Thursday, December 20, 2018

Norway

government
- The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norwegian: Klima- og miljødepartementet) is a Norwegian ministry established on May 8, 1972. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has a particular responsibility for carrying out the climate and environmental policies of the Government. Before 2014 the name was "Ministry of the Environment" (Norwegian: Miljøverndepartementet).

  • The Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI; Norwegian: Norsk Polarinstitutt) is Norway's central governmental institution for scientific research, mapping and environmental monitoring in the Arctic and the Antarctic. The NPI is a directorate under Norway's Ministry of Climate and Environment. The institute advises Norwegian authorities on matters concerning polar environmental management and is the official environmental management body for Norwegian activities in Antarctica.
- The Norwegian Mapping Authority (NMA) (Norwegian: Statens kartverk or Kartverket) is Norway's national mapping agency, dealing with land surveying, geodesy, hydrographic surveying, cadastre and cartography.

Ålesund (Norwegian pronunciation: [²ɔːləsʉn] is a town and municipality in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Sunnmøre and the centre of the Ålesund Region. The port of Ålesund was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). It was completely surrounded by Borgund Municipality. The port of Ålesund received town rights in 1848. On 1 January 1875, part of Borgund Municipality (population: 902) was transferred to the town of Ålesund. In 1922, another part of Borgund Municipality (population: 1,148) was transferred to the town of Ålesund. On 1 January 1968, most of the neighbouring municipality of Borgund (population: 20,132) was merged into Ålesund. On 1 January 2020, the municipality of Ålesund is scheduled to be merged with Haram Municipality, Skodje Municipality, Sandøy Municipality, and Ørskog Municipality to form one large municipality of Ålesund. A part of the town was originally known as Kaupangen Borgund. The Old Norse word kaupang means "marketplace" or "town", thus the market town for Borgund. The Old Norse form of the current name was Álasund. The first element of that (probably) is the plural genitive case of áll which means "eel" and the last element is sund which means "strait" or "sound". Before 1921, the name was written Aalesund.The coat-of-arms was granted on 1 April 1898. The arms symbolize the importance of fishingfor the town. The type of ship was typical for the ships used in the 18th and 19th century and is taken from a drawing made in 1762. The waves and fish were added to the drawing in the arms.

阿塔Alta (Norwegian) or Áltá (Northern Sami)[3] or Alattio (Kven) is the most populated municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Alta.The rock carvings at Alta, located near the Jiepmaluokta bay, dating from c. 4200 BC to 500 BC, are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The Komsa culture was named after the Komsa mountain in Alta municipality, where the first archeological remains of this culture were discovered.In the aftermath of the Sami Kautokeino rebellion of 1852, rebel leaders Mons Aslaksen Somby and Aslak Jacobsen Hætta were decapitated at Elvebakken in what is now the town of Alta on 14 October 1854.Their bodies were buried in graves just outside the Kåfjord Church graveyard in the village of Kåfjord in Alta, but their heads were sent on to the Anatomisk Institute at the Kong Medical Frederiks University in Oslo, where they were kept for more than a century as part of the university's skull collections. The two skulls were only relinquished by the university in 1985, following a controversy and protests by Sami activists, and were in November 1997 buried at the Kåfjord Church in Alta, at the same spot as their bodies were buried over 140 years earlier.

St. Hanshaugen (en español: la Colina de San Juan) 

Hvitsten is a former town in Akershus county, Norway, located between Drøbak and Son.It is the smallest town that has ever existed in Norway: In 1951 it had 76 inhabitants, and an area of just 0.07 km². Because of its size it could not be established as a municipality of its own, and it had to be a part of the rural municipality of Vestby. Hvitsten lost its status as a town January 1, 1964.The town was named after the old farm Hvitsten (Norse Hvítisteinn), since it was built on its ground. The first element is hvítr 'white', the last element is steinn m 'stone, rock'. Edvard Munch bought the property Nedre Ramme in 1910 and created some well-known works there[2] before it was taken over by the invading Germans during World War II.Fred. Olsen & Co. are also connected to Hvitsten where they have the family place Lysedal. The Hvitsten chapel (built in 1903) was a gift from Fred Olsen’s mother, Bolette Olsen. Today, son Petter Olsen's Ramme Gaard estate is located in the area.
勒倫斯科格Lørenskog The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old (and no longer existent) Leirheimr farm. The first element is leirr which means "clay" and the last element is heimrwhich means "homestead" or "farm". Thus: "the farm built on clay ground". The suffixskógr (meaning "wood") was added later, changing the meaning to "the woodlands around the farm Leirheimr". Prior to 1918, the name was spelled "Lørenskogen".Lørenskog's arms date from modern times. Granted on 26 July 1957, they show a red waterwheel on a gold background. Water-driven sawmills were once an important part of the municipality's economy.
- people




 希尔克内斯 Kirkenes (Northern Sami: Girkonjárga, Finnish and Kven: Kirkkoniemi, Russian: Киркенес) is a town in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, in the far northeastern part of Norway. The area around Kirkenes was a common Norwegian–Russian district until 1826, when the present border was settled. The original name of the peninsula was Piselvnes ("Pis River headland"), but this was changed to Kirkenes (meaning "church headland") after the Kirkenes Church was built here in 1862. Kirkenes was a village until 1998 when it received town status.
- china

  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201902/23/WS5c70bc06a3106c65c34eafba.html Norway-About 400 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, fireworks lit up the evening sky of Kirkenes, Norway's Barents port, or "World's Northernmost Chinatown" in the five days from last Wednesday. The fireworks marked the start of a five-day festival-the 2019 Barents Spektakel with the theme "World's Northernmost Chinatown," meant to highlight "a golden age of China," according to the organizers. "As receding sea ice opens shipping routes to the north, and unimaginable levels of global investment revitalize ancient overland trade routes, the time is right to welcome China to Kirkenes and create a future of prosperity and cooperation," they said in the event's introduction. A gateway with decorations in the ancient Chinese style has been erected in the pedestrian zone, lending an exotic touch to the small Norwegian Arctic town, and high on its door header is a tablet reading "World's Northernmost Chinatown"-in Chinese.


Svalbard (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsʋɑ(ː)lbɑː]; formerly known by its Dutch name Spitsbergen) is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Situated north of mainland Europe, it is about midway between continental Norway and the North Pole. The islands of the group range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude. The largest island is Spitsbergen, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. Administratively, the archipelago is not part of any Norwegian county, but forms an unincorporated area administered by a governor appointed by the Norwegian government. Since 2002, Svalbard's main settlement, Longyearbyen, has had an elected local government, somewhat similar to mainland municipalities. Other settlements include the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research station of Ny-Ålesund, and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. Svalbard is the northernmost settlement in the world with a permanent civilian population. Other settlements are farther north, but are populated only by rotating groups of researchers. The islands were first taken into use as a whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which they were abandoned. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. They also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol remain the only mining companies in place. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries, with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault playing critical roles. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway.
-The Svalbard Treaty or the Spitsbergen Treaty, recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, at the time called Spitsbergen. The exercise of sovereignty is, however, subject to certain stipulations, and not all Norwegian law applies. The treaty regulates the demilitarisation of the archipelago. The signatories were given equal rights to engage in commercial activities (mainly coal mining) on the islands. As of 2012, Norway and Russia are making use of this right. Uniquely, the archipelago is an entirely visa-free zone under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty. The treaty was signed on 9 February 1920 and submitted for registration in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 21 October 1920. There were 14 original High Contracting Parties, including: the United States, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (including British overseas dominions of Canada, Australia, India, South Africa and New Zealand). Several additional nations signed within the next five years before the treaty came into force, including the Soviet Union in 1924 and Germany and China in 1925.Of the original signatories, Japan was the last to ratify the treaty on 2 August 1925. On 14 August 1925, the treaty came into force. As of 2016, there are 45 parties to the treaty.
  • hkej 9 and 10 may17 shum article
- On the face of it, a relentless battle between the European Union and Norway in a remote part of the Arctic is about snow crabs. But the real fight may go beyond who gets to catch the modest crustaceans around Svalbard, a unique Norwegian archipelago in the Barents Sea. What is really at stake is oil, some experts say, and a coming race for the commodity of which there is a lot in the polar region. “No country wants to give up resources without receiving anything in return. That is the principle here too,” Norwegian Fisheries Minister Per Sandberg tells AFP. Norway, which is not a member of the EU, has slammed Brussels for authorising European vessels from mainly Baltic nations to fish for crabs in the Svalbard area, saying it violates its national sovereignty. A Latvian ship has already paid the price. In January, a ship called ‘The Senator’ was intercepted by Norwegian coast guards while crab fishing around Svalbard, and recently received a hefty fine. “What happened is totally new,” says Mr. Sandberg. “The EU is unabashed to make this kind of a decision without consulting us.” The EU and Norway’s conflicting interpretations of the 1920 Svalbard Treaty signed in Paris are at the heart of the problem. The treaty recognises Norway’s “full and absolute sovereignty”, but gives the signatory nations an equal right to economic activities on Svalbard and its territorial waters. The core issue is to agree on the geographical scope of the treaty and how far all signatory states benefit from an equal access to resources. With a strict interpretation of the treaty, Oslo says the agreement applies only to the 12-mile limits of the territorial waters surrounding Svalbard and not any further. But Brussels has a more loose interpretation of the treaty and says it covers 200 miles around Svalbard, in line with the concept of an economic zone that did not exist when the treaty was signed.http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/eu-norway-crab-row-could-fuel-arctic-oil-tensions/article19245768.ece
- Longyearbyen (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈlɔŋjiːrbyːən] (lit. The Longyear Town) is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of Svalbard, Norway. As of December 2015, the town had a population of 2,144. Longyearbyen is located in the Longyear Valley and on the shore of Adventfjorden, a bay of Isfjorden located on the west coast of Spitsbergen. Since 2002, Longyearbyen Community Councilhas had many of the same responsibilities of a municipality, including utilities, education, cultural facilities, fire brigade, roads and ports. The town is the seat of the Governor of Svalbard. It is the world's northernmost settlement of any kind with greater than 1,000 permanent residents. Known as Longyear City until 1926, the town was established by and named after John Munro Longyear, whose Arctic Coal Company started coal miningoperations in 1906. Operations were taken over by Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani (SNSK) in 1916, which still conducts mining. The town was almost completely destroyed by the German Kriegsmarine on 8 August 1943, but was rebuilt after the Second World War. Traditionally, Longyearbyen was a company town, but most mining operations have moved to Sveagruva since the 1990s, while the town has seen a large increase in tourism and research. This has seen the arrival of institutions such as the University Centre in Svalbard, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and Svalbard Satellite Station. The community is served bySvalbard Airport, Longyear and Svalbard Church.

 于特岛 Utøya ([²ʉːtˌœʏɑ]) is an island in the Tyrifjorden lake in Hole municipality, in the county of Buskerud, Norway. Utøya is owned by the Workers' Youth League (AUF), a youth group associated with the Labour Party, which holds an annual summer camp there. The island is operated commercially by Utøya AS.The island was a croft until purchased by the right wing politician Jens Bratlie in 1893. Bratlie used the property as a summer residence until 1933 when it was purchased by the Trade Union Confederation. The island was given as a commemorative gift by the Oslo Trade Union Confederation on 28 August 1950, and it has hosted several political organizations' summer camps. 

維肯 Viken is a county in Eastern Norway that was established on 1 January 2020 by the forced merger of Akershus, Buskerud and Østfold with the addition of three other municipalities. It takes its name from Viken, Scandinavia, the historical region in western Sweden that before the middle ages also included areas in today's southeastern Norway, but has entirely different borders and does not include key parts of the historical region. Both its creation and its name are subjects of strong controversy and Viken is opposed by the counties concerned; the elected regional assembly and county executive of Viken County have declared the disestablishment of Viken in 2021 as the main political goal of Viken County, while refusing to do anything to merge the counties in practice. The county coat of arms adopted in 2020 was based on a citizen's proposal, meaning that it bears no resemblance to older heraldic arms from the area. Historian Lars Roede criticized the coat of arms as an "amateurish logo"; Roede wrote that the coat of arms "does not adhere to the requirements of good heraldry," would have been rejected by heraldic experts in the National Archives, "looks like three flying saucers under [a] cap" and is "a logo, not a heraldic coat of arms".
- 埃茲伏爾eidsvollThe first element is the genitive case of the word eid (Old Norse: eið) and the last element is voll (Old Norse: vǫllr) which means "meadow" or "field". The meaning of the word eid in this case is "a road passing around a waterfall". People from the districts around the lake (Mjøsa) who were sailing down the river Vorma, and people from Romerike sailing up the same river, both had to enter this area by passing the Sundfossen waterfall. Because of this, the site became an important meeting place long before the introduction of Christianity. Prior to 1918, the name was spelled "Eidsvold". The town of Eidsvold in Queensland, Australia and Eidsvold Township, Lyon County, Minnesota, United States still use this old spelling.

  • constitution of norway signed here in 1814
- 萨尔普斯堡（又译：萨斯伯格) Sarpsborg [ˈsɑ̀ʂ.bɔr] or [ˈsɑ̀rps.bɔrg], historically Borg, is a city and municipality in Viken county, Norway.Borregaard Industries is, and always has been, the most important industry in the city. The city is also the home of Borg Bryggerier, part of the Hansa Borg Bryggerier, which is Norway's second largest brewery-group.In Norse times the city was just called Borg (from borg which means "castle"). The background for this was the fortification built by Olav Haraldsson (see History section). Later the genitive case of the name of the waterfall Sarpr (Sarp Falls) was added. In Norse times Østfold county was called Borgarsýsla which means "the county (sýsla) of Borg" and the law district of southeast Norway was called Borgarþing meaning "the thing/court of Borg". The old name has been revived in the diocese of Borg (1968) and Borgarting Court of Appeal (1995).The coat-of-arms is from modern times and was granted on 13 November 1991. It is based on a coat of arms dating from 1556 and shows a bear above a castle. The bear was introduced as early as some time in the 13th century, by the earl of Sarpsborg (Comes de Saresburgh), Alv Erlingsson. He used the bear to symbolise his strength.[citation needed] The castle symbolises the fortress (borg) that gave the city its original name.The city was founded as Borg by the Viking King Olav Haraldsson (Saint Olaf) in 1016.En 1567, durante la Guerra Nórdica de los Siete Años que enfrentó a Dinamarca-Noruega contra Suecia, el ejército sueco invadió la región e incendió Sarpsborg. Tras la destrucción de la ciudad, el rey Federico II decidió trasladar la ciudad 14 kilómetros río abajo, en la desembocadura del Glomma, de modo que fuera más fácil su defensa contra otro posible ataque sueco. Esta nueva ciudad cambió su nombre a Fredrikstad en 1569. Una parte de los pobladores de Sarpsborg se quedaron a vivir en las inmediaciones de la localidad original, en Gleng (actualmente un barrio al norte del centro de la ciudad).  It was burned to the ground by Swedish invaders in 1567 during the Northern Seven Years' War. Half the population was evacuated down the river to what is today known as Fredrikstad, about 15 kilometres (9 mi) downstream.Much of the rebuilt town disappeared into the river Glomma during a 1702 mudslide. Again Borg was rebuilt, and it was recreated as a city in 1839, and separated from Tune as a municipality of its own.The rural municipalities of Tune, Skjeberg, and Varteig were merged with the city on 1 January 1992. 
- Harald Dahl, father of the British writer Roald Dahl, also came from Sarpsborg.

Sovereign Wealth Fund
- http://www.scmp.com/property/international/article/1643101/norways-sovereign-wealth-fund-plans-property-investment Targeting an investment horizon of "forever", Norway's US$860 billion oil fund plans to enter the Asian real estate market next year and aims to broaden its asset range to include anything from new developments to refurbishments, it said.
- https://www.ft.com/content/6a44f742-bb18-11e7-8c12-5661783e5589 The world’s biggest sovereign wealth fund is declaring victory in its attempt to become a more active and influential investor on corporate governance.  Norway’s $1tn oil fund unveiled a groundbreaking plan two years ago to publicly disclose how it would vote ahead of companies’ annual meetings and expected to do so initially 20 times a year and more after that.  Instead, this year it has just published its intentions early three times — over the Linde-Praxair merger, pay policy at Royal Bank of Scotland, and shareholder proposals at Monster Beverage.  Yngve Slyngstad, chief executive of Norges Bank Investment Management, which manages the fund, told the Financial Times: “It has been more effective than we thought.”
- https://www.ft.com/content/1a44c4d2-daaf-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482 Norway’s $1tn oil fund is eyeing further property deals in Tokyo after making its first real estate investment in Asia. The world’s largest sovereign wealth fund has been scouring the region since 2015 for property but concluded its first deal only on Thursday, buying a 70 per cent stake in five buildings in some of Tokyo’s biggest shopping districts.
-  https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-10/norway-s-1-trillion-fund-wants-to-invest-in-private-equity 
- ft 29aug19 norway oil fund eyes unlisted holdings


Association/institution
- The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic. Eight member countries constitute the council: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States as these are the eight countries with sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle. Outside these, there are some observer states (china became observer state in 2013).The first step towards the formation of the Council occurred in 1991 when the eight Arctic countries signed the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS). The 1996 Ottawa Declaration established the Arctic Council[2] as a . The Arctic Council has conducted studies on climate change, oil and gas, and Arctic shipping. In 2011, the Council member states concluded the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement, the first binding treaty concluded under the Council's auspices.

  • https://www.ft.com/content/f879ff9a-70ab-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5 The US has sparked fury and bewilderment after it blocked a joint declaration by Arctic Council states that made reference to climate change.  Polar experts decried the lack of a joint declaration on Tuesday as the foreign ministers of the eight Arctic countries only agreed to a short and vague statement, with no mention of climate change, after a meeting in the Finnish city of Rovaniemi.
- The Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI; Norwegian: Norsk Polarinstitutt) is Norway's central governmental institution for scientific research, mapping and environmental monitoring in the Arctic and the Antarctic.[1] The NPI is a directorate under Norway's Ministry of Climate and Environment.[1] The institute advises Norwegian authorities on matters concerning polar environmental management and is the official environmental management body for Norwegian activities in Antarctica.
The NPI was established in 1948 under the Norwegian Ministry of Industry, but must be seen as an extension of Norwegian Svalbard and Arctic Ocean Survey, Norges Svalbard og Ishavsundersøkelser (NSIU), which was founded on 1 March 1928.[7] Previously, Norway's Svalbard research had been organized as the Norwegian state-supported Spitsbergen Expeditions, with roots dating back to 1906.[8] With the establishment of the NSIU, Norwegian research activity in eastern Greenland increased.
- Peace Research Institute Oslo http://www.prio.no/
- The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is an international organisation which maintains a standard, assessing the levels of transparency regarding countries’ oil, gas and mineral resources. This standard is developed and overseen by a multi-stakeholder Board, consisting of representatives from governments, extractives companies, civil society organisations, institutional investors and international organisations. EITI Standard is implemented in 48 countries. It consists of a set of requirements that governments and companies have to adhere to in order to become recognised as 'EITI Compliant'. The Chair of the EITI is Clare Short, formerUK Secretary of State for International Development. The former Chair of the EITI was Peter Eigen. The EITI International Secretariat is located in Oslo, Norway and is headed by Swedish former diplomat Jonas Moberg.
- The Norwegian-African Business Association seeks to promote business opportunities on the African continent and serve as a bridge between Norwegian and African.http://norwegianafrican.no
- The International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO) is a membership association for owners of independent tankers throughout the world. The Association was formed in its present guise in Oslo in 1970 to speak out for those independent tanker owners, i.e. non-oil companies and non-state controlled tanker owners, for the safe shipping of oil and chemicals and to act as a forum for marine policy creation.[1] Membership is open to those owners and operators of oil, gas and chemical tankers who fulfil the Association's membership criteria. Independent owners operate a huge percentage of the world's tanker fleet and the vast majority are INTERTANKO Members.

Company
- Equinor ASA ( formerly Statoil and StatoilHydro)
  • http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5001c62a-ac49-11e4-af0e-00144feab7de.html Statoil, Norway’s state-owned and biggest energy group, said on Wednesday it was examining whether to put back the development of its huge Johan Castberg project in the Norwegian Arctic. Eldar Saetre, chief executive, said that Statoil was taking a hard look at capital spending and would prepare itself for a prolonged period of lower oil prices by reducing costs. It would do less drilling in the Barents Sea this year.
  • http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/de6941c8-ac3e-11e4-9d32-00144feab7de.html The new chief executive cited Castberg, a costly initiative because of the Arctic’s hostile conditions and lack of infrastructure, as an example of how the group could make savings and boost long-term profitability by postponing projects. Analysts have pointed to the Arctic as an area which oil companies could retreat from as they try to cut exploration costs, notwithstanding Lundin Petroleum’s decision to continue to drill this year. Lying in waters nearly 400 metres deep in the Barents Sea, Castberg is estimated to hold 400m-600m barrels of oil, making it the region’s most significant discovery. Statoil said last month it was working to make a decision by the summer on how to develop the field. But one industry executive said that decision was likely to be delayed by a year.
  • http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0f64f7ae-1409-11e5-abda-00144feabdc0.html Statoil is to cut as many as 1,500 jobs and 500 consultants as the Norwegian state-controlled oil and gas company steps up its cost saving programme. The job losses mark the latest move by oil majors to bring costs more under control after the dramatic halving of the crude price last year.

- telenor
- yara international
- Canica is a private holding company, based in Oslo, Norway, created to own the RIMI grocery store chain, owned by Stein Erik Hagen (10%) and his three children Caroline Marie Hagen, Carl Erik Hagen and Nina Camilla Hagen (30% each). The company is the largest owner of Orkla (17.4%), Jernia (100%), Komplett (56.21%), Ignis and Steen & Strøm (49.9%). The company was founded in 1985 to own the RIMI grocery store chain that Hagen had started. This was sold to ICA in 2004.
- Orkla ASA
  • taking the green road to growth http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-08/29/content_18508899.htm
- Varner-Gruppen AS is the largest actor in the textile retailing trade in Norway with approximately 500 stores around the country, including Bik Bok, Carlings, Volt, Cubus, Dressmann, Solo, Urban, Vivikes, Wearhouse, Levi's Store and WOW. The stores are located throughout Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic Countries, Germany and Poland. The group has more than 1,100 stores in total.

- Statnett is a Norwegian state owned enterprise responsible for owning, operating and constructing the stem power grid in Norway. The company has its headquarters in Oslo, Norway.Statnett also owns 30% of the Nord Pool Spot along with other Nordic transmission system operators.Statnett's operations were originally part of Norges vassdrags- og energiverk (NVE). In 1986 NVE was split in an operation company, Statskraftverkene and a directorate, Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat. Statskraftverkene was split into Statnett (power grid) and Statkraft (production) in 1992.
- REC solar http://www.recgroup.com/
  •  us china trade row on solar panel benefits rec solar hkej 3sept14 b14, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/New-Tariffs-on-Chinese-Solar-Modules-Will-Raise-US-Price-by-14, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-18/obama-s-green-dilemma-punish-china-imperil-u-s-solar.html
- aluminium
- agriculture
  • http://www.yara.com/, Norwegian fertiliser company Yara International has ousted its chief executive in the midst of $27bn merger talks with CF Industries of the US and just a week after his supposed replacement walked away.http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c890a00a-4e2c-11e4-bfda-00144feab7de.html
- online media monitoring

  • meltwater http://www.meltwater.com/
- risk management
  • http://www.dnvgl.com/ 
- aviation
  • ft 14aug19 norwegian transatlantic flights from ireland axed.
- shipping

  • Fred. Olsen & Co. is a shipping company based in Oslo, Norway. The company was founded by Petter Olsen in 1848. Today it is the holding company that controls the Olsen family's interest through Bonheur and Ganger Rolf.The company was founded by Petter Olsen (1821-1899) in 1848 and, by his death, the company had 16 ships with offices in Hvitsten. Petter's son Thomas Fredrik "Fred" Olsen (1857-1933) or Fred. Olsen, whom the company is named after, took the company from a small business with a few boatsinto a powerful multinational shipping and shipbuilding business. He had a vision of providing high-quality service on a network of lines, at first domestically and, afterwards, internationally. To do this required steamships, of which the first was acquired in 1897. By 1914, the first motor ship was put in use on the South America line. During World War I 23 of the company's 44 ships sank.
  •  英國郵輪公司Fred Olsen旗下的「布雷默號（MS Braemar）」上有五人確診新冠肺炎，遭巴哈馬及多個加勒比海港口拒絕泊岸，船上六百八十二人滯留海上。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200317/00180_014.html
  • relocated chartering operations from singapore to hk at the end of 2014

- shipbuilding

  • STX Europe AS, formerly Aker Yards ASA, was until 2012 a subsidiary of the South KoreanSTX Offshore & Shipbuilding. With headquarters in Oslo, Norway, STX Europe operated 15 shipyards in Brazil, Finland, France, Norway, Romania and Vietnam. The company had three business areas: Cruise & Ferries, Offshore & Specialized Vessels and Other Operations.In 2012, with rising outstanding debts, STX retained the Finnish cruise shipbuilding yard and sold the remainder as STX OSV Holdings, (Offshore & Specialist Vessels), including all the yards, to Fincantieri, which renamed the group Vard.In September 2014 STX Finland was sold, 70% to Meyer Werft and 30% to the Finnish government. The operations were continued under name Meyer Turkuthereafter. Meyer Werft acquired the Finnish government's 30% in April 2015.In 2017 STX France, after the bankruptcy of STX Corporation, was partly acquired by Italian shipyard Fincantieri (50%) and was renamed again Chantiers de l'Atlantique.
  •  德國郵輪愛達維塔號（AIDAvita）原定上周六讓乘客到下龍灣觀光，其後駛往峴港市、芽莊及胡志明市。不過，該船上周四被越南廣寧省政府禁止泊岸，原因是它曾在菲律賓、馬來西亞及新加坡停靠，而上述三地都有新冠肺炎確診病例。該船上周五改停泰國林查班港，衞生官員上周六登船為所有乘客檢查，然後才讓他們下船。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200216/00178_024.html


- cruise
  • Norwegian cruiseline holdings
  •  Hurtigruten ("Express Route", also known as the Norwegian Coastal Express) is a Norwegian cruise, ferry and cargo operator. The company was founded in 1893[1] to operate voyages on Norway's western and northern coast between Bergen and Kirkenes. 
- fashion and apparel

  • Dale of Norway is a Norwegian clothing brand known for their production of high quality knitwear of pure wool. The village of Dale in Vaksdal is situated in the valley of Bergsdalen on the west coast of Norway. In 1879, the historic textile factory was established with easy access to wool, strong knitting traditions, and a supply of natural power from the local waterfalls. Dale of Norway has retail stores in Oslo, Stavanger and Quebec, with distribution in more than 24 countries worldwide. The daughter company Dale of Norway Inc. is based in Vermont.Since 1956, Dale of Norway has designed and produced official Olympic and World Championship sweaters for the Norwegian National Ski Teams, with new designs for every event. Dale of Norway was later chosen to design the official sweaters for the Winter Olympic Games through the International Olympic Committee (IOC), with the rights to use the Olympic symbols. 


trade and investment environment
-  https://www.ft.com/content/fe6b79d4-af31-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130 Norway is proposing a “Tesla tax” that would hit owners of the heaviest electric cars in a move that critics say will undermine the Scandinavian country’s standing as a pioneer of zero-emission vehicles. Sales of electric cars and hybrids accounted for 60 per cent of new vehicle sales in Norway last month, fuelled by extensive subsidies in taxes, tolls and parking fees. But the centre-right minority government in Oslo is now proposing a one-off tax on all electric cars that weigh more than two tonnes — something that at present would predominantly target Teslas and potentially add up to NKr82,800 ($10,500) to the cost of buying one.

industry
- salmon

People
- Harald Fairhair (Old Norse: Haraldr Hárfagri, Norwegian: Harald Hårfagre, (literally "Harald Fair-hair") ; c. 850 – c. 932) is remembered by medieval historians as the first King of Norway. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, he reigned from c. 872 to 930. Most of his life remains uncertain, since the extant accounts of his life in the sagas were set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. The only early sources mentioning him are the two skaldic poems Haraldskvæði and Glymdrápa, which have been attributed to Þorbjörn Hornklofi or alternatively (in the case of the first poem) to Þjóðólfr of Hvinir. The first poem has only been preserved in fragments in 13th century Kings' sagas. It describes life at Harald's court, mentions that he took a Danish wife, and that he won a battle at Hafrsfjord. The second relates a series of battles Harald won.
-  Olaf II Haraldsson (c. 995 – 29 July 1030), later known as St. Olaf (and traditionally as St. Olave), was King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. He was posthumously given the title Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae (English: Eternal/Perpetual King of Norway) and canonised at Nidaros (Trondheim) by Bishop Grimkell, one year after his death in the Battle of Stiklestad on 29 July 1030. His remains were enshrined in Nidaros Cathedral, built over his burial site. His sainthood encouraged the widespread adoption of the Christian religion among the Vikings / Norsemen in Scandinavia. 
Olaf's local canonisation was in 1164 confirmed by Pope Alexander III, making him a universally recognised saint of the Roman Catholic Church, and a commemorated historical figure among some members of the Lutheran and Anglican Communions. He is also a canonised saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church (feast day 29 July) and one of the last famous Western saints before the Great Schism.The saga of Olav Haraldsson and the legend of Olaf the Saint became central to a national identity. Especially during the period of Romantic Nationalism, Olaf was a symbol of Norwegian independence and pride. Saint Olaf is symbolised by the axe in Norway's coat of arms and Olsok (29 July) is still his day of celebration. Many Christian institutions with Scandinavian links as well as Norway's Order of St. Olav are named after him.
- Haakon Haakonsson (c. March/April 1204 – 16 December 1263) (Old Norse: Hákon Hákonarson; Norwegian: Håkon Håkonsson), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his son with the same name, and known in modern regnal lists asHaakon IV, was the King of Norway from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 years, longer than any Norwegian king since Harald I. Haakon was born into the troubled civil war era in Norway, but his reign eventually managed to put an end to the internal conflicts. At the start of his reign, during his minority, his later rival EarlSkule Bårdsson served as regent. As a king of the birkebeiner faction, Haakon defeated the uprising of the final baglerroyal pretender, Sigurd Ribbung, in 1227. He put a definitive end to the civil war era when he had Skule Bårdsson killed in 1240, a year after he had himself proclaimed king in opposition to Haakon. Haakon thereafter formally appointed his own son as his co-regent. Under Haakon's rule, medieval Norway is considered to have reached its zenith or golden age. His reputation and formidable naval fleet allowed him to maintain friendships with both the Pope and theHoly Roman Emperor, despite their conflict. He was at different points offered the Imperial Crown by the Pope, the Irish High Kingship by a delegation of Irish kings, and the command of the French crusader fleet by the French king. He amplified the influence of European culture in Norway by importing and translating contemporary European literature into Old Norse, and by constructing monumental European-style stone buildings. In conjunction with this he employed an active and aggressive foreign policy, and at the end of his rule added Iceland and the Norse Greenland community to his kingdom, leaving Norway at its territorial height. Although he for the moment managed to secure Norwegian control of the islands off the northern and western shores of Great Britain, he fell ill and died when wintering in Orkney following some military engagements with the expanding Scottish kingdom.
- Kjell Magne Bondevik ([çɛlː mɑŋnə bunːəviːk]; born 3 September 1947) is a Norwegian Lutheran minister and politician (Christian Democratic Party). He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1997 to 2000, and from 2001 to 2005, making him Norway's longest serving non-Labour Party Prime Minister since World War II. Currently, he is President of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights. On 31 October 2006 he published his memoir, called Et liv i spenning (A life of excitement and tension). On Tuesay 31 January 2017 he was the first high ranking politician from another country detained and questioned in the United States as a result of President Donald Trump's executive orders banning immigration from seven predominantly Muslim nations, because of a diplomatic visit to Iran he had conducted in 2014.
- John Fredriksen (born 10 May 1944) is a Norwegian-born oil tanker and shipping magnate, who owns the world's largest oil tanker fleet. He also has major interests in the offshore driller Seadrill, the fish farming company Marine Harvest, the dry bulk company Golden Ocean Group, and the supply vessel company Deep Sea Supply. Through his investment companies Hemen Holdings and Meisha, Fredriksen controls the companies Frontline and Golar LNG. In 2010–2011, Frontline owned 9.6 percent of another large tanker company, Overseas Shipholding Group. North Atlantic Drilling, Sevan Drilling, and Asia Offshore Drilling are partly owned by Seadrill. Born in Oslo, Norway, Fredriksen is a Cypriot citizen who resides in London. Before abandoning his Norwegian citizenship, he was Norway's richest man.
- Zahl or Sahl is a Nordland family belonging to and mainly living in the County of Nordland, Norway. The family arrived there in the 17th century. Traditionally, members of the family have been traders, shippers, and sheriffs. The family immigrated to Norway in the 17th century with Niels Jensen Zahl (Saell), District Stipendiary Magistrate (Norwegian: sorenskriver) in the 1620s and residing in Vadsø. The family's geographical origin is uncertain. Several villages named Sahl/Sall in Denmark are presented as likely possibilities. Family members have been traders and shippers, and some have as sheriffs (Norwegian: lensmann) held local police authority. Among trade seats related to the family are Kjerringøy[3] and Nordvika in Dønna. Among prominent members of the family is Erasmus B.K. Zahl (1826–1900), a wealthy trader and an island owner (Norwegian: væreier) in Kjerringøy. In the late 1800s, he gave financial support to Knut Hamsun, then a young and poor author. Later, Hamsun—a 1920 Nobel Literature Prize laureate—used Zahl as a model for the famous character Mackappearing in many of his novels, among others Pan (1894).
- andresen

  • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3471308/The-teenage-horse-rider-world-s-youngest-billionaire-Norwegian-dressage-competitor-arrives-Forbes-list-world-s-richest-people-just-19.html Forbes magazine has named Alexandra Andresen, a professional dressage competitor, on their list of people from around the world worth at least one billion dollars. It is the first time the teenager and her sister Katharina, aged 20, have appeared on the list and they are ranked as the 1,475th richest people in the world. Miss Andresen accumulated her personal fortune after her father Johan F. Andresen transferred his stake in Norway's biggest company, Ferd Holdings, to his daughters in 2007. Her family had made a fortune in the tobacco industry and her great, great, great grandfather founded Norway's biggest cigarette producer. The company was sold for $500million in 2005 and the money then invested in property and hedge funds. Two years later her father gave 80 per cent of his shares in the company Ferd Holdings to Miss Andresen and her sister.
- Skrik

  • Scream (famous painting by Edvard Munch)


- music

  • Ellen Radka Toneff (25 June 1952 – 21 October 1982) was a Norwegian jazz singer, daughter of the Bulgarian folk singer, pilot and radio technician Toni Toneff, she was born in Oslo and grew up in Lambertseter and Kolbotn. She is still considered one of Norway's most outstanding jazz singers. Famous songs include moon's a hard mistress



Corruption
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2adaa86-8a85-11e4-be0e-00144feabdc0.html Three major corruption cases last year should be a “wake-up call” for Norwegian business, which can be “too naive” when entering foreign markets, according to corruption watchdog Transparency International. Her remarks follow the resignation last month of Jon Fredrik Baksaas, chief executive of Norwegian telecoms group Telenor, from the board of Russian telco VimpelCom after media allegations that the Norwegian telecoms group turned a blind eye to the payment of bribes by VimpelCom in Uzbekistan. Telenor holds 33 per cent of the shares in VimpelCom and 43 per cent of the voting rights. US and Dutch authorities are investigating allegations that VimpelCom acquired telecom licences by paying bribes through a Gibraltar-based shell company controlled by the Uzbek president’s daughter Gulnara Karimova, who herself is under investigation in Switzerland for money laundering. The VimpelCom investigation widens a probe into corruption at Scandinavian telco TeliaSonera, which led to a clear out of senior management in 2013 at the company, part owned by the Swedish and Finnish governments. Telenor said in a statement that by stepping down from VimpelCom’s board, Mr Baksaas would “eliminate any potential conflict of interest under the circumstances” while the allegations are investigated. The company denies that it could have done more to ensure transparency at VimpelCom.

impact of tumbling crude oil prices
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/21061f38-b3d3-11e4-a6c1-00144feab7de.html
after a plunge in oil prices, policy makers and analysts in Oslo are now cautioning that this gilded era is coming to an end. “We cannot expect to grow continuously as we have over the past 10-15 years,” Øystein Olsen, Norway’s central bank governor, told the Financial Times. “We are going to be more in the same boat as our neighbouring countries.”

Writer/playright
- henrik ibsen

  • one of his works, a doll's house was reportedly praised by activitists of  五四運動


Media
- TV
  • NRK http://www.nrk.no/ reality show on birds http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/18/norway-launches-wild-bird-reality-tv-show

norwegian (language)
- alphabet
  • Norwegian has three more letters than the English alphabet: Æ, Ø and Å.
  • k instead of c
  • [future learn] we would write Canada with a “C”, but canadian with a “k” -  Alex er kanadisk og kommer fra Canada.
- pronoun

  • singular - I jeg; you du; he han; she hun

- https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-th-sound-in-Norwegian
- Nordmann is the demonym of the Norwegian people in its native language. It is also a surname.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-2-versions-of-Norwegian
- vocabularies

  • We say either “takk”, meaning thanks, or - more commonly - tusen takk, meaning “a thousand thanks”. The latter is the exact same words, usage and meaning as the Italian “Mille Grazie”. https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-there-is-no-word-for-thank-you-in-Norwegian
  •  The Norsk phrase Takk skal du ha. is roughly translated to English as being only a 'thank you'. But let us consider it's more realistic meanings.Firstly, the phrase can be used in every day conversation, but it's a bit more formal than "Tusen takk", and I would say "Takk skal du ha." when thanking someone in a shop for helping me, to someone who gave me an unexpected or large gift, or anything else that would call for many big thanks.The scary thing with “takk skal du ha” is that if said at a point where it is not obvious that the person helped you, it can be perceived as sarcasm. As in “Her litt jobb til deg. - Å, takk skal du ha.” (”Here some work for you to do. - Oh, wow thanks!” (sarcastic)) https://www.reddit.com/r/Norway/comments/19donv/takk_skal_du_ha_use_it_for_thanks_use_it_for/

  • directions
  • nord - north
  • syd - south 

- learning resources

  • http://tekstlab.uio.no/chatbot/dag1


islam
- al noor islamic centre

ethnic group
- daro

  • danish director george schneevoigt's film "laila" is about laila who is a norwegian daro girl. any relation? - note that Mohenjo-daro is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan; there is a daro district in sarawak, malaysia



History
- The Unification of Norway (Norwegian Bokmål: Rikssamlingen) is the process by which Norway merged from several petty kingdoms into a single kingdom, predecessor to modern Kingdom of Norway.The sagas tell us that Harald succeeded, on the death of his father Halfdan the BlackGudrödarson, to the sovereignty of several small, and somewhat scattered kingdoms in Vestfold, which had come into his father's hands through conquest and inheritance. In 866, Harald made the first of a series of conquests over the many petty kingdoms which would compose Norway, including Värmland in Sweden, and modern day south-eastern Norway, which had sworn allegiance to the Swedish king Erik Eymundsson. In 872, after a great victory at the Battle of Hafrsfjord near Stavanger, Harald found himself king over the whole country. His realm was, however, threatened by dangers from outside, as large numbers of his opponents had taken refuge, not only in Iceland, then recently discovered; but also in the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides Islands and Faroe Islands. His opponents' leaving was not entirely voluntary. Many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald; therefore, they were subjected to much harassment, prompting them to vacate the land. In time, Harald was forced to make an expedition to subdue these islands. After Harald's death, the unity of the kingdom was not preserved. In following centuries, the kingdom was variously ruled, wholly or in part, by descendants of King Harald or by earlsunder the suzerainty of Denmark.[citation needed] Kings of Norway until King Olav IV, who died in 1387, commonly claimed descent from Harald Fairhair.
- Until 1814, Norway was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway. Following the defeat of Napoleon's troops at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the Treaty of Kiel of January 1814 ceded Norway to Sweden. In response, the Crown Prince of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederik, the resident viceroy in Norway, founded a Norwegian independence movement. The most likely goal of the young Crown Prince was reunification with Denmark. His initiative was successful, and a national assembly at Eidsvoll was called. The assembled representatives were elected by the congregations of the state church throughout Norway, and by military units. They convened at the Eidsvoll manor on 10 April. During five weeks of the spring of 1814, the constitution was written. The constitution was ratified by the assembly on 16 May,[3] and signed the following day, the latter date now celebrated as the Norwegian Constitution Day. The Norwegian constitution was inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the French revolution in 1789 and the subsequent U.S. and French constitutions. 
- maps

  • [t r berg] norgesatlas in 1963 published by cappelen - included too many place names, rather than too few, representing the golden age of social democracy in which everyone must be included.


USA
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170205/00180_002.html曾於二○一四年訪問伊朗的挪威前首相邦德維克，周二前往美國華盛頓參加全國祈禱早餐會會議時，在華盛頓杜勒斯國際機場遭入境官員攔下，盤問近一小時，要他回答為何去伊朗。邦德維克最後被放行，他表示自己持有外交護照，形容「這是十分挑釁的舉動」。

EU
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21716039-sooner-or-later-britain-will-face-trade-offs-between-sovereignty-and-access-norways-deal


Finland
- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37662811 Norway has rejected a plan to give its neighbour Finland a mountain to mark the centenary of its independence.


UK
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d47423f8-926d-11e4-a1fd-00144feabdc0.html Norway is close to agreeing a €2bn investment to construct a 700km underwater power line that would allow the UK to import hydroelectric power as Britain attempts to solve the squeeze on its fragile generating capacity. Auke Lont, chief executive of Statnett, Norway’s grid operator, said he hoped that a firm decision to build the world’s longest subsea interconnector between the two countries would be made early this year.


Japan
- http://www.theguardian.com/environment/world-on-a-plate/2015/mar/23/japan-refuses-norways-toxic-whale-meat Whale meat just became even less appetizing. Conservation groups have revealed that Norwegian exports of minke whale to Japan contained damaging levels of toxic pesticides, making that meat unfit for human consumption. It’s a discovery that could cue a swifter decline in the appetite for whale. The news emerged this month, when the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) revealed documents showing that the Japanese government rejected imports of Norwegian whale meat because tests showed samples contained pesticides at twice the limit Japan imposes on its imports. The meat harboured chemicals such as aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane, thought to play a role in causing birth defects, neurological harm, and some cancers if humans consume them in high quantities. Norway continues to run a large scale whaling industry—the country took a record catch of 736 minke whales in 2014—but surprisingly, it doesn’t exist for Norwegians. “Fewer than five percent [of Norwegians] eat whale meat regularly,” says Kate O’Connell, a marine wildlife consultant from the AWI, explaining that they see it as old-fashioned fare. By comparison, Japan is a much bigger market. “Japan has always been the main consumer of whale products,” says Clare Perry, the head of the EIA’s oceans campaign. But even there, it’s losing its appeal. “It’s not fashionable at all. There’s an older generation in Japan that have a nostalgia about eating it, but it’s not in any way a staple diet,” she says. Nevertheless, a chunk of the Norwegian catch is still exported there annually: 137 tonnes of Norwegian minke have entered Japan in the last two years.

chinese
- 挪威廿二歲槍手曼斯海於斯（Philip Manshaus）上月涉嫌殺害十七歲華裔繼妹約翰妮（Johanne Zhangjia Ihle-Hansen）後，再在奧斯陸一間清真寺槍傷一人。警方周二表示，曼斯海於斯槍殺繼妹的原因，僅僅因為她來自中國。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190919/00180_027.html


China
- established diplomatic relations in 1954

  • links with xi jin ping
  • 在同哈拉爾五世國王會談中，習近平主席提及的一段往事，把人們的思緒帶回到39年前-- 「1979年，我陪同耿飊副總理訪問北歐四國，在挪威期間到訪奧斯陸和斯塔萬格，並走訪了當地普通民眾家庭，對挪威發達的福利社會留下了深刻印象。」這是中挪關係史上具有歷史意義的一次外交活動。1979年5月21日至28日，時任國務院副總理耿飊對挪威進行正式訪問，也是中國政府領導人首次訪問挪威，受到挪方高規格接待。當時26歲的習近平作為中國代表團成員一同出訪。代表團日程安排密集，廣泛接觸挪威各界人士，訪問取得圓滿成功。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/10/19/a08-1019.pdf

- interview with foreign minister http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017-01/13/content_27942002.htm
- leaders visit

  • 昨日下午，中國國家主席習近平在人民大會堂同挪威國王哈拉爾五世舉行會談。兩國元首一致同意，為新時期中挪關係發展注入新動力，譜寫兩國傳統友誼新篇章。習近平表示，中挪雙方要加強在國際事務中的合作和在聯合國等多邊框架內的溝通和協調，推動經濟全球化、倡導世界多極化、維護多邊主義、促進可持續發展，攜手維護世界和平穩定，推動全球治理體系朝着更加公正合理的方向發展。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/10/17/a04-1017.pdf
- senior officials visit
  • China's top legislator Li Zhanshu paid an official friendly visit to Norway from May 15 to 18, expecting to promote the development of Sino-Norwegian ties to score more progress. During the stay in Norway, Li, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), met with Norwegian King Harald V, Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg and President of the Norwegian parliament Storting Tone Wilhelmsen Troen. When meeting with Norwegian King Harald V, Li conveyed the greetings of Chinese President Xi Jinping to the King, and expressed congratulations on the Norwegian National Day, which falls on May 17.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/19/c_138069832.htm
- fta
  • https://www.ft.com/content/2161aefe-c5d1-11e6-8f29-9445cac8966f Norway and China will restart work on a free-trade deal after they agreed to end a six-year diplomatic freeze. http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-04/08/content_40582449.htm   A memorandum of understanding was signed to resume the negotiations. It was among six documents whose signing was witnessed by Li and Solberg after their meeting at the Great Hall of the People. The document was the latest signal of China's support for free trade after President Xi Jinping and Premier Li pledged such a stance on a number of occasions, amid rising protectionism and sentiment across the world against globalization. Another memorandum of understanding was signed to resume China-Norway economic and trade cooperation, along with others to promote cooperation in health, sports, science and research. China is willing to restart the negotiations and hold a new round of joint conferences for economic and trade cooperation while resuming political consultations and establishing inter-governmental dialogues on energy policies, Li said. In addition, Li said Norwegian companies and sovereign wealth funds are welcome to expand investment in the world's second-largest economy to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.
  • 中国外交部发言人华春莹25日在北京举行的例行记者会上证实，中国和挪威已重启双边自贸协定谈判，并表示，这对恢復并加强双方经贸等各领域务实合作具有重要积极意义。华春莹表示，中挪自贸协定第九轮谈判于8月21日至23日在京举行，冀两国以此为契机，推动双边关系不断向前迈进。据中国商务部此前发布消息，中挪自贸协定第九轮谈判期间，双方就货物贸易、服务贸易、投资、知识产权、环境、竞争政策等相关议题展开磋商。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170826/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
  • Though the COVID-19 outbreak has led to delays in bilateral negotiations, major progress on the China-Norway free trade agreement is expected to be made this year, said Iselin Nybo, Norway's minister of trade and industry, adding her government has given high priority to the negotiations on a bilateral free trade agreement between the two nations.The two sides completed the 16th round of negotiations on the China-Norway FTA in November last year. They held consultations on related issues such as trade in goods, trade in services and investment, rules of origin, trade remedy, environment, legal issues, dispute resolution, competition policy, government procurement, e-commerce and institutional terms. China's Ministry of Commerce said both sides had made positive progress in negotiations. Norway is one of China's important trading partners in Northern Europe as well as one of China's main suppliers of fertilizer, aquatic products and oil in Europe. China exports mainly raw materials, computers, transport equipment, plastic and rubber products, textiles, garments and household appliances to Norway, data from the General Administration of Customs show.CIMC Raffles, a subsidiary of Shenzhen-headquartered China International Marine Containers (Group) Ltd, delivered the world's largest and most advanced deep-water aquaculture workboat built for Nordlaks Oppdrett AS, a Norwegian aquaculture group, in late March. The ship will be deployed in Hadsel, Norway, for deep and open sea salmon farming operations.The workboat is 385 meters long and 59.5 meters wide, with a total area of about four standard football fields. It includes six intelligent deep-water cages, and the farming scale can reach 10,000 metric tons, or about 2 million salmon. The workboat is the world's first farming equipment using a single point mooring system, said Ni Tao, CIMC Raffles' executive vice-president.https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/132161#Norway-expects-substantial-progress-in-FTA-talks-with-China
- arctic

  • https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/2017/04/norway-finland-talk-arctic-china «Prime Minister Li expressed interest in an enhanced cooperation on the High North», Solberg highlighted in a comment published on the Norwegian government website.  «Norway and China have common interests in an enhanced cooperation within fields like shipping, environmental technology and the polar areas», she added. During her visit, the Norwegian government leader paid a visit to the Shanghai Institute of International Studies and the Polar Research Institute of China, where she delivered a speech on «The challenging Arctic and Sino-Norwegian Collaboration». «Now that our diplomatic and political relations have been normalized, I am confident that we will enjoy even closer cooperation. The fact that China is looking to the High North is positive. It gives us a shared platform to build further on,» Solberg said and promoted research and the Arctic Council as two priority areas for enhanced bilateral action in the Arctic.
- financial

  • http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-09/05/c_136583542.htm China's leading mobile and online payment service Alipay launched its operations in Norway on Monday to boost Chinese customers' shopping experience in the Nordic country. "The adoption of Alipay services of both payment and marketing will not only enhance the experience of Chinese consumers but also help Norwegian businesses reach out to their Chinese customers," said Michael Chen, CEO of APay Nordic AS, a promotion and service partner of Alipay in the Nordic countries.
- seafood
  • 挪威海產局上海辦事處5日提供的統計數據顯示，2019年上半年，挪威海產對華出口總額增長34%，約合19.24億元（人民幣，下同），出口總量74000噸。2019年上半年，出口總額約411.6億元，這是挪威海產品出口歷史上表現最好的半年。就出口量而言，中國已成為挪威海產的全球第三大市場。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190706/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
- salmon trade

  • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8504555/Scottish-salmon-farmers-set-to-clean-up-after-Chinas-Nobel-dispute-with-Norway.html Norway’s fall from grace has provided a chance for Scottish salmon farmers to break into a market that had been dominated for years by the Scandinanvian country, which provides 90pc of the salmon eaten in China, according to the state-backed Global Times newspaper. Exports of Norwegian fjord-farmed salmon to China have plummeted by 70pc in the first four months of this year, while Scottish producers signed a landmark agreement in January to begin direct exports to China. Norway has been in the diplomatic equivalent of the deep freeze since last October when the Norway-based Nobel Committee announced it was awarding the peace prize to Mr Liu, a pro-democracy campaigner currently serving an 11-year jail sentence. All political meetings between the two countries have been cancelled in a sign of Beijing’s displeasure, while shipments of Norwegian salmon that once sailed through customs now lie stranded on the dockside, awaiting ‘clearances’ by health inspectors, according to reports. “We cannot get fish in there at all,” admitted Henning Beltestad, the CEO of Norway's Leroey Seafood Group, one of many Norwegian companies absorbing the impact of a breakdown of relations between Oslo and Beijing.
  • http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1742296/china-puts-new-limits-norwegian-salmon-imports 
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-04/10/content_28857014.htm Tyssoy will join Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg's delegation to China in April, along with other business executives and investors, as Norway seeks to re-establish contact with the world's most populous country. While the fund may consider investing in Chinese companies in future, Tyssoy said he was interested in seeing first hand what growth opportunities are in store for Norwegian fish farmers in China. One such example is Marine Harvest ASA's cooperation with Alibaba Group Holding Ltd, China's biggest e-commerce company, to sell salmon on the internet, a collaboration that could "develop quickly," according to the 55-year-old.
- fisheries

  • 中國高端海工裝備企 業中集來福士海洋工程有限公司，日前 與挪威Ocean Aquafarms AS公司簽署針 對中挪區域水產合作戰略協議，為對方 建造深海網箱，涉及 5座Hex Box養殖網 箱建造，潛在價值2.5億美元。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/13/b01-0413.pdf
  • 挪威漁業部長桑貝格（Per Sandberg）日前率史上最大挪威海產貿易代表團訪華。24日，中挪代表在京發佈兩國海產貿易的發展藍圖─“2025計劃”。根據計劃，2025年前挪威對華海產出口額將增至100億元（人民幣，下同）。　桑貝格對大公報指出，中挪兩國同為漁業大國，兩國有責任為促進世界漁業的可持續發展作出貢獻。自上世紀80年代兩國已率先開展漁業學術研究領域合作，當下兩國間有更多可互相學習的方面，尤其中國先進養殖技術值得挪威學習，挪威在漁業管理方面經驗則能為中國提供參考。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170525/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
  • http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170605/00178_021.html由中國船舶重工集團公司旗下武船集團承建的世界首座、規模最大的全自動智能海上養殖裝備「挪威海上漁場養魚平台」，前日成功在青島交付挪威客戶薩爾瑪公司（Salmar），之後將運往挪威。
  • 中集来福士海洋工程有限公司近日与挪威Nordlask签署了《挪威Nordlaks Havfarm1深水养殖工船建造合同》，将建造全球最大最先进的深水养殖工船，据悉，一条船可养1万吨三文鱼。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180215/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- ship building

  • http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1144473.shtml China signed a deal to develop a super-large liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier with Norwegian classification society and maritime services provider DNV GL on Tuesday, domestic news site xinmin.cn reported Tuesday. Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding (Group) Co, owned by state-run China State Shipbuilding Corp, and DNV GL will jointly develop a 270,000-cubic-meter LNG carrier that can carry the equivalent of 155 million cubic meters of natural gas per time, an amount that can supply 4.7 million households in Shanghai for a month, according to the report. DNV provides technical support and design advice to the maritime industry. LNG carriers have been commonly called "super freezer cars on the sea," and it requires superior technological support to build them. They are often dubbed the crown jewels of the global shipbuilding industry. Carriers need to store and transport LNG at extremely low temperatures of -163 C.  China has surpassed Japan as the world's largest natural gas importer, according to a report released by CNPC Economics & Technology Research Institute on January 16. 
- aviation
  • Low-cost carrier Norwegian has agreed a joint venture deal with China Leasing International Corporation (CCBLI), which will “finance, own and lease aircraft that Norwegian has on order”.The agreement – which will initially cover 27 A320 neo aircraft due to be delivered between 2020 and 2023 – will see CCBLI own a 70 per cent share in the venture, with Norwegian holding the remaining 30 per cent.CCBLI, which is a subsidiary of China Construction Bank Corporation, will also provide financing for the aircraft within the joint venture.Norwegian said the move would reduce its committed capital expenditure by around US£1.5 billion, based on the initially 27 aircraft in the agreement.The carrier has seeking to form a joint venture for aircraft ownership for some time, and acting CEO Geir Karlsen said that “The JV is one of many important initiatives that need to be realized to deliver on our strategy of moving from growth to profitability”.“I am convinced that CCBLI with its professionalism, financial strength and capabilities will be an excellent partner for Norwegian going forward,” added Karlsen. “This JV is an important first step in building a strong strategic partnership between our two companies.”https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2019/10/24/norwegian-agrees-aircraft-ownership-joint-venture-with-chinese-company/

- energy
  • http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL8N1J41XD Norway and China signed an agreement on Wednesday to share information about the Nordic power market and technologies to limit carbon emissions, in a further sign of improving bilateral relations, Norway's oil minister Terje Soeviknes said.
- silicon

  • Elkem ASA, the Norwegian silicones producer and a subsidiary of China National Bluestar (Group) Co Ltd, said on Thursday that it has completed an initial public offering and become one of the 20 largest companies on the Oslo Stock Exchange.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201803/23/WS5ab46028a3105cdcf6513c9b.html

- investors from norway

  • http://www.scmp.com/business/article/1867436/tailor-made-new-ships-swam-chinese-cruise-market
  • http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2015-12/03/content_15353550.html Beijing Incom Resources Recovery Co Ltd, the reverse vending machine operator, is setting up two new joint ventures with Norway's Tomra Sorting Solutions - a provider of sensor-based sorting equipment for recycling, food, mining and specialty products. Reverse vending machines are used by retailers, large-scale distributors and the beverage industry to recycle glass, plastic and aluminum beverage containers. Officials at Incom Resources said the ventures come as the demand for systems to recycle such waste has become stronger in China and across Asia.

- investors from china

  • http://www.reuters.com/article/us-opera-software-m-a-idUSKCN0VJ0B7 A group of Chinese internet firms have made a cash offer for Norwegian mobile phone browser and advertising firm Opera Software (OPERA.OL), valuing it at $1.23 billion, in a move to reach more of the emerging market customers with whom Opera is popular. The buyers include U.S.-listed Web search and security firm Qihoo 360 (QIHU.N) and Beijing Kunlun Tech (300418.SZ), a distributor of online and mobile games, who have agreed to pay 71 Norwegian crowns ($8.29) per share, with the total price equating to about 10 times the company's forecast core earnings. In a statement, the buyer consortium, which also includes the Golden Brick Silk Road (Shenzhen) Equity Investment Fund and its Yonglian Investment affiliate, will result in a mobile Internet combination of Opera, Kunlun, Qihoo and Golden Brick. Opera's acquisition is part of a complex of deals being done by the Chinese buyers seeking to join forces in their home market, which is dominated by giant rivals such as Alibaba  and Tencent . Opera also helps the group expand into emerging markets in Asia, Africa and elsewhere.
taiwan
-  一群在挪威留學的台灣學生，因不滿挪威政府在核發的簽證上，標註他們的國籍為「中國」，於是發起「正名運動」，要求將國籍改回「台灣」，卻沒有得到滿意答 覆。他們早前募款向挪威法院提出訴訟，截至周三已籌集到超過九十五萬元（新台幣‧下同，約廿五萬港元）。台外交部稱，盡可能為學生提供必要協助。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180809/00178_006.html
- 台媒周一報道，有在挪威留學的台灣學生因不滿居留證的國籍被標註成中國，在網上發起眾籌律師費，並於上月底起訴挪威政府，料明年初開庭。發起人向台媒指近期已委託律師致函給挪威移民局，但未獲回應。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190903/00178_005.html


hong kong
- norwegians in hk

  • http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20170125/19908193 祖籍挪威的甘茜蓮（Cecilie Gamst Berg）來港廿多年現在說得一口流利粵語的阿茜，覺得廣東話跟她的挪威母語有九成相似：「語法差不多，我們都有『呀嘛、囉、呢』，英文沒有呀；音不同，但寫法差不多。例如我們都有『你𠵱家先返嚟呀』，那個『先』字用法都一樣。」
- hk people in norway

  • http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20180521/00269_003.html Cecilia 12歲時隨家人到挪威生活，18歲時家人決定回流香港，但她卻選擇獨自留在挪威。在挪威生活多年的Cecilia，現時任職果籃送貨員，每月薪金約15,000港元，當中約5,000港元用作繳交稅項、醫療供款及保險雜費


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