Lynda, have gained momentum in China, while domestic platforms such as Netease Open Courses, Duobei.com and SmartStudy.com have jumped on the bandwagon.
- foreign students
- 教育部昨日發布 新修訂的《關於規範我高等學校接受國際 學生有關工作的通知》明確，國際學生申 請中國高校除符合報名資格外，還須滿足 最近 4年之內有在外國實際居住 2年以上 的記錄。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/11/a18-0611.pdf
administrative hurdle
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-04/18/content_28979226.htm Five ministries and departments, including the Ministry of Education, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, have issued a document related to the further streamlining of the administrative process and the delegation of power to the lower levels of higher education. The moves will give colleges and universities greater control over degree authorization reviews, evaluation of professional titles and the distribution of salaries.
Kindergarten
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/11/WS5b9715b6a31033b4f46554d1.html Kindergartens in Beijing are now required to have a minimum of two people at all times looking after the children, local authorities said on Friday. The rule is intended to minimize risks in the capital's kindergartens in the wake of a child abuse case at Beijing RYB kindergarten in the Xintiandi community of Chaoyang district in November, according to a statement released by the General Office of the Beijing Municipal Government. At least one trained security staff member should also be present at every kindergarten to ensure the children's safety, the statement said. Chu Zhaohui, a senior researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences, said the rules set a good standard for kindergartens that could be expanded nationwide in the future. However, he warned that the qualifications of kindergarten faculty members need greater scrutiny, as many preschools lack qualified, responsible teachers, especially in rural areas. He once proposed to the Ministry of Education that 200,000 kindergarten teachers should be trained every year to fill the faculty gap.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-01/20/content_28006729.htm Beijing should attract social capital into early education and make full use of existingresources to solve the shortage of kindergarten places, which is likely to be exacerbated byChina's universal two-child policy, according to political advisers. Beijing Municipal Commission of Education statistics show that Beijing has about 1,250 kindergartens. About 850 are supported by the municipal government and can meet only 80 percent of the demand for preschool education. With the implementation of the universal two-child policy, more babies are expected to beborn annually in the city over the next few years, according to the Beijing MunicipalCommission of Health and Family Planning.
- 中國國務院周二發布通知，強調要着力構建以普惠性資源為主體的學前教育公共服務體系，不得辦營利性的私營幼兒園。對於網傳政府此舉是要私營幼兒園退場，有專家指當中存在謬誤，指政府主要是針對牟利問題。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190126/00178_013.html
Private school
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2016-11/03/content_27263754.htm The central government will need to provide financial support to private schools if a revised law banning them from making a profit is passed, state legislators said on Tuesday. A draft amendment to the law on private education aims to block schools from profiting from tuition fees for children eligible to receive the country's nine years of compulsory education. The rule change would mean schools that cater to the children of migrant workers and those from wealthy families would need to be entirely nonprofit enterprises, which some fear could lead to closures.
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/chinafocus/2017-01/24/content_15562987.html The State Council, China's Cabinet, has decided to promote private educational institutes after approving a guideline on encouraging more social support for the educational system in a move to ensure it plays a bigger role in compensating for what public schools cannot do. Since reform and opening-up began more than 30 years ago, private education has improved greatly thanks to its crucial contribution to the promotion of education modernization and social development, according to the guideline that was released on Wednesday. Relevant departments should focus on innovations for the educational system, improving support policies, strengthening regulation and enhancing the quality of teaching, in an effort to further stimulate social enthusiasm in support of private education, it said. Private schools should be managed under categories of profit-oriented and nonprofit ones, both of which should give priority to cater to public concerns over quality education for the younger generation. However, no profit-oriented schools will be allowed in the nine-year compulsory education from primary to middle school.
- 國務院辦公廳1月印發《關於開展城鎮小區配套幼兒園治理工作的通知》。但個別自媒體將「小區配套幼兒園應由當地教育行政部門辦成公辦園或委託辦成普惠性民辦園」等相關要求誤讀為「民辦幼兒園將退出歷史舞台」。「這次主要是對城鎮小區配套幼兒園規劃不到位、建設不到位、移交不到位、使用不到位等問題進行治理，非小區配套幼兒園不在這次治理範圍之內。」教育部有關司局負責人表示，舉辦者在小區之外其他場所舉辦的幼兒園，可繼續按照國家和地方的規定依法依規辦園，享受相關扶持政策。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190203/PDF/a5_screen.pdf- beneficiaries?
University
- policy
- 东南大学（Southeast University）简称“东大”，是中华人民共和国教育部直属、中央直管副部级建制的全国重点大学，建筑老八校及原四大工学院之一，国家首批双一流（A类）、211工程、985工程重点建设高校，入选2011计划、111计划、卓越工程师教育培养计划、卓越医生教育培养计划、国家大学生创新性实验计划、国家级大学生创新创业训练计划、国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目、新工科研究与实践项目、全国深化创新创业教育改革示范高校、中国政府奖学金来华留学生接收院校、教育部来华留学示范基地、学位授权自主审核单位，卓越大学联盟、中俄工科大学联盟、中欧工程教育平台、长三角高校合作联盟、CDIO工程教育联盟成员单位，教育部与江苏省、国家国防科技工业局共建。东南大学创建于1902年的三江师范学堂。1921年以南京高等师范学校为基础建立国立东南大学，下设工科，其后工科又经历国立第四中山大学工学院、国立中央大学工学院、国立南京大学工学院等历史时期；1952年全国院系调整，以原南京大学工学院为主体，并入复旦大学、交通大学、浙江大学、金陵大学等学校的有关系科，在中央大学本部原址建立南京工学院；1988年5月，学校复更名为东南大学；2000年4月，原东南大学、南京铁道医学院、南京交通高等专科学校合并，南京地质学校并入，组建新的东南大学。
- Tsinghua University (abbreviated THU; 清华大学; also romanized as Qinghua) Tsinghua University was established in Beijing, during a tumultuous period of national upheaval and conflicts with foreign powers which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion, an anti-imperialist uprising against foreign influence in China. After the suppression of the revolt by a foreign alliance including the United States, the ruling Qing dynasty was required to pay indemnities to alliance members. US Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US$30 million Boxer indemnity allotted the United States was excessive. After much negotiation with Qing ambassador Liang Cheng, US President Theodore Roosevelt obtained approval from the United States Congress in 1909 to reduce the indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the funds would be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund, the Tsinghua College (清華學堂; Qīnghuá Xuétáng) was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden to serve as a preparatory school for students the government planned to send to the United States.[26] Faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States, and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. The motto of Tsinghua, Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, was derived from a 1914 speech by prominent scholar and faculty member Liang Qichao, in which he quoted the I Ching to describe a notion of the ideal gentleman. In 1925, the school established its own four-year undergraduate program and started a research institute on Chinese studies.[28][29][30][31][32] In 1928, Tsinghua changed its name to National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). During the Second Sino-Japanese War, many Chinese universities were forced to evacuate their campuses to avoid the Japanese invasion. In 1937, Tsinghua University, along with neighboring Peking University and Nankai University, merged to form the Changsha Temporary University in Changsha, which later became the National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming, Yunnan province. With the surrender of occupying Japanese forces at the end of World War II, Tsinghua University resumed operations in Beijing.
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-04/18/content_28979226.htm Five ministries and departments, including the Ministry of Education, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, have issued a document related to the further streamlining of the administrative process and the delegation of power to the lower levels of higher education. The moves will give colleges and universities greater control over degree authorization reviews, evaluation of professional titles and the distribution of salaries.
Kindergarten
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/11/WS5b9715b6a31033b4f46554d1.html Kindergartens in Beijing are now required to have a minimum of two people at all times looking after the children, local authorities said on Friday. The rule is intended to minimize risks in the capital's kindergartens in the wake of a child abuse case at Beijing RYB kindergarten in the Xintiandi community of Chaoyang district in November, according to a statement released by the General Office of the Beijing Municipal Government. At least one trained security staff member should also be present at every kindergarten to ensure the children's safety, the statement said. Chu Zhaohui, a senior researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences, said the rules set a good standard for kindergartens that could be expanded nationwide in the future. However, he warned that the qualifications of kindergarten faculty members need greater scrutiny, as many preschools lack qualified, responsible teachers, especially in rural areas. He once proposed to the Ministry of Education that 200,000 kindergarten teachers should be trained every year to fill the faculty gap.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-01/20/content_28006729.htm Beijing should attract social capital into early education and make full use of existingresources to solve the shortage of kindergarten places, which is likely to be exacerbated byChina's universal two-child policy, according to political advisers. Beijing Municipal Commission of Education statistics show that Beijing has about 1,250 kindergartens. About 850 are supported by the municipal government and can meet only 80 percent of the demand for preschool education. With the implementation of the universal two-child policy, more babies are expected to beborn annually in the city over the next few years, according to the Beijing MunicipalCommission of Health and Family Planning.
- 中國國務院周二發布通知，強調要着力構建以普惠性資源為主體的學前教育公共服務體系，不得辦營利性的私營幼兒園。對於網傳政府此舉是要私營幼兒園退場，有專家指當中存在謬誤，指政府主要是針對牟利問題。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190126/00178_013.html
Private school
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2016-11/03/content_27263754.htm The central government will need to provide financial support to private schools if a revised law banning them from making a profit is passed, state legislators said on Tuesday. A draft amendment to the law on private education aims to block schools from profiting from tuition fees for children eligible to receive the country's nine years of compulsory education. The rule change would mean schools that cater to the children of migrant workers and those from wealthy families would need to be entirely nonprofit enterprises, which some fear could lead to closures.
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/chinafocus/2017-01/24/content_15562987.html The State Council, China's Cabinet, has decided to promote private educational institutes after approving a guideline on encouraging more social support for the educational system in a move to ensure it plays a bigger role in compensating for what public schools cannot do. Since reform and opening-up began more than 30 years ago, private education has improved greatly thanks to its crucial contribution to the promotion of education modernization and social development, according to the guideline that was released on Wednesday. Relevant departments should focus on innovations for the educational system, improving support policies, strengthening regulation and enhancing the quality of teaching, in an effort to further stimulate social enthusiasm in support of private education, it said. Private schools should be managed under categories of profit-oriented and nonprofit ones, both of which should give priority to cater to public concerns over quality education for the younger generation. However, no profit-oriented schools will be allowed in the nine-year compulsory education from primary to middle school.
- 國務院辦公廳1月印發《關於開展城鎮小區配套幼兒園治理工作的通知》。但個別自媒體將「小區配套幼兒園應由當地教育行政部門辦成公辦園或委託辦成普惠性民辦園」等相關要求誤讀為「民辦幼兒園將退出歷史舞台」。「這次主要是對城鎮小區配套幼兒園規劃不到位、建設不到位、移交不到位、使用不到位等問題進行治理，非小區配套幼兒園不在這次治理範圍之內。」教育部有關司局負責人表示，舉辦者在小區之外其他場所舉辦的幼兒園，可繼續按照國家和地方的規定依法依規辦園，享受相關扶持政策。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190203/PDF/a5_screen.pdf- beneficiaries?
- http://www.scmp.com/business/investor-relations/stock-quote-profile/article/2072639/jefferies-says-these-two-chinese
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-04/13/content_28911252.htm Having seen the ETU School in Beijing develop from an idea to a facility with 15 full-time teachers and more than 30 students, co-founder Li Yinuo is confident of success and feels ready to take the next step."Our goal for 2017 is to expand our school from the current scale of K-Grade 1 (kindergarten to Grade 1) to K-Grade 3, which means a further 80 or 90 students will be recruited in the academic year that will begin in September," said the mother of three, a former partner at McKinsey, a global management consultancy, in Beijing and Palo Alto, California.
University
- policy
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151106/PDF/a22_screen.pdf 據新華社報道，國務院日 前印發《統籌推進世界一流大學和一流學科 建設總體方案》，方案提出，到本世紀中葉 基本建成高等教育強國。方案堅持以中國特 色、世界一流為核心，以立德樹人為根本， 以支撐創新驅動發展戰略、服務經濟社會發 展為導向，堅持 「以一流為目標、以學科為 基礎、以績效為槓桿、以改革為動力」 的基 本原則，加快建成一批世界一流大學和一流 學科。根據《總體方案》，到2020年，中國若干所大學 和一批學科進入世界一流行列，若干學科進入世界一 流學科前列；到2030年，更多的大學和學科進入世界 一流行列，若干所大學進入世界一流大學前列，一批 學科進入世界一流學科前列，高等教育整體實力顯著 提升；到本世紀中葉，一流大學和一流學科的數量和 實力進入世界前列，基本建成高等教育強國。
- 天津大学（Tianjin University; Peiyang University），简称“天大”，坐落于天津市，其前身为北洋大学，始建于1895年10月2日，是中国第一所现代大学，开中国现代高等教育之先河，素以 “实事求是” 的校训、“严谨治学” 的校风和 “爱国奉献” 的传统享誉海内外。1951年，北洋大学与河北工学院合并后更名为天津大学。It was established in 1895 as Imperial Tientsin University (天津北洋西學學堂) and later Peiyang University (or Beiyang). 最初由光绪帝御笔钦准，1895年10月定名北洋大学堂，并由洋务运动的代表人物盛宣怀任首任督办，美国教育家丁家立（Charles Tenney）任总教习。
- 交通大学（Jiao Tong University）为中国综合性研究型一流大学系统名称，起源于1896年创办的南洋公学与山海关北洋铁路官学堂。十九世纪末，甲午战败，民族危难。1896年，中国近代著名实业家、教育家盛宣怀在上海创办了南洋公学，清朝直隶总督兼北洋大臣王文韶奏设了山海关北洋铁路官学堂，这两脉即为交通大学的最早源头。交通大学是中国近代教育史上建校最早的高等学府之一，在120多年的办学历程中，形成了优良的校风和光荣的传统，在二十世纪二三十年代已成为饮誉海内外的综合性著名高等学府；沪校（今西安交通大学、上海交通大学）被誉为“东方MIT”，唐校（今西南交通大学）被誉为“东方康奈尔”，平校（今北京交通大学），在台复校的新竹交通大学，统称“中国交大五校”。交通大学在历经多年历史变迁后衍生出五所：西安交通大学（2000年合并西安医科大学、陕西财经学院）、西南交通大学（曾用唐山交通大学等名，位于四川成都）、上海交通大学（1999年、2005年先后合并上海农学院、上海第二医科大学）、北京交通大学（曾用北京铁道学院等名，2000年合并北京电力高等专科学校）和“国立交通大学”（位于台湾新竹），堪称中国高等教育的“加州大学系统（UC）” 。- 陝西考察期間，習近平總書記專程赴西安交大參觀西遷創業歷程和輝煌成就展。交大西遷博物館坐落於西安交通大學興慶校區。上世紀50年代，一批交大人響應黨的號召，「打起揹包就出發」，從上海遷至西安。博物館二層和三層展廳，分別呈現了交大西遷的創業歷程和輝煌成就。習近平仔細端詳一張張照片、一件件實物。在一層大廳，習近平親切會見14位西遷老教授，祝願他們身體安康、家庭幸福。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/04/24/a04-0424.pdf
- 东南大学（Southeast University）简称“东大”，是中华人民共和国教育部直属、中央直管副部级建制的全国重点大学，建筑老八校及原四大工学院之一，国家首批双一流（A类）、211工程、985工程重点建设高校，入选2011计划、111计划、卓越工程师教育培养计划、卓越医生教育培养计划、国家大学生创新性实验计划、国家级大学生创新创业训练计划、国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目、新工科研究与实践项目、全国深化创新创业教育改革示范高校、中国政府奖学金来华留学生接收院校、教育部来华留学示范基地、学位授权自主审核单位，卓越大学联盟、中俄工科大学联盟、中欧工程教育平台、长三角高校合作联盟、CDIO工程教育联盟成员单位，教育部与江苏省、国家国防科技工业局共建。东南大学创建于1902年的三江师范学堂。1921年以南京高等师范学校为基础建立国立东南大学，下设工科，其后工科又经历国立第四中山大学工学院、国立中央大学工学院、国立南京大学工学院等历史时期；1952年全国院系调整，以原南京大学工学院为主体，并入复旦大学、交通大学、浙江大学、金陵大学等学校的有关系科，在中央大学本部原址建立南京工学院；1988年5月，学校复更名为东南大学；2000年4月，原东南大学、南京铁道医学院、南京交通高等专科学校合并，南京地质学校并入，组建新的东南大学。
- The Imperial Nanjing School, the highest educational institution of kingdom, as the predecessor, was founded in CE 258 in the period of the Three Kingdoms. The imperial school enjoyed the same campus with the current Southeast University since the 14th year of Hongwu reign (CE 1381) in Ming dynasty.
- Tsinghua University (abbreviated THU; 清华大学; also romanized as Qinghua) Tsinghua University was established in Beijing, during a tumultuous period of national upheaval and conflicts with foreign powers which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion, an anti-imperialist uprising against foreign influence in China. After the suppression of the revolt by a foreign alliance including the United States, the ruling Qing dynasty was required to pay indemnities to alliance members. US Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US$30 million Boxer indemnity allotted the United States was excessive. After much negotiation with Qing ambassador Liang Cheng, US President Theodore Roosevelt obtained approval from the United States Congress in 1909 to reduce the indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the funds would be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund, the Tsinghua College (清華學堂; Qīnghuá Xuétáng) was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden to serve as a preparatory school for students the government planned to send to the United States.[26] Faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States, and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. The motto of Tsinghua, Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, was derived from a 1914 speech by prominent scholar and faculty member Liang Qichao, in which he quoted the I Ching to describe a notion of the ideal gentleman. In 1925, the school established its own four-year undergraduate program and started a research institute on Chinese studies.[28][29][30][31][32] In 1928, Tsinghua changed its name to National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). During the Second Sino-Japanese War, many Chinese universities were forced to evacuate their campuses to avoid the Japanese invasion. In 1937, Tsinghua University, along with neighboring Peking University and Nankai University, merged to form the Changsha Temporary University in Changsha, which later became the National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming, Yunnan province. With the surrender of occupying Japanese forces at the end of World War II, Tsinghua University resumed operations in Beijing.
- 北京清華大學周四宣布將成立天文系，為理學院屬下學系，成為第十三間擁有天文系的學府。該校原有的天體物理中心仍會保留，並掛靠天文系。雖然校方未有提及取錄及收生要求，但不少網民大感興趣，並表示有意入讀清華大學的天文系。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190330/00178_027.html
- Beijing Normal University (BNU, 北京師範大學), colloquially known as 北师大 or Beishida, is a public research university located in Beijing, China, with a strong emphasis on basic disciplines of the humanities and sciences. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China, and was recognized by the Chinese Ministry of Education as a Class A Double First Class University. The term "normal school" refers to an institution that aimed to train schoolteachers in the early twentieth century. This terminology is preserved in the official names of such institutions in China even after these schools gained university status and expanded to offer courses beyond education-related fields. This term reflects BNU's heritage as a former unit of the Imperial University of Peking dedicated to training schoolteachers.The University grew out of the Faculty of Education at the Imperial University of Peking which was established as China's first modern university, on the initiative of the emperor of the Qing Dynasty after the Hundred Days' Reform in 1898. In 1908 the Faculty of Education was named the "Imperial Capital School of Supreme Teacher Training" and was separated from the Imperial University of Peking, which subsequently became Peking University, another prestigious university in China. After the Republic of China was established, the Imperial Capital School of Supreme Teacher Training was renamed Peking Normal College in 1912. The college established its first graduate programs in 1920 and began to recruit female students in 1921. In 1923 it was renamed again to Peking Normal University, thus becoming the first normal university in modern Chinese history. The Peking Women’s College of Education merged into Peking Normal University in 1931.北京师范大学（Beijing Normal University），是中华人民共和国教育部直属、中央直管副部级建制的全国重点大学，位列双一流、985工程、211工程，国家“七五”、“八五”首批重点建设十所大学之一；是粤港澳大湾区物流与供应链创新联盟成员高校；入选珠峰计划、2011计划、111计划、卓越法律人才教育培养计划、国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目、国家大学生创新性实验计划、中国政府奖学金来华留学生接收院校，设有研究生院，是一所以教师教育、教育科学和文理基础学科为主要特色的著名学府。 [1-3] 学校的前身是1902年创立的京师大学堂师范馆；1908年改称京师优级师范学堂，独立设校。1912年改名为北京高等师范学校。1923年学校更名为北京师范大学，成为中国历史上第一所师范大学。
- Nankai University (NKU or Nankai; 南開大學) is a public research university located in Tianjin, China. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Class A Double First Class University. It was founded in 1919, by educators Yan Xiu and Zhang Boling. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Nankai University, Peking University and Tsinghua University merged and formed the National Changsha Provisional University, which later moved to Kunming and was renamed the National Southwestern Associated University (西南联大). It was described as The North Star of Higher Learning. On December 25th, 2000, the State Ministry of Education signed an agreement with Tianjin Municipal Government to jointly establish and develop Nankai University. Since then, Nankai has been listed among the universities to receive priority development investments from the Chinese government in the twenty-first century. Nankai has long been recognized as one of the most prestigious universities in China, constantly ranked among various top 10 lists of Chinese Universities. As a comprehensive university with a wide range of disciplines, Nankai features a balance between the humanities and the sciences, a solid foundation and a combination of application and creativity. The university has 26 academic colleges, together with the Graduate School, the School for Continuing Education, the Advanced Vocational School, the Modern Distance Education School, and categories covering literature, history, philosophy, economics, management, law, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, teaching and art. The university is especially well-known for its economics, history, chemistry and mathematician researches and studies. Nankai's alumni include the first Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai, mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern and Nobel laureates Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.戊戌变法失败后，曾任学政、主张废除科举的严修弃政从教着手在天津建立新式学校。1904年，严修在其私塾严氏家馆的基础上建立了私立南开学校[6]，张伯苓担任校长[7]。1916年，严修与张伯苓开始试办高等教育[8]。1917年，在尝试创建的专门部和高等师范班失败后，张伯苓与严修先后前往美国考察哥伦比亚大学、芝加哥大学、旧金山大学等美国私立大学的运作[8]。1918年底，严修和张伯苓归国后先后面见傅增湘、梁士诒、曹汝霖、周自齐等政要及学者，商讨筹建大学事宜并募集资金。其中，天津籍江苏督军李纯立遗嘱将家产的四分之一捐予南开大学。为此，南开大学修建了秀山堂和李纯塑像以纪念[11]。1919年4月，在严、张二人的努力下，位于南开学校南端的大学部校舍开始兴建[9]。9月7、8日，南开学校大学部举办招生考试[9]。1919年9月25日，南开大学举行首次开学典礼[8]。南开大学成立时，本着“文以治国、理以强国、商以富国”的办学理念[5]，设文、理、商3科。1920年，李组绅捐款三万洋银，增设矿科[9]。1921年，南开学校大学部正式更名为“天津私立南开大学”[9]。同年9月起，梁启超受邀到南开大学讲授中国文化史，天津各校师生旁听者众多[12]，授课内容被整理为《中国历史研究法》出版。1922年3月，南开学校租得天津城南八里台村南村北公地400余亩兴建新校舍[9]。1926年，因军阀混战、煤矿经营困难，李组绅创办的矿科失去财力支持，遂解散，吴大猷等师生转入理科[9]。1927年，南开大学先后成立社会经济研究委员会和满蒙研究会，后分别更名为经济研究所和东北研究会[13]。1927年2月，实业家卢木斋以十万元捐建了“木斋图书馆”[14]。经过近十年的发展，南开大学在办学上日趋成熟。1928年，张伯苓主持制定了《南开大学发展方案》，提出“知中国、服务中国”的办学宗旨[15]。日本侵华战争期间，南开大学大部分校舍毁于战火，与清华大学、北京大学共同南迁昆明，组成国立西南联合大学[3]，直至战后回到天津八里台原址复校并改为国立大学[4]。
- 中法大学成立于1920年，它是在民国初年蔡元培组织发起的留法俭学会与法文预备学校和孔德学校的基础上组建的。最初设在西山碧云寺的法文预备学校扩充为文理两科，改称中法大学西山学院，是该大学创建之始。1924年孔德学校在阜成门外成立。1925年将文科移至东黄城根北街，改称中法大学服尔德学院，理科改称居礼学院，生物研究所改称陆莫克学院。1929年成立中法大学药学专修科。1931年，成立中法大学镭学研究所。同年把服尔德学院改称中法大学文学院，居礼学院改称中法大学理学院，陆莫克学院改称中法大学社会科学院。1934年，阜成门外的社会科学院合并入东黄城根北街的文学院。东黄城根北街同时也是中法大学校部所在地。1950年9月，中法大学校本部及数理化等院系并入北京工业学院(1988年更名为北京理工大学）。旧址位于东黄城根北街甲20号，现为中国北京市文物保护单位。1902年，李石曾、张静江、夏坚仲随驻法公使孙宝琦到法国，同行者有官费、自费留学生20余人。1903年，吴稚晖由沪赴英，与同学一、二人实行苦学生活。1906年，吴稚晖、李石曾、张静江在巴黎组织世界社。世界社的宗旨，是以从事出版、研究、教育和社会四项事业，力求达到 "发扬学术" 、 "普及文化" 、 "改进社会" 的理想。而教育事业，则分为 "设立学校" 和 "介绍、组织留学" 两方面。因此而有民国六年(1917年）留学俭学会之设立，为介绍留法机关之一； 同时又创设法文预备学校及孔德学校。法文预备学校为中法大学文学院之胚胎，孔德学校为中法大学计划之初等、中等教育之始基。1907年，蔡孑民留学柏林也实行俭学。1918年，在北京西山碧云寺设立生物研究所，又设立天然疗养院。1920年，在西山碧云寺就原有法文预备学校，扩充为文、理两科，改称中法大学西山学院。至此，世界社会教育事业所主办之世界大学中的中法大学，才开始在北京正式成立。从此逐渐发展、壮大。1921年，在法国里昂成立中法大学海外部，称为里昂中法大学，同年，又在比利时设立晓露槐工业专修馆。同年，又在京西碧云寺成立碧云寺小学。
1923年，在北京西部温泉村成立温泉初级中学及温泉小学各一所。1924年，建立孔德学院，该院盖承孔德学校而以法国哲学大家孔德之名命名。即中法大学社会科学院。同年，设立温泉女子中学。是年冬，理科移到北京地安门外吉祥寺。1925年秋，移文科于北京东皇城根39号，改称服尔德学院。（服尔德,法国著名文学家，生于 1694年，卒于1778年，服氏对中国文化颇为注意，因而取服氏为文学院之名）。该院是承民国六年（19l7年）法文预备学校旧有之基础而起。文学院移城内后，西山所遗校址，设西山中学和碧云寺小学各一所。同年，理科改称居里学院，（居里为法国化学家，夫妇俩为巴黎大学教授、发明镭质放射物。为理化界开一新纪元。）同年，又将生物研究所改称为陆谟克学院。（陆谟克为法国生物学家。）该院扩充为甲、乙部： 甲部设于城内，有生物学讲座与实验室； 乙部仍设于西山、并附设农场一所。1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国成立。不久,中法大学正式由政府接管，改称为 "国立北京中法大学",仍由李麟玉任校长。1950年夏，北京中法大学奉命与由解放区迁京的华北大学工学院合并。1951年，华北大学工学院定名为北京工业学院。1988年10月，北京工业学院 更名为北京理工大学。北京中法大学结束时，根据中央人民政府教育部决定： 医学院与北京大学医学部合并，由卫生部领导； 文学院的文史系和法国文学系，并入北京大学文学院； 经济系并入南开大学; 理学院的生物系也并入南开大学； 理学院的数理系与化学系，由学生自己选择或者转入北京大学相应的系，或者转入北京理工大学，改学工科。因此，实验仪器等，根据上述院校划分调配。北京中法大学校部及其文书、档案与北京理工大学合并。中法大学的校舍、房屋均并入北京理工大学。教授按各自的专业就位，上海中法大学药学专修科并入复旦大学上海医学院。原中法大学校产，均交由北京市人民政府接管。1950年，北京中法大学结束。1987年，北京市中法大学旧址被列为市级保护文物。
- Yenching University (燕京大學; pinyin: Yānjīng Dàxué), was a university in Beijing, China, that was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between the years 1915 and 1920.[1] The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status as capital of the state of Yan, one of the seven Warring States that existed until the 3rd century BC.Yenching University was formed through the merger of four Christian schools over the course of five years, from 1915 to 1920.John Leighton Stuart was appointed as the principal of the university in January 1919, prior to which he had been teaching Greek at the Jinling Theological Seminary (金陵神學院) in Nanjing. As the university was initially short on funds, he turned to fundraising worldwide and received support from the estate of Charles Martin Hall, an American executive of Alcoa Aluminum. The university bought the royal gardens of a Qing Dynastyprince to build a scenic campus and employed gardeners from the Imperial gardens.
- Counter-Japanese Military and Political University 中国人民抗日军政大学，简称“抗大”，是在抗日战争时期，由中国共产党创办的培养军事和政治干部的学校。其前身是“西北抗日红军大学 ”，1937年初改为此名。1940年11月4日抗大总校进驻河北邢台县浆水一带，校部就设在前南峪村。1943年起，校长徐向前，兼任中央处理委员会主任、抗大总学习委员会书记 。抗大的前身是1931年创建于江西瑞金的中国红军学校，1933年扩建为红军大学，1934年随中央红军长征，改称“干部团”。红军长征到达陕北后，红大恢复创建于陕北瓦窑堡，红军干部团和陕北红军学校合并，组成“中国工农红军学校”，不久改称“西北抗日红军大学”，周昆任校长，袁国平任政治委员。
- Beijing Foreign Studies University (北京外国语大学; pinyin: Běijīng Wàiguóyǔ Dàxué), commonly known as Beiwai (北外) in Mandarin and BFSUin English, is a university in Beijing, China. BFSU boasts of the oldest language programs in China, offering the largest number of foreign language majors on different educational levels. Located in Haidian District of Beijing, BFSU is divided into two campuses – west and east. BFSU is China's pre-eminent research university specializing in foreign studies according to recent collegiate rankings.[1] It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines.北京外国語大学は国家重点大学の1つで、外国語教育では最も古い歴史を持つ名門大学であり、現在でも歴史と実績共に権威を誇る、中国国内最高峰の外国語大学である。 外交官や国際公務員など、対外関係業務に従事する外国語人材と、高い素養を持つ国際的人材を養成する大学で、これまで幾多の人材を輩出してきており、国内で最も多くの言語を教育している。北京日本学研究センター（通称：大平学校〈大平正芳首相設立〉）が併設されている。
- The Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) (上海外国语大学) is a Chinese university specialising in languages, literary studies, comparative culture and diplomatic studies. It's one of top eight foreign studies universities in China, and is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines.SISU is known for being one of the earliest institutions where China’s higher education in foreign languages took shape. SISU was among the first batch of schools admitted to the Project 211. Like its rival Beijing Foreign Studies University, SISU is known for its strict admission selection.After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the East China office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (中共中央华东局) and the government of the Shanghai Municipality decided to establish an institute for higher education in Russian studies to cultivate qualified diplomats and translators for international affairs. With the support of Mayor Chen Yi, the Shanghai Russian School (上海俄文学校) was officially established in December 1949. Jiang Chunfang, one of the most famous Russian translators in China and the first chief editor of the Encyclopedia of China, was appointed the school's first president. In 1950, the department of English was established and the college was incorporated as the foreign language school affiliated to the East China People's Revolution University (华东人民革命大学). The department of oriental language and literature was founded in April, 1951 and languages as Burmese, Vietnamese, Indonesian had respectively been introduced to teaching. Later in 1952, a nationwide restructuring of institutes of higher education began in China, and the department of oriental language and literature was incorporated into Peking University. The college was renamed as Shanghai Russian College that specialise in teaching Russian language. The university was used to be widely known as Shanghai Foreign Language Institute (上海外国语学院) since its expansion in 1956 and became a national key university approved by the State Council in 1963 with the department ofRussian, English (re-established), French, German, Japanese, Arabic and Spanish. Approved by the Ministry of Education in 1994, it was officially renamed as Shanghai International Studies University (上海外国语大学). In the same year, it was listed as one of the first colleges and universities jointly supervised by the national Ministry of Education and the Municipality of Shanghai. In 1996, SISU passed the evaluation process of Project 211 directed by the Ministry of Education, and became one of the nation's “100 key universities for the 21st Century.”
- Liaoning University (辽宁大学) is one of the leading universities listed in the nation's "Project 211" and affirmed by the Ministry of Education. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines. It is located in Liaoning, China, in the northern part of Shenyang. September 1958 saw the amalgamation of the Northeast Institute of Finance and Economics, Shenyang Normal College and Shenyang Institute of Russian, which led to the birth of Liaoning University. Marshal Zhu De wrote the inscription of the school name for the university.
- Southwest Medical University ( 西南医科大学, formerly Luzhou Medical College (泸州医学院), is a medical university in Luzhou, Sichuan, China. The school was first established in 1951 as Southern Sichuan Doctors' School (川南醫士學校). In 1958, the school was renamed as Luzhou Specialist School of Medicine (瀘州醫學專科學校). In 1978, it was authorized to grant bachelor's degrees and changed its name to Luzhou Medical College (泸州医学院, Luyi (泸医 for short).In 2015, Luzhou Medical College was authorized to change its name to Sichuan Medical University. However, West China Medical Center of Sichuan University, which was called "Sichuan Medical College" between 1953 and 1985, protested that the new name was too similar to its former name. In 2016, the school changed its name again to Southwest Medical University.The university has two campuses: Zhongshan and Chengbei, covering 1,004,700 square meters in total. The Zhongshan Campus is on Mount Zhongshan and is surrounded by the Yangtze River and the Tuo River. The area is has a multitude of green camphor trees and local flowers. The new Chengbei campus has modern teaching facilities.
- 中國人民大學（Renmin University of China, 縮寫為RUC），簡稱人大。位於北京市，是一所以人文社會科學為主的綜合性研究型大學，直屬於中華人民共和國教育部，由教育部與北京市共建。該校前身為中國共產黨在抗日戰爭時期創辦於延安的陝北公學，以及後來的華北聯合大學和華北大學。1950年10月3日，以華北大學為基礎合併組建的中國人民大學正式開學。1954年，在教育部《關於重點高等學校和專家工作範圍的決議》中，與北京大學、北京醫科大學、清華大學、中國農業大學、哈爾濱工業大學等5所院校一同被指定為最早一批全國性重點大學。
- 網絡流傳北京師範大學珠海分校有上千家長學生，因不滿學校停辦，周一起在校內遊行抗議。有學生和家長周二更冒雨撐傘在校門外示威，被學校聘用的保安阻礙，部分人更與警員發生衝突。內地媒體如微博已無法搜尋「北師珠維權」等字眼，但不少人翻牆將現場照片在Twitter公開。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190612/00178_022.html
- Nankai University (NKU or Nankai; 南開大學) is a public research university located in Tianjin, China. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Class A Double First Class University. It was founded in 1919, by educators Yan Xiu and Zhang Boling. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Nankai University, Peking University and Tsinghua University merged and formed the National Changsha Provisional University, which later moved to Kunming and was renamed the National Southwestern Associated University (西南联大). It was described as The North Star of Higher Learning. On December 25th, 2000, the State Ministry of Education signed an agreement with Tianjin Municipal Government to jointly establish and develop Nankai University. Since then, Nankai has been listed among the universities to receive priority development investments from the Chinese government in the twenty-first century. Nankai has long been recognized as one of the most prestigious universities in China, constantly ranked among various top 10 lists of Chinese Universities. As a comprehensive university with a wide range of disciplines, Nankai features a balance between the humanities and the sciences, a solid foundation and a combination of application and creativity. The university has 26 academic colleges, together with the Graduate School, the School for Continuing Education, the Advanced Vocational School, the Modern Distance Education School, and categories covering literature, history, philosophy, economics, management, law, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, teaching and art. The university is especially well-known for its economics, history, chemistry and mathematician researches and studies. Nankai's alumni include the first Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai, mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern and Nobel laureates Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.戊戌变法失败后，曾任学政、主张废除科举的严修弃政从教着手在天津建立新式学校。1904年，严修在其私塾严氏家馆的基础上建立了私立南开学校[6]，张伯苓担任校长[7]。1916年，严修与张伯苓开始试办高等教育[8]。1917年，在尝试创建的专门部和高等师范班失败后，张伯苓与严修先后前往美国考察哥伦比亚大学、芝加哥大学、旧金山大学等美国私立大学的运作[8]。1918年底，严修和张伯苓归国后先后面见傅增湘、梁士诒、曹汝霖、周自齐等政要及学者，商讨筹建大学事宜并募集资金。其中，天津籍江苏督军李纯立遗嘱将家产的四分之一捐予南开大学。为此，南开大学修建了秀山堂和李纯塑像以纪念[11]。1919年4月，在严、张二人的努力下，位于南开学校南端的大学部校舍开始兴建[9]。9月7、8日，南开学校大学部举办招生考试[9]。1919年9月25日，南开大学举行首次开学典礼[8]。南开大学成立时，本着“文以治国、理以强国、商以富国”的办学理念[5]，设文、理、商3科。1920年，李组绅捐款三万洋银，增设矿科[9]。1921年，南开学校大学部正式更名为“天津私立南开大学”[9]。同年9月起，梁启超受邀到南开大学讲授中国文化史，天津各校师生旁听者众多[12]，授课内容被整理为《中国历史研究法》出版。1922年3月，南开学校租得天津城南八里台村南村北公地400余亩兴建新校舍[9]。1926年，因军阀混战、煤矿经营困难，李组绅创办的矿科失去财力支持，遂解散，吴大猷等师生转入理科[9]。1927年，南开大学先后成立社会经济研究委员会和满蒙研究会，后分别更名为经济研究所和东北研究会[13]。1927年2月，实业家卢木斋以十万元捐建了“木斋图书馆”[14]。经过近十年的发展，南开大学在办学上日趋成熟。1928年，张伯苓主持制定了《南开大学发展方案》，提出“知中国、服务中国”的办学宗旨[15]。日本侵华战争期间，南开大学大部分校舍毁于战火，与清华大学、北京大学共同南迁昆明，组成国立西南联合大学[3]，直至战后回到天津八里台原址复校并改为国立大学[4]。
- 「 情深意長系列音樂 會——周恩來與教育暨紀念五四運動 100周 年、南開大學建校100周年音樂會」於5月4 日在天津南開大學八里台校區體育中心唱 響，周恩來總理姪女周秉德、南開大學黨委 書記楊慶山、北京大鸞翔宇慈善基金會理事 長沈清及陳復生齊出席。中央電視台劉棟棟 與來自香港的麥景榕主持是次盛會。作為唯一來自香港的歌手楊立門深情演唱 《我是中國人》，能和多位內地一級歌唱家 一起演出，讓他十分興奮，觀眾對他的演出 反應熱烈。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/05/08/a31-0508.pdf
- 整整一百年前，愛國教育家張伯苓創建南開 大學和南開系列學校，成為國人自立自強、興辦 現代大學的典範，也成為我國教育界一大盛事！ 今年1月17日，習總書記蒞臨南開大學視察，強 調愛國傳統是南開之魂，勉勵師生把在校攻讀與 中華復興偉業結合起來，融小我於大我，做出新 的歷史貢獻。 回顧百年南開，有多少崢嶸值得紀念和傳 承。從當年在南開窪以「文以治國，理以強國， 商以富國」願景奠基，到八里台「知中國，服務 中國」宣言；從 1937年日寇毀校，到被迫南遷 昆明與清華、北大組建西南聯合大學；從北歸津 門復建南開，到新中國重建新南開；從和平建設 時代培育英才，到改革開放新時期科教興國、創 建「雙一流」……南開人始終與祖國和時代同 命運共呼吸！張伯苓與周恩來的交往，是南開一大亮點， 最值得一提。1913年夏，15歲的周恩來考入南 開中學，他的品學兼優、組織能力和「為中華崛 起而讀書」的誓言，贏得張校長的關注和賞識。 他免去周的學雜費和住宿費，讓他課餘幫學校做 些抄寫、刻字等雜務。周恩來常去校長家，與他 探討社會問題和國家大事。1917年周恩來從南 開中學畢業留學日本。1919年「五四」前夕返 回天津，這年 9月南開大學正式成立，張伯苓特 許周恩來免試入文科學習，還委託周向全校師生 宣讀學校改革方案。1949年天津、北平先後解 放，周恩來經秘密渠道致函隱居重慶的張伯苓， 邀他北上。張伯苓婉拒蔣介石請他去台灣之邀， 翌年 5月偕妻乘飛機赴京，周恩來安排有關部門 妥善接待，不久張伯苓回天津，也得到市府的關 照…… 周恩來與張伯苓的師生情誼，凸顯了南 開慧眼識才的人文精神。 南開培養菁英無數，除了周恩來、溫家寶兩 代共和國總理和許多省部級幹部外，學術界則有 數學大師陳省身、生物學家郭永懷、地理環境科 學家劉東生、光學家母國光、歷史學家鄭天挺、 經濟學家楊敬年、秦承忠等，僅兩院院士就湧現 出 49位，還走出了大作家曹禺、歌唱家關牧村 等傑出人才。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/12/17/a18-1217.pdf
- 1835年11月，美国公理会传教士伯驾（ Peter Parker ）在广州十三行开设眼科医局，并于1859年改称“博济（ Pok Tsai ）医局”。1866年，博济医局搬迁并正式命名为“博济医院”。1879年，博济医学堂改名为博济医院附设南华学堂。1886 年孙中山以“逸仙”之名进南华学堂学医，并从事革命活动。1904年改称南华医学校，1930年改称岭南大学医学院，1936年又称孙逸仙博士纪念医学院，并合并了私立夏葛医学院。1908年春，广东光华医学堂成立，由郑豪等人创立。该校分别于1912年、1928年、1929年、1952年更名为私立广东光华医学专门学校、广东光华医科大学、私立广东光华医学院和公立广东光华医学院。
- 中大“马丁堂守护神兽”石狮，是岭南大学首任华人校长钟荣光从广州城内觅得并迁入校园安置的，在康乐园里已经默默伫立了近百年。
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- 1919年8月，陈嘉庚在上海聘任全国教育界名流蔡元培、黄炎培、汪精卫、余日章、郭秉文、胡敦复、黄琬、叶渊、邓萃英等10人为筹备员。1937年7月1日，经陈嘉庚函请，南京国民政府同意将私立厦门大学改为国立[7] 。
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- 中法大学成立于1920年，它是在民国初年蔡元培组织发起的留法俭学会与法文预备学校和孔德学校的基础上组建的。最初设在西山碧云寺的法文预备学校扩充为文理两科，改称中法大学西山学院，是该大学创建之始。1924年孔德学校在阜成门外成立。1925年将文科移至东黄城根北街，改称中法大学服尔德学院，理科改称居礼学院，生物研究所改称陆莫克学院。1929年成立中法大学药学专修科。1931年，成立中法大学镭学研究所。同年把服尔德学院改称中法大学文学院，居礼学院改称中法大学理学院，陆莫克学院改称中法大学社会科学院。1934年，阜成门外的社会科学院合并入东黄城根北街的文学院。东黄城根北街同时也是中法大学校部所在地。1950年9月，中法大学校本部及数理化等院系并入北京工业学院(1988年更名为北京理工大学）。旧址位于东黄城根北街甲20号，现为中国北京市文物保护单位。1902年，李石曾、张静江、夏坚仲随驻法公使孙宝琦到法国，同行者有官费、自费留学生20余人。1903年，吴稚晖由沪赴英，与同学一、二人实行苦学生活。1906年，吴稚晖、李石曾、张静江在巴黎组织世界社。世界社的宗旨，是以从事出版、研究、教育和社会四项事业，力求达到 "发扬学术" 、 "普及文化" 、 "改进社会" 的理想。而教育事业，则分为 "设立学校" 和 "介绍、组织留学" 两方面。因此而有民国六年(1917年）留学俭学会之设立，为介绍留法机关之一； 同时又创设法文预备学校及孔德学校。法文预备学校为中法大学文学院之胚胎，孔德学校为中法大学计划之初等、中等教育之始基。1907年，蔡孑民留学柏林也实行俭学。1918年，在北京西山碧云寺设立生物研究所，又设立天然疗养院。1920年，在西山碧云寺就原有法文预备学校，扩充为文、理两科，改称中法大学西山学院。至此，世界社会教育事业所主办之世界大学中的中法大学，才开始在北京正式成立。从此逐渐发展、壮大。1921年，在法国里昂成立中法大学海外部，称为里昂中法大学，同年，又在比利时设立晓露槐工业专修馆。同年，又在京西碧云寺成立碧云寺小学。
1923年，在北京西部温泉村成立温泉初级中学及温泉小学各一所。1924年，建立孔德学院，该院盖承孔德学校而以法国哲学大家孔德之名命名。即中法大学社会科学院。同年，设立温泉女子中学。是年冬，理科移到北京地安门外吉祥寺。1925年秋，移文科于北京东皇城根39号，改称服尔德学院。（服尔德,法国著名文学家，生于 1694年，卒于1778年，服氏对中国文化颇为注意，因而取服氏为文学院之名）。该院是承民国六年（19l7年）法文预备学校旧有之基础而起。文学院移城内后，西山所遗校址，设西山中学和碧云寺小学各一所。同年，理科改称居里学院，（居里为法国化学家，夫妇俩为巴黎大学教授、发明镭质放射物。为理化界开一新纪元。）同年，又将生物研究所改称为陆谟克学院。（陆谟克为法国生物学家。）该院扩充为甲、乙部： 甲部设于城内，有生物学讲座与实验室； 乙部仍设于西山、并附设农场一所。1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国成立。不久,中法大学正式由政府接管，改称为 "国立北京中法大学",仍由李麟玉任校长。1950年夏，北京中法大学奉命与由解放区迁京的华北大学工学院合并。1951年，华北大学工学院定名为北京工业学院。1988年10月，北京工业学院 更名为北京理工大学。北京中法大学结束时，根据中央人民政府教育部决定： 医学院与北京大学医学部合并，由卫生部领导； 文学院的文史系和法国文学系，并入北京大学文学院； 经济系并入南开大学; 理学院的生物系也并入南开大学； 理学院的数理系与化学系，由学生自己选择或者转入北京大学相应的系，或者转入北京理工大学，改学工科。因此，实验仪器等，根据上述院校划分调配。北京中法大学校部及其文书、档案与北京理工大学合并。中法大学的校舍、房屋均并入北京理工大学。教授按各自的专业就位，上海中法大学药学专修科并入复旦大学上海医学院。原中法大学校产，均交由北京市人民政府接管。1950年，北京中法大学结束。1987年，北京市中法大学旧址被列为市级保护文物。
- Yenching University (燕京大學; pinyin: Yānjīng Dàxué), was a university in Beijing, China, that was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between the years 1915 and 1920.[1] The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status as capital of the state of Yan, one of the seven Warring States that existed until the 3rd century BC.Yenching University was formed through the merger of four Christian schools over the course of five years, from 1915 to 1920.John Leighton Stuart was appointed as the principal of the university in January 1919, prior to which he had been teaching Greek at the Jinling Theological Seminary (金陵神學院) in Nanjing. As the university was initially short on funds, he turned to fundraising worldwide and received support from the estate of Charles Martin Hall, an American executive of Alcoa Aluminum. The university bought the royal gardens of a Qing Dynastyprince to build a scenic campus and employed gardeners from the Imperial gardens.
- Counter-Japanese Military and Political University 中国人民抗日军政大学，简称“抗大”，是在抗日战争时期，由中国共产党创办的培养军事和政治干部的学校。其前身是“西北抗日红军大学 ”，1937年初改为此名。1940年11月4日抗大总校进驻河北邢台县浆水一带，校部就设在前南峪村。1943年起，校长徐向前，兼任中央处理委员会主任、抗大总学习委员会书记 。抗大的前身是1931年创建于江西瑞金的中国红军学校，1933年扩建为红军大学，1934年随中央红军长征，改称“干部团”。红军长征到达陕北后，红大恢复创建于陕北瓦窑堡，红军干部团和陕北红军学校合并，组成“中国工农红军学校”，不久改称“西北抗日红军大学”，周昆任校长，袁国平任政治委员。
- Beijing Foreign Studies University (北京外国语大学; pinyin: Běijīng Wàiguóyǔ Dàxué), commonly known as Beiwai (北外) in Mandarin and BFSUin English, is a university in Beijing, China. BFSU boasts of the oldest language programs in China, offering the largest number of foreign language majors on different educational levels. Located in Haidian District of Beijing, BFSU is divided into two campuses – west and east. BFSU is China's pre-eminent research university specializing in foreign studies according to recent collegiate rankings.[1] It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines.北京外国語大学は国家重点大学の1つで、外国語教育では最も古い歴史を持つ名門大学であり、現在でも歴史と実績共に権威を誇る、中国国内最高峰の外国語大学である。 外交官や国際公務員など、対外関係業務に従事する外国語人材と、高い素養を持つ国際的人材を養成する大学で、これまで幾多の人材を輩出してきており、国内で最も多くの言語を教育している。北京日本学研究センター（通称：大平学校〈大平正芳首相設立〉）が併設されている。
- The Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) (上海外国语大学) is a Chinese university specialising in languages, literary studies, comparative culture and diplomatic studies. It's one of top eight foreign studies universities in China, and is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines.SISU is known for being one of the earliest institutions where China’s higher education in foreign languages took shape. SISU was among the first batch of schools admitted to the Project 211. Like its rival Beijing Foreign Studies University, SISU is known for its strict admission selection.After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the East China office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (中共中央华东局) and the government of the Shanghai Municipality decided to establish an institute for higher education in Russian studies to cultivate qualified diplomats and translators for international affairs. With the support of Mayor Chen Yi, the Shanghai Russian School (上海俄文学校) was officially established in December 1949. Jiang Chunfang, one of the most famous Russian translators in China and the first chief editor of the Encyclopedia of China, was appointed the school's first president. In 1950, the department of English was established and the college was incorporated as the foreign language school affiliated to the East China People's Revolution University (华东人民革命大学). The department of oriental language and literature was founded in April, 1951 and languages as Burmese, Vietnamese, Indonesian had respectively been introduced to teaching. Later in 1952, a nationwide restructuring of institutes of higher education began in China, and the department of oriental language and literature was incorporated into Peking University. The college was renamed as Shanghai Russian College that specialise in teaching Russian language. The university was used to be widely known as Shanghai Foreign Language Institute (上海外国语学院) since its expansion in 1956 and became a national key university approved by the State Council in 1963 with the department ofRussian, English (re-established), French, German, Japanese, Arabic and Spanish. Approved by the Ministry of Education in 1994, it was officially renamed as Shanghai International Studies University (上海外国语大学). In the same year, it was listed as one of the first colleges and universities jointly supervised by the national Ministry of Education and the Municipality of Shanghai. In 1996, SISU passed the evaluation process of Project 211 directed by the Ministry of Education, and became one of the nation's “100 key universities for the 21st Century.”
- Liaoning University (辽宁大学) is one of the leading universities listed in the nation's "Project 211" and affirmed by the Ministry of Education. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines. It is located in Liaoning, China, in the northern part of Shenyang. September 1958 saw the amalgamation of the Northeast Institute of Finance and Economics, Shenyang Normal College and Shenyang Institute of Russian, which led to the birth of Liaoning University. Marshal Zhu De wrote the inscription of the school name for the university.
- 遼寧大學香港校友會日前舉行成立大會，丘東膺會長，一眾遼寧大學在港校友、各界友好歡聚一堂，共慶喜悅一刻。出席大會的遼寧大學校友總會會長徐振利說，遼寧大學校友總會於1998年成立，目前共有33個分會，香港校友會的成立為遼寧大學的校友工作填補了地域空白http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/01/22/a12-0122.pdf
- Southwest Medical University ( 西南医科大学, formerly Luzhou Medical College (泸州医学院), is a medical university in Luzhou, Sichuan, China. The school was first established in 1951 as Southern Sichuan Doctors' School (川南醫士學校). In 1958, the school was renamed as Luzhou Specialist School of Medicine (瀘州醫學專科學校). In 1978, it was authorized to grant bachelor's degrees and changed its name to Luzhou Medical College (泸州医学院, Luyi (泸医 for short).In 2015, Luzhou Medical College was authorized to change its name to Sichuan Medical University. However, West China Medical Center of Sichuan University, which was called "Sichuan Medical College" between 1953 and 1985, protested that the new name was too similar to its former name. In 2016, the school changed its name again to Southwest Medical University.The university has two campuses: Zhongshan and Chengbei, covering 1,004,700 square meters in total. The Zhongshan Campus is on Mount Zhongshan and is surrounded by the Yangtze River and the Tuo River. The area is has a multitude of green camphor trees and local flowers. The new Chengbei campus has modern teaching facilities.
- cooperation with dublin institute of technology https://twitter.com/IrlEmbChina/status/1019941269823516673
- 創建於1934年、坐落於陝西咸陽的西北農林科技大學（簡稱西農），是目前全國農林水學科最為齊備的高等農業院校，在動植物育種、植物保護、農業生物技術等領域形成鮮明特色和優勢，特別是在一代代育種專家的努力下，培育出一系列處於世界前端的小麥、蘋果、馬鈴薯、奇異果等新品。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/05/13/a09-0513.pdf
- 中國人民大學（Renmin University of China, 縮寫為RUC），簡稱人大。位於北京市，是一所以人文社會科學為主的綜合性研究型大學，直屬於中華人民共和國教育部，由教育部與北京市共建。該校前身為中國共產黨在抗日戰爭時期創辦於延安的陝北公學，以及後來的華北聯合大學和華北大學。1950年10月3日，以華北大學為基礎合併組建的中國人民大學正式開學。1954年，在教育部《關於重點高等學校和專家工作範圍的決議》中，與北京大學、北京醫科大學、清華大學、中國農業大學、哈爾濱工業大學等5所院校一同被指定為最早一批全國性重點大學。
- 1937年盧溝橋事變後，大批多青年知識分子從國統區來到延安。為了最快地把他們培養成抗戰人才，1937年7月底，中共中央決定在積極擴大抗日軍政大學的同時創辦陝北公學（簡稱陝公），並委託林伯渠、吳玉章、董必武、徐特立、成仿吾、張雲逸六人籌建陝北公學。陝北公學是中國共產黨直接領導創辦的第一所具有社會教育性質的大學，第一任校長是成仿吾。陝北公學軍事色彩和政治色彩濃厚，但並非一所軍校。陝北公學和抗日軍政大學是抗戰初期延安最具知名度的大學，有一定分工。抗大主要負責訓練軍事幹部，陝北公學主要訓練根據地政權建設和黨的建設幹部，而且學員文化程度較高，多數是從中共控制區外來的知識分子和青年學生。陝北公學以「實施國防教育，培養抗戰人才」為辦學宗旨和培養目標，以「理論聯繫實際，適應抗戰需要」為教學原則，以「七分政治、三分軍事」為教學內容，教學方法為重點講授、自學為主、集體互助。學制較短，大部分學員三到四個月就可以從學校畢業。陝北公學前後辦學兩年，大約培養了6000多名學生，其中很大的一部分後來都加入了中共。毛澤東親自為陝公制定了校訓：「忠誠、團結、緊張、活潑。」他還審定了成仿吾作詞、呂驥作曲的校歌。毛澤東在不到兩年的時間內，先後十幾次來校講話、兩次題詞，進行指導。他說：「中國不會亡，因為有陝公。」
- 中國人民大學的田徑場和我五年前見到的略有變化。畢竟是一九三七年在解放區根據地建立的「革命大學」，校園裏隨處可見其前身「陝北公學」的痕跡。比如建國後首任校長、老革命吳玉章給學生上課的雕塑，「實事求是」的校訓，紅磚綠窗、四四方方的建築，乃至學生食堂的菜式，都顯得質樸實在。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200422/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
- 梁福元津津樂道一九九六年獲得廣 州華南農業大學修讀果樹科龍眼荔枝果樹 文憑的經過。 「我中學還未畢業，一九九 四年，機緣巧合，華南農業大學的校長來 到香港我的荔枝園參觀，看到我種植的荔 枝很好，便邀請我到廣州入讀該大學的果 樹科，向果樹專家的教授學習，我高興地 答應了。經過三年的實地上課和函授上課 ，我對嶺南地區的荔枝和龍眼的生長過程 、特性等有了科學的認識，畢業前我寫了 一篇近萬字的畢業論文，終於獲得文憑， 這是對我很大的鼓勵。隨後，我還與授課 的教授合作寫了一本種植荔枝和龍眼知識 的書，印了幾千本，送給讀果樹科的學生 們。」http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200702/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
- 廣東外語外貿大學（Guangdong University of Foreign Studies，缩写：GDUFS），簡稱廣外，是1995年6月由原廣州外國語學院和原廣州對外貿易學院合併組建的廣東省涉外型重點大學。廣州外國語學院成立於1965年，是原國家教委（現教育部）直接管理的3所外語院校之一。廣州對外貿易學院成立於1980年，是原國家外經貿部（現商務部）直接管理的4所外貿院校之一。1995年6月，广州外国语学院和广州对外贸易学院合并组建广东外语外贸大学。2008年10月，广东财经职业学院划入广东外语外贸大学。In March 1964, the Central South Bureau of the Central Government, and the Party Committee and the People's Government of Guangdong Province decided to set up a foreign languages institute to train competent graduates to meet the demands of the increasing international exchanges. In November 1964, with the sanction of the Central Government, Guangzhou Foreign Languages Institute was established. In July 1965, it began to enroll 4-year bachelor's degree students and offered 4 specialties – English, German, French, and Spanish. It was located at the old site of Guangdong Petroleum School in the Northeast suburbs of Guangzhou.Since January 1966, Guangzhou Foreign Languages Institute had been operating under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education of the Central People's Government. In October 1969, in accordance with the CPC Central Committee's Notice to Transfer the Institutions of Higher Education to the Revolutionary Committees, the institute was delegated to Guangdong Province's Cultural Revolutionary Committee.In October 1970, Guangdong Provincial Revolutionary Committee restructured the institutions of higher education in Guangdong Province. As a result, Sun Yat-sen University Foreign Languages Department, Jinan University Foreign Languages and Foreign Trade Department, and Guanghzou Foreign Languages School were merged into Guangzhou Foreign Languages Institute. In the meantime, the institute was renamed as Guangdong Foreign Languages Institute and was then moved to the old site of Central South Forestry Institute in the Northern Suburbs of Guangzhou.In November 1977, the school resumed the name of Guangzhou Foreign Languages Institute and again operated directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education.
- 深圳大学（Shenzhen University），简称“深大”，位于中国经济特区广东省深圳市，是由国家教育部批准设立，广东省主管、深圳市人民政府主办的综合性大学，入选广东省高水平大学重点建设高校、国家大学生文化素质教育基地、国家国际科技合作基地、国家级大学生创新创业训练计划、全国文明校园、全国首批深化创新创业教育改革示范高校，全国地方高校UOOC联盟发起单位，粤港澳高校联盟成员，设有研究生院，具有推荐免试研究生资格。 深圳大学于1983年经国务院批准创办。中央、教育部和地方高度重视特区大学建设。北大援建中文、外语类学科，清华援建电子、建筑类学科，人大援建经济、法律类学科。1995年，通过国家首批本科教学合格评价，1996年，经国务院学位委员会批准成为硕士学位授予单位。2006年，经国务院学位委员会批准为博士学位授予单位。1983年5月，深圳大学由国务院正式批准，9月正式宣告成立，并于9月27日开学授课。创校初期，深大接受包括北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学在内的高校援助师资力量。
- communist university
- private university
- foreign university
- 深圳大學附屬教 育集團近日召開了第一屆理事會第一次會議。記者從 深圳大學獲悉，深圳大學附屬教育集團現有11個成員 學校，此次全都換了新名字。其中，深圳大學師範學 院附屬中學新校名為深圳大學附屬中學，深圳大學師 範學院附屬小學（原博倫職校校區）新校名為深圳大 學附屬小學。此外，新校名為深圳大學附屬實驗學校 的塘朗小學選任校長程序也將啟動，新校長預計在8 月中旬前到位。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201907/0709/HA09709CHBB_HKCD.pdf
- communist university
- [barnett] north china associated university (lienta)
- private university
- China's first private university aimed at cultivating high-level talent in advanced technology and reaching the forefront of scientific research has won approval to open in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang province, officials announced on Monday. Approved by the Ministry of Education, Westlake University will be a new type of research-oriented university, with emphasis on basic and advanced scientific and technological research. Launched by the Hangzhou Westlake Education Foundation, the university will be a nonprofit organization for higher education and advanced academic research. The university's plan shows it will enroll a total of 1,220 full-time students during the next five years, growing to 5,000 students after a decade.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201804/03/WS5ac2be77a3105cdcf6515d70.html
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170408/00178_001.html北京大學匯豐商學院與英國開放大學簽約，據報以八百八十萬英鎊（逾八千五百萬港幣）買下其位於英國牛津郡的莊園別墅校舍，將在明年年初開設分校區。此為中國的大學首次在海外獨立建設、自主管理的實體辦學機構，有英國傳媒形容中國試圖借此提高國際形象，但擔憂其學術自由前景。北京大學匯豐商學院院長海聞早前透露，學校開出一個極具誘惑力的價格，從而擊敗三個競爭對手，包括牛津某學院。有報道指出，價格為八百八十萬英鎊，而北大將以此着手創辦北大匯豐商學院牛津校區，以及北京大學牛津中心；招生工作將於今年六月全面展開，並將在二○一八年北大的一百二十周年校慶時正式開學。
- Cheeloo University (齊魯大學; pinyin: Qílŭ Dàxué) was a university in China, established by Hunter CorbettAmerican Presbyterian, and other English Baptist, Anglican, and Canadian Presbyterian mission agencies in early 1900 in China. In 1864, the Yi Wen School Boy’s School at Tengchow was established by Hunter Corbett, Presbyterian missionary to Yantai, Shandong, China. In 1882, Calvin Wilson Matteer, an American Presbyterian, converted the Tengchow Boy’s School into Tengchow College in Dengzhou (part of Penglai), Shandong, China. In 1884, British Baptists established Tsingchow Boy’s Boarding School, a theological college, in Qingzhou, Shandong, China. By 1902, the American Presbyterians and English Baptists agreed to combine their schools in Shandong, forming an arts college in Wei County (Weixian, now part of Weifang), a theological college at Qingzhoufu (part of Zibo), and a medical college, in Jinan. The campus in Wei County was known as the "Courtyard of the Happy Way" (樂道院; pinyin: Lè dào yuàn) and was later used by the Japanese military as an internment camp for civilians during the Second World War. In 1909, the colleges were consolidated as Shantung Protestant University (later changed to Shantung Christian University) in Jinan. The campus was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton. The main buildings were Bergen Science Hall for Chemistry and Biology; Mateer Science Hall for Physics and Physiology, McCormick Hall for administration, and the Kumler Memorial Chapel in the center. Construction began on Cheeloo Hospital of Shantung Christian University in 1914. It was completed in 1936. From 1916 to 1923, the former Peking Union Medical College, the Medical Department of Nanking University, the Hankow Medical College, and the North China Union Medical College for Women were all moved to Jinan. These departments were combined to form the Cheeloo University School of Medicine. During the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1938 to 1945, the university joined five other universities to form West China Union University. The university was dissolved in 1952 with the establishment of Communist rule. The College of Medicine was merged with the Shantung Provincial Medical College and the resulting Shandong Medical College occupied the entire campus. The College of Science was merged with the new National University in Nanjing while the College of Theology joined Nanking Theological Seminary. The College of Humanities was merged with Shandong University.
- foreign university
- https://www.ft.com/content/09ecaae2-ccd0-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc The Chinese Communist party has ordered foreign-funded universities to install party units and grant decision-making powers to a party official, reversing an earlier promise to guarantee academic freedom as President Xi Jinping strengthens political control over all levels of education. More than 2,000 education joint ventures between Chinese and overseas universities have been established since 2003, when they were first allowed. Some, such as New York University Shanghai or University of Nottingham Ningbo have their own campuses. Others, such as the University of Pittsburgh’s collaboration with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, operate institutes within a Chinese campus. According to the directive from the education ministry, party secretaries at each education joint venture will be given vice-chancellor status and a seat on the board of trustees, two people briefed on the new regulations told the Financial Times. The directive was drafted by the party’s Organisation Department, which oversees appointments to top party and government posts.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-08/02/content_26308213.htm China's first Sino-foreign cooperative university is making efforts to build itself into a high-level one that offers liberal arts education and attracts brilliant students from in and out of China, founders and operators of the university said. "I hope that in the near future, the University of Nottingham Ningbo China will be widely recognized for the liberal arts education it offers to students, just like some of the best liberal arts colleges overseas enjoy," said Yang Fujia, president of UNNC and an academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Jointly established by the University of Nottingham in the UK and Zhejiang Wanli University in 2004, the UNNC is the first of its kind, which was believed to have offered a third way for high school graduates of China to pursue higher education, in addition to studying a domestic or overseas university.
- 中央民族大学（Minzu University of China，民大或中央民大，MUC），中国著名高校，国家“211工程”、“985工程”重点建设高校。学校正式创建于1951年，其前身是1941年抗战时期，在延安成立的“民族学院”。1993年，中央民族学院更名为“中央民族大学”，时任国家主席江泽民题写了新校名。位于知名高校林立的北京市海淀区，南临中国国家图书馆，北临中关村。中央民族大学是中国少数民族教育的最高学府，是目前中国唯一一所拥有中国五十六个民族师生员工的高等学校，并以民族学、社会学、文学、宗教学的研究著称。中央民族大学有着优良传统和历史，其前身是1941年9月在延安建立的民族学院。延安民族学院以培养少数民族干部和从事民族工作的汉族干部为主要任务，以毛泽东的题词“团结”为校风，在十分艰苦的条件下，为中国各民族共同的解放事业输送了大批干部。新中国成立不久，1949年12月毛泽东根据形势的发展特别是国家建设、民族区域自治、实现共同纲领及贯彻党的民族政策的需要，做出了培养大批少数民族干部的指示。1950年6月，中央人民政府决定在北京建立一所新型大学——中央民族学院，抽调了一批当年在延安民族学院工作过的同志进行建院筹备工作。同年11月，周恩来总理主持中央人民政府政务院第60次政务会议，批准了中央民族事务委员会提出的《培养少数民族干部试行方案》和《筹办中央民族学院试行方案》。前一方案提出在北京设立中央民族学院，并在中南、西南、西北设立中央民族学院分院各一处；后一方案则明确规定了中央民族学院的三项主要任务：一是为国内各少数民族实行区域自治以及发展政治、经济、文化建设培养高级和中级的干部；二是研究中国少数民族问题以及各少数民族语言文字、历史文化、社会经济，发扬并介绍各民族的优良历史文化；三是组织和领导关于少数民族文字方面的编辑和翻译工作。1951年6月11日，中央民族学院正式开学。
-軍貿工程學校
- 原名姜心登的姜鍾，一九一九年八月出生於四川巴中江口分縣（今平昌縣）姜家河的農村家庭，年僅十三歲時便加入紅軍，參與第一次國共內戰中的宣達戰役、反六路圍攻。日軍侵華時，他投入隱蔽戰線。及至第二次國共內戰爆發，他又參加了遼瀋、淮海、平津等戰役。中共建政後，姜鍾歷任軍貿工程學校教育長、副校長，解放軍總參謀部三部業務指導局局長、部長。他一九六一年晉升少將軍銜，是全國第六屆人民代表大會代表。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191001/00178_005.html
- 包括阿里巴巴集團始創人馬雲在內的9位企業家和學者所創辦的湖畔大學，早前確定在雲南昆明市設立分校。惟內媒昨引述最新消息指，由於規劃調查，該分校已停止招標。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201217/00178_020.html
Emba
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/06/content_24316843.htm Universities will no longer be able to select their own students for Executive Master of Business Administration programs under a new regulation issued by the Ministry of Education.
The China National MBA Education Supervisory Committee announced over the weekend that, from next year, a nationwide exam will be the only way to apply for an EMBA course. EMBA programs in China have been described as richmen's clubs, and some institutions offering them have been criticized for alleged corrupt practices. In 2014, senior officials were banned from taking part in expensive training courses such as EMBA programs. The committee did not give details about the new exam. However, a report on ThePaper.cn said it was likely to include languages, math and logic, in line with the national exam for China's MBA programs.
書院
- “书院” 是我国历史上一种重要的教育组织形式，始见于唐代。它最初只是官方藏书
、校书的地方，真正具有聚徒讲学性质的书院，起源于庐山国学——著名的白鹿洞书院的前身。此后，许多书院相继创建，包括知名度极高的岳麓书院、应天府书院、蒿阳书院、石鼓书院和睢阳书院等。到了南宋，书院更是一片昌荣，其数量之多，规模之大，组织之严密，制度之完善，都是空前的，几乎取代了官学，成为主要的教育机构。清初，统治者曾采取对书院抑制的政策，直至雍正十一年（1733）才令各省会设书院，属官方性质。后发展到两千余所，数量大大超过前代。
- 年富力強的吳建增院長迎上前來，他開門見山道，書院是中國特有教育形式，始創於唐、興盛於宋、完善於明。公元724年，唐玄宗在洛陽建的「麗正書院」是最早的官辦書院，主要任務是搜書、校書、藏書。爾後各類民間書院雨後春筍般興起。「歷史上我國有書院7,000多所，咱河南就有2,000多所，古代著名的四大書院河南就佔兩所--即商丘的應天書院和登封的嵩陽書院，書院文化的根就在河南。」「列子是鄭州一張閃光的名片，作為偉大的哲學家、思想家、文學家和道家領袖，他對華夏文化功不可沒，其作品萬世流芳。」吳說：「在文化強市、文化強國的今天，傳承弘揚列子文化的意義不言而喻，有鑒於此，我與一幫列子文化傳人經過反覆探討論證，發起並經上級審批核准，成立了鄭州列子書院。」吳披露，他們已在列子故里大孫莊的列子國學幼兒園後院建起一爿花園，修建了書齋、課堂和宿舍，書院不久將搬過去正式對外招生，第一期30名學員，學制九年。注重智能的開發、人格的培養和生命內涵的提升，讓學子與經典同行，與聖賢為友，是我們努力的目標！」我想起，中國最早的民辦學院是唐朝末年九江東佳書院，由江南望族陳氏始祖陳旺創辦，由一間私塾逐漸發展成規模書院。史料說「院閣九幢，約30間。亭台樓閣，聳延四方，棟宇連雲，旌旗映日」，有「延四方學者，伏臘皆資焉」、「江南名士皆肄業於其家」之譽。北宋學者錢若水賦詩點讚：「樓上落霞粘筆硯，池邊怪石間松筠，朱實垂庭紅橘熟，清香襲座藥畦春。」吳建增點頭曰：「以自學為主、注重啟發誘導是書院一大特色，歷史上書院作為聚徒講授、研究學問的場所，培養出不少俊傑。如明代無錫的東林書院，就培養出楊漣、左光斗等一批不畏權勢、匡扶正義的進步人士，被譽為『東林黨』......」筆者造訪過宋代「文人官員」范仲淹在河南鄧州建的花洲書院。院內有講學堂、藏書樓和齋舍等，還建有覽秀亭、春風閣，曰百花洲，花洲書院由此得名。范仲淹深知教書育人的重要，工餘常親自到書院講學，使鄧州文運大振，培養出張載、韓維、范純仁等一批名士。范公還應摯友滕子京之邀，在花洲書院寫出千古名篇《岳陽樓記》，留下「不以物喜，不以己悲」、「先天下之憂而憂，後天下之樂而樂」的絕唱。薪火相傳，文脈不斷，正是古代書院優秀傳統催生了現代書院的興起。吳院長介紹，1984年由著名學者馮友蘭和張岱年、湯一介等人發起，聯合內地多家著名大學和港台及海外多位著名專家創建的以研究、繼承和闡揚優秀文化遺產為宗旨的中國文化書院，是新中國第一家影響深遠的頂級書院，導師包括季羨林、侯仁之等名家。2006年在北京香山創辦的四海孔子書院是首都首家以孔子命名的民間書院，它參照宋明書院模式，遵循「志於道，據於德，依於仁，游於藝」理念，以諸子經學為核心，兼修詩詞歌賦琴棋書畫，面向4歲至10歲的海內外孩子招生，也反響不俗。劉人夫說：「旅美華人在美國興辦的美洲孔子書院，以祀奉孔子、弘揚國學為己任，也反響不俗，台灣學者伏嘉謨為其撰聯云：『至聖孰能名由義居仁一脈儒風揚彼美，華僑尤愛國熟詩樂禮千秋書院起人文』。」我想起：受明代大儒王陽明影響的學者蔣慶，2001年在貴陽修文縣龍場鎮創辦的「陽明精舍」，依山傍水，有五個院落，被譽為「最復古的現代書院」。今年6月，「紫禁書院」在深圳鹽田正式掛牌，著名學者、故宮博物院院長單霽翔和鳳凰衛視主播王魯湘等出席揭牌儀式。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/30/a31-0830.pdf
- 嶽麓書院位於中國湖南省長沙市嶽麓山東麓，是中國古代四大書院之一，始建於北宋開寶九年（976年），歷經宋、元、明、清各個朝代，迨及晚清(1903年)改為湖南高等學堂，至今仍為湖南大學下屬的辦學機構，歷史已逾千年，是世所罕見的「千年學府」。1988年被國務院批准為第三批全國重點文物保護單位，為嶽麓山風景名勝區重要觀光點。
- 白鹿洞書院，與應天書院、嶽麓書院、嵩陽書院，合稱「中國四大書院」。白鹿洞，原本既沒有鹿，也沒有洞。因其四面環山，俯視如「洞」：東面大排嶺，海拔384米；南面排山嶺，海拔252.6米；西北漢陽峰，海拔1,473.8米；北面五老峰，海拔1,358米。白鹿洞之名，由來逾千年。據北宋著名詩人陳舜俞《廬山紀略》等史志記載，唐代貞元中年（785-805），河南洛陽人李渤兄弟在此隱居讀書。李渤養了一隻白鹿，十分馴服，終日相伴左右不說，還能替主人傳信購物。年復一年，名聲在外，人們便稱其為「白鹿先生」。長慶元年（821），李渤由虔州刺史調任江州刺史後，故地重遊，念念不忘當年苦讀的情景，遂在白鹿洞廣植花木，增設台榭、宅舍、書院，使之成為一處名勝，四鄉文人，往來不絕。到了唐代，曾在星子顏家山寄居的顏真卿後裔顏翊，率子弟30餘人，前往白鹿洞治學授經。南唐升元四年（940），李氏朝廷在白鹿洞建立學館，並命國子監九經李善道為洞主，號稱「廬山國學」。朝代有更替，興學無削減。北宋初，江洲鄉賢明起等，在白鹿洞辦起書院，頗具創意的「白鹿洞書院」，由此而定名。及至北宋末年，書院毀於兵火。南宋淳熙六年（1179），朱熹出任南康太守，重修院內建築，延請名師，充實圖書；親任洞主，親臨講學。且奏請賜額及御書，書院名聲因之大振，一度與國子監齊名。歲月坎坷，風雨無情。後代書院又幾經興廢，現存建築多是清道光年間修建的。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180214/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
- 廣東省 內兩家國學書院——廣東粵秀書院、深圳市鹽田區習學書院http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/05/25/a21-0525.pdf
- 越华书院，位于广东广州。清乾隆二十二年(1757)盐运司范时纪及商人为培育寄籍广东之商人子弟，而集资购布政司后街一所旧宅创建。光绪二十九年(1903)十月废，三十年二月以其地改建广州府中学堂。
- links with 林則除and 監院梁廷枏
http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/16/a23-0616.pdf
- 清末四大学府是指清朝末年创办的四所以“中学为体、西学为用”思想为主张的学校。即广雅书院（广州）、两湖书院（武汉）、自强学堂（武汉）和南洋公学（上海）。有人并不同意这种说法，认为清末还有北京京师大学堂、天津北洋大学堂、南京两江优级师范学堂等更著名的高等学校，另外有人认为这四大学府的说法是指中等性质的学校。广雅书院 1888年6月，由张之洞创办于广州西北五里源溪乡，后发展演变为中国建校时间最长的中学之一——广东广雅中学。两湖书院 1890年4月，由张之洞创办于武昌营坊口都司湖畔，1902年停办，一年后在其原址改建文高等学堂，亦称两湖大学堂。1906年又改称两湖总师范学堂。1927年前后，中央军事政治学校曾在此办学。原址上分别建有武汉大学人民医院、武汉音乐学院、武昌实验小学等。自强学堂方言学堂校址1893年11月，由张之洞创办于武昌三佛阁大朝街口，它是中国近代教育史上第一所由中国人自行创办和管理的新式高等专门学堂之一，1902年改名为方言学堂。后发展演变为武汉大学。南洋公学1896年12月，由盛宣怀创办于上海，它是中国近代最早的高等学府之一。民国大陆的国立交通大学后发展演变为五所交通大学，其中的西南交通大学（唐山交通大学）和北京交通大学与南洋公学无关，西安交通大学和上海交通大学与南洋公学有关。
- 清末四大学府是指清朝末年创办的四所以“中学为体、西学为用”思想为主张的学校。即广雅书院（广州）、两湖书院（武汉）、自强学堂（武汉）和南洋公学（上海）。有人并不同意这种说法，认为清末还有北京京师大学堂、天津北洋大学堂、南京两江优级师范学堂等更著名的高等学校，另外有人认为这四大学府的说法是指中等性质的学校。广雅书院 1888年6月，由张之洞创办于广州西北五里源溪乡，后发展演变为中国建校时间最长的中学之一——广东广雅中学。两湖书院 1890年4月，由张之洞创办于武昌营坊口都司湖畔，1902年停办，一年后在其原址改建文高等学堂，亦称两湖大学堂。1906年又改称两湖总师范学堂。1927年前后，中央军事政治学校曾在此办学。原址上分别建有武汉大学人民医院、武汉音乐学院、武昌实验小学等。自强学堂方言学堂校址1893年11月，由张之洞创办于武昌三佛阁大朝街口，它是中国近代教育史上第一所由中国人自行创办和管理的新式高等专门学堂之一，1902年改名为方言学堂。后发展演变为武汉大学。南洋公学1896年12月，由盛宣怀创办于上海，它是中国近代最早的高等学府之一。民国大陆的国立交通大学后发展演变为五所交通大学，其中的西南交通大学（唐山交通大学）和北京交通大学与南洋公学无关，西安交通大学和上海交通大学与南洋公学有关。
-綠筠書院坐落在永定城區南門外掛榜山尾，綠筠書院「有堂有樓，諸生肄業其所」。明朝隆慶年間，知縣謝良任置田以給膏火。明萬曆年間，知縣何守成於掛榜山後親手種植了一千多株青松以護衛書院。十多年後，知縣許堂重修書院。據明末清初邑人熊興麟詩載，「凌空傑閣掛松楸，謖謖濤聲雜瀨流。鱗老薄霄亭日午，風寒飛線滿江秋。誰為方夜讀書賦，自有登高落帽儔。鐺沸新泉茶七碗，恍疑羽化上瓊樓。」每到秋天的夜晚，青松掩映的書院陣陣松濤伴着琅琅書聲，瑟瑟秋風合着唧唧蟲鳴，細細品嚐一杯剛沏的清茶，就會有一種羽化升仙的感覺。但是，隨着歲月的流逝和風雨的侵蝕，綠筠書院很快就倒塌了。清嘉慶五年（1800年）顧杏章任永定縣知縣時，此地早已一片荒蕪，不聞書聲。他聽人介紹了綠筠書院的歷史後，曾特地到故址察看了一番，隨後一氣呵成，寫了兩首《尋綠筠書院舊址》的詩，詩中流露出作者內心的滄桑之感以及期待書院薪火再續，松筠再芳的思想感情。後人為重振書院雄風，在原址建了書院小學。幾百年後的今天，南山發生了翻天覆地的變化。永定區政府通過招商引資在南山東面開發了房地產，建了一座美麗的南山鳳凰城；為更好地解決城區學位，在南山東面的鳳凰城旁新建了一座城南小學，將南山南面原書院小學的學生併入城南小學，並將原小學舊址劃歸永定區青少年學生校外活動中心和書院社區居委會所有，很好地解決了城區學位問題。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/01/25/a15-0125.pdf
蒙館，又稱蒙學，是指舊時對兒童進行啟蒙教育的特定場所。其傳授內容主要為識字、練習寫字以及背誦學習基礎儒家倫理概念[1]；其教材主要為《蒙求》、《千字文》、《三字經》、《百家姓》等書籍。其學習時間無一定年限，並經常由教師個別傳授。
- 「三言童謠體」小孩從牙牙學語開始學漢語，以三言童謠體最容易背誦記憶。早期的三言童謠，有些還是「政治文宣」呢！東漢末權臣董卓弒少帝劉辯，立其弟協為新帝，即是後來的漢獻帝。換了天子不久，京師就流行一首童謠，曰：「千里草，何青青。十日卜，不得生。」當中「千里草」扣「董」，「十日卜」扣「卓」，「何青青」是「配角」而不含重要信息，「不得生」就是死。這首童謠的背後，相信有政治操作在內。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/31/b05-0831.pdf
- 温州藝文女學set up by missionaries adopted this model, arabic language is teached
- 《幼學瓊林》是中國古代的兒童啟蒙讀物。該書最初叫《幼學須知》，亦叫《成語考》、《故事尋源》，一般認為最初的編著者是明末的西昌人程登吉（字允升），也有意見認為是明景泰年間的進士丘濬。至清嘉慶年間，由鄒聖脈（字梧岡）作了增補注釋，並更名為《幼學瓊林》，也叫《幼學故事瓊林》，簡稱《幼學》。後來民國時費有容、葉浦蓀和蔡東藩等又進行了增補。《幼學瓊林》是駢體文寫成的，全書全部用對偶句寫成，文字簡煉，對仗工整，易誦易學、易懂易記。全書內容包羅廣泛，諸如天文地理、人情世故、婚姻家庭、生老病死、衣食住行、製作技藝、鳥獸花木、神話傳說等等，無所不包，幾乎囊括了過去人們日常生活中較常用的知識與詞彙，象一部微型百科辭書。人稱「讀了《增廣》會說話，讀了《幼學》走天下」。書中對許多的成語出處作了許多介紹，讀者可掌握不少成語典故，此外還可以對中國古代的典章制度、風俗禮儀做一些了解。書中還有許多警句、格言，到現在還仍然傳誦不絕。因此，《幼學瓊林》在舊時的鄉塾中頗為流行，是中國明清以來廣泛流傳的蒙學讀物，在明清兩代的鄉塾蒙學教育中起到積極作用。不過書中也有一些屬於帝制時代的觀點，對於現代人來說難以認同。
卜卜齋
- 中國古代社會也實行家教。當時稱為私塾，是開設於家庭、宗族或鄉村內部的民間初級教育機構，都是由宗族中富裕的鄉紳出資，目的是令同宗中貧寒的子弟也得到教育的機會。古代女子三步不出閨門，宗族中的女弟子亦可藉此接受教育。年齡自五、六歲至二十歲左右都有，學生少則一二人，多則幾十人。如果讀過《紅樓夢》，就知道賈府有自己辦的私塾，有姻親或者遠親家的孩子，可免費來讀這間貴族學校。私塾中的老師稱為塾師，多為落第秀才或老童生，至於是否碰到好的啟蒙老師則要靠運氣了。賈府的賈代儒是勢利、沒有責任心之輩，但如果碰上蒲松齡、鄭板橋、歸有光這些有識之士，則是幾生修到了。廣東人稱私墊為「卜卜齋」，原因在於古時盛行「體罰」的教育方法，如果書背不熟，有無上權威的老師，就會拿起一塊長形木板或竹片，招呼手心、頭部，屁股。 上世紀八十年代初，湖南平江再次出現私塾，當時有個名為朱執中的老師在家中重操舊業，教授鄉人讀「四書五經」。二○○五年，張志義在蘇州開設「菊齋私」，老師身穿儒士長衫，室內懸掛孔子畫像，兒童作揖打躬學習古代禮儀。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200225/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
english
- http://www.china.org.cn/china/2016-11/14/content_39696943.htm The Ministry of Education is drafting a national English proficiency testing and rating system, an education official said at a symposium in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, over the weekend, according to a local news report.
- china daily 28jun19 global english education china assembly to be held in Hangzhou
- http://www.china.org.cn/china/2016-11/14/content_39696943.htm The Ministry of Education is drafting a national English proficiency testing and rating system, an education official said at a symposium in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, over the weekend, according to a local news report.
- china daily 28jun19 global english education china assembly to be held in Hangzhou
"training institutes"
- 內地教育部印發一八年高校招生通知，宣布全面取消奧賽類等全國性高考加分項目，同時全面清理整頓基礎教育領域的競賽掛牌命名表彰等活動，要求從嚴審批、控制該類活動，不得作中小學招生入學依據，矛頭直指日益氾濫的校外培訓機構，但是否奏效仍屬未知之數。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180415/00182_001.html
ict
- https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/3042236/studywithme-how-bilibili-kuaishou-douyin-are-fostering-chinese
teachers
- 時光回到54年前的秋天，北京八一學校迎來了新一屆學生。時任班主任兼語文老師的陳秋影，很喜歡勤學好思、宅心仁厚的12歲少年習近平。陳秋影向筆者回憶，求學時的習近平很少像其他孩子在課餘時間叫喊打鬧，他酷愛古典文學，求知慾極旺，下課後還常向陳秋影請教問題。1968年，15歲的習近平前往陝北農村插隊，表現出色，後來順利考入清華大學。畢業後他主動要求去基層鍛煉，並逐漸走上從政之路。陳秋影一直關注着這位優秀學子的成長。她在一封信中對習近平說：「你是大器之才！我相信，你在各個不同崗位上都能做得非常出色......」習近平在外地工作的那些年，常常利用回京開會等機會，親自去拜望陳秋影等老師。習近平的另一位班主任齊榮先體弱多病，習近平曾偕妻子彭麗媛前去他家看望，並囑咐下屬為齊老師尋找名醫和對症良藥。在擔任黨和國家中央主要領導職務後，習近平仍沒有中斷與老師們的聯繫與交往。2014年「六一」前夕，習近平主席在海淀民族小學舉行座談會，特邀陳秋影出席並坐在第一排。習近平走到陳秋影面前說：「陳老師，您好啊！」還當眾回憶起昔年陳老師上語文課、講古詩的情景。陳秋影非常高興，送給習近平一本她新近出版的詩文集《荷風》，並在扉頁上寫道：「請近平同學閱存。孟子曰，得天下英才而教育之，三樂也。謝謝你，你讓老師體會到世上最高尚的快樂！」習近平的父親習仲勳也同樣是尊師敬教的典範，習仲勳當年求學於富平立誠中學，時任校長郗慎基是陝西地區的教育家，他認定「知識可以救國」，以教育為志業圖謀民族復興，上世紀五十年代曾致信求助於當年的學生，獲安排西安文史館館員；「文革」中蒙冤去世，七十年代末習仲勳為之寫信證明平反。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/09/12/b07-0912.pdf
- 內地教育部印發一八年高校招生通知，宣布全面取消奧賽類等全國性高考加分項目，同時全面清理整頓基礎教育領域的競賽掛牌命名表彰等活動，要求從嚴審批、控制該類活動，不得作中小學招生入學依據，矛頭直指日益氾濫的校外培訓機構，但是否奏效仍屬未知之數。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180415/00182_001.html
ict
- https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/3042236/studywithme-how-bilibili-kuaishou-douyin-are-fostering-chinese
teachers
- 時光回到54年前的秋天，北京八一學校迎來了新一屆學生。時任班主任兼語文老師的陳秋影，很喜歡勤學好思、宅心仁厚的12歲少年習近平。陳秋影向筆者回憶，求學時的習近平很少像其他孩子在課餘時間叫喊打鬧，他酷愛古典文學，求知慾極旺，下課後還常向陳秋影請教問題。1968年，15歲的習近平前往陝北農村插隊，表現出色，後來順利考入清華大學。畢業後他主動要求去基層鍛煉，並逐漸走上從政之路。陳秋影一直關注着這位優秀學子的成長。她在一封信中對習近平說：「你是大器之才！我相信，你在各個不同崗位上都能做得非常出色......」習近平在外地工作的那些年，常常利用回京開會等機會，親自去拜望陳秋影等老師。習近平的另一位班主任齊榮先體弱多病，習近平曾偕妻子彭麗媛前去他家看望，並囑咐下屬為齊老師尋找名醫和對症良藥。在擔任黨和國家中央主要領導職務後，習近平仍沒有中斷與老師們的聯繫與交往。2014年「六一」前夕，習近平主席在海淀民族小學舉行座談會，特邀陳秋影出席並坐在第一排。習近平走到陳秋影面前說：「陳老師，您好啊！」還當眾回憶起昔年陳老師上語文課、講古詩的情景。陳秋影非常高興，送給習近平一本她新近出版的詩文集《荷風》，並在扉頁上寫道：「請近平同學閱存。孟子曰，得天下英才而教育之，三樂也。謝謝你，你讓老師體會到世上最高尚的快樂！」習近平的父親習仲勳也同樣是尊師敬教的典範，習仲勳當年求學於富平立誠中學，時任校長郗慎基是陝西地區的教育家，他認定「知識可以救國」，以教育為志業圖謀民族復興，上世紀五十年代曾致信求助於當年的學生，獲安排西安文史館館員；「文革」中蒙冤去世，七十年代末習仲勳為之寫信證明平反。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/09/12/b07-0912.pdf
history
- [洋洋兔] 西周有所謂五學:成均、上庠、東序、瞽宗、分別是五帝、堯舜、夏、商及周朝時由國家設立的大學,及後,漢朝的太學、隋唐的國子監都是官方設立的國家學府;春秋末期,孔子開創了民辦學校,後來稱為私塾,唐朝後則稱為書院。
- Exam
- Exam
生員應考鄉試，這試其實在省會舉行，但亦有例外。清代安徽不設鄉試，生員要到江蘇南京（江寧）應考。清初將前明南京應天府（南直隸）改為江南省，然後才再分成江蘇、安徽兩省。教科書都說兩江總督管江蘇、安徽、江西三省，少有提及兩江實指江南與江西。此外陝西甘肅兩省生員一併在西安應鄉試，直至左宗棠任陝甘總督時，才建議朝廷開辦甘肅鄉試，甘肅士子稱便。
鄉試合格就是舉人，第一名叫解元，舉人才可以上京考狀元。傳統小說戲劇常有窮書生高中狀元、平步青雲的情節，不過「小姐相見後花園、落難秀才中狀元」並非真實之存在。窮秀才中了舉人已經斬斷窮根，成為地方名人，不愁衣食了。
太學有如現代「國立京師大學」，隋唐以後改稱國子監。清制允許士子捐納國子監學生的銜頭，作為應鄉試的另類「入場券」。潘飛聲說傳聞潘鏡泉失去生員資格後捐納成監生。
People
- 一九二二年，梅光迪在《學衡》創刊號上發表了一篇文章《評提倡新文化者》，批評新文化提倡者們：「或操筆以待。每一新書出版。必為之序。以盡其領袖後進之責。顧亭林曰。人之患在好為人序。其此之謂乎。故語彼等以學問之標準與良知。猶語商賈以道德。娼妓以貞操也。」梅光迪的這一說法遭到魯迅的猛烈抨擊，指出：「做一篇序『以盡其領袖後進之責』，便有這樣的大罪案。然而諸公又何以也『突而弁兮』的『言』了起來呢？」對於梅光迪這些《學衡》同仁、作者，魯迅是很看不上的，認為他們：「於舊學並無門徑，並主張也還不配……『衡』了一頓，僅僅『衡』出了自己的銖兩來，於新文化無傷，於國粹也差得遠。」 由於受到魯迅的批評，梅光迪的形象大為受損，給人留下了「舊學」功底不足卻要提倡「國粹」的滑稽印象。其實梅光迪在中國新文化史上是個重要人物，他少有神童之譽，清華讀書，美國留學，哈佛畢業，是美國新人文主義大師白壁德的學生，歸國後先後在南開大學、東南大學、浙江大學任教，參與創辦《學衡》，與吳宓、劉伯明等人共同提倡「昌明國粹、融化新知；以中正之眼光，行批評之職事」，可以說是當年新文化／新文學運動中理性力量的中堅分子。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237141/2021/0202/548484.html
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- 国家留学网https://www.csc.edu.cn
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- 国家留学网https://www.csc.edu.cn
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