Government
- hellenic ministry of culture
- ministry of education
Antirrio means "opposite Rio", aussi Antirrion, Antirhion, Antirion ou Antirrhion(ancienne graphie, du grec ancien : Ἀντίῤῥιον, en latin : Antirrhium)
Arcadia (Greek: Αρκαδία, Arkadía) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese. It is situated in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness.
- myths
- notable costume - arcadian straw hat
Chios (/ˈkaɪ.ɒs/; Greek: Χίος, translit. Híos; Ancient Greek: Χίος, translit. Khíos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea and off the Anatolian coast. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is the Mastic Island. Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th-century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Chios. Locals refer to Chios town as "Chora" ("Χώρα" literally means land or country, but usually refers to the capital or a settlement at the highest point of a Greek island). It was also the site of the Chios massacre in which tens of thousands of Greeks on the island were killed by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822.
- chinese is 希俄斯
- 希俄斯是十二個伊奧尼亞殖民地之一，因此在公元前7世紀晚期，她已成為首批鑄幣的城市之一。希俄斯亦以人頭獅身作為自己獨有的標誌，這傳統延續了900年。
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη, Kríti ['kriti]; Ancient Greek: Κρήτη, Krḗtē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands. Crete forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece, while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own poetry and music). It was once the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), which is currently regarded as the earliest recorded civilization in Europe. The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC,[2] repeated later in Neo-Assyrianrecords and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting a similar Minoan name for the island. The current name of Crete is thought to be first attested in Mycenaean Greek texts written in Linear B, through the words 𐀐𐀩𐀳, ke-re-te (*Krētes; later Greek: Κρῆτες, plural of Κρής),[4] and 𐀐𐀩𐀯𐀍, ke-re-si-jo (*Krēsijos; later Greek: Κρήσιος),[5] "Cretan".[6][7] In Ancient Greek, the name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey.[8] Its etymology is unknown. One proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver").[9] In Latin, it became Creta. The original Arabic name of Crete was Iqrīṭiš (Arabic: اقريطش < (της) Κρήτης), but after the Emirate of Crete's establishment of its new capital at ربض الخندق Rabḍ al-Ḫandaq (modern Iraklion), both the city and the island became known as Χάνδαξ (Khandhax) or Χάνδακας (Khandhakas), which gave Latin and Venetian Candia, from which were derived French Candie and English Candy or Candia. Under Ottoman rule, in Ottoman Turkish, Crete was called Girit (كريت).
- 干尼亞 Chania (Greek: Χανιά, [xaˈɲa], Venetian: Canea, Ottoman Turkish: خانيه Hanya) is the second largest city of Crete and the capital of the Chania regional unit. Chania is the site of the Minoan settlement the Greeks called Kydonia, the source of the word quince. It appears on Linear B as ku-do-ni-ja.[2] Some notable archaeological evidence for the existence of this Minoan city below some parts of today's Chania was found by excavations[3] in the district of Kasteli in the Old Town. This area appears to have been inhabited since the Neolithic era. The city reemerged after the end of the Minoan period as an important city-state in Classical Greece, one whose domain extended from Chania Bay to the feet of the White Mountains.
- people
- A double-headed Minoan pelekus https://www.quora.com/Given-the-name-%E1%BC%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82-Anc%C3%A6us-and-the-word-%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%85%CF%82-axe-labrys-what-is-the-way-to-say-Anc%C3%A6us-axe-in-Ancient-Greek-but-transliterated-to
- language
- art
莱斯沃斯岛（或譯萊斯博斯島) Lesbos (/ˈlɛzbɒs/, also US: /ˈlɛzbəs, -boʊs/; Greek: Λέσβος, romanized: Lésvos[ˈlezvos]) is an island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea.Lesbos is also the name of a regional unit of the North Aegean region, within which Lesbos island is one of five governing islands. The others are Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, and Samos. According to later Greek writers, Mytilene was founded in the 11th century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly and ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of Mytilene ended their rule. In fact the archaeological and linguistic record may indicate a late Iron Age arrival of Greek settlers although references in Late Bronze Age Hittite archives indicate a likely Greek presence then. The name Mytilene itself seems to be of Hittite origin. According to Homer's Iliad, Lesbos was part of the kingdom of Priam, which was based in Anatolia (present day Turkey). Much work remains to be done to determine just what happened and when. In the Middle Ages, it was under Byzantine and then Genoese rule. Lesbos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1462. The Ottomans then ruled the island until the First Balkan War in 1912, when it became part of the Kingdom of Greece.In English and most other European languages, including Greek, the term lesbian is commonly used to refer to homosexual women. This use of the term derives from the poems of Sappho, who was born in Lesbos and who wrote with powerful emotional content directed toward other women. Due to this association, Lesbos and especially the town of Eresos, her birthplace, are visited frequently by LGBT tourists.
帕拉马The name Perama comes from the Greek word "perasma" which means "passage". Perama has a secondary soccer team named Peramaikos. The Battle of Salamis which took place in 480BC was located between the Salamis island and the mainland, part of which included Perama.在古代， 佩拉马地区被命名为安帕利 。 在埃拉莱奥山的山峰之一，这是佩拉马市的一部分，它被认为是波斯皇帝薛西斯参加萨拉米斯海战 （ 公元前480年 ）的地方。 这个高峰被佩拉玛的居民称为“薛西斯王座”。现代派拉马在20世纪20年代获得了一个小型定居点的形式，当时许多来自君士坦丁堡 ， 小亚细亚 ，特别是Iconium和黑海的 难民正在寻求这个地区的新生活。 Perama的新标志创建并从小亚细亚Iconium的小亚细亚难民那里得到它的名字。 1928年 ，Perama的第一家造船厂成立。 这导致新居民的到来，大多是岛民。
Pylos ((UK: /ˈpaɪlɒs/, US: /ˈpaɪloʊs/; Greek: Πύλος), historically also known under its Italian name Navarino, is a town and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylos-Nestoras, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It was the capital of the former Pylia Province. Pylos has a long history, having been inhabited since Neolithic times. It was a significant kingdom in Mycenaean Greece, with remains of the so-called "Palace of Nestor" excavated nearby, named after Nestor, the king of Pylos in Homer's Iliad. In Classical times, the site was uninhabited, but became the site of the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Pylos is scarcely mentioned thereafter until the 13th century, when it became part of the Frankish Principality of Achaea. Increasingly known by its French name of Port-de-Jonc or its Italian name Navarino, in the 1280s the Franks built the Old Navarino castle on the site. Pylos came under the control of the Republic of Venice from 1417 until 1500, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans used Pylos and its bay as a naval base, and built the New Navarino fortress there. The area remained under Ottoman control, with the exception of a brief period of renewed Venetian rule in 1685–1715 and a Russian occupation in 1770–71, until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt recovered it for the Ottomans in 1825, but the defeat of the Turco-Egyptian fleet in the 1827 Battle of Navarino forced Ibrahim to withdraw from the Peloponnese and confirmed Greek independence.
Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos [ˈroðos]) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of land area and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean administrative region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes. Rhodes' nickname is The island of the Knights, named after the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who once conquered the land. The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews. Under Ottoman rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel. Austria opened a post-office at RHODUS (Venetian name) before 1864, as witnessed by stamps with Franz-Josef head. In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks during the Italo-Turkish War. The island's population thus bypassed many of the events associated with the "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. After World War I, the island, together with the rest of the Dodecanese, was officially assigned to Italy in the Treaty of Lausanne. It then became the core of their possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo. Following the Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island with the Battle of Rhodes. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign.The Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were members of Turkish citizens' families. On 8 May 1945 the Germans under Otto Wagener surrendered Rhodes as well as the Dodecanese as a whole to the British, who soon after then occupied the islands as a military protectorate. In 1947, Rhodes, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, was united with Greece. In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
- The Colossus of Rhodes /roʊdz/ (Ancient Greek: ὁ Κολοσσὸς Ῥόδιος ho Kolossòs Rhódios) was a statue of the Greek titan-god of the sun Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, whose son unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC. According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 cubits, or 33 metres (108 feet) high—the approximate height of the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown—making it the tallest statue of the ancient world. It was destroyed during the earthquake of 226 BC, and never rebuilt. As of 2015, there are tentative plans to build a new Colossus at Rhodes Harbour, although the actual location of the original remains in dispute.
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki [θesaloˈnici] ), also familiarly known as Thessalonica or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.[4][5] Its nickname is η Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévousa), literally "the co-capital",[6] a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa) or "co-reigning" city of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, alongside Constantinople.
- The original name of the city was Θεσσαλονίκη Thessaloníkē. It was named after princess Thessalonike of Macedon, the half sister of Alexander the Great, whose name means "Thessalian victory", from Θεσσαλός 'Thessalos', and Νίκη 'victory' (Nike), honoring the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352 BCE). Minor variants are also found, including Θετταλονίκη Thettaloníkē,[17][18] Θεσσαλονίκεια Thessaloníkeia, Θεσσαλονείκη Thessaloneíkē, and Θεσσαλονικέων Thessalonikéōn. The name Σαλονίκη Saloníkē is first attested in Greek in the Chronicle of the Morea (14th century), and is common in folk songs, but it must have originated earlier, as al-Idrisi called it Salunik already in the 12th century. It is the basis for the city's name in other languages: Солѹнь (Solun) in Old Church Slavonic, סלוניקה (Salonika) in Ladino, Selânik سلانیك in Ottoman Turkish and Selanik in modern Turkish, Solun or Солун in the local and neighboring South Slavic languages, Салоники (Saloníki) in Russian, and Sãrunã in Aromanian, and Salonica or Salonika in English. Thessaloniki was revived as the city's official name in 1912, when it joined the Kingdom of Greece during the Balkan Wars. In local speech, the city's name is typically pronounced with a dark and deep L characteristic of Modern Macedonian accent. The name is often abbreviated as Θεσ/νίκη.
- The Sack of Thessalonica in 1185 by Normans of the Kingdom of Sicily was one of the worst disasters to befall the Byzantine Empire in the 12th century. David Komnenos, the governor of the city had neglected to make sufficient preparations for the siege, and even forbade sallies by the defenders to disrupt the Norman siege works. The Byzantine relief armies failed to coordinate their efforts, and only two forces, under Theodore Choumnos and John Maurozomes, actually came to the city's aid. In the event, the Normans undermined the city's eastern wall, opening a breach through which they entered the city. The conquest degenerated quickly into a full-scale massacre of the city's inhabitants, some 7,000 corpses being found afterwards. The siege is extensively chronicled by the city's archbishop, Eustathius of Thessalonica, who was present in the city during and after the siege. The Normans occupied Thessalonica until mid-November, when, following their defeat at the Battle of Demetritzes, they evacuated it. Coming on the heels of the usurper Andronikos Komnenos's massacre of the Latins in Constantinople in 1182, the massacre of the Thessalonians by the Normans deepened the rift between the Latins and the East. It also directly led to the deposition and execution of the unpopular Andronikos I Komnenos by the Latins and the rise to the throne of Isaac II Angelos.
Association
- The Institute of Energy for South East Europe (IENE) was founded in 2003 by a small group of independent professionals and business executives active in the energysector of the region. The Institute, which has its headquarters in Athens, Greece, is a nongovernmental and nonprofit organization.www.iene.eu
diaspora
- https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-Greeks-descendants
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Greeks-prosper-more-outside-of-Greece-than-they-do-in-it
- https://www.quora.com/Why-dont-Greeks-emigrate-to-the-US-as-they-used-to-even-though-the-country-has-lost-30-of-its-GDP
culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-your-biggest-culture-shock-visiting-Greece
- hellenic ministry of culture
- Invited queen, pm gordon brown, people from british museum to opening ceremony of new acropolis museum in june 2009
- ministry of education
- Greek language centre www.greeklanguage.gr
Antirrio means "opposite Rio", aussi Antirrion, Antirhion, Antirion ou Antirrhion(ancienne graphie, du grec ancien : Ἀντίῤῥιον, en latin : Antirrhium)
Arcadia (Greek: Αρκαδία, Arkadía) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese. It is situated in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness.
- myths
- The Stymphalian birds (/stɪmˈfeɪliən/ stim-FAY-lee-ən; Greek: Στυμφαλίδες ὄρνιθες, Stymphalídes órnithes) are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia.These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt or have been brought up by Ares.[4] They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.The Stymphalian birds were defeated by the hero Heracles (Hercules) in his sixth labour for Eurystheus. Heracles could not go into the marsh to reach the nests of the birds, as the ground would not support his weight. Athena, noticing the hero's plight, gave Heracles a rattle called a krotala, which Hephaestus had made especially for the occasion. Heracles shook the krotala (similar to castanets) on a certain mountain that overhung the lake and thus frightening the birds into the air.[7] Heracles then shot many of them with feathered arrows tipped with poisonous blood from the slain Hydra. The rest flew far away, never to plague Arcadia again. Heracles brought some of the slain birds to Eurystheus as proof of his success.
- notable costume - arcadian straw hat
Chios (/ˈkaɪ.ɒs/; Greek: Χίος, translit. Híos; Ancient Greek: Χίος, translit. Khíos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea and off the Anatolian coast. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is the Mastic Island. Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th-century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Chios. Locals refer to Chios town as "Chora" ("Χώρα" literally means land or country, but usually refers to the capital or a settlement at the highest point of a Greek island). It was also the site of the Chios massacre in which tens of thousands of Greeks on the island were killed by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822.
- chinese is 希俄斯
- 希俄斯是十二個伊奧尼亞殖民地之一，因此在公元前7世紀晚期，她已成為首批鑄幣的城市之一。希俄斯亦以人頭獅身作為自己獨有的標誌，這傳統延續了900年。
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη, Kríti ['kriti]; Ancient Greek: Κρήτη, Krḗtē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands. Crete forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece, while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own poetry and music). It was once the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), which is currently regarded as the earliest recorded civilization in Europe. The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC,[2] repeated later in Neo-Assyrianrecords and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting a similar Minoan name for the island. The current name of Crete is thought to be first attested in Mycenaean Greek texts written in Linear B, through the words 𐀐𐀩𐀳, ke-re-te (*Krētes; later Greek: Κρῆτες, plural of Κρής),[4] and 𐀐𐀩𐀯𐀍, ke-re-si-jo (*Krēsijos; later Greek: Κρήσιος),[5] "Cretan".[6][7] In Ancient Greek, the name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey.[8] Its etymology is unknown. One proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver").[9] In Latin, it became Creta. The original Arabic name of Crete was Iqrīṭiš (Arabic: اقريطش < (της) Κρήτης), but after the Emirate of Crete's establishment of its new capital at ربض الخندق Rabḍ al-Ḫandaq (modern Iraklion), both the city and the island became known as Χάνδαξ (Khandhax) or Χάνδακας (Khandhakas), which gave Latin and Venetian Candia, from which were derived French Candie and English Candy or Candia. Under Ottoman rule, in Ottoman Turkish, Crete was called Girit (كريت).
- 干尼亞 Chania (Greek: Χανιά, [xaˈɲa], Venetian: Canea, Ottoman Turkish: خانيه Hanya) is the second largest city of Crete and the capital of the Chania regional unit. Chania is the site of the Minoan settlement the Greeks called Kydonia, the source of the word quince. It appears on Linear B as ku-do-ni-ja.[2] Some notable archaeological evidence for the existence of this Minoan city below some parts of today's Chania was found by excavations[3] in the district of Kasteli in the Old Town. This area appears to have been inhabited since the Neolithic era. The city reemerged after the end of the Minoan period as an important city-state in Classical Greece, one whose domain extended from Chania Bay to the feet of the White Mountains.
- people
- Minos Zombanakis is a pivotal figure in the history of the Euromarket. Known in the 1970s simply as "the Greek banker" (he was reckoned to be the only one of any note on the international scene), he was a combination of financial visionary, smooth salesman and masterful self-promoter. As one rather hostile magazine article remarked about his assault on the syndicated loans market: "It was one part nerve, one part histrionics and several parts pure fluff, but it did the job." When Zombanakis established Manufacturers Hanover in London in 1969, the Eurodollar syndicated loan market was just getting off the ground. But so quick was he to latch onto it that he was subsequently seen as its inventor, even though an international syndicated credit had been put together for Austria at least a year earlier. Zombanakis, however, was certainly the first banker to make full use of syndicated loans. Within a few months he was raising substantial amounts for Iran and Italy, beginning with the ground-breaking $200 million five-year loan to the state-owned financial agency Istituto Mobiliare Italiano (IMI) in 1970, with the interest rate recalculated every six months at 0.75% above the prevailing interbank rate.Minos Zombanakis was born in 1926 at Chania, on the north coast of Crete, where his parents farmed 100 acres (he still spends three months there each summer, and distributes two tonnes of his home-grown olive oil to friends each year). https://www.euromoney.com/article/b1320g91cbd9pm/minos-zombanakis-chairman-group-for-international-study-evaluation
- obit ft 19jan19
- A double-headed Minoan pelekus https://www.quora.com/Given-the-name-%E1%BC%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82-Anc%C3%A6us-and-the-word-%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%85%CF%82-axe-labrys-what-is-the-way-to-say-Anc%C3%A6us-axe-in-Ancient-Greek-but-transliterated-to
- language
- https://www.quora.com/What-language-did-the-Minoans-speak-on-ancient-Crete-If-they-didnt-speak-archaic-Greek-did-they-speak-a-non-Indo-European-language-maybe-Semitic
- art
- the karpathos lady (limestone sculpture)
*******埃维亚岛，又译优卑亚岛Euboea or Evia[1] (Greek: Εύβοια, Évia, [ˈevia]; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, Eúboia, [eúboja]) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. Euboea was known by other names in antiquity, such as Macris (Μάκρις) and Doliche (Δολίχη) from its elongated shape, or Ellopia, Aonia and Abantis from the tribes inhabiting it.[4] Its ancient and current name, Εὔβοια, derives from the words εὖ "good", and βοῦς "ox", meaning "(the land of) the well(-fed) oxen".In the Middle Ages, the island was often referred to by Byzantine authors by the name of its capital, Chalcis (Χαλκίς) or Euripos (Εὔριπος, the name of the strait that separates the island from the Greek mainland), although the ancient name Euboea remained in use by classicizing authors until the 16th century.The phrase στὸν Εὔριπον 'to Evripos', rebracketed as στὸ Νεὔριπον 'to Nevripos', became Negroponte ("Black Bridge") in Italian by folk etymology, the ponte 'bridge' being interpreted as the bridge of Chalcis. This name was most relevant when the island was under Venetian rule.[5] That name entered common use in the West in the 13th century,[6] with other variants being Egripons, Negripo, and Negropont.Under Ottoman rule, the island and its capital were known as Eğriboz or Ağriboz, again after the Euripos strait.
基西拉島Kythira (/kɪˈθiːrə/, /ˈkɪθɪrə/; Greek: Κύθηρα, [ˈciθira], also transliterated as Cythera, Kythera and Kithira) is an island in Greece lying opposite the south-eastern tip of the Peloponnesepeninsula.Kythira and the nearby island of Antikythirawere separate municipalities until they were merged at the 2011 local government reform; the two islands are now municipal units of Kythira municipality.[3] The municipality has an area of 300.023 km2, the municipal unit 279.593 km2.[4] The province of Kythira (Greek: Επαρχία Κυθήρων) was one of the provinces of Lakonia, then of Argolis and Korinthia, then of Attica Prefecture from 1929 to 1964. Then from 1964 to 1972 Kythira became part of newly establishment Piraeus Prefecture and after dissolution of Piraeus prefecture returned to Attica Prefecture as part of Piraeus prefecture (Νομαρχία). It was abolished in 2006. From 2011 it is part of the Islands regional unit of Attica region.
Kythira had a Phoenician colony in the early archaic age; the sea-snail which produces Tyrian purple is native to the island.[citation needed]Xenophon refers to a Phoenician Bay in Kythira (Hellenica 4.8.7, probably Avlemonas Bay on the eastern side of the island). The archaic Greek city of Kythira was at Scandea on Avlemonas; its ruins have been excavated. Its acropolis, now Palicastro (Palaeocastron, "Old Fort"), has the temple of Aphrodite Ourania, who may well represent a Phoenician cult of Astarte.
- Botticelli's The Birth of Venus and other similarly themed paintings show the goddess Venus arriving either at the shore of Kythira or Cyprus, as classical mythology identifies both islands as her birthplace.
步入二○二一年，又邁進一個紀念多位藝術大師的年份。今年不僅是「天才代言人」沃爾夫岡．阿瑪德烏斯．莫扎特逝世二百三十周年，還是洛可可繪畫風格奠基人讓．安東．華托逝世三百周年。儘管相隔半個世紀的二人生前並無任何交集，但各大唱片公司卻經常將華托的畫作用於莫扎特唱片的封面。究其原因，源於莫扎特輕盈優美、華貴典雅的曲風與華托所獨創的描繪貴族在唯美自然環境中休憩調情的「雅宴畫」所傳遞出的氛圍一拍即合。就比如，由法國埃拉托（ERATO）唱片公司於一九七八年灌錄並發行，阿蘭‧隆巴德指揮斯特拉斯堡愛樂樂團、新西蘭著名女高音卡納娃獻唱的莫扎特後期喜歌劇《女人皆如此》（又譯為《女人心》），其封面就使用了華托的成名作《舟發西苔島》。 一七一七年，力求成為法國皇家繪畫雕塑學院會員的華托向評審團呈上了他的「入會申請」——《舟發西苔島》。在一個如詩般恬淡朦朧的自然環境中，巴黎的貴族們正成雙入對地結伴登船離開象徵「自由愛情」的女神維納斯誕生地——位於希臘境內的西苔島。儘管畫名包含啟程之意，但畫面左側鍍金貢多拉船頭上方飛翔的丘比特、右側樹林中盤繞着玫瑰的維納斯半身像，以及出雙入對的情侶們則似乎意指他們已在島上邂逅夢寐以求的愛情並正欲踏上歸途。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237141/2021/0106/539089.html
- Europe's largest migrant camp, Moria, has been devastated by massive fires that broke out early Wednesday at the overcrowded site on Greece's Lesbos island. Greek authorities believe that the fires were started by Moria camp residents expressing "dissatisfaction" with coronavirus-related lockdown measures. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/09/europe/greece-lesbos-fires-intl/index.html
卡拉马塔 Kalamata (Greek: Καλαμάτα Kalamáta) is the second most populous city of the Peloponnese peninsula, after Patras, in southern Greece and the largest city of the homonymous administrative region.The modern name Kalamáta is a corruption of the older name Καλάμαι, Kalámai, "reeds"[citation needed]. The phonetic similarity of Kalamáta with the phrase "kalá mátia" ("good eyes") has led to various folk etymologies.Kalamata's Chamber of Commerce is the second-oldest in the Mediterranean after Marseille. Kalamata is well known for its black Kalamata olives. Karelia Tobacco Company has been in operation in Kalamata since 1888.
科斯岛 Kos or Cos (/kɒs/; Greek: Κως [kos]) is a Greek island, part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea. Kos is the third largest island of the Dodecanese by area, after Rhodes and Karpathos; The name Kos (Ancient Greek: Κῶς, genitive Κῶ) is first attested in the Iliad, and has been in continuous use since. Other ancient names include Meropis,[4] Cea,[5] and Nymphaea. In many Romance languages, Kos was formerly known as Stancho, Stanchio, or Stinco, and in Ottoman and modern Turkish it is known as İstanköy, all from the reinterpretation of the Greek expression εις την Κω 'to Kos';[7] cf. the similar Istanbul and Stimpoli, Crete. Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes, it was known as Lango or Langò, presumably because of its length.[8][9] In The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, the author misunderstands this and treats Lango and Kos as distinct islands. In Italian, the island is known as Coo. A person from Kos is called a "Koan" in English. The word is also an adjective, as in "Koan goods".
- [the general history of chinese silk published by soochow university press] pliny mentioned that there was a special type of 蛾丝 in the island
macedonia
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Greek-population-now-living-in-the-Greek-region-of-Macedonia-come-from
Milos or Melos (/ˈmɛlɒs,
Nea Makri (Greek: Νέα Μάκρη) is a town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Marathon, of which it is a municipal unit.The area was once known as Plesti, but following the 1922 Greek military disaster in Asia Minor and the subsequent repatriation of Greeks from the town of Makri, it was renamed Nea Makri (New Makri).The United States Navy operated a HF radio communications base north of Nea Makri from the mid to the late 20th century.
oropos
卡拉马塔 Kalamata (Greek: Καλαμάτα Kalamáta) is the second most populous city of the Peloponnese peninsula, after Patras, in southern Greece and the largest city of the homonymous administrative region.The modern name Kalamáta is a corruption of the older name Καλάμαι, Kalámai, "reeds"[citation needed]. The phonetic similarity of Kalamáta with the phrase "kalá mátia" ("good eyes") has led to various folk etymologies.Kalamata's Chamber of Commerce is the second-oldest in the Mediterranean after Marseille. Kalamata is well known for its black Kalamata olives. Karelia Tobacco Company has been in operation in Kalamata since 1888.
科斯岛 Kos or Cos (/kɒs/; Greek: Κως [kos]) is a Greek island, part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea. Kos is the third largest island of the Dodecanese by area, after Rhodes and Karpathos; The name Kos (Ancient Greek: Κῶς, genitive Κῶ) is first attested in the Iliad, and has been in continuous use since. Other ancient names include Meropis,[4] Cea,[5] and Nymphaea. In many Romance languages, Kos was formerly known as Stancho, Stanchio, or Stinco, and in Ottoman and modern Turkish it is known as İstanköy, all from the reinterpretation of the Greek expression εις την Κω 'to Kos';[7] cf. the similar Istanbul and Stimpoli, Crete. Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes, it was known as Lango or Langò, presumably because of its length.[8][9] In The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, the author misunderstands this and treats Lango and Kos as distinct islands. In Italian, the island is known as Coo. A person from Kos is called a "Koan" in English. The word is also an adjective, as in "Koan goods".
- [the general history of chinese silk published by soochow university press] pliny mentioned that there was a special type of 蛾丝 in the island
macedonia
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Greek-population-now-living-in-the-Greek-region-of-Macedonia-come-from
Milos or Melos (/ˈmɛlɒs,
纳克索斯岛 Naxos (/ˈnæksɒs, -soʊs/; Greek: Νάξος, pronounced [ˈnaksos]) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern time was one of the best abrasives available. The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City, with 6,533 inhabitants (2001 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glynado.According to Greek mythology, the young Zeus was raised in a cave on Mt. Zas ("Zas" meaning "Zeus"). Homer mentions "Dia"; literally the sacred island "of the Goddess"纳克索斯岛于公元前20世纪开始出现居民，前后为爱奥尼亚人、波斯人、威尼斯人以及土耳其人殖民。在波斯人统治下发生的纳克索斯起义是第一次希波战争的导火索。
Nea Makri (Greek: Νέα Μάκρη) is a town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Marathon, of which it is a municipal unit.The area was once known as Plesti, but following the 1922 Greek military disaster in Asia Minor and the subsequent repatriation of Greeks from the town of Makri, it was renamed Nea Makri (New Makri).The United States Navy operated a HF radio communications base north of Nea Makri from the mid to the late 20th century.
oropos
- 希臘首都雅典馬拉卡薩（Malakasa）難民營，周日出現首宗新冠肺炎死亡個案https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200929/00180_025.html
伯罗奔尼撒 The Peloponnese (/ˈpɛləpəˌniːz/) or Peloponnesus (/ˌpɛləpəˈniːsəs/; Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Peloponnisos [peloˈponisos]) is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridge which separates the Gulf of Corinth from the Saronic Gulf. During the late Middle Ages and the Ottoman era, the peninsula was known as the Morea (Byzantine Greek: Μωρέας), a name still in colloquial use in its demotic form (Greek: Μωριάς).
The peninsula is divided among three administrative regions: most belongs to the Peloponnese region, with smaller parts belonging to the West Greece and Attica regions.
Pylos ((UK: /ˈpaɪlɒs/, US: /ˈpaɪloʊs/; Greek: Πύλος), historically also known under its Italian name Navarino, is a town and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylos-Nestoras, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It was the capital of the former Pylia Province. Pylos has a long history, having been inhabited since Neolithic times. It was a significant kingdom in Mycenaean Greece, with remains of the so-called "Palace of Nestor" excavated nearby, named after Nestor, the king of Pylos in Homer's Iliad. In Classical times, the site was uninhabited, but became the site of the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Pylos is scarcely mentioned thereafter until the 13th century, when it became part of the Frankish Principality of Achaea. Increasingly known by its French name of Port-de-Jonc or its Italian name Navarino, in the 1280s the Franks built the Old Navarino castle on the site. Pylos came under the control of the Republic of Venice from 1417 until 1500, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans used Pylos and its bay as a naval base, and built the New Navarino fortress there. The area remained under Ottoman control, with the exception of a brief period of renewed Venetian rule in 1685–1715 and a Russian occupation in 1770–71, until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt recovered it for the Ottomans in 1825, but the defeat of the Turco-Egyptian fleet in the 1827 Battle of Navarino forced Ibrahim to withdraw from the Peloponnese and confirmed Greek independence.
Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos [ˈroðos]) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of land area and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean administrative region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes. Rhodes' nickname is The island of the Knights, named after the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who once conquered the land. The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews. Under Ottoman rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel. Austria opened a post-office at RHODUS (Venetian name) before 1864, as witnessed by stamps with Franz-Josef head. In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks during the Italo-Turkish War. The island's population thus bypassed many of the events associated with the "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. After World War I, the island, together with the rest of the Dodecanese, was officially assigned to Italy in the Treaty of Lausanne. It then became the core of their possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo. Following the Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island with the Battle of Rhodes. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign.The Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were members of Turkish citizens' families. On 8 May 1945 the Germans under Otto Wagener surrendered Rhodes as well as the Dodecanese as a whole to the British, who soon after then occupied the islands as a military protectorate. In 1947, Rhodes, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, was united with Greece. In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
- The Colossus of Rhodes /roʊdz/ (Ancient Greek: ὁ Κολοσσὸς Ῥόδιος ho Kolossòs Rhódios) was a statue of the Greek titan-god of the sun Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, whose son unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC. According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 cubits, or 33 metres (108 feet) high—the approximate height of the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown—making it the tallest statue of the ancient world. It was destroyed during the earthquake of 226 BC, and never rebuilt. As of 2015, there are tentative plans to build a new Colossus at Rhodes Harbour, although the actual location of the original remains in dispute.
- In the late 4th century BC, Rhodes, allied with Ptolemy I of Egypt, prevented a mass invasion staged by their common enemy, Antigonus I Monophthalmus. In 304 BC a relief force of ships sent by Ptolemy arrived, and Demetrius (son of Antigonus) and his army abandoned the siege, leaving behind most of their siege equipment. [according to the ancient top 10 tv series, the seize equipment is helepolis which is a multi-storey structure with capacity of housing some 3000 people] To celebrate their victory, the Rhodians sold the equipment left behind for 300 talents and decided to use the money to build a colossal statue of their patron god, Helios. Construction was left to the direction of Chares, a native of Lindos in Rhodes, who had been involved with large-scale statues before. His teacher, the sculptor Lysippos, had constructed a 22-metre-high (72-foot)[6] bronze statue of Zeus at Tarentum.
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Colossus-of-Rhodes-actually-exist-Was-it-really-an-ancient-wonder-of-the-world
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-Colossus-of-Rhodes-made-out-of
Rio (and its older form Rhion) derives from the Greek ῥίον (rhion), generally meaning "jutting part",[4] perhaps from ῥίς (rhis), meaning "nose", but also "spur of land".[5]The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek 𐀪𐀍, ri-jo, written in Linear Bsyllabic script.The site of Rio has been a strategic point since antiquity. Early 19th century, there stood an old Turkish castle (the "Castle of the Morea") at the cape, with a small settlement outside its walls.
萨拉米斯岛The traditional etymology of Salamis derives it from the eponymous nymph Salamis, the mother of Cychreus, the legendary first king of the island. A more modern theory considers "Salamis" to come from the root sal 'salt' and -amis 'middle'; thus Salamis would be the place amid salt water.[2] Some scholars connect it to the Semitic root Š-L-M 'health, safety, peace', because of the well-sheltered harbor.From at least the 13th century until the 19th century, the town, the island, and the bay of Salamis were called Koulouri (Κούλουρη), because of its round shape (κόλουρο). The ancient name was revived in the 19th century.[5] The name Koulouri is still used informally for the town.Salamis was probably first colonised by Aegina and later occupied by Megara, but became an Athenian possession in the time of Solon or Peisistratos, following the war between Athens and Megara around 600 BC.[6] According to Strabo, the ancient capital was at the south of the island; in classical times it was to the east, on the Kamatero Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Salamis; in modern times it is on the west.According to Homer's Iliad, Salamis took part in the Trojan War with twelve ships under the leadership of Ajax (Aias).Salamis island is known for the Battle of Salamis, the decisive naval victory of the allied Greek fleet, led by Themistocles, over the Persian Empire in 480 BC. It is said to be the birthplace of Ajax and Euripides, the latter's birth being popularly placed on the day of the battle. In modern times, it is home to Salamis Naval Base, headquarters for the Hellenic Navy.The oldest known counting board was discovered on Salamis Island in 1899.
- economist 10oct2020 selling salamis
溫泉關（古希臘語：Θερμοπύλαι，拉丁化：Thermopylae；現代希臘語：Θερμοπύλες，拉丁化：Thermopyles），或音譯德摩比利，意為「熱的入口」、「熾熱的門」 Thermopylae (/θərˈmɒpɪliː/; Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Θερμοπύλαι (Thermopylai) [tʰermopýlai], Demotic Greek (Greek): Θερμοπύλες, (Thermopyles) [θermoˈpiles]; "hot gates") is a place in Greece where a narrow coastal passage existed in antiquity. It derives its name from its hot sulphur springs.[1] The Hot Gates is "the place of hot springs" and in Greek mythology it is the cavernous entrances to Hades". Thermopylae is world-famous for the battle that took place there between the Greek forces (notably the Spartans) and the invading Persianforces, commemorated by Simonides in the famous epitaph, "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, That here obedient to their laws we lie." Thermopylae is the only land route large enough to bear any significant traffic between Lokris and Thessaly. This passage from north to south along the east coast of the Balkan peninsula requires use of the pass and for this reason Thermopylae has been the site of several battles. In ancient times it was called Malis which was named after the Malians (Ancient Greek: Μαλιεῖς), a Greek tribe that lived near present-day Lamiaat the delta of the river, Spercheios in Greece. The Malian Gulf is also named after them. In the western valley of the Spercheios their land was adjacent to the Aenianes. Their main town was named Trachis. In the town of Anthela, the Malians had an important temple of Demeter, an early center of the Anthelan Amphictiony.
- ??An ancient Amphictyony, probably the earliest centered on the cult of Demeter at Anthele or Anthela (Ἀνθήλη), which lay on the coast of Malis south of Thessaly. This was the locality of Thermopylae. Thus those living near the temple were called Amphictyones ("dwellers-round"). The immediate "dwellers-round", presumably the first members, were the small states Aeniania, Malis and Doris. Certainly Thessaly did have a share including the states of the Boeotian tribes who lived around Thessaly (perioikoi, "living around"). Boeotia and Phocis, the most remote of them may have joined during or after the "First Sacred War", which led to the defeat of the old priesthood, and to a new control of the prosperity of the oracle at Delphi. As a result of the war, the Anthelan body was known henceforth as the Delphic Amphictyony and became the official overseer and military defender of the Delphic cult. The name of Hellenes, which was originally the name of a Boeotian tribe in Thessalic Phthia, (Achaea Phthiotis) may likely be related to the members of that league and may have been broadened to refer to all Greeks when the myth of their patriarch Hellen was invented.Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki [θesaloˈnici] ), also familiarly known as Thessalonica or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.[4][5] Its nickname is η Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévousa), literally "the co-capital",[6] a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa) or "co-reigning" city of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, alongside Constantinople.
- The original name of the city was Θεσσαλονίκη Thessaloníkē. It was named after princess Thessalonike of Macedon, the half sister of Alexander the Great, whose name means "Thessalian victory", from Θεσσαλός 'Thessalos', and Νίκη 'victory' (Nike), honoring the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352 BCE). Minor variants are also found, including Θετταλονίκη Thettaloníkē,[17][18] Θεσσαλονίκεια Thessaloníkeia, Θεσσαλονείκη Thessaloneíkē, and Θεσσαλονικέων Thessalonikéōn. The name Σαλονίκη Saloníkē is first attested in Greek in the Chronicle of the Morea (14th century), and is common in folk songs, but it must have originated earlier, as al-Idrisi called it Salunik already in the 12th century. It is the basis for the city's name in other languages: Солѹнь (Solun) in Old Church Slavonic, סלוניקה (Salonika) in Ladino, Selânik سلانیك in Ottoman Turkish and Selanik in modern Turkish, Solun or Солун in the local and neighboring South Slavic languages, Салоники (Saloníki) in Russian, and Sãrunã in Aromanian, and Salonica or Salonika in English. Thessaloniki was revived as the city's official name in 1912, when it joined the Kingdom of Greece during the Balkan Wars. In local speech, the city's name is typically pronounced with a dark and deep L characteristic of Modern Macedonian accent. The name is often abbreviated as Θεσ/νίκη.
- The Sack of Thessalonica in 1185 by Normans of the Kingdom of Sicily was one of the worst disasters to befall the Byzantine Empire in the 12th century. David Komnenos, the governor of the city had neglected to make sufficient preparations for the siege, and even forbade sallies by the defenders to disrupt the Norman siege works. The Byzantine relief armies failed to coordinate their efforts, and only two forces, under Theodore Choumnos and John Maurozomes, actually came to the city's aid. In the event, the Normans undermined the city's eastern wall, opening a breach through which they entered the city. The conquest degenerated quickly into a full-scale massacre of the city's inhabitants, some 7,000 corpses being found afterwards. The siege is extensively chronicled by the city's archbishop, Eustathius of Thessalonica, who was present in the city during and after the siege. The Normans occupied Thessalonica until mid-November, when, following their defeat at the Battle of Demetritzes, they evacuated it. Coming on the heels of the usurper Andronikos Komnenos's massacre of the Latins in Constantinople in 1182, the massacre of the Thessalonians by the Normans deepened the rift between the Latins and the East. It also directly led to the deposition and execution of the unpopular Andronikos I Komnenos by the Latins and the rise to the throne of Isaac II Angelos.
- according to michael portillo's series on railways, Sephardic Jews immigrated to Greece from the Iberian Peninsula following their expulsion from Spain by the 1492 Alhambra Decree.
- Thessaloniki was the capital of the Sanjak of Selanik within the wider Rumeli Eyalet (Balkans)[89] until 1826, and subsequently the capital of Selanik Eyalet (after 1867, the Selanik Vilayet).[90][91] This consisted of the sanjaks of Selanik, Serres and Drama between 1826 and 1912.
- Xanthi (Greek: Ξάνθη, Xánthi, [ˈksanθi]) is a city in Thrace, northeastern Greece. It is the capital of the Xanthi regional unit of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace.Amphitheatrically built on the foot of Rhodope mountain chain, the city is divided by the Kosynthos River, into the west part, where the old and the modern town are located, and the east part that boasts a rich natural environment. The "Old Town of Xanthi" is known throughout Greece for its distinctive architecture, combining many Byzantine Greek churches with neoclassical mansions of Greek merchants from the 18th and 19th centuries and Ottoman-era mosques.[1] Other landmarks in Xanthi include the Archaeological Museum of Abdera and the Greek Folk Art Museum.Xanthi is famous throughout Greece (especially Macedonia and Thrace) for its annual spring carnival[1] (Greek: καρναβάλι) . 克桑西（希臘語：Ξάνθη）是希腊东马其顿和色雷斯大区克桑西州的首府，居民多为土耳其人。巴尔干战争期间曾被保加利亚占领，直到第一次世界大战结束后，保加利亚战败，该地划归希腊。
- Xanthi (Greek: Ξάνθη, Xánthi, [ˈksanθi]) is a city in Thrace, northeastern Greece. It is the capital of the Xanthi regional unit of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace.Amphitheatrically built on the foot of Rhodope mountain chain, the city is divided by the Kosynthos River, into the west part, where the old and the modern town are located, and the east part that boasts a rich natural environment. The "Old Town of Xanthi" is known throughout Greece for its distinctive architecture, combining many Byzantine Greek churches with neoclassical mansions of Greek merchants from the 18th and 19th centuries and Ottoman-era mosques.[1] Other landmarks in Xanthi include the Archaeological Museum of Abdera and the Greek Folk Art Museum.Xanthi is famous throughout Greece (especially Macedonia and Thrace) for its annual spring carnival[1] (Greek: καρναβάλι) . 克桑西（希臘語：Ξάνθη）是希腊东马其顿和色雷斯大区克桑西州的首府，居民多为土耳其人。巴尔干战争期间曾被保加利亚占领，直到第一次世界大战结束后，保加利亚战败，该地划归希腊。
- in film "hotel meina", salonica and krakow were mentioned as crammed places for locking up jews
- The Lapiths (/ˈlæpɪθs/; Ancient Greek: Λαπίθαι) are a legendary people of Greek mythology, whose home was in Thessaly, in the valley of the Peneus and on the mountain Pelion.They were an Aeolian tribe. Like the Myrmidons and other Thessalian tribes, the Lapiths were natives of Thessaly. The genealogies make them a kindred people with the Centaurs: in one version, Lapithes (Λαπίθης) and Centaurus (Κένταυρος) were said to be twin sons of the god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe, daughter of the river god Peneus. Lapithes was a valiant warrior, but Centaurus was a deformed being who later mated with mares from whom the race of half-man, half-horse Centaurs then came. Lapithes was the eponymous ancestor of the Lapith people, and his descendants include Lapith warriors and kings, such as Ixion, Pirithous, Caeneus, and Coronus, and the seers Idmon and Mopsus.
- note the rotonda which is still in use
- *********lamouri as a formerly Turkish village in the district of Sohos, near Thessalonica, based on the 1914 Census. (Οι τουρκικές συνοικίες-χωριά και ο τουρκικός πληθυσμός της υποδιοίκησης Λαγκαδά κατά το έτος 1914); Makedonika Vol. 32 (1999–2000). It’s one of the very few villages whose Turkish name is not given.As Efi Kalamboukidou's answer has identified, the village of Flamouri was abandoned in 1947. This blog article says that it was abandoned in 1947–49, and has reminiscences of what it looked like in 1961 (and of the one villager, “Seven Heads”, who refused to leave, and who spoke in Pontic—the dialect of the Greek refugees who settled the village when it was abandoned by the Turks).The Greek Communist newspaper Rizospastis records the death of a Kostas Tsarouchas in Flamouri in 1947; the village was clearly abandoned during the Greek Civil War.Querent Batuhan Kamis, who lives in a village resettled by refugees from Ihlamur, offers a map identifying Ihlamur and Flamouri, but is uncertain how reliable it is. (Ihlamur Köyü is merely Turkish for “village of Ihlamur.”)Here’s where I come in. Flamouri in Greek is the herbal tea made from the flowers of the linden tree, Tilia cordata, or the tree itself. It is derived from Latin flammula “little flame”.Ihlamur is the Turkish borrowing of flamouri. It means “flag” (which is now Greek flamburo, but is also derived from flammula). It also means “linden tree flower”: “çiçekleri tıpta kullanılan bir ağaç, tilia”.https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-find-my-ancestor-s-village-in-Langadas-Thessaloniki-I-know-it-was-called-Ihlamur-K%C3%B6y%C3%BC-today-maybe-it-s-Flamouri
- *****IRA doesn’t stand for the Irish Republican Army, but it’s the abbreviated form of Iraklis, a Latinized form of the Greek name Ἡρακλῆς (Heracles, Hercules). Heracles F.C. is one of the oldest and most historical football clubs in Thessaloniki, although nowadays it’s often overshadowed by PAOK F.C. and Ares F.C.Graffiti about football are very common in Thessaloniki. Often, they are accompanied by the number of the gate of the “ultras,” which is 4 for PAOK F.C., 3 for Ares F.C., and 10 for Heracles F.C. Slogans or slurs like ACAB are often part of the graffiti as well. You can also notice the colors: black and white for PAOK F.C., yellow and black for Ares F.C., and blue and white for Heracles F.C. The latter’s logo is the one below.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-citizens-of-Thessaloniki-care-so-much-about-the-politics-of-Ireland-and-why-are-they-so-supportive-of-the-Irish-Republican-Army-I-recently-visited-Thessaloniki-Greece-and-I-was-surprised-to-find-many
- ???gardasi
- people- The Lapiths (/ˈlæpɪθs/; Ancient Greek: Λαπίθαι) are a legendary people of Greek mythology, whose home was in Thessaly, in the valley of the Peneus and on the mountain Pelion.They were an Aeolian tribe. Like the Myrmidons and other Thessalian tribes, the Lapiths were natives of Thessaly. The genealogies make them a kindred people with the Centaurs: in one version, Lapithes (Λαπίθης) and Centaurus (Κένταυρος) were said to be twin sons of the god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe, daughter of the river god Peneus. Lapithes was a valiant warrior, but Centaurus was a deformed being who later mated with mares from whom the race of half-man, half-horse Centaurs then came. Lapithes was the eponymous ancestor of the Lapith people, and his descendants include Lapith warriors and kings, such as Ixion, Pirithous, Caeneus, and Coronus, and the seers Idmon and Mopsus.
- note the rotonda which is still in use
- *********lamouri as a formerly Turkish village in the district of Sohos, near Thessalonica, based on the 1914 Census. (Οι τουρκικές συνοικίες-χωριά και ο τουρκικός πληθυσμός της υποδιοίκησης Λαγκαδά κατά το έτος 1914); Makedonika Vol. 32 (1999–2000). It’s one of the very few villages whose Turkish name is not given.As Efi Kalamboukidou's answer has identified, the village of Flamouri was abandoned in 1947. This blog article says that it was abandoned in 1947–49, and has reminiscences of what it looked like in 1961 (and of the one villager, “Seven Heads”, who refused to leave, and who spoke in Pontic—the dialect of the Greek refugees who settled the village when it was abandoned by the Turks).The Greek Communist newspaper Rizospastis records the death of a Kostas Tsarouchas in Flamouri in 1947; the village was clearly abandoned during the Greek Civil War.Querent Batuhan Kamis, who lives in a village resettled by refugees from Ihlamur, offers a map identifying Ihlamur and Flamouri, but is uncertain how reliable it is. (Ihlamur Köyü is merely Turkish for “village of Ihlamur.”)Here’s where I come in. Flamouri in Greek is the herbal tea made from the flowers of the linden tree, Tilia cordata, or the tree itself. It is derived from Latin flammula “little flame”.Ihlamur is the Turkish borrowing of flamouri. It means “flag” (which is now Greek flamburo, but is also derived from flammula). It also means “linden tree flower”: “çiçekleri tıpta kullanılan bir ağaç, tilia”.https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-find-my-ancestor-s-village-in-Langadas-Thessaloniki-I-know-it-was-called-Ihlamur-K%C3%B6y%C3%BC-today-maybe-it-s-Flamouri
- *****IRA doesn’t stand for the Irish Republican Army, but it’s the abbreviated form of Iraklis, a Latinized form of the Greek name Ἡρακλῆς (Heracles, Hercules). Heracles F.C. is one of the oldest and most historical football clubs in Thessaloniki, although nowadays it’s often overshadowed by PAOK F.C. and Ares F.C.Graffiti about football are very common in Thessaloniki. Often, they are accompanied by the number of the gate of the “ultras,” which is 4 for PAOK F.C., 3 for Ares F.C., and 10 for Heracles F.C. Slogans or slurs like ACAB are often part of the graffiti as well. You can also notice the colors: black and white for PAOK F.C., yellow and black for Ares F.C., and blue and white for Heracles F.C. The latter’s logo is the one below.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-citizens-of-Thessaloniki-care-so-much-about-the-politics-of-Ireland-and-why-are-they-so-supportive-of-the-Irish-Republican-Army-I-recently-visited-Thessaloniki-Greece-and-I-was-surprised-to-find-many
- ???gardasi
- https://www.quora.com/If-Athens-hadnt-been-made-the-capital-of-modern-Greece-would-Thessaloniki-be-the-most-important-city-in-Greece-today The Q comes from a foreigner and not a gardasi? (Thessalonikians call each other that).
- note that there is a hpv vaccine called gardasil
- Katerina Sakellaropoulou (Greek: Κατερίνα Σακελλαροπούλου; born 30 May 1956) is the President-elect of Greece, expected to take office on 13 March 2020.[1] She was elected to succeed the current head of state, Prokopis Pavlopoulos, by the Hellenic Parliament on 22 January 2020. Prior to her election, she had served as President of the Council of State, the highest administrative court of Greece, since October 2018.Sakellaropoulou was born in Thessaloniki. Her family comes from Stavroupoli, Xanthi, a town in Xanthi prefecture.
- some sources added "e" before katerina - e.g. french and turkish wiki versions, oriental daily
维尔吉纳 Vergina (Greek: Βεργίνα [verˈʝina]) is a small town in northern Greece, part of Veroia municipality in Imathia, Central Macedonia. Vergina was established in 1922 in the aftermath of the population exchanges after the Treaty of Lausanne and was a separate municipality until 2011, when it was merged with Veroia under the Kallikratis Plan. It is now a municipal unit within Veroia, with an area 69.047 km2. Vergina is best known as the site of ancient Aigai (Αἰγαί, Latinized Aegae), the first capital of Macedon. It was there when in 336 BC Philip II was assassinated in the theatre and Alexander the Great was proclaimed king. The ancient site was discovered in 1976 and excavated under the leadership of archaeologist Manolis Andronikos. The excavation unearthed the burial sites of many kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great, which, unlike so many other tombs, had not been disturbed or looted. It is also the site of an extensive royal palace. Æges1 forme francisée du grec ancien : Αἰγαί, Aigaí, en latin Aegae, Aegaeae ou Aegīae, fut la première capitale du royaume de Macédoine, avant d'être supplantée par Pella.
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If you visit the Greek town of Vergina in (the real) Macedonia, you will find the burial mound of Phillip, king of the Macedons, father of Alexander.As you wander through it's eerie interior you will witness dozens of tombstones. Upon those tombstones the writing is all in Greek. All of it without exception.https://www.quora.com/Since-there-is-a-claim-that-Macedonian-was-a-separated-language-from-Greek-why-is-there-not-a-single-inscription-in-that-language-Thracians-did-use-the-Greek-script-to-write-their-own-language-why-Macedonians-did
Association
- The Institute of Energy for South East Europe (IENE) was founded in 2003 by a small group of independent professionals and business executives active in the energysector of the region. The Institute, which has its headquarters in Athens, Greece, is a nongovernmental and nonprofit organization.www.iene.eu
- maritime
- institute of chartered shipbrokers
- member dionysios tsilioris letter to ft 26mar2021 "6-day war is no model for suez canal blockage"
- Kastorian Fur Association
- Hellenic Association of Furriers
- agriculture
- The Coalition of the Radical Left (Greek: Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς, romanized: Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás), mostly known by the syllabic abbreviation Syriza (/ˈsɪərɪzə/, sometimes stylised SYRIZA.; Greek: ΣΥΡΙΖΑ [ˈsiriza]; a pun on the Greek adverb σύρριζα, meaning "from the roots" or "radically")[18] is a political party in Greece originally founded in 2004 as a coalition of left-wing and radical left parties. It is the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, with party chairman Alexis Tsipras serving as Prime Minister of Greece from 26 January 2015 to 20 August 2015 and from 21 September 2015 to present. The party colours are red (left-wing politics), green (green politics) and purple (feminism and other social movements).
Company
- Piraeus Bank
- Aegean Marine Petroleum Network Inc. known as just Aegean Marine Petroleum or AMPNI is a Greek company focusing on petroleum refining and trading. Aegean Marine Petroleum is one of the largest independent fuel suppliers in the world. The headquarters are in Piraeus, Greece.
- The Athens-Macedonian News Agency (AMNA) (Greek: Αθηναϊκό-Μακεδονικό Πρακτορείο Ειδήσεων, AΜΠΕ) is a Greece-based news service. It is a public entity anonymous company. It was founded in 2008 as the Athens News Agency - Macedonian Press Agency S.A.(ANA-MPA SA), under a presidential decree which merged the Athens News Agency (ANA SA) and the Macedonian Press Agency (MPA SA). The company has a nine-member board of directors, of which the majority (five members) comprises representatives of the Journalists' Union of the Athens Daily Newspapers (ESIEA), the Macedonia-Thrace Union of Journalists (ESIEMTH), the Athens Union of Daily Newspaper Owners, the University of Athens (and on rotation every three years the University of Thessaloniki and the Panteion University), as well as a representative of the workforce, who is elected by all the company’s staff members.
- The Lambrakis Press Group S.A. (Greek: Δημοσιογραφικός Οργανισμός Λαμπράκη, ΔΟΛ) is a Greek media company.Since 1957, it has been controlled by Christos Lambrakis and has played a dominant role in Greek publishing and Greek politics, especially through its flagship newspapers, To Vima and Ta Nea. The group also owns the news portal In.gr, the radio station Vima Fm 99.5 and the magazines MarieClaire, Cosmopolitan and Vita.In July 2017, a Greek first-instance court confirmed that the group would be acquired by Alter Ego Media S.A., a company including the media assets of Greek businessman Evangelos Marinakis. The court approval for the transfer ownership of DOL to Alter Ego followed the latter's success as the highest bidder in an auction process held earlier in 2017.
Trade and investment environment
- stake of foreign companies ft 2jul2015
Tax
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5c1a4428-9fab-11e4-9a74-00144feab7de.html Aspasia Glynou has endured a barrage of pension cuts and tax increases during Greece’s six-year recession in which her monthly income has fallen by almost half. But a property tax pushed through by Greece’s coalition government and then made permanent is more than the 68-year-old Athenian widow and conservative voter can bear. That is why she intends to vote for Syriza in Sunday’s election, and one reason why the leftwing opposition party, which has promised to abolish the tax, is poised to win power.
- The VAT rise, demanded by Greece's lenders in return for a rescue deal, forced the restaurant where Giokas works to push up the price of souvlaki - wrapped in flatbread with salad and drizzled in tzatziki garlic yogurt - to 2.40 euros ($2.60) from 2.20. While a bargain for well-to-do northern European visitors, for Greeks worn down by years of austerity, the price increase is one more reason not to eat out. "People are counting every cent, not just for souvlakis," Giokas said as he waited for customers, surrounded by empty tables decked in yellow and green tablecloths. Some big, foreign-owned firms will absorb the rise in VAT on processed food and public transport from 13 to 23 percent without passing it on to customers. Other businesses may simply try to dodge paying the tax on some of their sales, a widespread practice that has contributed to Greece's economic problems.http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/20/eurozone-greece-vat-idUSL5N1002AM20150720
Immigration
- Greek union of small & medium fish farming companies
- The Coalition of the Radical Left (Greek: Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς, romanized: Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás), mostly known by the syllabic abbreviation Syriza (/ˈsɪərɪzə/, sometimes stylised SYRIZA.; Greek: ΣΥΡΙΖΑ [ˈsiriza]; a pun on the Greek adverb σύρριζα, meaning "from the roots" or "radically")[18] is a political party in Greece originally founded in 2004 as a coalition of left-wing and radical left parties. It is the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, with party chairman Alexis Tsipras serving as Prime Minister of Greece from 26 January 2015 to 20 August 2015 and from 21 September 2015 to present. The party colours are red (left-wing politics), green (green politics) and purple (feminism and other social movements).
Company
- Piraeus Bank
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3f440f3c-ffd7-11e4-abd5-00144feabdc0.html The crisis-hit Greek banking sector received a rare piece of good news on Thursday as Piraeus Bank announced the disposal of its Egyptian operations to a Kuwaiti rival.
- Aegean Marine Petroleum Network Inc. known as just Aegean Marine Petroleum or AMPNI is a Greek company focusing on petroleum refining and trading. Aegean Marine Petroleum is one of the largest independent fuel suppliers in the world. The headquarters are in Piraeus, Greece.
- Dimitris Melissanidis (Greek: Δημήτρης Μελισσανίδης) born March 8, 1951 in Nikaia, Greece, is a Greek business shipping magnate and oil tycoon who is one of Greece's most successful businessmen.[8] Dimitris Melissanidis who is nicknamed "Tiger" is sometimes described as the largest independent supplier of fuel oil on the planet.[9] He is the founder and ex-owner[3] of Aegean Marine Petroleum Network Inc. which is the largest independent fuel supplier in the world.[10] He also owned the second largest Oil company in Greece, Aegean Oil[9] and leader of AEK Athens F.C.. Melissanidis was born in Nikaia, Greece and was raised in Athens. He is the son of a Pontic refugee, Zoras Melissanidis, active in Pontic affairs, and a deeply respected local political figure prior to his forced move to Athens. Melissanidis began as a businessman in 1975 owning a small driving school in Korydallos area.
- http://regina-foods.gr
- The Athens-Macedonian News Agency (AMNA) (Greek: Αθηναϊκό-Μακεδονικό Πρακτορείο Ειδήσεων, AΜΠΕ) is a Greece-based news service. It is a public entity anonymous company. It was founded in 2008 as the Athens News Agency - Macedonian Press Agency S.A.(ANA-MPA SA), under a presidential decree which merged the Athens News Agency (ANA SA) and the Macedonian Press Agency (MPA SA). The company has a nine-member board of directors, of which the majority (five members) comprises representatives of the Journalists' Union of the Athens Daily Newspapers (ESIEA), the Macedonia-Thrace Union of Journalists (ESIEMTH), the Athens Union of Daily Newspaper Owners, the University of Athens (and on rotation every three years the University of Thessaloniki and the Panteion University), as well as a representative of the workforce, who is elected by all the company’s staff members.
- The Athens News Agency (ANA) is the national news agency of Greece. Founded in 1895 as a private company, the Stefanopoli Telegraphic Agency, the Greek State assumed its subsidisation in 1905, at which time it acquired its present name. In 1994 the ANA became a Societe Anonyme with a 7-member Board of Directors, three of whom are appointed by the government and one each by the journalist unions of Athens and Thessaloniki, the publishers' union and the ANA employees. ANA collaborates with the international news agencies Reuters, Agence France-Presse, DPA, ITAR-TASS and a number of national news agencies, as well as the EPA photograph agency. All the ANA services are on-line, with an estimated 350 news items in Greek and 60-70 items in English updated daily. It also publishes an English 'Electronic Daily News Bulletin' containing all the Greek news. The ANA further has four data banks in Greek—news, biographies of Greek and foreign personalities, election results and sports—and a news bank in English (since 1992).
- The Lambrakis Press Group S.A. (Greek: Δημοσιογραφικός Οργανισμός Λαμπράκη, ΔΟΛ) is a Greek media company.Since 1957, it has been controlled by Christos Lambrakis and has played a dominant role in Greek publishing and Greek politics, especially through its flagship newspapers, To Vima and Ta Nea. The group also owns the news portal In.gr, the radio station Vima Fm 99.5 and the magazines MarieClaire, Cosmopolitan and Vita.In July 2017, a Greek first-instance court confirmed that the group would be acquired by Alter Ego Media S.A., a company including the media assets of Greek businessman Evangelos Marinakis. The court approval for the transfer ownership of DOL to Alter Ego followed the latter's success as the highest bidder in an auction process held earlier in 2017.
- Ta Nea began publishing in 1931 under the title Αθηναϊκά Νέα (Athinaika Nea, Athens News), with the first issue being released on May 28. After the Axis occupation of Greece changed its name simply to "Ta Nea".Ta Nea is also the name of a related Greek Australian newspaper produced in Melbourne by Greek Media Group.
Trade and investment environment
- stake of foreign companies ft 2jul2015
Tax
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5c1a4428-9fab-11e4-9a74-00144feab7de.html Aspasia Glynou has endured a barrage of pension cuts and tax increases during Greece’s six-year recession in which her monthly income has fallen by almost half. But a property tax pushed through by Greece’s coalition government and then made permanent is more than the 68-year-old Athenian widow and conservative voter can bear. That is why she intends to vote for Syriza in Sunday’s election, and one reason why the leftwing opposition party, which has promised to abolish the tax, is poised to win power.
- The VAT rise, demanded by Greece's lenders in return for a rescue deal, forced the restaurant where Giokas works to push up the price of souvlaki - wrapped in flatbread with salad and drizzled in tzatziki garlic yogurt - to 2.40 euros ($2.60) from 2.20. While a bargain for well-to-do northern European visitors, for Greeks worn down by years of austerity, the price increase is one more reason not to eat out. "People are counting every cent, not just for souvlakis," Giokas said as he waited for customers, surrounded by empty tables decked in yellow and green tablecloths. Some big, foreign-owned firms will absorb the rise in VAT on processed food and public transport from 13 to 23 percent without passing it on to customers. Other businesses may simply try to dodge paying the tax on some of their sales, a widespread practice that has contributed to Greece's economic problems.http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/20/eurozone-greece-vat-idUSL5N1002AM20150720
Privatisation
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b3f7a5b0-ac61-11e4-af0e-00144feab7de.html Now the Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund, known as Taiped, the agency leading the government’s privatisation drive, is at risk of being shut down. Mr Bouchoris, Taiped’s chief executive, is racing to assemble a “handover” file after Nadia Valavani, the deputy finance minister in charge of revenue collection, demanded he resign by Friday. Emmanuel Kondylis, Taiped’s chairman, was also asked to step down. “Ms Valavani said the privatisation policy was not going to be continued,” Mr Bouchoris said. “It’s a pity because there are several big transactions due for completion in the next few months and others that are close to binding offers.” The Taiped shake-up is a tangible example of the early policy shifts by the Syriza-led government that are unsettling Greece’s creditors, particularly in Brussels and Berlin, and deepening concerns about the intentions of Alexis Tsipras, the prime minister. The privatisation programme was set up as a condition of Greece’s €245bn bailout. Revenue from the sales of airports, utilities and other assets was supposed to boost the government’s finances. The sales would also relieve the government from having to make investments in properties it could no longer afford.
- https://www.ft.com/content/12c8c44c-6808-11e8-8cf3-0c230fa67aec Greece’s privatisation process is finally picking up momentum as the leftwing Syriza government races to complete a package of reforms and ensure a smooth exit in August from the country’s latest €86bn international bailout programme.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b3f7a5b0-ac61-11e4-af0e-00144feab7de.html Now the Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund, known as Taiped, the agency leading the government’s privatisation drive, is at risk of being shut down. Mr Bouchoris, Taiped’s chief executive, is racing to assemble a “handover” file after Nadia Valavani, the deputy finance minister in charge of revenue collection, demanded he resign by Friday. Emmanuel Kondylis, Taiped’s chairman, was also asked to step down. “Ms Valavani said the privatisation policy was not going to be continued,” Mr Bouchoris said. “It’s a pity because there are several big transactions due for completion in the next few months and others that are close to binding offers.” The Taiped shake-up is a tangible example of the early policy shifts by the Syriza-led government that are unsettling Greece’s creditors, particularly in Brussels and Berlin, and deepening concerns about the intentions of Alexis Tsipras, the prime minister. The privatisation programme was set up as a condition of Greece’s €245bn bailout. Revenue from the sales of airports, utilities and other assets was supposed to boost the government’s finances. The sales would also relieve the government from having to make investments in properties it could no longer afford.
- https://www.ft.com/content/12c8c44c-6808-11e8-8cf3-0c230fa67aec Greece’s privatisation process is finally picking up momentum as the leftwing Syriza government races to complete a package of reforms and ensure a smooth exit in August from the country’s latest €86bn international bailout programme.
- http://www.scmp.com/property/international/article/1637087/sunny-greece-offers-three-generation-visa-hk24m
- golden visa scheme
Shipping
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f99c3fc0-2b9d-11e5-acfb-cbd2e1c81cca.html Greece’s vital maritime industries have managed to stay afloat through six years of economic turmoil, with shipping making up 7.5 per cent of the country’s economic output. Greece controls 19 per cent of the oceans’ dry bulk carriers and almost a quarter of the oil tankers — the largest merchant fleet in the world. But in Piraeus, the hub of Greece’s shipping empire, the mood has grown dark. Fears are mounting that an industry that, along with tourism, has been one of Greece’s few recent economic successes is under threat from a drive by the country’s cash-strapped government to expand the tax base.
Under pressure from international creditors, the leftwing government of Alexis Tsipras, Greece’s prime minister, has turned its sights on a sector that epitomises for them a spoiled elite of playboy tycoons who have long enjoyed preferential political and financial advantages.
greek civilisation legacy
- separate of power/balance of power first developed in ancient greece
Online market
- www.fleamarket.gr
Newspaper
- www.athensnews.gr
Greek portal
- www.in.gr
language
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-Greek-islands-are-there-and-do-they-all-speak-the-same-language The total number of Greece’s islands is around 6000, but with the rocks this number may exceed 9000. The largest of these islands (227 in total) are inhabited. Today all their inhabitants are Greek speakers, but the Greek spoken on each of these islands has some local characteristics. That is even more prominent on Crete. (Other languages, such as Italian and Turkish, were also spoken in past centuries. Today only on Rhodes and on Kos can one find small — a few-thousand-strong — Turkish-speaking Muslim communities.) On some islands near Piraeus and in the Argo-Saronic Gulf, e.g. on Salamina, on Hydra and on Spetses you might encounter native islanders who still speak Arvanítika (a dialect of Tosk Albanian).
- golden visa scheme
- An Athens prosecutor has ordered an investigation into a scandal involving tens of Chinese investors buying homes in Greece after illegally sidestepping capital controls in their country with the help of a Greek businessman. The Chinese investors are believed to have invested some 40 million euros in Greek property in a bid to secure a residency permit in Greece, under the country's Golden Visa scheme. The Greek businessman, Evangelos Papaevagellou, is vice president of Jumbo, one of the Greece's largest retailers and a company that has been doing business in China for years. It emerged this week that Papaevagellou, has set up his own real estate company and was selling homes to the Chinese in a pyramid-type scheme. He was helping Chinese buyers get around capital controls by transferring funds via accounts set up at the National Bank of Greece. Homes were paid for by transferring hundreds of thousands of euros via roaming POS devices issued by the National Bank that Papaevagellou had taken with him to China.https://www.greekguru.net/single-post/2018/11/01/Greek-prosecutor-orders-probe-into-Chinese-home-buyers
- 希臘自二○一三年推出給予外國投資者居留權的「黃金簽證」制度，截至今年首季發出逾四千個，當中近六成是發給中國投資者。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190408/00180_012.html
Shipping
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f99c3fc0-2b9d-11e5-acfb-cbd2e1c81cca.html Greece’s vital maritime industries have managed to stay afloat through six years of economic turmoil, with shipping making up 7.5 per cent of the country’s economic output. Greece controls 19 per cent of the oceans’ dry bulk carriers and almost a quarter of the oil tankers — the largest merchant fleet in the world. But in Piraeus, the hub of Greece’s shipping empire, the mood has grown dark. Fears are mounting that an industry that, along with tourism, has been one of Greece’s few recent economic successes is under threat from a drive by the country’s cash-strapped government to expand the tax base.
Under pressure from international creditors, the leftwing government of Alexis Tsipras, Greece’s prime minister, has turned its sights on a sector that epitomises for them a spoiled elite of playboy tycoons who have long enjoyed preferential political and financial advantages.
greek civilisation legacy
- separate of power/balance of power first developed in ancient greece
Online market
- www.fleamarket.gr
Newspaper
- www.athensnews.gr
Greek portal
- www.in.gr
language
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-Greek-islands-are-there-and-do-they-all-speak-the-same-language The total number of Greece’s islands is around 6000, but with the rocks this number may exceed 9000. The largest of these islands (227 in total) are inhabited. Today all their inhabitants are Greek speakers, but the Greek spoken on each of these islands has some local characteristics. That is even more prominent on Crete. (Other languages, such as Italian and Turkish, were also spoken in past centuries. Today only on Rhodes and on Kos can one find small — a few-thousand-strong — Turkish-speaking Muslim communities.) On some islands near Piraeus and in the Argo-Saronic Gulf, e.g. on Salamina, on Hydra and on Spetses you might encounter native islanders who still speak Arvanítika (a dialect of Tosk Albanian).
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-modern-Greeks-not-have-ancient-Greek-names-How-closely-are-modern-Greeks-related-to-the-ancient-Hellenes-Why-isnt-there-anyone-named-Socrates-or-Plato-or-Euripides-anymore
- cyrillic
Greek music
- www.e-radio.gr
- www.babylon.gr
- www.avpolis.gr
- www.mad.gr
ethnic groups
- The Dorians (/ˈdɔːriənz, ˈdɔər-/; Greek: Δωριεῖς, Dōrieis, singular Δωριεύς, Dōrieus) were one of the four major ethnic groups among which theHellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece considered themselves divided (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans and Ionians). They are almost always referred to as just "the Dorians", as they are called in the earliest literary mention of them in the Odyssey,[3] where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete. They were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of Corinth, known for its ornate style in art and architecture, to the isolationist, military state of Sparta. And yet, all Hellenes knew which localities were Dorian, and which were not. Dorian states at war could more likely, but not always, count on the assistance of other Dorian states. Dorians were distinguished by the Doric Greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions. In the 5th century BC, Dorians and Ionians were the two most politically important Greek ethne, whose ultimate clash resulted in the Peloponnesian War. The degree to which fifth-century Hellenes self-identified as "Ionian" or "Dorian" has itself been disputed. At one extreme Édouard Will concludes that there was no true ethnic component in fifth-century Greek culture, in spite of anti-Dorian elements in Athenian propaganda.[4] At the other extreme John Alty reinterprets the sources to conclude that ethnicity did motivate fifth-century actions. Moderns viewing these ethnic identifications through the fifth- and fourth-century BC literary tradition have been profoundly influenced by their own social politics. Also, according to E.N. Tigerstedt, nineteenth-century European admirers of virtues they considered "Dorian" identified themselves as "Laconophile" and found responsive parallels in the culture of their day as well; their biases contribute to the traditional modern interpretation of "Dorians".
- The Evzones, or Evzoni (Greek: Εύζωνες, Εύζωνοι), is the name of several historical elite light infantry and mountain units of the Greek Army. Today, it refers to the members of the Presidential Guard (Greek: Προεδρική Φρουρά; Proedrikí Frourá), an elite ceremonial unit that guards the Greek Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Greek: Μνημείο του Άγνωστου Στρατιώτη; Mnimeío tou Άgnostou Stratiόti), thePresidential Mansion and the gate of Evzones camp in Athens. An Evzone is also known, colloquially, as a Tsoliás (Greek: Τσολιάς, Τσολιάδες; pl. Tsoliádes). Though the Presidential Guard is a primarily ceremonial unit, all Evzones are volunteers drawn from the Hellenic Army's Infantry Corps. Prospective Evzones are initially identified at the Infantry Recruit Training Centres during Basic Training; there is a minimum height requirement of 1.87 m (6' 1.3") to join. However, induction to the Presidential Guard is delayed until the recruit serves for a minimum of six months with one of the Army's Infantry Combat, or "Campaign", Battalions (Greek: Tάγματα Eκστρατείας; Tάgmata Ekstrateίas). The unit is known for its uniform, which has evolved from the clothes worn by the klephts[1] who fought the Ottoman occupation of Greece. The most visible item of this uniform is the fustanella, a kilt-like garment. Their distinctive dress turned them into a popular image for the Greek soldier, especially among foreigners.
People
- Pericles (/ˈpɛrɪkliːz/; Greek: ΠερικλῆςPeriklēs, pronounced [pe.ri.klɛ̂ːs] inClassical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was arguably the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age— specifically the time between the Persianand Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influentialAlcmaeonid family. Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that Thucydides, a contemporary historian, acclaimed him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire, and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", though the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars, or as late as the next century. Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of theancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project beautified and protected the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.
- Otto, also spelled Otho (Greek: O Όθων, Βασιλεύς της Ελλάδος, O Óthon, Vasiléfs tis Elládos; 1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867), was a Bavarian prince who became the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London. He reigned until he was deposed in 1862. The second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Otto ascended the newly created throne of Greece while still a minor. His government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials. Upon reaching his majority, Otto removed the regents when they proved unpopular with the people and he ruled as an absolute monarch. Eventually his subjects' demands for a Constitution proved overwhelming, and in the face of an armed but peaceful insurrection Otto in 1843 granted a constitution. However he rigged elections using fraud and terror. Throughout his reign Otto was unable to resolve Greece's poverty and prevent economic meddling from outside. Greek politics in this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers' Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and again in 1854, to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empireduring the Crimean War, Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered. As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen, and finally in 1862 Otto was deposed while in the countryside. He died in exile in Bavaria in 1867.
- Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (Russian: О́льга Константи́новна Рома́нова; IPA: [ˈolʲɡə kənstɐnˈtʲinəvnə rɐˈmanəvə]), later Queen Olga of the Hellenes(Greek: Βασίλισσα Όλγα των Ελλήνων) (3 September [O.S. 22 August] 1851 – 18 June 1926), was the wife of King George I of Greeceand, briefly in 1920, regent of Greece. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is her grandson.
- Aristotle Socrates Onassis (Greek:Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης, Aristotelis Onasis; 20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975), commonly called Ari or Aristo Onassis, was a Greek shipping magnate. Onassis amassed the world's largest privately owned shipping fleet and was one of the world's richest and most famous men. He was known for his business success, his great wealth and also his personal life, including his marriage toAthina Livanos, daughter of shipping tycoon Stavros G. Livanos, his affair with the opera singer Maria Callas and his marriage in 1968 to Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of the American president John F. Kennedy.
- Konstantinos Mitsotakis AC (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μητσοτάκης Konstantinos Mitsotakis[konstaˈdinos mit͡soˈtacis]; 31 October [O.S. 18 October] 1918 − 29 May 2017) was a Greek politician who was Prime Minister of Greece from 1990 to 1993. He graduated in law and economics from the University of Athens.Mitsotakis was born in Halepa village, Chania, Crete, into an already powerful political family, linked to Eleftherios Venizelos on both sides. His grandfather Kostis Mitsotakis (1845-1898), a lawyer, journalist and short-time MP of Ottoman Crete, founded the Liberal Party, then "Party of the Barefeet" (Κόμμα των Ξυπολήτων) with Venizelos, and married the latter's sister, Katigo Venizelou, Constantine's grandmother. The 1878 Pact of Halepa, granting an Ottoman Crete a certain level of autonomy, was signed in his very home. His father Kyriakos Mitsotakis (senior) (1883–1944), also MP for Chania in the Greek Parliament (1915–20) and leader of the Cretan volunteers in the First Balkan War, married Stavroula Ploumidaki, daughter of Charalambos Ploumidakis, the first Christian mayor of Chania and an MP at the time of the Cretan State, himself a first cousin of Eleftherios Venizelos. Mitsotakie was elected to the Greek Parliament for the first time in 1946, standing for the Liberal Party in his native prefecture of Chania, Crete. He followed most of the old Liberal Party into Georgios Papandreou's Center Union in 1961. But in 1965 he led a group of dissidents, known as the "July apostates" or "apostasia", who crossed the floor to bring about the fall of Papandreou's government, which earned him the long-time hatred of Papandreou loyalists as well as a significant part of Greek society. He was arrested in 1967 by the military junta but managed to escape to Turkey with a help of Foreign minister of Turkey Ihsan Sabri Caglayangil and lived in exile with his family in Paris, France, until his return in 1974.
- Alexis Tsipras (Greek: Αλέξης Τσίπρας, pronounced [aˈleksis ˈt͡sipras]; born 28 July 1974)[1] is a Greek politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Greece since 2015. A socialist, Tsipras has been leader of the Greek political party Syriza since 2009. Tsipras was born in Athens in 1974. He joined the Communist Youth of Greece in the late 1980s and in the 1990s was politically active in student protests against education reform plans, becoming the movement's spokesperson. He studied civil engineering at the National Technical University of Athens, graduating in 2000, and later undertook post-graduate studies in urban and regional planning. He worked as a civil engineer in the construction industry, based primarily in Athens. Tsipras was born 28 July 1974 in Athens. His family has its roots in a village near Babaeski in an area of Eastern Thracewhich was transferred from Turkey to Greece during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. His father, Pavlos, was born in Epirus and was a contractor of big public works. His mother was born in Eleftheroupoli. Tsipras joined the Communist Youth of Greece in the late 1980s. In the early 1990s, as a student at Ampelokipoi Multi-disciplinary High School, he was politically active in the student uprising and the school occupations against the controversial law of Education MinisterVasilis Kontogiannopoulos. He rose to prominence as a representative of the student movement when he was featured as a guest on a television show hosted by journalist Anna Panagiotarea.
- Yannis (or Giannis) Stournaras (Greek: Γιάννης Στουρνάρας; born 10 December 1956), is a Greek economist who has been the Governor of the Bank of Greece since June 2014. Previously, he had been the Greek Minister of Finance from 5 July 2012[2][3] serving until 10 June 2014.[4] As every Governor of an IMF member country, he is on the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund. Stournaras received his undergraduate degree in economics from the University of Athens in 1978. He received a Master's degree(MPhil) and doctorate (DPhil) in economic theory and policy from the University of Oxford in 1980 and 1982 respectively. From 1982 to 1986, Stournaras worked as a lecturer and research fellow at St Catherine's College, Oxford, and as a research fellow at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.[7] He then returned to Greece where he worked as a special advisor to the Ministry of Financefrom 1986 to 1989, to the Bank of Greece from 1989 to 1994, and for the Ministry of Finance again from 1994 to 2000. Stournaras served as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1994 to July 2000. In this capacity he helped formulate the Greece's macroeconomic policy in the run-up to Greece's accession to the European Monetary Union (Eurozone), and represented the Ministry of Finance at the Monetary Committee (now Economic and Financial Committee) of the European Union. He was also responsible for consultations with other international and supranational organisations such as the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Stournaras has been a professor of economics at the University of Athens, which he joined in 1989. He is the director of the Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (IOBE), a Greek think-tank.
greeks (people)
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Greeks-come-from-before-Greece-was-formed
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-the-Greeks-look-like
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-many-red-haired-people-living-in-Greece-How-is-red-hair-perceived-in-the-country It is very uncommon. It is more common in parts of Thrace especially among Pomaks but it is still far from being usual. As it is very uncommon it is considered special and beautiful.
- https://www.quora.com/Are-the-modern-Greeks-not-direct-descendants-of-the-ancients-but-their-Greekness-is-a-myth-a-modern-19th-century-creation Modern Greeks are actually the descendants of the Bronze Age Mycenaean Greeks, with only a small proportion of DNA from later migrations to Greece.
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-Northern-Greeks-differ-from-Southern-Greeks
- https://www.quora.com/Do-modern-Greeks-share-at-least-some-genetic-ancestry-with-ancient-Greeks-or-they-are-totally-Turkic-Semitic-by-blood
- https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-closest-to-the-Greeks-genetically The people who are genetically closest to the Greeks are the southern Italians and Sicilians. This has been attributed to the ancient Greek colonisation of Italy and Sicily, while Italian geneticist Cavalli-Sforza associates it with “the Greek expansion, which reached its peak in historical times around 1000 and 500 BC but which certainly began earlier”:
- *********https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-say-that-Greeks-and-Italians-arent-ancient-Greeks-and-Romans-when-theyre-genetically-native-to-their-lands Anti-Greek sentiment among some Balkan nations (as well as others) will claim modern Greeks are Slavs…(one person on Quora yesterday insisted that modern Greeks in the 1800s spoke a Greek-Slavic hybrid. When I pointed out that wasn’t true he called me an “ultra-nationalist” and blocked me) others will call modern Greeks “Gypsies” (racism alert) or “Christian Turks” (this is especially interesting coming from Balkan groups who were occupied by the Turks for far longer). Such theories were used by Nazis in WWII, and even today among some British who felt that if they can claim modern Greeks are not connected to ancient, then they (the British) can hang on to the Elgin marbles.
- cyrillic
- https://www.quora.com/If-McDonalds-uses-Cyrillic-letters-for-signs-in-Russia-why-doesnt-it-use-Greek-letters-for-their-signs-in-Greece
Greek music
- www.e-radio.gr
- www.babylon.gr
- www.avpolis.gr
- www.mad.gr
ethnic groups
- The Dorians (/ˈdɔːriənz, ˈdɔər-/; Greek: Δωριεῖς, Dōrieis, singular Δωριεύς, Dōrieus) were one of the four major ethnic groups among which theHellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece considered themselves divided (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans and Ionians). They are almost always referred to as just "the Dorians", as they are called in the earliest literary mention of them in the Odyssey,[3] where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete. They were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of Corinth, known for its ornate style in art and architecture, to the isolationist, military state of Sparta. And yet, all Hellenes knew which localities were Dorian, and which were not. Dorian states at war could more likely, but not always, count on the assistance of other Dorian states. Dorians were distinguished by the Doric Greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions. In the 5th century BC, Dorians and Ionians were the two most politically important Greek ethne, whose ultimate clash resulted in the Peloponnesian War. The degree to which fifth-century Hellenes self-identified as "Ionian" or "Dorian" has itself been disputed. At one extreme Édouard Will concludes that there was no true ethnic component in fifth-century Greek culture, in spite of anti-Dorian elements in Athenian propaganda.[4] At the other extreme John Alty reinterprets the sources to conclude that ethnicity did motivate fifth-century actions. Moderns viewing these ethnic identifications through the fifth- and fourth-century BC literary tradition have been profoundly influenced by their own social politics. Also, according to E.N. Tigerstedt, nineteenth-century European admirers of virtues they considered "Dorian" identified themselves as "Laconophile" and found responsive parallels in the culture of their day as well; their biases contribute to the traditional modern interpretation of "Dorians".
- There is a group of people called ‘Tsakones’ living in Arcadia region who speak a dialect of Greek called ‘Tsakonika’ which stems from the Dorian language. The numbers of the ones who can speak it, though, and especially of the ones who regularly do so, are dwindling drastically so that the dialect is seriously threatened to go extinct soon.https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-speakers-of-Dorian-Greek-left
- The language of the Dorians prior to their migration was the late Bronze Age form of their dialect. The linguistic evidence is the strongest supporter of this thesis, there are some other signs like the mythology of the children of Heracles and the constitution of the Dorian states, but the clearest evidence is the linguistic situation of iron age Greece. Probably, their dialect distinguished itself by the retention of the -ti sound (εντι instead of Ionian Attic εισί), aorist and future of some -ζω verbs in -ξα and -ξω, strong retention of the -w sound, and several other differences.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Mycenaean-Greeks-speak-the-same-spoken-language-as-the-Greeks-from-the-classical-period-And-what-was-the-spoken-language-of-the-Dorians-prior-to-their-migration
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-difference-between-Ionian-and-Doric-Greeks-Who-were-first-settled-Who-were-the-creators-of-the-old-Greek-language-as-those-two-types-of-Greeks-had-the-same-language-but-different-dialects
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-difference-between-Ionian-and-Doric-Greeks-Who-were-first-settled-Who-were-the-creators-of-the-old-Greek-language-as-those-two-types-of-Greeks-had-the-same-language-but-different-dialects Ionic Greek was famous for replacing long “a” “ᾱ” with long “e” “η” so a good example is the name of the goddess Athena. In Attic her name is “Athena” Ἀθηνᾶ in Doric it;s “Athana” Ἀθᾱνᾶ and in Ionic “Athene” Ἀθηνῆ. “Artemis” Ἀρτημίς is “Artamis” Ἀρτᾱμίς in Doric, Hera `Ἡρᾱ is “Here” Ἥρη in Ionic, Hecate Ἑκάτη is “Hecata” ʽἘκάτᾱ in Doric, the feminine article “ἡ” is “ἁ.”
In Greek mythology Mycenae was founded by Perseus, who gave the site its name either after his sword scabbard (mykes) fell to the ground and was regarded as a good omen or as he found a water spring near a mushroom (mykes). Perseus was the first king of the Perseid dynasty which ended with Eurytheus (instigator of Hercules' famous twelve labours). The succeeding dynasty was the Atreids, whose first king, Atreus, is traditionally believed to have reigned around 1250 BCE. Atreus’ son Agamemnon is believed to have been not only king of Mycenae but of all of the Archaean Greeks and leader of their expedition to Troy to recapture Helen. InHomer’s account of the Trojan War in the Iliad, Mycenae (or Mykene) is described as a ‘well-founded citadel’, as ‘wide-wayed’ and as ‘golden Mycenae’, the latter supported by the recovery of over 15 kilograms of gold objects recovered from the shaft graves in the acropolis. Situated on a rocky hill (40-50 m high) commanding the surrounding plain as far as the sea 15 km away, the site of Mycenae covered 30,000 square metres and has always been known throughout history, although the surprising lack of literary references to the site suggest it may have been at least partially covered. First excavations were begun by the Archaeological Society of Athens in 1841 CE and then famously continued by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 CE who discovered the magnificent treasures of Grave Circle A. The archaeological excavations have shown that the city has a much older history than the Greek literary tradition described.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-Citadel-at-Mycenae-so-famous
The Acropolis of Athens (Ancient Greek:Ἀκρόπολις;[1] Modern Greek: Ακρόπολη Αθηνών Akrópoli Athinón) is an ancientcitadel located on a extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being theParthenon. The word acropolis comes from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "highest point, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city").[2] Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification. While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles (c. 495 – 429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the site's most important buildings including the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike.[3][4] The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War when the Parthenon was being used for gunpowder storage and was hit by a cannonball.
- https://www.quora.com/Would-restoring-the-Parthenon-to-how-it-originally-looked-when-it-was-first-finished-be-a-good-or-a-bad-thing How many Greeks know about the Nashville replica of the Parthenon (Nashville)? It’s even got a replica of Phidias’ Athena Parthenos statue, and it’s been restored in 2002 to how it originally looked in 1897.The restoration of a gleaming Parthenon would be part and parcel of an unrealistic, idealising construct of antiquity that has been toxic to Modern Greeks, setting up an ideal no mortal could live up to—not even the Ancient Greeks themselves. It’s the same idealising that scraped the traces of paint off the original ancient marble statues. For that matter, it’s the same idealising that cleared out the accumulation of anything post-Classical on the “Sacred Rock”—such as the Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens), demolished in 1874.There’s a sentimentality to wanting a gleaming Nashville Parthenon restored on the “Sacred Rock”, just as there is a sentimentality to wanting a warts-and-all, battlescared Parthenon in place, and in fact a sentimentality to calling the Acropolis of Athens a “Sacred Rock” to begin with. There is indeed a sentimentality to caring about the archaeological integrity of the Acropolis of Athens at all.
- https://www.quora.com/Would-restoring-the-Parthenon-to-how-it-originally-looked-when-it-was-first-finished-be-a-good-or-a-bad-thing How many Greeks know about the Nashville replica of the Parthenon (Nashville)? It’s even got a replica of Phidias’ Athena Parthenos statue, and it’s been restored in 2002 to how it originally looked in 1897.The restoration of a gleaming Parthenon would be part and parcel of an unrealistic, idealising construct of antiquity that has been toxic to Modern Greeks, setting up an ideal no mortal could live up to—not even the Ancient Greeks themselves. It’s the same idealising that scraped the traces of paint off the original ancient marble statues. For that matter, it’s the same idealising that cleared out the accumulation of anything post-Classical on the “Sacred Rock”—such as the Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens), demolished in 1874.There’s a sentimentality to wanting a gleaming Nashville Parthenon restored on the “Sacred Rock”, just as there is a sentimentality to wanting a warts-and-all, battlescared Parthenon in place, and in fact a sentimentality to calling the Acropolis of Athens a “Sacred Rock” to begin with. There is indeed a sentimentality to caring about the archaeological integrity of the Acropolis of Athens at all.
Piraeus (/paɪˈriːəs, pɪˈreɪ.əs/; Greek:Πειραιάς Pireás [pireˈas], Ancient Greek:Πειραιεύς, Peiraieús,pronounced [peːrajeús]) is a port city in the region of Attica, Greece. Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area,[2] 12 kilometres (7 miles) southwest from its city center (municipality of Athens), and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf. According to the 2011 census, Piraeus had a population of 163,688 people within its administrative limits, making it the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital, following the municipality of Athens. The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area, with a total population of 448,997. Piraeus has a long recorded history, dating to ancient Greece. The city was largely developed in the early 5th century BC, when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour, concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens. During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to connect Athens with Piraeus. Consequently, it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece, but declined gradually after the 4th century AD, growing once more in the 19th century, especially after Athens' declaration as the capital of Greece. In the modern era, Piraeus is a large city, bustling with activity and an integral part of Athens, acting as home to the country's biggest harbour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial centre. The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece, the largest passenger port inEurope[3][4] and the second largest in the world, servicing about 20 million passengers annually. With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs, Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in theEastern Mediterranean. The city hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens.
National heritage- The Evzones, or Evzoni (Greek: Εύζωνες, Εύζωνοι), is the name of several historical elite light infantry and mountain units of the Greek Army. Today, it refers to the members of the Presidential Guard (Greek: Προεδρική Φρουρά; Proedrikí Frourá), an elite ceremonial unit that guards the Greek Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Greek: Μνημείο του Άγνωστου Στρατιώτη; Mnimeío tou Άgnostou Stratiόti), thePresidential Mansion and the gate of Evzones camp in Athens. An Evzone is also known, colloquially, as a Tsoliás (Greek: Τσολιάς, Τσολιάδες; pl. Tsoliádes). Though the Presidential Guard is a primarily ceremonial unit, all Evzones are volunteers drawn from the Hellenic Army's Infantry Corps. Prospective Evzones are initially identified at the Infantry Recruit Training Centres during Basic Training; there is a minimum height requirement of 1.87 m (6' 1.3") to join. However, induction to the Presidential Guard is delayed until the recruit serves for a minimum of six months with one of the Army's Infantry Combat, or "Campaign", Battalions (Greek: Tάγματα Eκστρατείας; Tάgmata Ekstrateίas). The unit is known for its uniform, which has evolved from the clothes worn by the klephts[1] who fought the Ottoman occupation of Greece. The most visible item of this uniform is the fustanella, a kilt-like garment. Their distinctive dress turned them into a popular image for the Greek soldier, especially among foreigners.
People
- Pericles (/ˈpɛrɪkliːz/; Greek: ΠερικλῆςPeriklēs, pronounced [pe.ri.klɛ̂ːs] inClassical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was arguably the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age— specifically the time between the Persianand Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influentialAlcmaeonid family. Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that Thucydides, a contemporary historian, acclaimed him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire, and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", though the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars, or as late as the next century. Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of theancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project beautified and protected the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.
- Otto, also spelled Otho (Greek: O Όθων, Βασιλεύς της Ελλάδος, O Óthon, Vasiléfs tis Elládos; 1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867), was a Bavarian prince who became the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London. He reigned until he was deposed in 1862. The second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Otto ascended the newly created throne of Greece while still a minor. His government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials. Upon reaching his majority, Otto removed the regents when they proved unpopular with the people and he ruled as an absolute monarch. Eventually his subjects' demands for a Constitution proved overwhelming, and in the face of an armed but peaceful insurrection Otto in 1843 granted a constitution. However he rigged elections using fraud and terror. Throughout his reign Otto was unable to resolve Greece's poverty and prevent economic meddling from outside. Greek politics in this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers' Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and again in 1854, to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empireduring the Crimean War, Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered. As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen, and finally in 1862 Otto was deposed while in the countryside. He died in exile in Bavaria in 1867.
- It is well known that Otto was a great admirer of the ruralSarakatsani, a nomadic group of Greek mountain shepherds thought by some scholars to be descended from the Dorians. It is believed that at an early age he fathered an illegitimate child in the Sarakatsani clan named "Tangas". This child was named Manoli Tangas, was brought to Athens and remained there after Otto's 1862 departure, living as a merchant trader with children of his own. The descendants of Manoli still reside in Athens today. However, since Otto had no legitimate issue, he chose his brother as Crown Prince of Greece. With the removal of the Wittelsbach dynasty from the Greek throne in 1863 and the election of Prince William of Denmark as King George I of the Hellenes in 1863, the rule of the Wittelsbachs was over.
- Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (Russian: О́льга Константи́новна Рома́нова; IPA: [ˈolʲɡə kənstɐnˈtʲinəvnə rɐˈmanəvə]), later Queen Olga of the Hellenes(Greek: Βασίλισσα Όλγα των Ελλήνων) (3 September [O.S. 22 August] 1851 – 18 June 1926), was the wife of King George I of Greeceand, briefly in 1920, regent of Greece. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is her grandson.
- Aristotle Socrates Onassis (Greek:Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης, Aristotelis Onasis; 20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975), commonly called Ari or Aristo Onassis, was a Greek shipping magnate. Onassis amassed the world's largest privately owned shipping fleet and was one of the world's richest and most famous men. He was known for his business success, his great wealth and also his personal life, including his marriage toAthina Livanos, daughter of shipping tycoon Stavros G. Livanos, his affair with the opera singer Maria Callas and his marriage in 1968 to Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of the American president John F. Kennedy.
- Christina Onassis (Greek: Χριστίνα Ωνάση; 11 December 1950 – 19 November 1988) was an American-born Greek businesswoman, socialite, and heiress to the Onassis fortune. She was the only daughter of Aristotle Onassis and Athina Onassis.Her maternal grandfather was Stavros G. Livanos, founder of the Livanos shipping empire.Within a 29-month period, Christina lost her entire immediate family. Her brother, Alexander, died in a plane crash in Athens in 1973 at the age of 24, which devastated the family. Her mother died of a suspected drug overdose in 1974, leaving Christina her $77 million estate. Following Alexander's death, her father's health began to deteriorate, and he died in March 1975. After losing her father, Christina renounced her U.S. citizenship and donated the American portion of her holdings in her father's company to the American Hospital of Paris (she held dual citizenship in Greece and Argentina throughout her life). Onassis had four marriages, each ending in divorce. She wed her first husband, real estate developer Joseph Bolker, at age 20 in 1971. Bolker was a divorced father of four, 27 years her senior. Onassis's father reportedly disapproved and pressured her to divorce him. The marriage ended after nine months. Her second husband was Greek shipping and banking heir Alexander Andreadis, whom she married shortly after her father's death in 1975. They divorced after 14 months. Onassis's third husband was Russian shipping agent Sergei Kauzov, whom she married in 1978. They divorced the following year. Her fourth and final marriage was to French businessman Thierry Roussel in 1984. Onassis and Roussel had a daughter, Athina (named after Onassis' mother), in 1985.[5] They divorced after Onassis discovered that Roussel had fathered a child with his long-time mistress, Swedish model Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, during the marriage.
- Konstantinos Mitsotakis AC (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μητσοτάκης Konstantinos Mitsotakis[konstaˈdinos mit͡soˈtacis]; 31 October [O.S. 18 October] 1918 − 29 May 2017) was a Greek politician who was Prime Minister of Greece from 1990 to 1993. He graduated in law and economics from the University of Athens.Mitsotakis was born in Halepa village, Chania, Crete, into an already powerful political family, linked to Eleftherios Venizelos on both sides. His grandfather Kostis Mitsotakis (1845-1898), a lawyer, journalist and short-time MP of Ottoman Crete, founded the Liberal Party, then "Party of the Barefeet" (Κόμμα των Ξυπολήτων) with Venizelos, and married the latter's sister, Katigo Venizelou, Constantine's grandmother. The 1878 Pact of Halepa, granting an Ottoman Crete a certain level of autonomy, was signed in his very home. His father Kyriakos Mitsotakis (senior) (1883–1944), also MP for Chania in the Greek Parliament (1915–20) and leader of the Cretan volunteers in the First Balkan War, married Stavroula Ploumidaki, daughter of Charalambos Ploumidakis, the first Christian mayor of Chania and an MP at the time of the Cretan State, himself a first cousin of Eleftherios Venizelos. Mitsotakie was elected to the Greek Parliament for the first time in 1946, standing for the Liberal Party in his native prefecture of Chania, Crete. He followed most of the old Liberal Party into Georgios Papandreou's Center Union in 1961. But in 1965 he led a group of dissidents, known as the "July apostates" or "apostasia", who crossed the floor to bring about the fall of Papandreou's government, which earned him the long-time hatred of Papandreou loyalists as well as a significant part of Greek society. He was arrested in 1967 by the military junta but managed to escape to Turkey with a help of Foreign minister of Turkey Ihsan Sabri Caglayangil and lived in exile with his family in Paris, France, until his return in 1974.
- In 1974 he campaigned as an independent and failed to be elected to Parliament. He was re-elected in 1977 as founder-leader of the small Party of New Liberals and in 1978 he merged his party with Constantine Karamanlis's New Democracy party. He served as minister for economic coordination from 1978 to 1980, and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1980 to 1981. The ND (New Democracy) government was defeated by Andreas Papandreou's PASOK in 1981, and in 1984 Mitsotakis succeeded Evangelos Averoff as ND leader. He and Andreas Papandreou, the son of George Papandreou, dominated Greek politics for the next decade: their mutual dislike dated back to the fall of George Papandreou's government in 1965. Mitsotakis soundly defeated Papandreou, embroiled in the Bank of Crete scandal, in the June 1989 election.
- Mitsotakis's government moved swiftly to cut government spending as much as possible, privatise state enterprises and reform the civil service. In foreign policy, Mitsotakis took the initiative to have Greece formally recognize the state of Israel, and moved to reopen talks on American bases in Greece and to restore confidence among Greece's economic and political partners. In June 1990, Mitsotakis became the first Greek Premier to visit the United States since the Metapolitefsi. He promised to meet Greece's NATO obligations, to prevent use of Greece as a base for terrorism, and to stop the rhetorical attacks on the United States that had been Papandreou's hallmark. Mitsotakis also supported a new dialogue with Turkey, but made progress on the Cyprus dispute a prerequisite for improvement on other issues.
- Papandreou, cleared of charges arising from the Bank of Crete scandal in a 7–6 vote at the Eidiko Dikastirio (Special Court), criticised Mitsotakis's government for its economic policies, for not taking a sufficiently strict position over the naming dispute with the newly independent Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Mitsotakis favored a composite name such as "Nova Macedonia", for which he was accused at the time of being too lenient) as well as over Cyprus, and for being too pro-American.
- Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Greek: Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης; born 4 March 1968) is a Greek politician who has been President of New Democracy and Leader of the Opposition since 2016. He previously served as Minister of Administrative Reform from 2013 to 2015. He was first elected to the Hellenic Parliament for the Athens B constituency in 2004.Born in Athens, he is the son of the former Prime Minister of Greece and honorary president of New Democracy, Konstantinos Mitsotakis and his wife Marika. At the time of his birth his family had been placed under house arrest by the Greek military junta that had declared his father persona non grata and imprisoned him on the night of the coup[1]. The family left Greece for Paris in 1968, when Kyriakos Mitsotakis was six months old, and returned to Greece in 1974, when democracy was restored. Later on in his life Mitsotakis described the first six months of his life as political imprisonment.
- Theodora "Dora" Bakoyanni (Greek: Θεοδώρα "Ντόρα" Μπακογιάννη; pronounced [ˈdoɾa bakoˈʝani]; née Mitsotakis; Greek: Μητσοτάκη; born May 6, 1954), is a Greek politician.From 2006 to 2009 she was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Greece, the highest position ever to have been held by a woman in the Cabinet of Greece at the time; she was also Chairperson-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in 2009.
- Alexis Tsipras (Greek: Αλέξης Τσίπρας, pronounced [aˈleksis ˈt͡sipras]; born 28 July 1974)[1] is a Greek politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Greece since 2015. A socialist, Tsipras has been leader of the Greek political party Syriza since 2009. Tsipras was born in Athens in 1974. He joined the Communist Youth of Greece in the late 1980s and in the 1990s was politically active in student protests against education reform plans, becoming the movement's spokesperson. He studied civil engineering at the National Technical University of Athens, graduating in 2000, and later undertook post-graduate studies in urban and regional planning. He worked as a civil engineer in the construction industry, based primarily in Athens. Tsipras was born 28 July 1974 in Athens. His family has its roots in a village near Babaeski in an area of Eastern Thracewhich was transferred from Turkey to Greece during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. His father, Pavlos, was born in Epirus and was a contractor of big public works. His mother was born in Eleftheroupoli. Tsipras joined the Communist Youth of Greece in the late 1980s. In the early 1990s, as a student at Ampelokipoi Multi-disciplinary High School, he was politically active in the student uprising and the school occupations against the controversial law of Education MinisterVasilis Kontogiannopoulos. He rose to prominence as a representative of the student movement when he was featured as a guest on a television show hosted by journalist Anna Panagiotarea.
- Yannis (or Giannis) Stournaras (Greek: Γιάννης Στουρνάρας; born 10 December 1956), is a Greek economist who has been the Governor of the Bank of Greece since June 2014. Previously, he had been the Greek Minister of Finance from 5 July 2012[2][3] serving until 10 June 2014.[4] As every Governor of an IMF member country, he is on the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund. Stournaras received his undergraduate degree in economics from the University of Athens in 1978. He received a Master's degree(MPhil) and doctorate (DPhil) in economic theory and policy from the University of Oxford in 1980 and 1982 respectively. From 1982 to 1986, Stournaras worked as a lecturer and research fellow at St Catherine's College, Oxford, and as a research fellow at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.[7] He then returned to Greece where he worked as a special advisor to the Ministry of Financefrom 1986 to 1989, to the Bank of Greece from 1989 to 1994, and for the Ministry of Finance again from 1994 to 2000. Stournaras served as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1994 to July 2000. In this capacity he helped formulate the Greece's macroeconomic policy in the run-up to Greece's accession to the European Monetary Union (Eurozone), and represented the Ministry of Finance at the Monetary Committee (now Economic and Financial Committee) of the European Union. He was also responsible for consultations with other international and supranational organisations such as the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Stournaras has been a professor of economics at the University of Athens, which he joined in 1989. He is the director of the Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (IOBE), a Greek think-tank.
greeks (people)
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Greeks-come-from-before-Greece-was-formed
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-the-Greeks-look-like
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-many-red-haired-people-living-in-Greece-How-is-red-hair-perceived-in-the-country It is very uncommon. It is more common in parts of Thrace especially among Pomaks but it is still far from being usual. As it is very uncommon it is considered special and beautiful.
- https://www.quora.com/Are-the-modern-Greeks-not-direct-descendants-of-the-ancients-but-their-Greekness-is-a-myth-a-modern-19th-century-creation Modern Greeks are actually the descendants of the Bronze Age Mycenaean Greeks, with only a small proportion of DNA from later migrations to Greece.
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-Northern-Greeks-differ-from-Southern-Greeks
- https://www.quora.com/Do-modern-Greeks-share-at-least-some-genetic-ancestry-with-ancient-Greeks-or-they-are-totally-Turkic-Semitic-by-blood
- https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-closest-to-the-Greeks-genetically The people who are genetically closest to the Greeks are the southern Italians and Sicilians. This has been attributed to the ancient Greek colonisation of Italy and Sicily, while Italian geneticist Cavalli-Sforza associates it with “the Greek expansion, which reached its peak in historical times around 1000 and 500 BC but which certainly began earlier”:
- *********https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-say-that-Greeks-and-Italians-arent-ancient-Greeks-and-Romans-when-theyre-genetically-native-to-their-lands Anti-Greek sentiment among some Balkan nations (as well as others) will claim modern Greeks are Slavs…(one person on Quora yesterday insisted that modern Greeks in the 1800s spoke a Greek-Slavic hybrid. When I pointed out that wasn’t true he called me an “ultra-nationalist” and blocked me) others will call modern Greeks “Gypsies” (racism alert) or “Christian Turks” (this is especially interesting coming from Balkan groups who were occupied by the Turks for far longer). Such theories were used by Nazis in WWII, and even today among some British who felt that if they can claim modern Greeks are not connected to ancient, then they (the British) can hang on to the Elgin marbles.
- https://www.quora.com/Can-anybody-provide-a-list-of-all-the-different-Greek-identities-that-together-make-the-modern-Greeks-I-ve-heard-Greeks-say-they-are-Athenian-Cretan-Macedonian-Spartan-Are-there-many-more
diaspora
- https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-Greeks-descendants
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Greeks-prosper-more-outside-of-Greece-than-they-do-in-it
- https://www.quora.com/Why-dont-Greeks-emigrate-to-the-US-as-they-used-to-even-though-the-country-has-lost-30-of-its-GDP
culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-your-biggest-culture-shock-visiting-Greece
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-important-aspects-of-Greek-etiquette
religion
- https://www.quora.com/How-much-are-priests-paid-in-Greece
Ethnic group
- The Sarakatsani (Greek: Σαρακατσάνοι) are an ethnic Greek population subgroup, who were traditionallytranshumant shepherds, native to Greece, with smaller presence in neighbouringBulgaria, southern Albania and Republic of Macedonia. Historically centered on thePindus mountains and other mountain ranges of continental Greece, the vast majority of the Sarakatsani have currently abandoned the transhumant way of life and have been urbanised to a significant degree.
- The Pontic Greeks, also known as Pontian Greeks (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ελληνοπόντιοι, Póntioi, Ellinopóntioi; Turkish: Pontus Rumları, Karadeniz Rumları, Georgian: პონტოელი ბერძნები, P’ont’oeli Berdznebi), are an ethnically Greek group who traditionally lived in the region of Pontus, on the shores of the Black Sea and in the Pontic Mountains of northeastern Anatolia. Many later migrated to other parts of Eastern Anatolia, to the former Russian province of Kars Oblast in the Transcaucasus, and to Georgia in various waves between the Ottoman conquest of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. Those from southern Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea are often referred to as "Northern Pontic [Greeks]", in contrast to those from "South Pontus", which strictly speaking is Pontus proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the former Russian Caucasus are in contemporary Greek academic circles often referred to as "Eastern Pontic [Greeks]" or as Caucasian Greeks, but also include the Turkic-speaking Urums.
Pontic Greeks have Greek ancestry and speak the Pontic Greek dialect, a distinct form of the standard Greek language which, due to the remoteness of Pontus, has undergone linguistic evolution distinct from that of the rest of the Greek world. The Pontic Greeks had a continuous presence in the region of Pontus (modern-day northeastern Turkey), Georgia, and Eastern Anatolia from at least 700 BC until 1922.
History
- name of greece
- The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος, Vasílion tis Elládos) was a state established in 1832 at theConvention of London by the Great Powers(the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). It was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Constantinople, where it also secured fullindependence from the Ottoman Empire. This event also marked the birth of the first, fully independent, Greek state since the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century. The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship, and the Third Republic, the current Greek government, came to be.
- The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I between May 1919 and October 1922. It is known as the Western Front (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı, Batı Cephesi, Ottoman Turkish: Garb Cebhesi گرب جابهاسی) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey and the Asia Minor Campaign (Greek: Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία) or the Asia Minor Catastrophe (Greek: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή) in Greece. The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now Izmir), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa and Eskişehir. Their advance was checked at the Battle of Sakarya in 1921 by forces of the Turkish national movement. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by the Turkish forces and the Great Fire of Smyrna. As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish national movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving East Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Asia Minor, Constantinople, and Eastern Thrace. Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in a population exchange.
- The Greek Civil War (Greek: ο Eμφύλιος [Πόλεμος] o Emfýlios [Pólemos], "the Civil [War]") was fought from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army, backed by the United Kingdom and the United States, and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), the military branch of theGreek Communist Party (KKE), backed by Yugoslavia and Albania as well as Bulgaria. The result was the defeat of the Communist insurgents by the government forces. Founded by the Communist Party of Greece and funded by Communist nations such as Yugoslavia, many of the insurgents operating within the Democratic Army of Greece were partisans who had fought against German and Italian occupation forces during the Second World War. The civil war was the result of a highly polarized struggle between left and right that started in 1943 and targeted the power vacuum that the end of German-Italian occupation during World War II had created. It was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War and represents the first example of postwar involvement in the internal politics of a foreign country. Greece in the end was funded by the US, through the Truman Doctrine and theMarshall Plan and joined NATO while the insurgents were demoralized by the bitter split between the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin, who wanted the war ended, and Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito, who wanted it to continue. Tito was committed to helping the Greek Communists in their efforts, a stance that angered Stalin, as he had recently agreed with Winston Churchillnot to support the Communists in Greece, as documented in their Percentages Agreement.
- The Greek military junta of 1967–1974, commonly known as the Regime of the Colonels (Greek: καθεστώς των Συνταγματαρχών, kathestós ton Syntagmatarchón [kaθesˈtos ton sinˈdaɣ.matarˈxon]), or in Greece simply The Junta (/ˈdʒʊntə/ or /ˈhʊntə/; Greek: Χούντα, translit. Choúnta [ˈxunda]), The Dictatorship (Η Δικτατορία, I Diktatoría) and The Seven Years (Η Επταετία, I Eptaetía), was a series of far-right military juntas that ruled Greece following the 1967 Greek coup d'état led by a group of colonels on 21 April 1967. The dictatorship ended on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The fall of the junta was followed by the Metapolitefsi, and the establishment of the current Third Hellenic Republic.
- The Metapolitefsi (Greek: Μεταπολίτευση, translated as "polity/regime change") was a period in modern Greek history after the fall of the military junta of 1967–74 that includes the transitional period from the fall of the dictatorship to the 1974 legislative elections and the democratic period immediately after these elections. The long course towards the metapolitefsi began with the disputed liberalisation plan of Georgios Papadopoulos, the head of the military dictatorship. This process was opposed by prominent politicians, such as Panagiotis Kanellopoulos and Stephanos Stephanopoulos. Papadopoulos' plan was halted with the Athens Polytechnic uprising, a massive demonstration of popular rejection of the military junta, and the counter coup staged by Dimitrios Ioannides. Ioannides' failed coup d'état against the elected president of Cyprus, Makarios III, and the subsequent Turkish invasion resulted in the fall of the dictatorship and the appointment of an interim government, known as the "national unity government", led by former prime minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis. Karamanlis legalised the Communist Party (KKE) and formed New Democracy, a new center-right party, which won the elections of 1974.
- education
russia
- https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN1K10PW Greece will expel two Russian diplomats suspected of meddling in the politically sensitive issue of Macedonia, a Greek diplomatic source said on Wednesday, as NATO prepares to invite the former Yugoslav republic to join the alliance.Russia said it would respond in kind to the Greek move, in a rare diplomatic tussle between two Orthodox Christian nations that have traditionally enjoyed warm relations. Macedonia is expecting an invitation at the NATO summit in Brussels this week to join following its landmark deal with Greece whereby it will change its name to the Republic of North Macedonia. Moscow strongly opposes NATO expansion.A member of Russia’s upper house of parliament, Andrei Klimov, told RIA news agency that Moscow would expel two Greek diplomats in response. He did not mention Macedonia or give further detail about the matter.
Germany
- http://www.dw.com/en/fraport-to-manage-14-greek-airports/a-18917384 A consortium majority-owned by Fraport, Germany's biggest airport operating company, and minority-owned by Greek conglomerate Copelouzos Group, announced on Monday it had signed a deal with the Greek government's privatization agency, Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund (HRADF), for a 40-year concession to operate 14 regional airports in Greece. "The project underscores the extensive know-how that Fraport will be able to provide at these 14 aviation gateways, which are vital for Greece's economy and in particular its huge international tourism sector," Fraport Chairman Stefan Schulte was quoted as saying in a corporate press release issued by the Fraport-Copelouzos consortium.
italy
- https://www.quora.com/Can-Greek-speakers-understand-the-Griko-dialect-from-Italy
macedonia/north macedonia
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-Greeks-think-of-Macedonians
turkey
- Turkish influences start getting more as you go up north, and approach Balkans: the traditional architecture of northern Greece (except for western Epirus, if we consider epirus northern Greece), is quite similar to Balkan and much of Turkish architecture. A good example would be to compare old town of veroia or the old town of trikala and safranbolu or sirince. In spite of some differences, the idea looks the same. Turkish influence peaks in culture of Anatolian Greek refugees: these Greeks, who lived in turkey until 1923, share almost everything, except for religion and language, with Turkish people: cuisine, music, architecture etc. In all of these “sectors” it's not clear what element is actually Byzantine, Turkic or Arabic originated, but they are all shared between Anatolian Greeks and Turks. A good example of Anatolian Greek dishes is gyros. Gyros was invented in bursa, a western Turkish city where both Anatolian Greeks and Turks lived together, and was known as doner kebab. The dish was brought to Greece in 1923 with Anatolian refugees. https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-Turkish-influence-in-Greek-culture
- disputes
saudi arabia
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-5115249/Greek-government-faces-questions-botched-Saudi-arms-sale.html The Greek government has come under fire over a planned arms sale to Saudi Arabia that fell through amid accusations of incompetence against the defence minister, a key ally of Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras. Opposition lawmakers say the botched deal for surplus military stock cost Greece 66 million euros ($78 million), while ruling party officials have questioned the sale of munitions to Saudi Arabia owing to its involvement in the Yemen conflict.
singapore
- mfa address greece as hellenic republic re george katrougalos visit to singapore in may19
China
- historical ties
- Piraeus
religion
- https://www.quora.com/How-much-are-priests-paid-in-Greece
Ethnic group
- The Sarakatsani (Greek: Σαρακατσάνοι) are an ethnic Greek population subgroup, who were traditionallytranshumant shepherds, native to Greece, with smaller presence in neighbouringBulgaria, southern Albania and Republic of Macedonia. Historically centered on thePindus mountains and other mountain ranges of continental Greece, the vast majority of the Sarakatsani have currently abandoned the transhumant way of life and have been urbanised to a significant degree.
- The Pontic Greeks, also known as Pontian Greeks (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ελληνοπόντιοι, Póntioi, Ellinopóntioi; Turkish: Pontus Rumları, Karadeniz Rumları, Georgian: პონტოელი ბერძნები, P’ont’oeli Berdznebi), are an ethnically Greek group who traditionally lived in the region of Pontus, on the shores of the Black Sea and in the Pontic Mountains of northeastern Anatolia. Many later migrated to other parts of Eastern Anatolia, to the former Russian province of Kars Oblast in the Transcaucasus, and to Georgia in various waves between the Ottoman conquest of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. Those from southern Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea are often referred to as "Northern Pontic [Greeks]", in contrast to those from "South Pontus", which strictly speaking is Pontus proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the former Russian Caucasus are in contemporary Greek academic circles often referred to as "Eastern Pontic [Greeks]" or as Caucasian Greeks, but also include the Turkic-speaking Urums.
Pontic Greeks have Greek ancestry and speak the Pontic Greek dialect, a distinct form of the standard Greek language which, due to the remoteness of Pontus, has undergone linguistic evolution distinct from that of the rest of the Greek world. The Pontic Greeks had a continuous presence in the region of Pontus (modern-day northeastern Turkey), Georgia, and Eastern Anatolia from at least 700 BC until 1922.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-Greeks-believe-all-Greeks-from-Asia-Minor-were-Pontians Because of the racism the refugees encountered by the locals wherever they settled.After the 1922 disaster two main groups of ethnic Greeks moved to Greece. The urban populations of city centers like Smyrna (Izmir) and the rural populations many of whom were living near the Black Sea (Efxenos Pontos). The Pontians. Even in cities like Trapezounta (Trabzon) the urban Greek population has very little in common with the cosmopolitan cities and towns of the Aegean shores.But regardless of their origins most of the 1.5 million refugees crossed over with whatever they could carry. And in many cases with much less.The country that received them had a population of 6 million people and was in a total mess after fighting 4 major wars (2 Balkan, 1 World, Asia Minor campaign) within the same decade. It was also a country deeply divided politically.So the hordes of populations with different customs and in many cases speaking a different language was not well accepted by the locals.To them, they were all tourkosporoi (Turk-spawn). They were not and could never be their equals, forget about being superior, more western, more cosmopolitan.
History
- name of greece
- The English name Greece and the similar adaptations in other languages derive from the Latin name Graecia (Greek: Γραικία), literally meaning 'the land of the Greeks', which was used by the Romans to denote the area of modern-day Greece. Similarly, the Latin name of the nation was Graeci, from which the English name Greeks originates. These names in turn trace their origin from Graecus, the Latin adaptation of the Greek name Γραικός (pl. Γραικοί), which means 'Greek' but its etymology remains uncertain. It is unclear why the Romans called the country Graecia and its people Graeci, while the Greeks called their land Hellas and themselves Hellenes, and several speculations have been made. William Smith notes in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography that foreigners frequently refer to people by a different name (an exonym) from their native one (endonym). Aristotle was the first to use the name Graeci (Γραικοί) in Meteorology, saying that the area about Dodona and Achelous was inhabited by the Selli and a people formerly called Graeci, but at his time Hellenes. From this statement of Aristotle it is asserted that the name of Graeci was at one period widely spread in Epirus and the western coast of Greece in general, hence it became the one by which the Hellenes were known to the Italic peoples on the opposite side of the Ionian Sea. According to Hesiod, in his work Catalogue of Women, Graecus was the son of Pandora and Zeus; he gave his name to the people who followed the Hellenic customs, while his brother Latinus gave his name to the Latins; similarly the eponymous Hellen is supposed to have given his name to the Greeks/Hellenes. In Ethnica, Stephanus of Byzantium also states that from Graecus, the son of Thessalus, the Hellenes derived the name of Graeci. The name "Yūnān" (Persian: یونان), came through Old Persian, during the era of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550-333 BC). Derived from the Old Persian designation "Yauna" for the Ionian Greeks (Ancient Greek: Ἰάονες,iāones), who inhabited the western coast of Asia Minor and were the first Greeks the Persians came in contact with, the term was eventually applied to all the Greeks. Today, the word Yūnān can be found in Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Uzbek, Kurdish, Armenian (as Yūnānistan "land of Yūnān"; -istan "land" in Persian), Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Indian languages (such as Hindi), Laz, Pashto, Urdu, Indonesian, and Malay. The eastern part of the Roman Empire, which was predominantly Greek-speaking, gave rise to the name Ῥωμανία (Rhomania or Romania); in fact, starting from a point in late antiquity and for a long period, Greeks called themselves Ῥωμαῖοι (sg. Ῥωμαῖος), i.e. Romans; these or related terms are in fact still used sometimes in Modern Greek: e.g. Ρωμιός (from Ῥωμαῖος), Ρωμιοσύνη. While there was tension with Western Europe regarding the romanness of the eastern part of the Empire[9] – something exemplified, starting with Hieronymus Wolf and after it had ceased to exist, in calling it the Byzantine Empire – which, unlike its western twin, survived till the 15th century CE, people to the East of the Empire, e.g. Persians and later Turks, used and sometimes still use Rhomania or Rome derived terms, e.g. Rûm, to refer to the land or to the people.
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-Greeks-call-Greece-in-Greek-language
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-English-name-of-Greece-differ-so-much-from-its-name-in-Greek-%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82-Hellas The actual Greek-speaking residents of Greece usually call it either Ελλάς (Ellás) or Ελλάδα (Elláda), which are both derivatives of Ancient Greek Ἑλλάς (Hellás). In English, however, the country is most often known as Greece, which comes from the Latin name Graecia, which comes from Graeci, the Latin name originally used to refer to the Greek inhabitants of southern Italy, which, in turn, comes from Ancient Greek Γραικοί (Graikoí), which Aristotle states was originally the Illyrian name for the Dorian Greeks of the region of Epeiros. As the Romans came into contact with other Greeks outside of Italy, they applied the name Graeci to them as well. The English language has been influenced far more by Latin than by Greek simply because the island of Great Britain, where the English language underwent most of its linguistic development, is geographically situated much closer to western Europe than to Greece and was heavily influenced by the Romans. For most of medieval and early modern history, Latin was the lingua franca of western Europe and the British Isles. Consequently, English has adopted the Latin name for Greece rather than the Hellenic one. Interestingly, though, the name Hellas is not entirely foreign in English and the fact that the word Hellenic (an Anglicized form of Ancient Greek Ἑλληνικός) exists in English shows that at least some people have an interest in using the Hellenic name.
- ****** https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-of-Georgian-name-for-Greece-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98-Saberdzneti The land of Greece in Georgian is საბერძნეთი [Saberdzneti], but this is derived from ბერძენ- berdzen- ‘Greek’ and sa-…-et-, a gentilic circumfix found in other place names (e.g. საფრანგეთი [Saprangeti], France, i.e. ‘land of the Franks’). What seems to have happened is that the word Byzan(t)- was borrowed at a time when the ancient Greek letter zeta was still pronounced /dz/, and then an epenthetic /r/ was introduced. This is not surprising, as in Megrelian and many western Georgian dialects and other Caucasian languages, sonorant consonants like /r/, /l/, /m/ and /n/ play funny tricks, appearing and disappearing in various unexpected ways, especially as coda consonants ending syllables. Italian tobacco gets borrowed as თამბაქო tambako, and Georgian Megruli ‘Megrelian’ was sometimes borrowed with an extra /n/, as Mingrelian.
- called graekenland in danish
- **** called yunanistan in turkish https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-Turkish-government-afraid-to-begin-a-war-against-Greece-Does-Greece-hide-high-technological-weapons
The official name of the modern nation-state of Greece is Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellinikí Dimokratía), which literally means “Hellenic Democracy.” The closest equivalent to the Greek word δημοκρατία in Classical Latin is res publica. Hellenicus is not a normal Latin word, but Graecus is. I would therefore say that the most accurate translation of Ελληνική Δημοκρατία into Classical Latin is probably Res Publica Graeca. If you want to translate the name into Medieval Latin, however, then the most accurate translation is probably Democratia Graeca.https://www.quora.com/Would-the-Latin-name-for-modern-Greece-be-Res-Publica-Hellenica-or-Res-Publica-Graeca
*******https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-say-Greece-in-Greek The most common name for Greece in Modern Greek, however, is actually Ελλάδα (Elláda), which originated as the accusative form of Ἑλλάς. [from comments section]The name of Greece in Arabic is “اليونان” El-Younan and it is very much different than both Greek and English names of the country.its because it refers to the Ionian greeks. The greek tribe that lived in western Asia Minor. Most civilization eastern from that called the greeks something like that, since they first encountered those greeks in Asia Minor. Yunan in Hindi/Urdu as well. Likely borrowed from Arabic via Persian / Turkic. Yavana in Sanskrit, again derived from Iawone - self identification of Ionian Greeks
- greek as people
- **********https://www.quora.com/After-Constantinople-fell-when-did-the-Greeks-stop-considering-themselves-Roman-and-start-considering-themselves-Greek
- adjective of greece
- The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Greek: Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı Greek Uprising), was a successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, the Kingdom of France, and several other European powers, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis.
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-proper-adjective-for-Greece
- The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος, Vasílion tis Elládos) was a state established in 1832 at theConvention of London by the Great Powers(the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). It was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Constantinople, where it also secured fullindependence from the Ottoman Empire. This event also marked the birth of the first, fully independent, Greek state since the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century. The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship, and the Third Republic, the current Greek government, came to be.
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-Turkish-people-feel-about-Greek-Independence-Day
- https://www.quora.com/When-the-Greeks-gained-independence-from-the-Ottomans-why-did-they-choose-to-name-the-new-country-Greece-instead-of-bringing-back-the-Byzantine-Empire
- The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I between May 1919 and October 1922. It is known as the Western Front (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı, Batı Cephesi, Ottoman Turkish: Garb Cebhesi گرب جابهاسی) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey and the Asia Minor Campaign (Greek: Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία) or the Asia Minor Catastrophe (Greek: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή) in Greece. The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now Izmir), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa and Eskişehir. Their advance was checked at the Battle of Sakarya in 1921 by forces of the Turkish national movement. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by the Turkish forces and the Great Fire of Smyrna. As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish national movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving East Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Asia Minor, Constantinople, and Eastern Thrace. Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in a population exchange.
- The Greek Civil War (Greek: ο Eμφύλιος [Πόλεμος] o Emfýlios [Pólemos], "the Civil [War]") was fought from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army, backed by the United Kingdom and the United States, and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), the military branch of theGreek Communist Party (KKE), backed by Yugoslavia and Albania as well as Bulgaria. The result was the defeat of the Communist insurgents by the government forces. Founded by the Communist Party of Greece and funded by Communist nations such as Yugoslavia, many of the insurgents operating within the Democratic Army of Greece were partisans who had fought against German and Italian occupation forces during the Second World War. The civil war was the result of a highly polarized struggle between left and right that started in 1943 and targeted the power vacuum that the end of German-Italian occupation during World War II had created. It was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War and represents the first example of postwar involvement in the internal politics of a foreign country. Greece in the end was funded by the US, through the Truman Doctrine and theMarshall Plan and joined NATO while the insurgents were demoralized by the bitter split between the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin, who wanted the war ended, and Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito, who wanted it to continue. Tito was committed to helping the Greek Communists in their efforts, a stance that angered Stalin, as he had recently agreed with Winston Churchillnot to support the Communists in Greece, as documented in their Percentages Agreement.
- The Greek military junta of 1967–1974, commonly known as the Regime of the Colonels (Greek: καθεστώς των Συνταγματαρχών, kathestós ton Syntagmatarchón [kaθesˈtos ton sinˈdaɣ.matarˈxon]), or in Greece simply The Junta (/ˈdʒʊntə/ or /ˈhʊntə/; Greek: Χούντα, translit. Choúnta [ˈxunda]), The Dictatorship (Η Δικτατορία, I Diktatoría) and The Seven Years (Η Επταετία, I Eptaetía), was a series of far-right military juntas that ruled Greece following the 1967 Greek coup d'état led by a group of colonels on 21 April 1967. The dictatorship ended on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The fall of the junta was followed by the Metapolitefsi, and the establishment of the current Third Hellenic Republic.
- The Metapolitefsi (Greek: Μεταπολίτευση, translated as "polity/regime change") was a period in modern Greek history after the fall of the military junta of 1967–74 that includes the transitional period from the fall of the dictatorship to the 1974 legislative elections and the democratic period immediately after these elections. The long course towards the metapolitefsi began with the disputed liberalisation plan of Georgios Papadopoulos, the head of the military dictatorship. This process was opposed by prominent politicians, such as Panagiotis Kanellopoulos and Stephanos Stephanopoulos. Papadopoulos' plan was halted with the Athens Polytechnic uprising, a massive demonstration of popular rejection of the military junta, and the counter coup staged by Dimitrios Ioannides. Ioannides' failed coup d'état against the elected president of Cyprus, Makarios III, and the subsequent Turkish invasion resulted in the fall of the dictatorship and the appointment of an interim government, known as the "national unity government", led by former prime minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis. Karamanlis legalised the Communist Party (KKE) and formed New Democracy, a new center-right party, which won the elections of 1974.
- education
- https://www.quora.com/How-are-Greeks-taught-about-the-Byzantine-Empire
- Map of the Peloponnese during the Middle Ages https://www.quora.com/How-do-Greeks-explain-Slavic-toponyms-in-the-Peloponnesian-peninsula
russia
- https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN1K10PW Greece will expel two Russian diplomats suspected of meddling in the politically sensitive issue of Macedonia, a Greek diplomatic source said on Wednesday, as NATO prepares to invite the former Yugoslav republic to join the alliance.Russia said it would respond in kind to the Greek move, in a rare diplomatic tussle between two Orthodox Christian nations that have traditionally enjoyed warm relations. Macedonia is expecting an invitation at the NATO summit in Brussels this week to join following its landmark deal with Greece whereby it will change its name to the Republic of North Macedonia. Moscow strongly opposes NATO expansion.A member of Russia’s upper house of parliament, Andrei Klimov, told RIA news agency that Moscow would expel two Greek diplomats in response. He did not mention Macedonia or give further detail about the matter.
Germany
- http://www.dw.com/en/fraport-to-manage-14-greek-airports/a-18917384 A consortium majority-owned by Fraport, Germany's biggest airport operating company, and minority-owned by Greek conglomerate Copelouzos Group, announced on Monday it had signed a deal with the Greek government's privatization agency, Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund (HRADF), for a 40-year concession to operate 14 regional airports in Greece. "The project underscores the extensive know-how that Fraport will be able to provide at these 14 aviation gateways, which are vital for Greece's economy and in particular its huge international tourism sector," Fraport Chairman Stefan Schulte was quoted as saying in a corporate press release issued by the Fraport-Copelouzos consortium.
italy
- https://www.quora.com/Can-Greek-speakers-understand-the-Griko-dialect-from-Italy
macedonia/north macedonia
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-Greeks-think-of-Macedonians
turkey
- Turkish influences start getting more as you go up north, and approach Balkans: the traditional architecture of northern Greece (except for western Epirus, if we consider epirus northern Greece), is quite similar to Balkan and much of Turkish architecture. A good example would be to compare old town of veroia or the old town of trikala and safranbolu or sirince. In spite of some differences, the idea looks the same. Turkish influence peaks in culture of Anatolian Greek refugees: these Greeks, who lived in turkey until 1923, share almost everything, except for religion and language, with Turkish people: cuisine, music, architecture etc. In all of these “sectors” it's not clear what element is actually Byzantine, Turkic or Arabic originated, but they are all shared between Anatolian Greeks and Turks. A good example of Anatolian Greek dishes is gyros. Gyros was invented in bursa, a western Turkish city where both Anatolian Greeks and Turks lived together, and was known as doner kebab. The dish was brought to Greece in 1923 with Anatolian refugees. https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-Turkish-influence-in-Greek-culture
- disputes
- https://www.quora.com/Why-can-t-Turkey-and-Greece-be-allies-like-the-UK-and-France-and-why-do-they-keep-buying-weapons-from-Cold-War-players-continuously-instead-of-investing-in-their-education-and-science With the Lausanne Treaty, all the good arable lands of the Eastern Aegean shores became Turkish and the Greeks got the barren islands as well as the seas around them. Apparently both Mustapha Kemal and Eleftherios Venizelos were satisfied with this arrangement. Both majorities of Greeks and Turks were also satisfied. The 1930 Ankara Agreement as signed by M. Kemal and E. Venizelos, specified that any further controversies or claims related to the Lausanne Treaty be settled by international arbitration. The International Court of Justice’s job is exactly that: provide arbitration based upon international Law.There was never an issue of island ownership since half the islands were sorted out at Lausanne and the other half at the Ankara Convention of 1932 between Turkey and Italy, while M. Kemal himself was the Turkish Republic’s president.The Italian Aegean islands were all ceded to Greece in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris. Turkey was not a signatory state to this Treaty, which therefore constitutes a "res inter alios acta" for Turkey; i.e., an issue pertaining to others. According to Article 34 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a treaty does not create obligations or rights for third countries.The demilitarized status of the Dodecanese islands was imposed in the Treaty after the decisive intervention of the Soviet Union, together with the demilitarization of the Italian islands of Panteleria, Lampedusa, Lampione and Linosa, as well as of West Germany’s on the one hand and of Bulgaria, Romania, East Germany, Hungary and Finland on the other. It should, however, be noted that demilitarized status lost its raison d’être with the creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, as incompatible with countries’ participation in military alliances. Against this backdrop, demilitarized status ceased to apply.
saudi arabia
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-5115249/Greek-government-faces-questions-botched-Saudi-arms-sale.html The Greek government has come under fire over a planned arms sale to Saudi Arabia that fell through amid accusations of incompetence against the defence minister, a key ally of Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras. Opposition lawmakers say the botched deal for surplus military stock cost Greece 66 million euros ($78 million), while ruling party officials have questioned the sale of munitions to Saudi Arabia owing to its involvement in the Yemen conflict.
singapore
- mfa address greece as hellenic republic re george katrougalos visit to singapore in may19
China
- historical ties
- Liu Zhenhua (Chinese: 劉振華; July 1921 – 11 July 2018) was a Chinese army general of the People's Liberation Army (shang jiang). He was born in Tai'an, Shandong Province. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1938. He was a veteran of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Korean War. He made significant contributions to the victories of the Battle of Jinzhou against Kuomintang forces of Liao Yaoxiang and the Pingjin Campaign against Kuomintang forces of Fu Zuoyi. He was an alternate member of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a delegate to the 8th National People's Congress. In 1964, he was promoted to major general. He was Ambassador of China to Albania from 1971 to 1976. As Ambassador, he made improvement to China–Greece relations by establishing diplomatic relations with Greece on June 6, 1972.
- leader visit
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2016-10/06/content_26978497.htm Senior Communist Party of China official Liu Yunshan met Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos on Tuesday, agreeing to deepen cooperation between the two countries at various levels and respect each other's core interests. Liu, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, conveyed best regards from Chinese President Xi Jinping to Pavlopoulos, saying that China-Greece relations have stood the test of ever-changing international situations and achieved constant progress on cooperation since the two countries established diplomatic ties 44 years ago. China is ready to conduct closer cooperation with Greece at various levels, share mutual understanding and support on issues related to each other's core and major interests, said Liu. Liu highlighted enhanced dialogue among different civilizations, saying that China and Greece, as two ancient civilizations in the world, should learn from each other and play an active role in jointly forging four major China-Europe partnerships for peace, growth, reform and civilization.
- 中國國家主席習近平當地時間11日在雅典同希臘總統帕夫洛普洛斯舉行會談，會見希臘總理米佐塔基斯，雙方達成廣泛共識。習近平在會見時說，中希都支持文明交流互鑒，反對文明衝突謬論，希望中希兩個文明古國在新時代煥發出新的光芒。會談後，兩國領導人共同見證了雙邊合作文件的交換，涉及投資、港口、金融、能源、教育等多個領域。雙方發表了關於加強全面戰略夥伴關係的聯合聲明。當地時間11日，中希雙方發表了《中華人民共和國和希臘共和國關於加強全面戰略夥伴關係的聯合聲明》。聲明表示，雙方願通過比雷埃夫斯港口等合作項目推動落實兩國政府間共建「一帶一路」合作諒解備忘錄。雙方將加強雙邊和中歐陸海快線框架下的海關貿易安全與便利化合作。聲明提到，中方同意希方在四川省成都市設立總領館。雙方鼓勵並支持中歐雙方空運企業開通更多中國與希臘之間的航線航班。聲明表示，雙方願深化農業政策、研究和食品安全等領域的雙邊合作，通過加快相關程序，推進農產品和食品貿易便利化，促進希臘符合中方要求的優質農產品對華出口。雙方願加強科技發展戰略對接，支持共同資助聯合研究項目、共建聯合實驗室和科技園區、技術轉移等合作。聲明稱，雙方應加強在文化遺產、考古、藝術、教育、旅遊等領域的合作，密切人員往來和各種形式的民間交流。雙方願積極考慮在2021年互辦文化旅遊年等活動。雙方同意通過在華推廣希臘文化和在希推廣中國文化的方式穩步加強旅遊合作。 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191112/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- Greece opened a new visa application center in Beijing on Thursday to encourage more Chinese tourists to visit the European country. china daily 8jun18
- Piraeus
- http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/19/china-piraeus-greece-cosco-thessaloniki-railways Five years ago, Fu's employer, the global shipping carrier Cosco, acquired the management rights of half of the port in a €500m (£400m) deal that has seen business activity triple. Under the Chinese company's watch, about 6,000 containers a day are transferred through the terminal with breathtaking efficiency. "It's a huge investment that is teaching us a lot about management skills in a foreign country," says Fu, who has overseen the remodelling and expansion of the piers now controlled by Cosco under the 35-year concession.
- newly elected government call stop for sale of port singtao 29jan15 b6, http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/29/a20-0129.pdf 對於希臘 新政府叫停向中遠集團出售比雷埃夫斯港股份一 事，商務部國際貿易經濟合作研究院研究員梅新育 向本報記者指出，這應該只是希臘新政府暫時停止 了該港口的私有化進程，不應過分解讀，考慮到希 臘的債務危機，相信過不了太久這個項目還會重新 啟動。梅新育同時提醒中國投資者，在進行海外佈 局時，警惕政治風險，但也不用過分擔憂。與東道 國政府打交道，秉承密切接觸但不要越位的態度， 保持中立的態度，不摻和他們的內政，這種方式從 長遠看才是最好的。hket 29jan15 a18, http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201501/0129/HZ19129CZXX.pdf, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-01/29/content_19434401.htm
- http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1698880/greece-just-posturing-over-chinas-interest-piraeus-port-analysts Even though Greece's new left-wing government set alarm bells ringing in Beijing when it halted the privatisation of the port this week, analysts say Athens is merely posturing. China will still be a "privileged partner for Greece", they say. Cosco, through its Piraeus Container Terminal (PCT) arm, manages the two main container terminals at the port - one of Europe's busiest - under a 35-year concession signed in 2008. In a logical move to extend its control, the Chinese shipping giant was one of the bidders for the 67 per cent share in the port authority held by the Greek state. The tender deal was one of the key requirements of the €240 billion (HK$2.09 trillion) EU-IMF bailout for Greece.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/02/12/a08-0212.pdf據《中國日報》引述外媒 報道，希臘政府高級官員近日表示，希臘 財長Yanis Varoufakis計劃於 11日在布魯塞 爾會議上告訴歐元區財長們，希臘將繼續 對該國的主要港口比雷埃夫斯港進行私有 化，收回希臘新政府日前有關凍結該交易 的承諾
- http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1797444/cosco-pacific-seen-distancing-itself-greek-port-project Cosco Pacific, the port unit of China Ocean Shipping Group, seems to be distancing itself from any involvement in a port privatisation plan in Greece, where a new leftist government has tried to shed austerity commitments, casting doubt on further investment by the Chinese firm. "Any decisions related to [the bidding] of Piraeus Port Authority (PPA) are made at our parent group level," vice-chairman and managing director Qiu Jinguang said after Cosco Pacific's annual general meeting on Thursday. "We are not involved at all." The comments mark a U-turn from the company's previous stance, when it repeatedly asserted interest in Greece's largest port, a substantial part of which it already operates. In March, deputy managing director Ken Chan said the firm had been preparing bidding documents and waiting for the local authorities to call for their submission. Privatisation of PPA, controlled by the Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund (HRADF), was launched in March last year, as part of a massive state assets sell-off to relieve Greece's credit crunch.
- http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1900585/greece-says-chinas-cosco-sole-bidder-piraeus-port-sale Greece says China’s Cosco sole bidder in Piraeus Port sale Privatisation agency says it will ask bidder to raise offer
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-05/08/content_29251685.htm Piraeus Container Terminal S.A. (PCT), a subsidiary corporation of COSCO SHIPPING, has been formed and started to operate the No 2 and No 3 piers. On August 10, 2016, COSCO SHIPPING acquired 67 percent of the shares of the Piraeus Port Authority (PPA), officially taking over the port's business. the China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line connecting Piraeus through COSCO SHIPPING has extended the Maritime Silk Road into the hinterland of Europe.At present, some world-renowned manufacturers, such as Sony and the HP, have become loyal customers on the Express Line. To further improve the service of Piraeus as the hub, COSCO SHIPPING opened express routes for container transportation between China and Europe in 2017, with Piraeus as the port of call. M.V. COSCO Netherlands has traveled through a part of the routes.
- 比雷埃夫斯港面向地中海的沿海城市，使用海路從亞洲出發，經過馬六甲、印度洋、紅海前往歐洲，通過蘇彝士運河後，便能夠到達比雷埃夫斯港。由於地理位置優越，該港口也是地中海地區最大的貨櫃碼頭港口之一。此外，配合正在計劃興建的匈牙利及塞爾維亞連接比雷埃夫斯港的鐵路網絡，中國希望把港口建設成一個連接中歐海陸聯運物流的轉運中心。日後到達港口的貨物，將更快捷地經鐵路輸往東方；這是通往巴爾幹並進入中歐、東歐的要道。比雷埃夫斯港的重要意義，在於構建一個地中海上的落腳點。這裏將是「絲綢之路經濟帶」和「二十一世紀海上絲綢之路」的歐洲海陸交匯點。跟比雷埃夫斯港相比，從德國或荷蘭港口再進行陸上運輸前往中東歐，時間上要多出七至十天的日程。難怪中遠集團在比雷埃夫斯港處理的貨運量，最近五年已激增了四倍以上。其實中國企業也在尋找收購土耳其大型港口的機會，其戰略構想便是複製比雷埃夫斯港的模式，建設從土耳其到希臘、中東歐的廣大地區交通網絡。此外，比雷埃夫斯港也可能會作為海軍補給基地。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160117/00184_007.html
- financial
- energy
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191113/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 11日，希臘 銀行（即希臘央行）向中國銀行頒發信函 ，同意設立中國銀行（盧森堡）有限公司 雅典分行。中行表示，將積極拓展存款、 貸款、匯款、國際結算、貿易融資等業務 ，為中希經貿往來提供有力的金融支持。 中國工商銀行同日發表消息稱，中國 工商銀行希臘代表處正式獲頒牌照。希臘 代表處的成立，有助於工行在共建 「一帶 一路」 基礎設施、交通、能源、通信等重 點領域開展合作，打造中希經貿往來的金 融橋樑和紐帶。
- energy
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-12/20/content_27716242.htm State Grid Corp of China has signed a deal to purchase a minority stake in Greece's power grid operator ADMIE, a move to further extend its international reach. The company will purchase a 24 percent state in ADMIE, Greece's state-backed Public Power Corporation's subsidiary, for 320 million euros ($349 million), according to the world's largest utility company.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170622/PDF/a11_screen.pdf希腊当地时间6月20日，中国国家电网公司入股希腊国家电网公司股权交割仪式在希腊首都雅典正式举行，至此中国国家电网投资收购希腊国家电网公司24%股权项目取得圆满成功。此举掀开了中希两国能源合作新的篇章。
- 神華集團投資希臘風電項目。據外電消息，神華集團通過旗下子公司Shenhua Renewable Co收購了希臘基礎設施開發集團Copelouzos運營或建設的4個風電場的75%的股份。這是中國企業首次在希臘投資風電場。雙方協作還將擴展到由Copelouzos開發的其他風電場。據Copelouzos稱，神華還同意參股PPC Solar Solutions，後者是希臘主要電力公司Public Power DEHr.AT和Copelouzos的合資公司。今年5月，神華集團和Copelouzos 同意在希臘和其他國家的清潔能源項目和發電廠升級方面展開合作。當時Copelouzos說，該協議將涉及30億歐元的總投資。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/11/03/b04-1103.pdf
- 當地時 間11月11日，在中國國家主席習近平和希 臘總理米佐塔基斯的共同見證下，中國國 家電網有限公司與希臘國家電網公司（ IPTO）簽署了《希臘克里特島聯網專案股 權投資意向協議》。 克里特島是希臘最大的自主發、供電 島嶼，尚未與希臘大陸聯網。為解決島上 燃油發電成本高、污染重等問題，IPTO公 司將採用±500千伏柔性直流輸電技術建 設聯網工程，以大幅降低島上用電成本， 改善生態環境，推動島上可再生能源開發 利用。中國國家電網稱，公司將積極分享 柔性直流輸電技術經驗，為聯網專案實施 提供專家支持、技術交流和人員培訓，保 障專案的順利實施。 中行工行希臘設業務點 公開資料顯示，早在2017年6月，國 家電網即成功投資IPTO公司24%股權， 成為IPTO公司重要的長期行業投資者。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191113/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- di from china
- investor from China
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-07/14/content_21272498.htm The continued international expansion of Chinese industry is no short-term, asset-stripping game. Airports and ports are prime targets for overseas investors andwould provide the Greek government with a relatively straightforward way of raisingthe finance needed to keep the creditors at bay. It is abundantly clear the Greek government's control over their major port, Piraeus,could be about to end. As part of Syriza's deal last month with the IMF, EuropeanCommission and the ECB to repay about 240 billion euros ($254 billion) thatGreece borrowed back in 2010, the country's Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras wascompelled to leave Piraeus up for sale. This is probably the thin end of the wedgetoo. For China, that is excellent news, since its State-run shipping behemoth, the ChinaOcean Shipping (Group), or COSCO, is in pole position to snap up the 67 percent ofPireaus Port under Greek government control. Chinese capital has already been pumped into the Greek economy. As far back as2008, one of China's shipping industry giants sealed a deal with Piraeus. ChinaOffshore Shipping Corporation signed a 35-year operating lease worth around 490million euros. And so began a Sino-Greek relationship, where much-needed capitalhas helped prop up the Greek economy while Chinese industry has penetrated aEuropean transport hub. The Piraeus Pier II deal has since led to an impressive investment andmodernization program of which Chinese industry, and COSCO in particular, can beproud. Year after year, since 2008, COSCO, responsible for one of two Piraeusterminals, has brought about substantial upgrading and renovation of manyoutdated features at the port. For example, it instigated and oversaw the building ofa new deep-water dock capable of accommodating the latest container ships. COSCO has also single-handedly modernized the port's dilapidated crane system. Itis considered by many that port traffic in Piraeus has subsequently increased toapproximately 3 million containers a year. COSCO has now set a target to doublethis traffic level within a year of (hopefully) winning a bid to operate the rest of theport. COSCO's ambitious plans for Piraeus should also be seen as a win-win situation,with the Greek economy benefiting immensely. If it gains full control, Piraeus couldgrow very quickly to rival the major European ports of Hamburg, Rotterdam andAntwerp.Such coordinated investment on the Chinese side is a recognition of the strategicimportance of Pireaus. As a result, more investment interest from China is highlylikely and will prove equally beneficial to the Greek government and the Greekeconomy. Other major ports, such as Thessaloniki, and many of Greece's major airports arealso among the so-called sacred cows that could well become open to privatetender and foreign ownership. Chinese companies are now well placed as a resultof their record of success in Pireaus, but they need to set sail right away.
- investor from China
- China construction tycoon eyes Greece ft 2feb15
- culture
- Greece's National Museum of Contemporary Art, or EMST, in Athens has been building new bridges of intercultural dialogue with China as part of a wider Sino-Greek effort to bring the two countries and their people closer, the museum's director Katerina Koskina said in a recent interview. Last Tuesday, during the opening of an exhibition of EMST's newest acquisitions of the past two years, Koskina talked about the collaboration launched last year with the National Art Museum of China, or NAMOC, thanks to the support of the culture ministries in Athens and Beijing and the exchanges of museum exhibits.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2018-12/13/content_37398991.htm
- cultural year
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/europe/2017-04/28/content_29137177.htm Cultural links between two of the world’s most ancient civilizations has been reinforced with the launching of the China-Greece Cultural Exchanges and Cultural Industry Cooperation Year, attended by Liu Qibao, member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and head of the Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee, Greek Deputy Prime Minister YannisDragasakis, Greek Culture Minister Lydia Koniordou, other visiting senior Chinese officials and Greek dignitaries in Athens late on Thursday.
- dance
- china daily 17sep18 "beijing dance troops stage ballet athens"
Hong kong
- immigration
- immigration
- 胡康邦移民顧問總裁胡康邦表示，現時移居到希臘的客戶主要透過黃金簽證計劃，當中大部分的客戶年齡由三十至五十多歲不等，他們都抱着移民不移居的心態，希望為子女獲得多一重身份保障。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20191009/00269_001.html
- 申請希臘投資者永久居留許可計劃沒有學歷及語言要求，只要沒有刑事犯罪紀錄，以及在希臘購買25萬歐元以上的物業就可。環球房產投資及移民公司「海外買家」行政總裁梁鈞浩表示，其接觸的申請人主要買雅典的樓房或島上的別墅小屋。以雅典的新樓為例，Athens Park Swan住宅項目預期於今年第四季落成，面積由161至818方呎不等，定價由25.3萬至32萬歐元（約213萬至270萬港元）。事實上，25萬歐元投資希臘物業，不只限於住宅，其他如寫字樓、商舖、農田、廠房、倉庫等也可以。當然，買住宅既可以出租亦可以自住，受大部分人歡迎。完成物業買賣手續後，大家就可以申請有效期為五年的希臘居留許可，而五年後仍持有該處房產，可再續五年居留許可，更新次數不限。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200323/00269_001.html
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