- self determination
- Article 1, para2, art 55 of un charter
- royal charter by james I on 10apr1606 established london company (joint stock) for the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in north america and claiming land for english crown to the exclusion of other european powers
Theory
- second treatise by john locke
- state is made up of individual property holders
South China Sea
- background
- The Battle of the Paracel Islands was a military engagement between the naval forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in the Paracel Islands on January 19, 1974. The battle was an attempt by the Republic of Vietnam Navy to expel the Chinese Navy from the vicinity. As a result of the battle, the PRC established de facto control over the Paracels. As part of its "nine-dash line" boundary policy in the South China Sea, the PRC continues to claim authority over the surrounding waters. This claim has been persistently contested by Vietnam, the Philippines, and many international observers.
- Woody Island, also called Yongxing Island (永興島) in People's Republic of China (PRC) and Phu Lam Island (Vietnamese: Đảo Phú Lâm) in Vietnam, is the largest of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea (SCS), with an area of 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi).[2] It has a population of more than 1,000 people, with roads, banks and a "small" (as defined by the FAA and ICAO) air strip. The Paracel Islands are a group of islands, reefs, banks and atolls in the northwestern part of the South China Sea. The island has been under the control of the People's Republic of China since 1956. It is administered by Sansha, a town located on the island. It is disputed territory and is also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam.The Chinese Qing dynasty, France (on behalf of Annam), Japan, and the Republic of China had all established a presence on the island at various points of time in history.[8] Fishing activities in the South China Sea region surrounding the island have been documented in the records of earlier Chinese dynasties. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Zheng He plotted the location of surrounding islands on a map, but never landed on it. In 1909 Zhang Renjun (張人駿), the Viceroy of Liangguang ordered Guangdong Fleet Admiral Li Zhun to sail to the island. His mission landed in June 1909. In 1932 French Indochina announced its claim to the archipelago.[10] A Franco-Vietnamese garrison was established on Woody Island in 1938. The island was occupied by Japan during World War II. Following Japan's surrender at the end of the war, the Nationalist Chinesegovernment sent naval expeditions to the South China Sea in 1946 to claim the Spratly and Paracel Islands, and established a permanent presence on Woody Island and Itu Aba.[12] They (re)named Woody Island "Yongxing (Yung-hsing) Island" after one of the Republic of China Navy warships, ROCS Yung-hsing (永興號). The ROCS Yung-hsing was formerly the USS Embattle (AM-226) transferred to the ROC navy after the war. In January 1947, after making a failed attempt to dislodge the Chinese garrison from Woody Island, France established a permanent presence, on behalf of Vietnam, on Pattle Island in the western Paracels. After the Hainan Island Campaign in 1950 during the Chinese Civil War, the ROC garrisons on Woody Island and Itu Aba were withdrawn to Taiwan.[12] France had a chance to take over the islands, but decided not to, for fear of compromising its interests with the newly established PRC.[12] The islands were thus unoccupied for six years, except for seasonal inhabitation by fishermen from Hainan. In 1956, the PRC established a permanent presence on Woody Island. The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) continued to exercise its sovereignty over the Crescent Group in the western part of the Paracel Islands after assuming control from the departing French colonialists, maintaining a military garrison on Pattle Island (Vietnamese: đảo Hoàng Sa) by Ngo Dinh Diem's executive order from 1956.[14] For the 20 years thereafter, conflicts between the two sides repeatedly erupted within the region. In January 1974, the PLA Navy captured the archipelago during the Battle of the Paracel Islands.
- 以色列商用衞星公司ImageSat International（ISI）周三拍到，有四架中國軍機殲10停泊在永興島上。此次為自二○一七年後，再發現有中國軍機停泊此島。有分析推斷，軍機已在該島至少十日以上。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190622/00178_016.html
- The Spratly Islands (南沙群岛 (Nansha Islands), Malay: Kepulauan Spratly, Tagalog: Kapuluan ng Kalayaan,[1] Vietnamese: Quần đảo Trường Sa) are a disputed group of islands, islets and cays[2] and more than 100 reefs, sometimes grouped in submerged old atolls, in the South China Sea.[3] The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia, and southern Vietnam. Named after the 19th-century British whaling captain Richard Spratly who sighted Spratly Island in 1843
- Taiping Island, better known internationally as Itu Aba, and also known by various other names, is the largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The island is located on the northern edge of the Tizard Bank (Zheng He Reefs; 鄭和群礁). The runway of the Taiping Island Airport is easily the most prominent feature on the island, running its entire length. The island is administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan), as part of Qijin, Kaohsiung. It is also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Philippines and Vietnam. In 2016, in the ruling by an arbitral tribunal in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, in the case brought by the Philippines against China, the tribunal classified Itu Aba as a "rock" under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) (and therefore not entitled to a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone(EEZ) and continental shelf). Both PRC/China and ROC/Taiwan rejected this ruling. The adjacent unoccupied Zhongzhou Reef(Ban Than Reef) is also under the control of the Republic of China. In 1946 the Republic of China named it Taiping Island (太平島) in honor of a Nationalist Chinese Navy warship which sailed to the island when Japan surrendered after the Second World War. The name Taiping Island is used by both Taipei and Beijing. The island was also called Huángshānmǎ Jiāo (黃山馬礁) and Huángshānmǎ Zhì (黃山馬峙) by Chinese fishermen. A commonly used international name for the island is Itu Aba. At least three different etymological origins have been proposed for this name: that it is a Malay expression meaning "What's that?" (spelled itu apa in the current orthography); a corruption of Hainanese Widuabe(Huángshānmǎ (黃山馬)), or that it was named after two Vietnamese maids (Tu and Ba) of a French Indochina official charged with mapping the Spratly Islands.[citation needed] Some nonpartisan sources including U.S. government publications continue to use "Itu Aba" as the primary designator of the land feature, often with "Taiping" in parentheses. The Vietnamese name for the island is Ba Binh (波平; Vietnamese: Đảo Ba Bình; literally "calm wave" or "calm sea")[13][14] and the Filipino name is Ligao (or Ligaw), meaning "lost" or "wild" island. During the Japanese occupation of the island 1939–45, the name Nagashima (長島, Long Island) was used.
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/2171756/taiwan-will-consider-hosting-us-warships-spratly-island
- Subi Reef, also known as Zhubi Reef (渚碧礁; Tagalog: Zamora; Vietnamese: đá Xu Bi) is a reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea located 26 km (16 mi) southwest of Philippine-occupied Thitu Island. It is occupied by China, and claimed by Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. It currently falls under the defacto jurisdiction of Nansha islands, Sansha city, Hainan province, China.
- 南康暗沙
- 中國與馬來西亞在南海南沙群島的南康暗沙存在主權爭議。有美國智庫近日指，11月下旬中國海警船曾與馬來西亞多首艦船，在南康暗沙瓊台礁對峙，其中包括馬來西亞瀕海任務艦「馬來短劍」號（KD keris）。據報中方曾警告附近海域一油井涉非法鑽探。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201202/00178_008.html
- 萬安灘（Vanguard Bank；越南語：Bãi Tư Chính／𣺽司政）為南沙群島（也是整個南海諸島）最西側的陸地淺灘. 越南在万安滩建立驻兵点后，改称思征滩（越南语：Bãi Tư Chính）。1935年中華民國水陸地圖審查委員會公布的名稱為「前衛灘」。1947年中華民國內政部方域司公布的名稱為「萬安灘」。1983年中華人民共和國中國地名委員會公布的標準名稱為「萬安灘」。1992年，中國海洋石油與美國克瑞史東能源公司（Crestone Enesgy Co.）簽約探勘南沙群島萬安灘附近水域之石油蘊藏（「萬安北—21」區塊）。1994年4月13日，中國海洋地球物理勘探船「實驗2號」遭到了越南5艘武裝船隻的圍攻。雙方對峙了3天3夜後，中方船隻於16日收到中央政府指示，停止了萬安灘的石油勘探作業並撤離。1992年中美雙方簽署的合同也因此中斷。越南方面聲稱中方入侵了其海域及大陸架，要求中方船隻立即撤離。2017年6月18日，原定在越南進行訪問的中國軍委副主席范長龍臨時取消中越兩軍高層關於邊界問題的磋商，縮短訪問行程提前回國。外界推測原因乃會議期間，越方在萬安灘附近，也就是越南劃定的136-03區塊（即中方的「萬安北—21」）強行進行油氣開採前的勘探工作，激怒了中國軍方。中國解放軍在萬安灘附近海域出動了40艘軍艦、海警船和數架運-8軍用運輸機，提前阻止越南的鑽探行動。越南媒體強調，萬安灘距離越南本土約160多海里，屬越南200海里專屬經濟區範圍，並批評中方「干涉越南主權」。2017年7月24日，為避免與中國發生衝突，越共中央總書記阮富仲及國防部長吳春歷要求越南與西班牙能源公司雷普索爾（Repsol）（及其夥伴穆巴達拉石油公司（Mubadala Petroleum））停止在136/03區塊的鑽探活動。
- 中國和越南的船艦，近日在有主權爭議的南沙群島萬安灘對峙數日。越南政府上周五指控中國船隻侵犯越南主權，要求中方停止勘探，撤回所有船艦。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190721/00178_008.html
- Johnson South Reef (赤瓜礁; pinyin: Chìguā Jiāo; Vietnamese: Đá Gạc Ma), also known as Chigua Reef in China, Gạc Ma Reef in Vietnam and Mabini Reef in the Philippines[1][2] is a reef in the southwest portion of the Union Banks in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. It is controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but its ownership is disputed by the PRC, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
- 中國繼續在有主權爭議的南沙群島赤瓜礁擴建，除燈塔、電力設備外，還建有大型軍事建築、空對空雷達塔及4G電訊塔等，並在建築物上豎立「祖國萬歲」的標語。赤瓜礁是南沙群島中的一處暗礁，中國在一九九八年與同樣聲稱擁有主權的越南，於該片海域爆發海戰，在近乎零損傷下打沉兩艘越南軍艦、擊斃七十四名士兵，成功取得赤瓜礁在內六個島礁的控制權，赤瓜礁目前在行政上隸屬於海南省三沙市。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200119/00178_006.html
- The Natuna Islands archipelago (272 islands) is located in the South China Sea in the larger Tudjuh Archipelago, off the northwest coast of Borneo. Administratively, the islands (including the nearby Bunguran Islands) constitute a regency within the Riau Islands Province of Indonesia and are the northernmost non-disputed island group of Indonesia. The Natuna Islands themselves are divided into three groups: North Natuna, which includes Laut Island (Pulau Laut); Middle Natuna, which includes Bunguran (or Natuna Besar); and South Natuna, which includes Subi Besar.
- hkej 21sep16 shum article
- Indonesia this week opened a military base with more than 1,000 personnel on the southern tip of the disputed South China Sea, where the territorial claims of China and several other countries overlap.The base, which opened on Tuesday, is located in Selat Lampa on Natuna Besar Island – part of the Natuna Islands – one of the country’s outermost areas and more than 200km off the island of Borneo.https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2178741/indonesia-opens-military-base-edge-south-china-sea-deter
- Indonesia’s latest protest against Chinese activities in its territorial waters close to the disputed South China Sea was rebuffed by Beijing on Thursday.In another round of diplomatic exchanges, China’s foreign ministry rejected Indonesia’s accusations that its coastguard vessels illegally entered Indonesian territory at the Natuna islands, inside Jakarta’s exclusive economic zone.https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3044374/how-indonesias-south-china-sea-dispute-beijing-could-lead
- Indonesia says it has detained dozens of crew from Vietnamese boats fishing illegally in waters that were the scene of a diplomatic spat with
China earlier this year. The maritime ministry said five fishing boats and some 68 crew members were seized after being intercepted on Sunday near
Indonesia ’s Natuna islands, which border the
South China Sea , most of which is claimed by Beijing. Last year, Indonesia accused the Vietnamese coastguard of ramming one of its vessels to stop the interception of a boat fishing illegally.https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3065270/indonesia-detains-illegal-vietnamese-fishing-boats-islands
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21621844-south-china-seas-littoral-states-will-fight-museums-archives-and
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150213/PDF/a13_screen.pdf韓國 SK Innovation將首次參與在南海礦區的開發工作。SK Innovation11日表示，公司決定與中國海洋石油總公司 （CNOOC）合作，對南海兩處礦區進行共同開發和經 營，SK將持有礦區80%的股份。這是韓國國內企業首次 在中國領海主導進行礦區開發活動。這兩個礦區規模分 別是香港陸地面積的4.6倍和6.8倍，距離香港200公里。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-03/23/content_24032060.htm China's largest offshore oil producer CNOOC reached an agreement with its partnerRoyal Dutch Shell Plc to expand the existing ethylene cracker in their joint venture,amid a rapid growth in the ethylene demand in the world's second-largesteconomy. The pair set up the joint venture CNOOC-Shell Petrochemicals Co Ltd in 2000 andcurrently operate a $4.1 billion petrochemical complex known as Nanhai, in theDaya Bay of Huizhou in Guangdong province. The new agreement is expected to add chemical facilities adjacent to the currentNanhai plant, which will increase their ethylene capacity by more than 1 millionmetric tons a year, about double the current capacity. Plans also include a styrene monomer and propylene oxide plant, which willbecome the largest ever built in China. CNOOC, the country's largest offshore oil producer, has already begun constructionof the new complex, and commercial production is expected to start in around twoyears, said officials.
- http://www.shanghaidaily.com/national/A-center-for-peace-in-South-China-Sea/shdaily.shtml CHINA has established a joint research center on the South China Sea to strengthen academic and institutional exchanges and encourage countries in the region to jointly maintain peace and stability.The inaugural ceremony was held yesterday morning in Boao in south China’s Hainan Province, site of the annual conference of the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA).The China-Southeast Asia Research Center (CSARC) involves well-known think tanks in China and southeast Asian nations such as China’s National Institute for South China Sea Studies and Indonesia’s Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).“We plan to make the CSARC a platform for discussing the South China Sea issue and a model for maritime research cooperation among countries in the region,” said Wu Shicun, president of China’s National Institute for South China Sea Studies.Wu said the CSARC will invite famous experts on the South China Sea to be researchers, and it plans to hold frequent international symposiums and academic exchanges.
- James Shoal, also called Beting Serupai inMalaysia and Zengmu Reef (曾母暗沙Zēngmǔ Ànshā) in Greater China, is a small bank in the South China Sea, with a depth of 22 metres (72 ft). It is claimed by Malaysia, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The shoal and its surroundings are administered by Malaysia.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160829/00182_001.html
據美國媒體報道，當前中美正在排兵布陣，進行南海電磁頻譜競賽，並向北延伸到東海。該報道輕描淡寫，卻掩不住背後的刀光劍影與殘酷。眾所周知，中國在南海的填海工程告一段落之後，已進入設備安裝階段，包括能監控從馬六甲海峽到台灣海峽的對空對海雷達以及相應的電子戰設備。這些島礁上的雷達設備延伸了解放軍的情報、監視與偵察能力，並與日漸強化的軍事情報衞星網絡聯合起來，將讓中國更好地實時追蹤區域 內的艦船和飛機。許多島礁還在修建衞星數據鏈設備，這將讓中國日漸壯大的反艦彈道導彈擁有更尖端和可靠的超視距瞄準能力，尤其是精確打擊美國航母戰鬥群的 水平將大幅提升。而美國也在南海周邊調駐大量的電子戰武器。今年六月，美國海軍在菲律賓部署四架EA18G「咆哮者」電子戰飛機，其任務是 在南海執行監視和信號情報任務，並干擾中國在人工島礁上安裝的雷達。中美在南海上空已進行過多次較量，中國媒體對海軍南海演習期間的一場對抗這樣描述： 「海上訊息化戰爭突發性、殘酷性、速戰速決的特徵明顯。」言下之意是中國在南海遇到了強烈的電子狙擊。
- 来自中国、美国、法国、意大利、挪威、日本、印度等国家的33名科学家8日在香港招商局码头登上美国“决心”号大洋钻探船，即将奔赴南海执行国际大洋发现计划（IODP）367航次任务，探寻地球海陆变迁之谜。这也标誌着中国科学家主导的第3次南海大洋钻探正式拉开序幕。此次钻探将聚集于南海扩张之前的大陆破裂，探究南海成因。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170209/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
- 中國和菲律賓周三舉行南海問題雙邊磋商機制（BCM）第四次會議，雙方就近期南海形勢等問題交換意見，重申南海分歧不是兩國關係的全部，不應影響雙方其他領域合作。惟周四菲律賓外交部再向中方提出抗議，指有一群中國船隊聚集於菲方在南海擁有主權的島嶼，並宣示對這些中國民間或軍方的船隻，採取「適當行動」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190405/00178_004.html- code
- 磋商機制
- uk
- india
- china
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150213/PDF/a13_screen.pdf韓國 SK Innovation將首次參與在南海礦區的開發工作。SK Innovation11日表示，公司決定與中國海洋石油總公司 （CNOOC）合作，對南海兩處礦區進行共同開發和經 營，SK將持有礦區80%的股份。這是韓國國內企業首次 在中國領海主導進行礦區開發活動。這兩個礦區規模分 別是香港陸地面積的4.6倍和6.8倍，距離香港200公里。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-03/23/content_24032060.htm China's largest offshore oil producer CNOOC reached an agreement with its partnerRoyal Dutch Shell Plc to expand the existing ethylene cracker in their joint venture,amid a rapid growth in the ethylene demand in the world's second-largesteconomy. The pair set up the joint venture CNOOC-Shell Petrochemicals Co Ltd in 2000 andcurrently operate a $4.1 billion petrochemical complex known as Nanhai, in theDaya Bay of Huizhou in Guangdong province. The new agreement is expected to add chemical facilities adjacent to the currentNanhai plant, which will increase their ethylene capacity by more than 1 millionmetric tons a year, about double the current capacity. Plans also include a styrene monomer and propylene oxide plant, which willbecome the largest ever built in China. CNOOC, the country's largest offshore oil producer, has already begun constructionof the new complex, and commercial production is expected to start in around twoyears, said officials.
- http://www.shanghaidaily.com/national/A-center-for-peace-in-South-China-Sea/shdaily.shtml CHINA has established a joint research center on the South China Sea to strengthen academic and institutional exchanges and encourage countries in the region to jointly maintain peace and stability.The inaugural ceremony was held yesterday morning in Boao in south China’s Hainan Province, site of the annual conference of the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA).The China-Southeast Asia Research Center (CSARC) involves well-known think tanks in China and southeast Asian nations such as China’s National Institute for South China Sea Studies and Indonesia’s Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).“We plan to make the CSARC a platform for discussing the South China Sea issue and a model for maritime research cooperation among countries in the region,” said Wu Shicun, president of China’s National Institute for South China Sea Studies.Wu said the CSARC will invite famous experts on the South China Sea to be researchers, and it plans to hold frequent international symposiums and academic exchanges.
- James Shoal, also called Beting Serupai inMalaysia and Zengmu Reef (曾母暗沙Zēngmǔ Ànshā) in Greater China, is a small bank in the South China Sea, with a depth of 22 metres (72 ft). It is claimed by Malaysia, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The shoal and its surroundings are administered by Malaysia.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160829/00182_001.html
據美國媒體報道，當前中美正在排兵布陣，進行南海電磁頻譜競賽，並向北延伸到東海。該報道輕描淡寫，卻掩不住背後的刀光劍影與殘酷。眾所周知，中國在南海的填海工程告一段落之後，已進入設備安裝階段，包括能監控從馬六甲海峽到台灣海峽的對空對海雷達以及相應的電子戰設備。這些島礁上的雷達設備延伸了解放軍的情報、監視與偵察能力，並與日漸強化的軍事情報衞星網絡聯合起來，將讓中國更好地實時追蹤區域 內的艦船和飛機。許多島礁還在修建衞星數據鏈設備，這將讓中國日漸壯大的反艦彈道導彈擁有更尖端和可靠的超視距瞄準能力，尤其是精確打擊美國航母戰鬥群的 水平將大幅提升。而美國也在南海周邊調駐大量的電子戰武器。今年六月，美國海軍在菲律賓部署四架EA18G「咆哮者」電子戰飛機，其任務是 在南海執行監視和信號情報任務，並干擾中國在人工島礁上安裝的雷達。中美在南海上空已進行過多次較量，中國媒體對海軍南海演習期間的一場對抗這樣描述： 「海上訊息化戰爭突發性、殘酷性、速戰速決的特徵明顯。」言下之意是中國在南海遇到了強烈的電子狙擊。
- 来自中国、美国、法国、意大利、挪威、日本、印度等国家的33名科学家8日在香港招商局码头登上美国“决心”号大洋钻探船，即将奔赴南海执行国际大洋发现计划（IODP）367航次任务，探寻地球海陆变迁之谜。这也标誌着中国科学家主导的第3次南海大洋钻探正式拉开序幕。此次钻探将聚集于南海扩张之前的大陆破裂，探究南海成因。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170209/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
- 中國和菲律賓周三舉行南海問題雙邊磋商機制（BCM）第四次會議，雙方就近期南海形勢等問題交換意見，重申南海分歧不是兩國關係的全部，不應影響雙方其他領域合作。惟周四菲律賓外交部再向中方提出抗議，指有一群中國船隊聚集於菲方在南海擁有主權的島嶼，並宣示對這些中國民間或軍方的船隻，採取「適當行動」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190405/00178_004.html- code
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-southchinasea-idUSKBN16F0JR A first draft of a code of conduct for behavior in the disputed South China Sea has been completed, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said on Wednesday, adding tension in the waterway had eased notably.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170519/00178_012.html中國與東盟國家昨日起一連兩日在貴州貴陽，舉行落實《南海各方行為宣言》（下稱《宣言》）第十四次高官會和第廿一次聯合工作組會。中國外交部發文指，各國取得積極成果，承諾將堅持通過談判協商，並通過「南海行為準則」（下稱「準則」）框架，力求和平解決南海爭議。
- 东盟外长会议5日在菲律宾首都马尼拉举行，与会各方通过了“南海行为准则”框架文件。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170806/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- 磋商機制
- 中方已邀請菲律賓外交部有關負責人於今年5月來華，與中方共同舉 行中菲南海問題雙邊磋商機制首次會議http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170329/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- China strongly protested the trespassing of a United States warship into China's territorial waters off the Xisha Islands, dispatching battleships and fighter jets to warn off the vessel. "China will continue to take all necessary means to defend national sovereignty and security," Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang said after the USS Stethem, a US guided-missile destroyer, sailed within 12 nautical miles of Zhongjian Island in the waters off the Xisha Islands without notifying China in advance. "China strongly urges the US to immediately stop such provocative operations that violate China's sovereignty and threaten China's security," Lu said in a statement released on Sunday night. This is the second time that US naval ships have carried out such operations since US President Donald Trump took office. The first was in May, when a US warship entered the waters off Meiji Reef of the Nansha Islands.
- 加拿大國會亦攪局南海，加國參議院當地時間周二通過一項關於南海問題的無約束力動議，譴責「中國在南海不斷升級的敵對行為」，敦促各方維護航行自由。中國駐渥太華使館斥「興風作浪」，試圖破壞中加關係。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180427/00178_009.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3031872/philippines-hopes-south-china-sea-exploration-deal-russia The Philippines is following Vietnam in courting Russia as an oil and gas exploration partner in the South China Sea , where China also lays claim to the waters. Observers said that while relations with Beijing are high on President Vladimir Putin’s agenda as part of his pivot to the East policy, Russia is unlikely to upset China. In a move that may further complicate the situation in one of the world’s busiest and most resource-rich waterways, President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines urged Russia’s state oil giant Rosneft to consider oil and gas exploration deal in the South China Sea. That invitation was made during Duterte’s visit to Moscow last week, when he met Rosneft directors, including chief executive Igor Sechin.
- uk
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170729/00180_006.html 南海主權問題爭議不斷，近日作為域外國的英國，也疑似打算「摻一腳」。英國外交大臣約翰遜周四表示，兩艘待服役的新航空母艦伊利沙伯女王號及威爾斯親王號，未來將被派往南海「巡航」。
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/21/south-china-sea-uk-could-send-aircraft-carrier-to-back-australian-vessels Australia and the UK are discussing plans for the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth to be sent to the Pacific amid tensions over China’s militarisation in the South China Sea.
- china daily 7sep18 "beijing protests uk naval incursion
- india
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170527/00178_005.html 印度據報正探索在南海設置海嘯早期預警系統的可能性，有內地專家質疑這是印度插手南海事務的表現。
- https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/20/asia/australia-china-south-china-sea-intl/index.html Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull asserted the right of the Australian navy to travel the South China Sea, after local media reported three Australian warships were challenged by the Chinese navy earlier this month. As the three vessels traversed the hotly contested waters on their way to Vietnam, they were confronted by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) navy, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported on Friday. The ABC said that one Australian defense official, speaking on condition of anonymity, "insists the exchanges with the Chinese were polite, but 'robust'."
- https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/26/australia/australia-spy-drones-south-china-sea-intl/index.html Australia is spending billions on unmanned American spy drones that will be able to fly higher and further than its manned aircraft, to beef up its surveillance operations in areas that include the disputed South China Sea.On Tuesday Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said his government was investing $6 billion to acquire six MQ-4C Tritons, remotely piloted aircraft, from US defense contractor Northrop Grumman, "through a cooperative program with the United States Navy." The Tritons would complement the current surveillance aircraft Australia already uses to survey its maritime borders, conduct search and rescue, and carry out Freedom of Navigation exercises in the contested South China Sea.
Defense Industry Minister Christopher Pyne told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that the drones, which can travel up to 25,000 miles, will also be used to track foreign ships, smugglers and pirates. The aircraft, which have a de-icing capability, will fly as far north as the Indian Ocean, and as far south as Antarctica, where the Australian military monitors activity over the country's Exclusive Economic Zone, a marine area of around 4 million square miles. - 澳洲政府前日向聯合國提交聲明，首次反對中國聲稱在南海擁有主權的主張，指其不符一九八二年的聯合國海洋法公約。此舉被視為澳洲與美國特朗普政府，聯袂對華強硬的舉動。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200726/00180_011.htm
- china
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170519/00178_011.html國土資源部中國地質調查局昨日宣布，經歷七天十九小時的穩定開採，中國首次成功在南海神狐海域試開採「可燃冰」（即甲烷水合物），是全球首個可在海底可燃冰試開採中，能連續穩定生產天然氣的國家。中國今次成功試開採可燃冰，有望進一步將開採商業化，但恐會同時激化南海資源爭奪戰。
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-07/24/c_136468690.htmThe Chinese-developed underwater robot "Tansuo" conducted its maiden test dive in the South China Sea Monday. The robot is 3.5 meters long and 1.5 meters wide and can dive to a depth of 4,500 meters. It will conduct 20 hours of collaborative operations with the unmanned submersible "Faxian" in the South China Sea.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2103941/why-beijing-speeding-underwater-drone-tests-south-chinaChina is testing large-scale deployment of underwater drones in the South China Sea with real-time data transmission technology, a breakthrough that could help reveal and track the location of foreign submarines.A government research vessel dropped a dozen underwater gliders at an unspecified location in the South China Sea earlier this month, Xinhua reported on Saturday. It was the biggest joint operation conducted by Chinese unmanned gliders, according to the state news agency, and comes as the US vows to step up patrols in the disputed waters. This latest effort by China to speed up and improve collection of deep-sea data in the South China Sea for its submarine fleet operation, coincides with US President Donald Trump’s reported approval of a plan to give the United States Navy more freedom to carry out patrols in the South China Sea – a move analysts say will add to uncertainties over Sino-US relations and regional security issues.
- China's foreign minister on Tuesday said he supported the idea of joint energy ventures with the Philippines in the disputed South China Sea, warning that unilateral action could cause problems and damage both sides. Wang Yi, on a two-day visit to Manila, made the remarks after President Rodrigo Duterte on Monday said a partner had been found to develop oil fields and exploration and exploitation would restart this year. Duterte did not identify the partner. The energy ministry on July 12 said drilling at the Reed Bank, suspended in 2014, might resume before year-end, and the government was preparing to offer new blocks to investors in bidding in December. "In waters where there are overlapping maritime rights and interests, if one party goes for unilateral development, and the other party takes the same action, that might complicate the situation at sea," Wang told a news conference. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-china-idUSKBN1AA10L
- http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-40704060China this weekend opened what it called a state-of-the-art cinema hall in Sansha, a city it formed on Woody Island, the largest of the disputed Paracel Islands, from where it administers the area and has a military garrison. The Sansha Yinlong Cinema screened the movie The Eternity of Jiao Yulu to more than 200 residents and soldiers on its first day, the state-run Xinhua news agency reported. Xinhua said the new theatre would screen at least one film every day so the island's residents, estimated at about 2,000, "can enjoy films simultaneously with moviegoers across the country". The South China Morning Post added there were also plans to screen films for free on more islands within the municipality with portable digital projectors.
- 中國核能電力股份有限公司上周四發布公告，擬與四家企業共同出資十億元（人民幣．下同），在上海成立中核海洋核動力發展有限公司（中海核），從事海洋核動力裝備開發等。外界估計，有關技術或被部署在南海等區域。orientaldaily 13aug17
- https://www.ft.com/content/5817d3de-e564-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da Aerial photos published by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington show new construction on islands built by China, which now bristle with bunkers, aircraft hangars and shelters for radar, aircraft, warships and artillery. The new infrastructure leaves China in a position to station fighter jets and warships on the outcrops in 2018, and to make ambitious claims to territorial waters and airspace around them if Beijing chooses, say analysts.
- China has quietly installed anti-ship cruise missiles and surface-to-air missile systems on three of its fortified outposts west of the Philippines in the South China Sea, a move that allows Beijing to further project its power in the hotly disputed waters, according to sources with direct knowledge of U.S. intelligence reports. Intelligence assessments say the missile platforms were moved to the outposts in the Spratly Islands within the past 30 days, according to sources who spoke on the condition of anonymity. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/02/china-added-missile-systems-on-spratly-islands-in-south-china-sea.html
- 中國再被指對美軍發動「激光戰」，繼早前兩名美軍機師在東非國家吉布提聲稱遭中國軍隊激光照射受傷後，近日又有美媒披露，中國在東海向美軍機師使用逾二十次可致盲的激光武器。美軍印太司令部證實事件，並且指出激光攻擊分別來自陸地及中國漁船。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180622/00178_002.html
- 隸屬中國交通運輸部的國產專業海洋救助船南海救115號輪，上周五從海南三亞啟航，前往南沙群島渚碧礁，預料今日抵達。內地官媒指，這是南沙群島擴建後，首次有中國民事專業救助船進駐http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180729/00178_024.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2171271/beijing-opens-weather-stations-artificial-islands-south-china
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/29/c_137784010.htm China's Ministry of Transport opened a maritime rescue center in Yongshu reef of the Nansha Islands on Tuesday, to better protect navigation and transport safety in the South China Sea.The center will offer better support to maritime rescue operations in the southern part of the South China Sea, the ministry said.
- A Chinese government survey ship is tagging an exploration vessel operated by Malaysia’s state oil company Petronas in disputed waters in the South China Sea, three regional security sources said on Friday. China’s Haiyang Dizhi 8 entered waters near Malaysia on Thursday, according to ship tracking website Marine Traffic. On Friday, it was close to the Petronas-operated West Capella, according to the security sources, who did not want to be identified because they were not authorised to talk to the media. One of the sources said a Vietnamese vessel was also tagging the West Capella. The area is close to waters claimed by both Vietnam and Malaysia as well by China, through its sweeping claim to most of the South China Sea within a U-shaped “nine-dash line” that is not recognised by its neighbours or most of the world.https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3080510/south-china-sea-chinese-ship-haiyang-dizhi-8-seen-near
- 中國民政部昨日公布稱，國務院近日批准海南省三沙市設立西沙區、南沙區，兩區政府分別負責管理西沙群島和南沙群島。公告顯示，西沙區政府設立在永興島，負責管轄西沙群島的島礁及其海域，代管中沙群島的島礁及其海域。而南沙區政府設立在永暑礁，管轄南沙群島的島礁及其海域。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200419/00178_004.html
- 中國民政部昨日公告新一批南海島礁及海底地理實體的命名。這次命名包括二十五島礁及五十五個隱沒在海面下的海底地理實體，它們分別位於西沙群島及南沙群島，部分是位於西沙群島與越南本土之間的海面下。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200420/00178_009.html
- nine dash line 九段線是中國主張的南海主權範圍，在地圖上呈現九段斷續的線，故稱為九段線。民國政府於1947年劃出十一段虛線，中共建政後調整為九段線。關於九段線的法律涵義有多種不同主張，其中島嶼範圍線說主張線內的島嶼是中國領土，島嶼旁12海里寬的水域是中國領海，受中國管轄及控制。 https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200715/00180_002.html
- A fast-expanding body of fresh water has appeared under one of Beijing’s controversial man-made islands in the South China Sea, a Chinese study has found. The fresh water was discovered beneath Fiery Cross Reef, known as Yongshu in China, and is believed to be growing at a rate of about 1 metre (3.3 feet) per year – more than twice the speed observed on naturally formed islands.Similar reservoirs could also be building up under other artificial islands across the region, according to researchers from the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology in Guangzhou.They could “serve as an important water resource for local inhabitants and ecosystems”, the team led by marine geologist Xu Hehua said in a peer-reviewed paper in the Journal of Hydrology last month. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3090761/freshwater-reservoir-found-one-beijings-artificial-islands-south
- hainan
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-05/13/content_25249321.htm China's first deep-sea research center is the latest attempt to protect the ecology of the Nansha Islands, observers said. The center, which officially began operations on Tuesday, is also an essential step for China to build itself into a maritime power, they said. The Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in Sanya, Hainan province, will focus on research beyond depths of 6,500 meters, known as the hadal zone. This a new field of study for Chinese engineering.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2076669/first-cruises-now-flights-china-plans-fly-tourists The authorities in southern China want to launch tour flights to the Paracel Islands in a disputed area of the South China Sea. If approved, the move is likely to further anger Vietnam, which also has territorial claims to the Paracels.
- 位於海南三沙永興島的三沙銀龍電影院，上月廿二日正式啟用並舉行首映儀式，成為中國最南端的城市影院，也是三沙市第一家電影院。越南外交部周二對此抗議，稱中國此舉無法改變越方對西沙群島擁有主權的事實。orientaldaily 3aug17
- 內地官媒引述南方電網三沙供電局消息指，海南三沙市政府駐地、西沙群島最大島嶼永興島前日完成建設由柴油發電、光伏、儲能等多種能源互補的「智能微電網」，供電將更穩定。據報，永興島是中國首個擁有智能微電網的遠海島嶼，未來可望成為海島微電網群控制中心，對多個邊遠海島微電網遠程集中運行管理。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180529/00178_019.html
- 東盟（ASEAN）十個成員國上周五舉行視像峰會。越南以東盟名義翌日發表聲明，指應以一九八二年通過的《聯合國海洋法公約》為基礎，反對中國以歷史為由，宣稱擁有南海主權。中方暫未回應。東盟在聲明中重申，《聯合國海洋法公約》是界定內水、領海、臨接海域、大陸架、專屬經濟區（EEZ）、公海等重要概念，亦是全球領海爭議的裁決根據。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200629/00178_012.html
- http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-sinks-23/2668428.html Indonesian authorities sank 23 foreign fishing boats on Tuesday (Apr 5), saying they were "operating illegally in the archipelago's vast waters in continuation efforts for anti-poaching", China's Xinhua news agency reported. The vessels, which include 13 Vietnamese and 10 Malaysian boats, were sunk in the waters of seven locations including Batam and Sumatra's Aceh. Tuesday's event, which was attended by police and navy personnel, marked the third sinking of foreign poaching boats so far this year and Indonesia has scuttled 174 of such ships since 2014. "The government will continue to sink poaching ships," Minister of Maritime and Fisheries Susi Pudjiastuti told reporters in Jakarta. Since taking office in October 2014, Indonesian President Joko Widodo has called on a war against illegal fishing and ordered authorities to take tough measures in tackling poaching. In February, Indonesia sank 27 foreign boats which had all been caught fishing illegally in the country's waters.
- Energy company Pertamina plans to explore for oil and gas in areas close to Indonesia's maritime border in the South China Sea to assert the country's territorial rights, the upstream director of the state-owned company said. "The government needs to have activities around the borders and one of Pertamina's strategies is to support this," Mr Syamsu Alam told Reuters in an interview on Monday. He said Indonesia had lost sovereignty over two disputed islands in the past because it was not developing those areas. http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/pertamina-plans-activities-at-border-areas
- 印尼上周二向聯合國秘書長古特雷斯致函，引用南海仲裁案的裁決，反駁中國以九段線歷史性權利主張其擁有南海主權的立場。不過有外媒向印尼外交部就此事查詢，惟對方尚未證實。報道指，印尼二○一○年七月向聯合國提出通知照會，目前再重申立場稱，一是印尼並非南海主權爭議一方；二是印尼二○一○年對南海主權爭議的立場獲得2016年南海仲裁案裁決的確認；三是以九段線主張南海歷史性權利缺乏國際法基礎，違反聯合國海洋法公約，並獲南海仲裁案裁決確認。印尼常駐聯合國代表團一名外交官，上周四已向印尼外交部轉達媒體有關就事件評論或提供信件副本的請求；印尼外交部發言人費扎亞（Teuku Faizasyah）同日表示要先檢查一下，未證實事件。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200601/00178_003.html
- philippines
- https://www.ft.com/content/c00dcfbe-0eca-11e7-b030-768954394623
Fears of a Chinese plan to build a radar station on a disputed ocean outcrop have laid bare tensions in the Philippine government over President Rodrigo Duterte’s campaign to woo Beijing. - The Philippines said on Thursday it was pursuing a long-delayed oil and gas exploration project with Chinese state-owned entity CNOOC Ltd and a Canada-listed company (jadestone energy) in an area near disputed waters in the South China Sea.http://www.reuters.com/article/us-asean-philippines-energy/philippines-to-explore-for-oil-and-gas-with-china-near-disputed-waters-idUSKCN1C31NG
- https://www.reuters.com/article/philippines-china-southchinasea-energy/philippines-earmarks-two-sites-for-possible-joint-oil-exploration-with-china-idUSL4N1QK4CW
- 菲律賓前總統阿基諾三世在任期間的「南海仲裁案」，至今已經兩年，菲國總統亦已由杜特爾特擔任，惟當年的訴訟案仍餘波未了。菲律賓媒體報道，阿基諾三世在任時的外長羅薩里奧表示，菲律賓政府目前仍欠美國律師團近一百萬美元（約七百八十萬港元）的費用，菲方隨時因此惹上官非。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180721/00178_011.html
- 菲律賓總統杜特爾特周二表示，早前訪華時中方承諾若菲律賓擱置一六年的南海仲裁案裁決，中菲可合作在南沙群島禮樂灘共同鑽探天然氣，願與菲方四六分掌股權。杜特爾特沒有透露是否接受提議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190912/00178_004.html
- 中華人 民共和國和菲律賓共和國南海問題雙邊磋 商機制（BCM）第五次會議28日在北京 舉行。中國外交部副部長羅照輝和菲律賓 外交部主管政策的副部長馬納羅分別率團 出席。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191030/PDF/a11_screen.pdf
- 仁愛暗沙 Ayungin ShoalPhilippines, 105 nautical miles (194 km; 121 mi) west of Palawan, Philippines. Claimed by several nations, the shoal is currently militarily occupied by the Philippines and a Philippine Territory. Second Thomas Shoal is claimed by the Philippines and China. The Philippine navy maintains a presence of less than a dozen navy personnel on the 100 m (330 ft) long Second World War US-built Philippine Navy landing craft BRP Sierre Madre (LT-57), which was deliberately run aground at the shoal in 1999 in response to the Chinese reclamation of Mischief Reef.[8][9] The Philippines claims that the shoal is part of its continental shelf,[10] while parts of the Spratly group of islands, where Second Thomas Shoal lies, are claimed by China, Brunei, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam. In 2014, the Chinese government asked the Philippines to remove the grounded ship. Philippine supply ships subsequently avoided Chinese blockades in order to deliver food, water and other supplies to the garrison. PRC coast guard vessels blocked two attempts by Philippine ships to resupply the garrison on March 9, 2014. Supplies were airdropped to the garrison three days later. A supply ship with replacement troops successfully reached the shoal on March 29, 2014 by sailing through shallow waters where the PRC vessels (with deeper drafts) were unable to follow. During the approach, Philippine crew members and troops on the resupply ship waved the peace sign at the pursuing Chinese coast guard crew.[14] Since then, the Philippine military has been sending monthly relief missions in the form of air dropped provisions to the troops stationed here.
- 1935年 中華民國水陸地圖審查委員會公布的名稱為「湯姆斯第二灘」。1947年中華民國內政部方域司公布的名稱為仁愛暗沙。1983年中華人民共和國中國地名委員會公布的標準名稱為「仁愛礁」。中國漁民向稱「斷節」，西方文獻一般稱為「Second Thomas Shoal（第二托馬斯礁）」。此外，越南方面將其稱為「雲草礁」。1987年中國南沙綜合科考隊對南沙群島進行綜合調查，曾經登陸仁愛暗沙，並且留下了中國石碑和標識物。1999年5月9日 （美國轟炸中國駐南斯拉夫聯盟大使館事件次日），菲律賓海軍一艘繼承自南越的破舊坦克登陸艦「馬德雷山號」駛往仁愛暗沙，菲律賓政府聲稱「船底漏水，不得已『坐灘』」，在仁愛暗沙西北側礁坪坐灘，中國政府隨即提出抗議，後經中菲雙方多次交涉，菲方均拒絕拖走，並以57號艦為據點，長期駐守7名士兵，採用定期輪換艦上人員的方式形成了菲律賓對此礁的實際控制。[7]但中國執法船隻不斷加強巡視，並且中國軍艦頻頻在相關海域游弋，給菲律賓駐軍形成很大壓力。2012年4月10日，發生中菲黃岩島對峙事件和2012年7月11日的半月礁中國560艦擱淺事件。12月，菲律賓從蘇祿省調動80多名接受過登島守礁戰訓練的海軍陸戰隊員，分別駐守到仁愛暗沙等島嶼上，其中仁愛暗沙有海軍陸戰隊員12名，技術維護員數名。
- 2016年7月12日の常設仲裁裁判所の裁定（南シナ海判決）で、低潮高地であるため、礁自体は領海、排他的経済水域（EEZ）、大陸棚を生成しないこと、ならびにフィリピンのEEZおよび大陸棚の一部であることが判断として示された。
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-02/philippines-filing-protest-over-china-ships-near-disputed-shoal
- 菲律賓政府前日宣布，由於馬拉帕雅天然氣田蘊藏將耗盡，總統杜特爾特批准解除六年前頒布、禁止在南海有主權爭議海域附近開採石油及天然氣的命令。中國外交部發言人趙立堅昨證實，中國與菲律賓已就南海共同開發油氣資源達成共識。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201017/00180_005.html
- thitu island
- 菲律賓國防部長洛倫扎納昨指，總統杜特爾特在中方提出抗議後，已下令暫停南海中業島附近新建沙壩上的工程。中菲初步同意不再在南海佔據新領土，並考慮簽訂協議以免在南海因誤判引發事故。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171109/00178_017.html
- 菲律賓眾議院近日通過議案，宣布由菲國佔據、與中國有主權爭議的中業島（菲稱「卡拉延群島」），其土地「可轉讓」，以此來鼓勵菲國國民到島上「永久居住」。此外，菲國軍方負責人亦通報對中業島九個島礁的開發計劃，將注資一百一十六億披索（約十八億五千萬港元）。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171230/00178_001.html
- 美國智庫機構「亞洲海事透明倡議」（簡稱AMTI）指出，由菲律賓控制的南海中業島填海造地期間，曾被近百艘中國船艦包圍該島，雙方船艦一度在中業島海域對峙。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190209/00178_001.html
- In a move widely expected to raise Beijing’s hackles, Defence Secretary Delfin Lorenzana visited the Philippine-occupied island of Pag-Asa (or Thitu) on Tuesday amid much fanfare, announcing plans for US$26 million of military infrastructure, inaugurating a beaching ramp for the navy worth 268 million pesos (US$5 million) and talking up the opening of a fisherman’s shelter to mark his country’s 122nd Independence Day anniversary on Friday.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3088275/happy-anniversary-china-philippines-plans-us26-million-military
- 黃岩島scarborough shoal
- 繼美軍霍珀號伯克級驅逐艦上周駛入黃岩島十二海里近岸，執行「自由航行任務」後，菲律賓空軍周二（23日）亦派出軍機赴黃岩島上空巡邏，以宣示主權，並載有記者隨行。菲軍方聲稱未遭到中國方面干擾和抗議，未來每月至少三次到黃岩島空域巡航，中方暫未回應事件。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180125/00178_001.html
- vietnam
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160227/00178_012.html 越南則被指邀請印度共同開發南海自然資源，並購買二十套以色列精確制導火箭炮，用作加強對南海島礁的防衞。
- 越南和菲律賓海軍近日又在越佔與中國存在主權爭議的南沙群島南子島，舉行所謂的「聯歡運動會」。中國外交部斥越菲搞小動作是拙劣鬧劇，外媒就指中國新型反潛巡邏機首次出現海南島陵水機場，疑是針對南海部署。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170627/00178_007.html
- 有英國媒體引述消息指，與越南合作開採南海天然氣的西班牙國家石油公司（Repsol），上周接獲越南政府通知，中止鑽探作業並撤離該區，原因是中國威脅若不停止鑽探工程，就會攻擊越南在南沙群島的基地。據報道，越南將「136—03區塊」（中方稱為「萬安北—21」）的天然氣開採權，租給西班牙國家石油公司一間名為「塔利斯曼—越南」的分公司，而該公司上月開始，在距離越南東南岸約四百公里的海域展開鑽探。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170725/00178_016.html
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-vietnam/vietnam-halts-south-china-sea-oil-drilling-project-under-pressure-from-beijing-idUSKBN1GZ0JN Vietnam has halted an oil drilling project in the “Red Emperor” block off its southeastern coast licensed to Spanish energy firm Repsol following pressure from China, three sources with direct knowledge of the situation told Reuters on Friday.
- In 2018, state-owned Vietnam Oil & Gas Group ordered Spain’s Repsol SA to halt work on a project off Vietnam’s southern coast, costing the company and its partners as much as US$200 million. Vietnam has pushed back against the actions of China, whose so-called “nine-dash line” encompasses some 80 per cent of the South China Sea, more than any other Southeast Asian country. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3030810/vietnams-foreign-minister-warns-escalation-south-china-sea
- 中國近日在西沙群島永興島上重新部署紅旗9導彈，越南外交部發言人黎海平前日對此表示，中國在永興島上重新部署導彈系統，嚴重侵犯越方主權，要求中方停止「錯誤行為」並撤走導彈。另針對美媒指中國在南海的三個前哨基地部署反艦導彈及地對空導彈系統，越方表明「極度關切」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180616/00178_007.html
- 近日社交網站Facebook的廣告專頁地圖，將西沙和南沙兩個群島標示為中國領土，結果越南官方對此表示抗議，並於周一致函Facebook要求改正。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180703/00178_014.html
- 英國傳媒報道，越南政府已向中國提要求，關閉其在南海人工島礁的軍事基地，同時撤走導彈等戰略武器。報道稱，越南主張在「南海行為準則」加入禁令，包括禁止在南海建立人工島、部署導彈，以及設置防空識別區。越方還提出，廢除中國二○一三年單方面宣布的南海防空識別區。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190102/00178_004.html
- 越南外交部近日又因解放軍在西沙群島進行軍事訓練，向中方提出交涉。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190809/00178_008.html
- 中國與南海周邊國家主權爭議近期再度升溫。越南政府近日發現，部分由中國製造的汽車導航軟件，出現標示中國南海主權的「九段線」地圖，認為這是違反國家主權行為，要求該汽車進口商移除軟件。越南媒體報道，位於海防市的「Kylin-GX668」公司進口並銷售的中國製汽車，車內導航軟件出現「九段線」地圖。越南交通工具檢驗局與涉事公司經商討後，決定重新檢查涉事車款，更換合適的導航軟件，並移除所有車款存在問題的導航軟件。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191024/00178_013.html
- singapore
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160929/00178_013.html 內地官媒《環球時報》（下稱《環時》）上周三刊登有關不結盟運動峰會閉幕報道，指新加坡不顧其他成員國反對，要求在文件加入南海仲裁等內容，事件引發新加坡駐華大使羅家良及《環時》總編胡錫進筆戰交鋒。羅昨日第二度致函胡澄清，重申《環時》報道不實。
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2141323/chinas-claims-south-china-sea-proposed-continuous-boundary-first
- taiwan
- http://atimes.com/2016/05/sea-row-hague-court-ruling-may-be-delayed-as-taiwan-intervenes/ A Taiwanese group has intervened in the Philippines’ international court case against China’s claims in the South China Sea, pressing Taipei’s position that Taiwan is entitled to a swathe of the disputed waterway as an economic zone. The unusual submission has emerged just as judges at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague are poised to rule on the Philippines’ landmark case, brought under the United Nations’ Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The move could delay the judges’ ruling, now expected within two months, and potentially complicates worsening territorial disputes roiling across the vital trade route. Last month, the judges allowed written evidence from the government-linked Chinese (Taiwan) Society of International Law, even though Taiwan is neither a member of the United Nations, nor a signatory to UNCLOS, legal and diplomatic sources said.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160715/00178_006.html南海仲裁案日前裁定南沙群島所有海上地物，包括由台灣控制的太平島均為岩礁。惟有大陸記者前日手持美國官方出版的地圖向美國國務院副發言人托納質問「地圖上太平島被定義為島嶼，而不是礁石，與南海仲裁結果不同，我想問地圖是否代表美方立場？」問題一度讓托納尷尬。一名大陸記者前日在美國國務院記者會上提問，稱在新加坡國立大學國際法中心網站上，找到一張來源自美國政府的地圖，遂追問美國政府的立場。托納先是以笑遮醜，並一度支吾其詞的指「裁決已非常清楚地表述了那是甚麼島，甚麼是礁。我只能建議你去看它的法律定義」，最後才回應指「目前我們不會去挑戰裁決作出的合法定義」。
- 台灣前立委邱毅早前表示，近日傳出台灣當局準備把南沙太平島租借予美軍，引起輿論熱議。大陸軍事網站發文狠批，台灣此舉只會「引火燒身」；台灣的外交部周日澄清傳聞，強調從未有將太平島租借給外國的計劃。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180612/00178_004.html
- 近期傳出台灣考慮將南沙的太平島租借予美軍，大陸國防部前日狠批有關說法極為危險，並堅決反對。台灣的外交部昨日重申，政府從未打算將太平島外借，並指之前已發過嚴正聲明；今次甚至首次發出簡體字聲明，表示「若閱讀正體字有困難，就請參閱簡體字說明」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180630/00178_011.html
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/02/16/a18-0216.pdf 中國海 洋石油總公司昨日對外表示，中國海上最大合作氣 田崖城 13-1氣田已投產 20年，累計供氣超 500億立 方米，其中向香港穩定供氣達 400億立方米。據了 解，目前中國海油正在加快南海大氣區的開發，並 已與中華電力簽約，2018年來自南海文昌氣田天然 氣將實現供港，以保障香港對清潔能源的需求。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/21/a15-0621.pdf院近日向荷蘭海牙常設仲裁法庭提交 「法庭之友」意見書，質疑該法庭對菲律賓提出南海仲 裁案的管轄權。該團體擔心，仲裁法庭處理這樣的案件 恐將破壞國際公法制度。 英澳律師專家參與聯署 參與聯署這份意見書的包括來自香港、英國和澳洲的多 名律師和國際法專家，意見書引用多個國際案例，從仲裁 庭管轄權和該案的可訴性兩個方面，全面質疑菲律賓單方 面提出仲裁以及仲裁庭受理的法理基礎。 亞太國際法學院主席、香港資深大律師馮華健日前接受 記者採訪時表示，常設仲裁庭忽視了兩個重要問題，一是 根據《聯合國海洋法公約》（《公約》），常設仲裁庭對 菲律賓提交的南海仲裁案沒有管轄權。第二，即便該法庭 有管轄權，考慮到南海問題的歷史性和複雜性，仲裁庭也 不應該行使這樣的管轄權。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160714/00178_011.html鄭若驊認為，設於荷蘭海牙的國際常設仲裁法院以簽約國自動放棄其歷史權利，故可以處理菲方申訴，直指有關做法存在爭議。鄭續指，仲裁法院又要求菲律賓一方提出新證據和邀請專家證人等，質疑有關做法對裁決公正有否影響；至於管轄權問題，她舉例指，美國與尼加拉瓜，以及英國與毛里裘斯兩宗個案上，美國和英國亦同樣有提出管轄權異議，並且沒有執行裁決結果，上述國家最後以對話談判解決爭議，她認為，中菲雙方只要不再爭拗法理上誰對誰錯，而是商討雙方利益，相信可返回談判桌。
- Husky Energy has signed with CNOOC a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) for a new exploration block offshore China. Block 16/25 is located in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, about 150 kilometres southeast of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Company expects to drill two exploration wells on the shallow water block during the 2018 timeframe, in conjunction with two planned exploration wells at the nearby exploration Block 15/33. Husky is the operator of both blocks during the exploration phase, with a working interest of 100 percent. In the event of a commercial discovery, its partner CNOOC Limited may assume a participating interest of up to 51 percent during the development and production phase. https://www.euro-petrole.com/husky-signs-agreement-for-new-exploration-block-offshore-china-n-i-14698
The Pratas Islands (東沙群島; pinyin: Dōngshā Qúndǎo), also known as the Dongsha Islands or the Tungsha Islands, are three atolls (Pratas Atoll, North Vereker Atoll and South Vereker Atoll) in the north of the South China Sea. They consist of one island, two coral reefs and two banks, and are located about 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) southeast of Hong Kong.[1][3] The Republic of China (Taiwan) controls them and has declared part of them the Dongsha Atoll National Park. The People's Republic of China claims them as part of Guangdong Province.The English name of the islands derives from the Portuguese Ilhas das Pratas ("Silver Plate Islands"), which was given to the atoll in the 16th century owing to its round shape. Dongsha is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese name Dōngshā Qúndǎo (t 東沙群島, s 东沙群岛), meaning "Eastern Sandy Archipelago". The name distinguishes it from Xisha, the western archipelago, better known as the Paracel Islands.The English name of the islands derives from the Portuguese Ilhas das Pratas ("Silver Plate Islands"), which was given to the atoll in the 16th century owing to its round shape. Dongsha is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese name Dōngshā Qúndǎo (t 東沙群島, s 东沙群岛), meaning "Eastern Sandy Archipelago". The name distinguishes it from Xisha, the western archipelago, better known as the Paracel Islands. 東沙環礁於清朝康熙年間劃歸廣東惠州管轄，二戰時被日軍佔領，劃入台灣高雄州新南群島，戰後劃入中華民國海南特別行政區；民國79年劃歸高雄市旗津區中興里代管。 東沙諸島には、「東沙環礁」、「南衛灘環礁」、「北衛灘環礁」の三つの珊瑚環礁が存在する。 古くは明代の記録に現れるとされ、これをもって中国人による東沙諸島の開発と経営の開始であるとされる。1730年、清は東沙諸島を版図に編入し、広東省恵州の管轄とした。しかしその後は、わずかな漁民を除き長く無人であった。1907年になると、日本人が入植し事業を始め、日本政府に日本領台湾への編入を申請するに至った。このような動きに対し、1909年には広東省水師提督の李準が東沙諸島を訪れ、日本政府への抗議を行った。清との関係悪化を恐れた日本政府は、同年に清による東沙諸島の領有を確認し、李準は領有を示す建築物、碑、廟などをこの島に建設した。1907年8月，日商西澤吉治聚眾佔領東沙，插旗改名為“西澤島”，在島上修築碼頭、鐵軌等建物，目的在開採磷酸礦物、海人草、魚介貝類及海龜等水產資源，興建木造房屋20餘座，建海水淡化廠一間和水池供蓄及養龜，設電話線及吸水管路等設備。此事清廷未知，隔年因英國欲在島上建置燈塔而所生之歸屬問題才迫使清廷正視東沙島為日人所佔之問題，於1909年向日本駐廣州總領事館交涉，最後清廷提出“中國江海險要圖”一書等相關典籍，證實東沙確為中國領土，由清廷以16萬銀元償還日商西澤開發之費用，扣抵3萬元作為補償漁民損失，實付13萬元，並簽訂〈交還東沙島條款〉，由清政府支付日商16萬銀元，廣東海軍人員隨即登島驅離島上漁民，正式接收東沙島，後於同年10月派員接收，正式收回東沙島[13]。11月19日，廣東省府蔡康，在東沙島舉行立碑、升旗儀式，重申主權。同年，廣東水師提督李準曾巡海至這裡。清政府接收東沙島後，規定各省漁民欲前往該島活動，必須獲得廣東省政府的許可令。東沙當時所有地面歷史建築、碑記，舊「大王廟」等，在20世紀初被侵入的日本人搗毀，之後於第二次世界大戰中又受重創，早已片瓦隻字不存。現存早期中國先民遺物僅潟湖東北側沙下之「東沙遺址」及數口古中國式水井而已。二次大戰期間由日本佔領，並興建小型機場和海軍罐頭工廠。戰後廣泛流傳的謬誤，多稱1939年（日本昭和十四年）3月劃歸高雄州高雄市管轄，並謂此應為歷史上第一次將東沙群島、西沙群島和南沙群島納入行政體系[14][15][16]。但是，根據昭和14年（1939年）3月30日之台灣總督府令第31號和台灣總督府告示第122號，新南群島定義之範圍為北緯7度以北、北緯12度以南、東經111度30分以東、東經117度以西之區域。換言之，新南群島僅限於今南沙群島之一部，不包括東沙、西沙群島，東沙、西沙群島屬於日本軍事佔領，不在高雄市行政管轄之下[17][18]。但是戰後的諸多媒體往往將兩者混淆。1945年，二次大戰結束後，中華民國國民政府先由臺灣省行政長官公署接收管轄南海諸島，後再將此地劃歸廣東省管轄。1947年國民政府亦明令公佈南海諸島為中國領土範圍，刊載報刊昭告世人，並樹碑為誌[15][16][19]。1949年初，劃歸海南特別行政區管轄。1949年12月中華民國中央政府退居臺灣，繼續控制東沙，1990年7月將此地連同南沙群島劃歸高雄市管轄。中華人民共和國則將此地仍歸廣東省。目前東沙群島為中華民國政府實際控制，並由海岸巡防署管理。
The Bashi Channel (巴士海峽) is a waterway between Y'Ami Island of the Philippines and Orchid Island of Taiwan.The Bashi Channel is an important passage for military operations. Both Taiwan and the Philippines dispute the ownership of the waters because both sides say the region lies within 200-nautical-mile from their shores. The channel is also significant to communication networks. Many of the undersea cables that carry data and telephone traffic between Asian countries pass through the Bashi Channel, making it a major potential point of failure for the Internet. In December 2006, a magnitude 6.7 submarine earthquake cut several undersea cables at the same time, causing a significant communications bottleneck that lasted several weeks.
Mischief Reef (美济礁; pinyin: Meiji Jiao; literally: "Meiji Reef"; Tagalog: Panganiban reef;[1] Vietnamese: Đá Vành Khăn) is a reef / atoll surrounding a large lagoon in the SE of Dangerous Ground in the east of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. Mischief Reef has been occupied and controlled by the People's Republic of China since 1995, and is also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines and Vietnam. The PRC performed various reclamation activities at at least two locations on the rim of the atoll in the period from 1995 to 2013, but in the period from the end of 2013 to the end of 2016 a large artificial island of 1,379 acres (558 ha) was created around the majority of the perimeter of the lagoon. The reef was the subject of a 2016 tribunal ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague.
The Matsu Islands[4][5][6][7] (Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Wade–Giles: Ma³-tsu³ Lieh⁴-tao³; Foochow Romanized: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤) are an archipelago of 36 islands and islets in the East China Sea officially named Lienchiang County (Chinese: 連江縣; pinyin: Liánjiāng Xiàn; Wade–Giles: Lien²-chiang¹ Hsien⁴; Foochow Romanized: Lièng-gŏng-gâing) in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is the smallest county in the free area of the Republic of China. The islands are claimed by the People’s Republic of China.
east sea / sea of japan
- La mer du Japon (en japonais 日本海, en chinois Rìběn hǎi 日本海, en russe Япо́нское мо́ре) est une mer située à l'ouest de l'océan Pacifique, entourée à l'est par les trois grandes îles japonaises de Hokkaidō, Honshū et Kyūshū, à l'ouest par la péninsule coréenne, et au nord par la Russie et les îles Sakhaline. Elle est appelée « mer de l'Est » en Corée du Sud (en coréen 동해) et « mer orientale de Corée » en Corée du Nord (조선동해).Au cours des siècles, cette mer s’est appelée « mer de l’Est », « mer de Corée », « mer du Japon », ou encore « mer Orientale ». Dans la majorité des pays, la désignation usuelle est aujourd'hui « mer du Japon », et ce depuis au moins 17872. C'est le cas au Japon où elle est appelée Nihonkai (日本海), en Chine — Rìběnhǎi (日本海) — et en Russie — Iaponskoié morié (Япо́нское мо́ре). Cependant, en République de Corée elle est nommée « mer de l’Est » (동해, 東海, Tonghae), et en République populaire démocratique de Corée, « mer orientale de Corée » (조선동해, 朝鮮東海, Chosŏn Tonghae). Le nom de « mer du Japon » était le nom officiel retenu par l’Organisation hydrographique internationale en 1928. Les Coréens dénoncent cette appellation décidée à l’occasion de la conférence de Monaco, déplorant de n’avoir pu y participer en tant que nation indépendante, le pays étant sous occupation japonaise à cette époque. L’appellation de la mer du Japon est l’un des thèmes de revendication des patriotes coréens, qui tentent depuis l’après-guerre de faire changer l'usage international. En 2006 lors d’un sommet APEC, la proposition faite par le président sud-coréen de l’époque Roh Moo-hyun au Premier ministre japonais Shinzo Abe de régler ce conflit en appelant cette mer « mer de la Paix » ou « mer de l’Amitié » avait fait un certain effet. Le premier ministre japonais avait alors demandé à reporter le débat à une date ultérieure et cette proposition est restée sans suite depuis. En 2012 l’OHI, organisme international compétent en la matière, a décidé de continuer à employer la dénomination unique « mer du Japon » et de ne pas employer la dénomination double « mer du Japon/mer de l’Est ». Elle rejette ainsi les demandes de la République de Corée
Mischief Reef (美济礁; pinyin: Meiji Jiao; literally: "Meiji Reef"; Tagalog: Panganiban reef;[1] Vietnamese: Đá Vành Khăn) is a reef / atoll surrounding a large lagoon in the SE of Dangerous Ground in the east of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. Mischief Reef has been occupied and controlled by the People's Republic of China since 1995, and is also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines and Vietnam. The PRC performed various reclamation activities at at least two locations on the rim of the atoll in the period from 1995 to 2013, but in the period from the end of 2013 to the end of 2016 a large artificial island of 1,379 acres (558 ha) was created around the majority of the perimeter of the lagoon. The reef was the subject of a 2016 tribunal ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague.
The Matsu Islands[4][5][6][7] (Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Wade–Giles: Ma³-tsu³ Lieh⁴-tao³; Foochow Romanized: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤) are an archipelago of 36 islands and islets in the East China Sea officially named Lienchiang County (Chinese: 連江縣; pinyin: Liánjiāng Xiàn; Wade–Giles: Lien²-chiang¹ Hsien⁴; Foochow Romanized: Lièng-gŏng-gâing) in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is the smallest county in the free area of the Republic of China. The islands are claimed by the People’s Republic of China.
east sea / sea of japan
- La mer du Japon (en japonais 日本海, en chinois Rìběn hǎi 日本海, en russe Япо́нское мо́ре) est une mer située à l'ouest de l'océan Pacifique, entourée à l'est par les trois grandes îles japonaises de Hokkaidō, Honshū et Kyūshū, à l'ouest par la péninsule coréenne, et au nord par la Russie et les îles Sakhaline. Elle est appelée « mer de l'Est » en Corée du Sud (en coréen 동해) et « mer orientale de Corée » en Corée du Nord (조선동해).Au cours des siècles, cette mer s’est appelée « mer de l’Est », « mer de Corée », « mer du Japon », ou encore « mer Orientale ». Dans la majorité des pays, la désignation usuelle est aujourd'hui « mer du Japon », et ce depuis au moins 17872. C'est le cas au Japon où elle est appelée Nihonkai (日本海), en Chine — Rìběnhǎi (日本海) — et en Russie — Iaponskoié morié (Япо́нское мо́ре). Cependant, en République de Corée elle est nommée « mer de l’Est » (동해, 東海, Tonghae), et en République populaire démocratique de Corée, « mer orientale de Corée » (조선동해, 朝鮮東海, Chosŏn Tonghae). Le nom de « mer du Japon » était le nom officiel retenu par l’Organisation hydrographique internationale en 1928. Les Coréens dénoncent cette appellation décidée à l’occasion de la conférence de Monaco, déplorant de n’avoir pu y participer en tant que nation indépendante, le pays étant sous occupation japonaise à cette époque. L’appellation de la mer du Japon est l’un des thèmes de revendication des patriotes coréens, qui tentent depuis l’après-guerre de faire changer l'usage international. En 2006 lors d’un sommet APEC, la proposition faite par le président sud-coréen de l’époque Roh Moo-hyun au Premier ministre japonais Shinzo Abe de régler ce conflit en appelant cette mer « mer de la Paix » ou « mer de l’Amitié » avait fait un certain effet. Le premier ministre japonais avait alors demandé à reporter le débat à une date ultérieure et cette proposition est restée sans suite depuis. En 2012 l’OHI, organisme international compétent en la matière, a décidé de continuer à employer la dénomination unique « mer du Japon » et de ne pas employer la dénomination double « mer du Japon/mer de l’Est ». Elle rejette ainsi les demandes de la République de Corée
- 朝鮮半島東部與日本之間的海域，應稱為東海或日本海的爭議持續已久。韓聯社周日報道，南韓積極爭取在各國地圖上為其主張的東海正名之際，美國互聯網公司Google在韓部分服務先標「日本海」後標「東海」的做法，引發當地用戶不滿；Google暫時未明確表示是單純失誤，抑或政策調整。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201123/00180_010.html
- japan
- china
- 日本政府周五公布指引，強制高中推行獨島主權教育，南韓外交部強烈譴責日方做法，傳召日本駐南韓大使長嶺安政抗議，要求撤回決定。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180331/00180_005.html
- http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2097746/japan-scouring-world-references-east-sea-wipe-name-mapsThe Japanese government is calling on its citizens abroad to contact its diplomatic missions if they find a map showing the Sea of Japan inscribed as the East Sea, the name used by South Korea for the body of water lying between the two countries.The Japanese Foreign Ministry is making a similar bid for Takeshima, a pair of rocky islets in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) controlled by South Korea. Seoul calls them Dokdo. South Korea is actively seeking to have the names East Sea and Dokdo internationally accepted.
- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/01/19/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-eyes-informal-multiparty-talks-sea-japan-name-dispute/#.XEbVeNIzYdU
- 日本海上保安廳一艘測量船前日在位於中國東海的專屬經濟區（EEZ）展開海洋調查時，遭南韓公務船要求停止。日本政府已透過外交途徑向南韓表達抗議，強調會繼續有關科研調查至下月底。韓方暫未回應。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210113/00180_034.html
- china
- 日本政府周二表示，對於中國在東海中日中間線附近開採油氣田一事，日本外相岸田文雄已向中方提出抗議，並表示極度遺憾，要求中方停止單方面開發。法新社引述中國政府回應指相關開採活動是在「無可辯駁」的地區內進行，批評日方抗議引發了長期以來的爭端。orientaldaily 3aug17
- 日本政府周五公布指引，強制高中推行獨島主權教育，南韓外交部強烈譴責日方做法，傳召日本駐南韓大使長嶺安政抗議，要求撤回決定。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180331/00180_005.html
- 據韓聯社及共同社報道：韓 國政府22日以外交部發言人的名義發表聲明， 就日本島根縣政府主辦 「竹島日」（日本稱韓 日主權爭議的獨島為 「竹島」）活動表示強烈 抗議，並敦促日方立即廢除該活動。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190223/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
Minami-Tori-shima (南鳥島, lit. "Southern Bird Island"), also known as Marcus Island, is an isolated Japanese coral atoll in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. It is the easternmost territory belonging to Japan, and the only Japanese territory on the Pacific Plate, past the Japan Trench.The Treaty of San Francisco transferred the island to American control in 1952.[a] The island was returned to Japanese control in 1968, but the Americans retained control of the airstrip and LORAN station.約20万年前（第四紀更新世） - 隆起して島となる。1864年（元治元年） - アメリカ合衆国の船（ハワイ王国の宣教師船という説もある）モーニングスター号が来訪し、マーカス島と命名する[8]。
Minami-Tori-shima (南鳥島, lit. "Southern Bird Island"), also known as Marcus Island, is an isolated Japanese coral atoll in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. It is the easternmost territory belonging to Japan, and the only Japanese territory on the Pacific Plate, past the Japan Trench.The Treaty of San Francisco transferred the island to American control in 1952.[a] The island was returned to Japanese control in 1968, but the Americans retained control of the airstrip and LORAN station.約20万年前（第四紀更新世） - 隆起して島となる。1864年（元治元年） - アメリカ合衆国の船（ハワイ王国の宣教師船という説もある）モーニングスター号が来訪し、マーカス島と命名する[8]。
- 日本防衞大臣河野太郎前日乘坐水上飛機，前往日本最東端的南鳥島視察，並探訪駐守島上的十多名自衞隊隊員。他指在中國艦艇及飛機頻繁活動下，須認真思考太平洋的安全保障https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200713/00180_025.html
Okinotorishima (沖ノ鳥島, Okinotori-shima) is a coral reef with two rocks enlarged with tetrapod-cement structures. It is administered by Japan, who claims the atoll is significant enough for Japan to have a 200 nautical mile (370.4 km) exclusive economic zone(EEZ) around the atoll, but China, South Korea, and Taiwan dispute the Japanese EEZ, saying that the atoll does not meet the definition of an island under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
- 日本內閣官房長官菅義偉前日表示，中國海洋調查船自本月九日起，在沖之鳥礁附近海域的專屬經濟區（EEZ）持續活動，已透過外交渠道向中方多次提出抗議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200719/00178_005.html
Damansky/zhen bao island
- The Sino-Soviet border conflict was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Unionand China at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in 1969. Although military clashes ceased that year, the underlying issues were not resolved until the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement. The most serious of these border clashes—which brought the two communist-led countries to the brink of war—occurred in March 1969 in the vicinity of Zhenbao (Damansky) Island on the Ussuri (Wusuli) River; as such, Chinese historians most commonly refer to the conflict as the Zhenbao Island Incident.
Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский), or Heixiazi Island (黑瞎子島), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. It is divided between the PRC and Russia. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island (Tarabarov Island), and over ninety islets (in Chinese, Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively). Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance.The Convention of Peking 1860 stipulated that the boundary between Russia and China lay along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. As such the island at the confluence of the two rivers was Chinese. Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between China and Russia. The Soviet Union forcefully occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929 in the wake of a Russo/Manchurian conflict, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province; the easternmost part of China. The difficulty in settling this dispute involved competing interests between Russia and China. To settle the boundary along the lines claimed by China would have subjected settled parts of the city of Khabarovsk to the range of artillery emplaced on Heixiazi. However, by occupying the entire island Russia controlled the entire Amur and Ussuri waterway and gave Khabarovsk a comfortable buffer zone. During their control of the island Russia refused navigational access to the Amur and Ussuri to Chinese ships. On October 14, 2004, the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundarywas signed, in which Russia agreed to relinquish control over Yinlong Island and around half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky. About 170 square kilometres of Bolshoy Ussuriysky was transferred to China, while the rest will remain in Russia's jurisdiction.[2] In return, China agreed to drop all territorial claims to the remainder of Bolshoy Ussuriysky kept by Russia and received the right to navigate ships along the main channel of the Amur.
malaysia singapore air sea boundary
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/explained/article/2182048/not-quite-handbags-dawn-malaysia-singapore-air-and-sea-tensions
- https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2181220/after-year-ended-bitter-quarrels-malaysia-and-singapore The two countries’ foreign ministers met in the Lion City where they agreed to a number of concessions and lauded the progress they had made, saying in a joint statement that they welcomed “the positive steps that both sides had agreed, to move these matters forward in a calm and constructive manner”.In the air, Malaysia has griped that Singapore unilaterally decided to implement a new radar system at its secondary civilian airport of Seletar that required planes to make their landing approach over Malaysia’ southern state of Johor – thereby inconveniencing residents and limiting industrial development. Singapore, meanwhile, has complained that its larger neighbour impugned its sovereignty by extending the limits of a seaport well into waters the island republic had long patrolled and deemed its own.Neither side accepted the other’s protestations last year and the two increasingly appeared to be coming to an impasse, but following Tuesday’s meeting a way forward seems to have been found. In regards to the maritime dispute, the foreign ministers said a “working group” had been set up comprising diplomatic officials from both sides who would work to “de-escalate” the situation and produce a report in two months. On the question of airspace, meanwhile, Singapore has walked back its earlier announcement to push ahead with the implementation of its Instrument Landing System (ILS) radar as soon as possible, agreeing instead to suspend all operations for a month.Malaysia, which had responded by declaring the affected area a restricted military training zone, has similarly backed down by lifting restrictions for a month. In the meantime, the foreign ministers said their respective transport ministers will meet soon to discuss the issue.
- 新加坡指馬來西亞船隻自去年十一月，「每天入侵」新加坡水域；他警告馬國一旦將領海爭端升級將承擔後果。新加坡自一九七四年起，一直掌握馬來西亞柔佛州南部地區領空控制權。惟馬來西亞政府於去年十二月初宣布，本年將會逐步收回。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190115/00180_010.html
Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh
- The Pedra Branca dispute [2008] ICJ 2 was a territorial dispute between Singapore and Malaysia over several islets at the eastern entrance to the Singapore Strait, namely Pedra Branca (previously called Pulau Batu Puteh and now Batu Puteh by Malaysia), Middle Rocks and South Ledge. The dispute began in 1979 and was largely resolved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2008, which opined that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore and Middle Rocks belonged to Malaysia.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170206/00180_015.html馬來西亞與新加坡於上世紀七十年代，就位於新加坡海峽東面入口的南海水域、面積不足一個足球場大的白礁島出現主權爭議，最後於二○○八年經聯合國海牙國際法庭裁定，主權屬新加坡所有。惟馬國近日聲稱獲得三份英國解密檔案，可以作為該國擁有白礁島主權的證據，日前已向海牙國際法庭入稟，要求覆核當年的裁決。
diaoyu/senkaku
- Ishigaki Mayor Yoshitaka Nakayama is pushing for the name change of the Japanese-controlled islets in the East China Sea. The islands are currently known as "Tonoshiro, Ishigaki city," and the plan is to explicitly refer to them as "Senkaku, Ishigaki city."https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20170921/p2g/00m/0dm/088000c
- japan
Okinotorishima (沖ノ鳥島, Okinotori-shima) is a coral reef with two rocks enlarged with tetrapod-cement structures. It is administered by Japan, who claims the atoll is significant enough for Japan to have a 200 nautical mile (370.4 km) exclusive economic zone(EEZ) around the atoll, but China, South Korea, and Taiwan dispute the Japanese EEZ, saying that the atoll does not meet the definition of an island under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
- 日本內閣官房長官菅義偉前日表示，中國海洋調查船自本月九日起，在沖之鳥礁附近海域的專屬經濟區（EEZ）持續活動，已透過外交渠道向中方多次提出抗議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200719/00178_005.html
Damansky/zhen bao island
- The Sino-Soviet border conflict was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Unionand China at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in 1969. Although military clashes ceased that year, the underlying issues were not resolved until the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement. The most serious of these border clashes—which brought the two communist-led countries to the brink of war—occurred in March 1969 in the vicinity of Zhenbao (Damansky) Island on the Ussuri (Wusuli) River; as such, Chinese historians most commonly refer to the conflict as the Zhenbao Island Incident.
Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский), or Heixiazi Island (黑瞎子島), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. It is divided between the PRC and Russia. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island (Tarabarov Island), and over ninety islets (in Chinese, Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively). Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance.The Convention of Peking 1860 stipulated that the boundary between Russia and China lay along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. As such the island at the confluence of the two rivers was Chinese. Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between China and Russia. The Soviet Union forcefully occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929 in the wake of a Russo/Manchurian conflict, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province; the easternmost part of China. The difficulty in settling this dispute involved competing interests between Russia and China. To settle the boundary along the lines claimed by China would have subjected settled parts of the city of Khabarovsk to the range of artillery emplaced on Heixiazi. However, by occupying the entire island Russia controlled the entire Amur and Ussuri waterway and gave Khabarovsk a comfortable buffer zone. During their control of the island Russia refused navigational access to the Amur and Ussuri to Chinese ships. On October 14, 2004, the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundarywas signed, in which Russia agreed to relinquish control over Yinlong Island and around half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky. About 170 square kilometres of Bolshoy Ussuriysky was transferred to China, while the rest will remain in Russia's jurisdiction.[2] In return, China agreed to drop all territorial claims to the remainder of Bolshoy Ussuriysky kept by Russia and received the right to navigate ships along the main channel of the Amur.
malaysia singapore air sea boundary
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/explained/article/2182048/not-quite-handbags-dawn-malaysia-singapore-air-and-sea-tensions
- https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2181220/after-year-ended-bitter-quarrels-malaysia-and-singapore The two countries’ foreign ministers met in the Lion City where they agreed to a number of concessions and lauded the progress they had made, saying in a joint statement that they welcomed “the positive steps that both sides had agreed, to move these matters forward in a calm and constructive manner”.In the air, Malaysia has griped that Singapore unilaterally decided to implement a new radar system at its secondary civilian airport of Seletar that required planes to make their landing approach over Malaysia’ southern state of Johor – thereby inconveniencing residents and limiting industrial development. Singapore, meanwhile, has complained that its larger neighbour impugned its sovereignty by extending the limits of a seaport well into waters the island republic had long patrolled and deemed its own.Neither side accepted the other’s protestations last year and the two increasingly appeared to be coming to an impasse, but following Tuesday’s meeting a way forward seems to have been found. In regards to the maritime dispute, the foreign ministers said a “working group” had been set up comprising diplomatic officials from both sides who would work to “de-escalate” the situation and produce a report in two months. On the question of airspace, meanwhile, Singapore has walked back its earlier announcement to push ahead with the implementation of its Instrument Landing System (ILS) radar as soon as possible, agreeing instead to suspend all operations for a month.Malaysia, which had responded by declaring the affected area a restricted military training zone, has similarly backed down by lifting restrictions for a month. In the meantime, the foreign ministers said their respective transport ministers will meet soon to discuss the issue.
- 新加坡指馬來西亞船隻自去年十一月，「每天入侵」新加坡水域；他警告馬國一旦將領海爭端升級將承擔後果。新加坡自一九七四年起，一直掌握馬來西亞柔佛州南部地區領空控制權。惟馬來西亞政府於去年十二月初宣布，本年將會逐步收回。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190115/00180_010.html
Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh
- The Pedra Branca dispute [2008] ICJ 2 was a territorial dispute between Singapore and Malaysia over several islets at the eastern entrance to the Singapore Strait, namely Pedra Branca (previously called Pulau Batu Puteh and now Batu Puteh by Malaysia), Middle Rocks and South Ledge. The dispute began in 1979 and was largely resolved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2008, which opined that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore and Middle Rocks belonged to Malaysia.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170206/00180_015.html馬來西亞與新加坡於上世紀七十年代，就位於新加坡海峽東面入口的南海水域、面積不足一個足球場大的白礁島出現主權爭議，最後於二○○八年經聯合國海牙國際法庭裁定，主權屬新加坡所有。惟馬國近日聲稱獲得三份英國解密檔案，可以作為該國擁有白礁島主權的證據，日前已向海牙國際法庭入稟，要求覆核當年的裁決。
diaoyu/senkaku
- Ishigaki Mayor Yoshitaka Nakayama is pushing for the name change of the Japanese-controlled islets in the East China Sea. The islands are currently known as "Tonoshiro, Ishigaki city," and the plan is to explicitly refer to them as "Senkaku, Ishigaki city."https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20170921/p2g/00m/0dm/088000c
- japan
- 日本文部科學省昨日宣布，提前修改高中地理、歷史及公民科目的部分內容，將中國、台灣和日本均宣稱擁有主權的釣魚島，及日本與南韓有主權爭議的獨島，列為日本固有領土，不存在主權問題，此舉料將引起中國及南韓的強烈反應。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180718/00178_022.html
- 日本傳媒昨日報道，沖繩縣石垣市議會擬於後日表決議案，把釣魚島（日稱尖閣諸島）的行政地名，由「登野城」改為「登野城尖閣」。除日本外，中國大陸亦主張擁有釣魚島主權，改名議案一旦通過，勢觸發新一輪主權爭議風波。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200607/00178_009.html
- Yonaguni (Japanese: 与那国島 Hepburn: Yonaguni-jima, Yonaguni romanization: Dunan-chima, Yaeyama romanization: Yunoon-zïma, Okinawan romanization: Yunaguni-jima), one of the Yaeyama Islands, is the westernmost inhabited island of Japan, lying 108 kilometers (67 mi) from the east coast of Taiwan, between the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean proper. The island is administered as the town of Yonaguni, Yaeyama Gun, Okinawa and there are three settlements: Sonai, Kubura and Higawa.The early history of Yonaguni remains vague. The first written record that ever mentions the island is a 1477 Korean document (Chosen Hyōryūmin no Yaeyama kenbunroku), an account of several fishermen from the current Jeju Province drifted there. A legendary female leader, San’ai Isoba is said to be the ruler of Yonaguni at around the end of the fifteenth century.As a result of increased tensions between Japan, China, and Taiwan over the disputed sovereignty of the Japanese-controlled uninhabited Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai Islands which are located roughly 80 nautical miles north-northeast of Yonaguni Island, Japan began construction in 2014 of a coastal monitoring/early warning station with radar and other sensors on Yonaguni to counter a perceived threat from Chinese forces.[4][5][needs update] The initial planned complement of a 150 troops include personnel stationed at a physically separate garrison camp located on the outskirts of Yonaguni town.[6] The station's radar became active on March 28, 2016.[7] Separately, a joint (GSDF/ASDF) “mobile aircraft control & warning squadron" is planned to be formed and co-located at the station.
- 「中國海警」微信公號周五發布消息稱，中國海警2307艦艇編隊在釣魚島領海內巡航。今次是繼本月五日及十二日之後，在短短兩個星期內，中國海警船再出現在該海域巡航，宣示主權。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190119/00178_009.html
- 中方在周二公布了釣魚島附近海域五十處的海底地理實體新名稱，反擊日方舉動。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200626/00178_003.html
- 日本沖繩縣石垣市議會早前提案，要將釣魚島（日稱尖閣諸島、台稱釣魚台），更名為「登野城尖閣」，引發台灣民間強烈反彈與不滿。宜蘭縣議會全數三十四名議員昨日上午搶先連署通過，將釣魚島正名為「頭城釣魚台」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200612/00178_020.html
Dongyin
- Dongyin Island (東引島) is an island in the Taiwan Strait off the coast of Fujian. The Dongyin Township ( 東引鄉; Dĕ̤ng-īng-hiŏng), composed of Dongyin Island and Siyin Island, is a township of the Lienchiang County, Fukien Province, Republic of China. The township was originally part of the Loyüan County before the ROC government evacuated to Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese civil war. It is claimed by the People's Republic of China government as part of the Luoyuan County of its Fuzhou prefecture.
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/travel/art/20170306/19946504 島東端的燈塔，1904年由英國人興建，基座用上99厘米厚的巨型花崗岩，中間圓形平台則以16塊扇形石板製成，每塊要六至八個人才抬得動。頭40年，都由英國人管理，洋人找來陳翠玲的阿公（閩南語祖父外祖父之通稱）陳高福幫手，直到洋人回國，陳高福接手管理，1958年更成為燈塔首為華人主任。物換星移，當其他三個家族陸續離開燈塔，只有陳家一直都在。陳翠玲的弟弟，成為了第三代守塔人。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/travel/art/20170306/19946502早年守燈人的家屬亦要住在燈塔上，共有龍、阮、吳、陳四個家族。
The Gulf of Thailand, also known as the Gulf of Siam, The modern Thai name of the gulf is Ao Thai"Thai Gulf") and "Gulf of Thailand" has been adopted as the official name of the body by the International Hydrographic Organization.[5][when?] Its name in Malayand Khmer continues to be the "Gulf of Siam", Teluk Siam and Khmer: ឈូងសមុទ្រសៀម, Chhoung Samut Siem, respectively. In Thai, the gulf is historically known as Ao Sayam (Thai: อ่าวสยาม).[6] In Vietnamese it is known as Vịnh Thái Lan.It is generally identified with the Great Gulf(Latin: Magnus Sinus) known to Greek, Roman, Arab, Persian, and Renaissance cartographers before the influx of Portuguese explorers removed the phantom Dragon Tail peninsula from European world maps in the 16th century.
-柬埔寨成為東南亞下一個潛在產油國，該國總理洪森周二宣布，泰國灣的油田已成功開採出石油，美國石油巨頭雪佛龍於2005年率先在柬埔寨離岸發現石油，但由於柬埔寨政府和雪佛龍未能達成分成協議，因此停止產油。雪佛龍2014年將油田股權出售給新加坡石油天然氣探勘公司KrisEnergy。目前KrisEnergy在這個油田區塊持股達95%，柬埔寨政府則持有其他的5%。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20201230/00202_014.html
- Bilateral ties could suffer if the Philippines continues to insist it has claims over the Malaysian state of Sabah, said analysts, a day after Putrajaya issued a strong rebuke against “unfriendly” remarks from its Southeast Asian neighbour. In an acidic statement, the Malaysia’s Foreign Ministry said: “Malaysia does not recognise and will never entertain any claims by any party on Sabah”. It added that Sabah’s position as a state of Malaysia was “recognised by the United Nations and the international community” since the formation of the Federation of Malaysia 56 years ago.The row was triggered by Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jnr, who last week referred to the nation’s “claim” on the state during a congressional budget briefing. “Our plan now is to keep things as they are,” he was reported as saying by the Manila Bulletin in response to a lawmaker asking about the possibility of opening an embassy in Sabah, which is home to a large Filipino diaspora.“We shall never have an embassy in Sabah. To even think of it is an act of treason,” Locsin said. “As for the West Philippine Sea, we are careful not to make any act that can be interpreted as an abandonment of our Sabah claim,” he said.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3026382/malaysia-rebukes-philippines-unfriendly-remarks-sabah
east timor
- http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2022669/hague-court-arbitrate-east-timor-australia-maritime-border
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/07/jose-ramos-horta-calls-on-australia-to-abandon-unsubstantiated-claim-in-timor-sea The former Timor-Leste president José Ramos-Horta has told the Australian government to abandon its “unsubstantiated” legal case to extend its borders into the Timor Sea, as the two countries attempt to negotiate a permanent maritime boundary over lucrative oil fields. Speaking at a Labor party-hosted event in Sydney, Ramos-Horta called Australia’s case that the border should follow the edge of its continental shelf “unsustainable law” that bordered on bad faith. The two neighbours have tussled over ownership of the oil-rich Timor Gap since Timor-Leste’s independence in 2002, including the revelation that Australia bugged the Timor-Leste government’s cabinet room in 2004 to gain a competitive advantage.
- Australia and Timor-Leste have reached a historic agreement, concluding a long-running and bitter maritime boundary dispute over the Timor Sea through conciliation. The deal clarifies the legal status of the Greater Sunrise gas fields, and establishes a regime to develop and share revenue from the resource, according to a statement released by the conciliation commission of the permanent court of arbitration in Copenhagen on Saturday.https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/sep/03/australia-and-timor-leste-strike-deal-on-maritime-boundary-dispute
- 設於荷蘭海牙的常設仲裁法院（PCA）昨日透露，澳洲與東帝汶已草擬條約，解決有主權爭議的帝汶海紛爭。據悉，澳洲及東帝汶均同意在帝汶海的劃界，確認兩國在帝汶海「巨日升油田」（Greater Sunrise）的份額。帝汶海的石油和天然氣蘊藏，估計可帶來二千八百億港元收益。orientaldaily 16oct17
- 設於荷蘭海牙的常設仲裁法院（PCA）昨日透露，澳洲與東帝汶已草擬條約，解決有主權爭議的帝汶海紛爭。據悉，澳洲及東帝汶均同意在帝汶海的劃界，確認兩國在帝汶海「巨日升油田」（Greater Sunrise）的份額。帝汶海的石油和天然氣蘊藏，估計可帶來二千八百億港元收益。orientaldaily 16oct17
- http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-07/australia,-east-timor-sign-deal-on-maritime-border/9522902 Australia and East Timor have signed an agreement that draws the first maritime border between the two nations.It is hoped the deal, signed at the United Nations in New York, will end the bitter dispute over oil and gas reserves in the Timor Sea. The two nations have agreed to split revenue from the Greater Sunrise oil and gas deposit, which lies between Australia and East Timor. But there has been no agreement yet on where the gas and oil will be processed, and future negotiations on the subject could be difficult. Australia has offered to give East Timor 80 per cent of the revenue if the oil and gas is piped to Darwin, while East Timor wants a 70 per cent share with the resources processed on its shores.
Kashmir
- Kashmir is a geographical region in far north of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmirgeographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered territories of Jammu and Kashmir (which consists of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh), Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract. In the first half of the 1st millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Kambojas and later ofBuddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1339, Shah Mir became the firstMuslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the Salatin-i-Kashmiror Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1586 until 1751, and the Afghan Durrani Empire, which ruled from 1751 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state of the British Indian Empire became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
india-china-nepal boundary
- The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli, Soogoulee and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions. The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo-Nepal border. In the Susta region, 14,500 hectares of land is generally dominated by Indian side with the support of Seema Shashatra Bal (SSB) forces.
- the dispute came into existence after Nepal’s borders were demarcated in the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli between Nepal and British India. Thetreaty stated that the Maha Kali River would form Nepal’s western boundary. But this has been a protracted, complicated border dispute. At the root of it is the fact that neither side can agree on the location of the Kali river.In November, after India revoked the special status of Jammu & Kashmir and bifurcated the state, it issued fresh maps showing approximately 62 square kilometres of territory, known as Kalapani, as its own. The move stirred a political storm in Nepal, with the Nepali government declaring that India had “encroached upon two per cent of Nepali territory”.In the current tussle, the immediate provocation arose when the Indian defence minister remotely inaugurated an 80km road, much of it through the disputed territory, a move that was seen in Nepal as India further consolidating its hold over the disputed territory. Nepal’s objections – calling the Indian move “unilateral” – were dismissed by New Delhi. Many believe that domestic political factors forced Prime Minister Oli to respond to the situation. Oli, on the day his government cleared the new maps, took a dig at India and wondered aloud if India still subscribed to the motto under its emblem – “truth alone triumphs”. The next day, Oli struck again, attributing the rise in Nepal’s coronavirus cases to Indians visiting Nepal, calling it the “Indian virus”.Yet, experts say that there is history to it. “This isn’t sudden at all. Tensions have been building in the India-Nepal relationship and have escalated since the 2015 blockade,” said Dr K Yhome, a senior fellow at the New Delhi-based think tank, Observer Research Foundation.Yhome was referring to the economic crisis in Nepal, five years ago, caused by crippling shortages of essentials like fuel, medicines and food items, a crisis that was believed to be caused by India’s decision to hold back supplies to protest against changes in Nepal’s constitution. India’s perceived high-handedness and bullying, under the regime of Narendra Modi, forced Nepal to think hard about its reliance on India. That’s when it looked north – to China.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3085676/china-their-mind-why-india-nepal-border-has-become-global
- Saran was foreign secretary between 2004 and 2006 and played a key role the 2005 “Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the Boundary Question”, a landmark document signed by India and China providing a framework for resolving their vexed seven-decade-old border dispute. The agreement laid out an 11-point plan which took into account historical and geographical factors as well as the interests of the population in these disputed areas. Both countries also agreed to carry out field surveys and make “meaningful adjustments” to their respective positions on the dispute.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3087030/china-using-border-tensions-warn-india-not-side-us-ex-foreign
- hkej 8aug19 jammu-kashmir 1846-1947
- india and pakistan went to war in 1947, 1965 and 1999 over kashmir
- https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/kashmir-announcement-intl/index.html A bill to reorganize and reclassify the state of Jammu and Kashmir has been approved by the Rajya Sabah -- the upper house of India's parliament -- with 125 votes in favor and 61 against.It sets out to change Jammu and Kashmir's classification from a state to what in the Indian constitutional system is called a union territory, and carve off an area called Ladakh into a separate union territory.The Rajya Sabha has a total of 242 members. One member abstained, while the rest were either not present or walked out in protest.The bill now needs to be passed by the Lok Sabha -- the lower house of parliament -- and later signed by the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind.If approved it would give the government in Delhi greater authority over the region.The bill is separate to scrapping Article 370 -- which gives special status to Jammu and Kashmir -- as that move was authorized earlier Monday by a presidential order.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-ladakh/indias-ladakh-buddhist-enclave-jubilant-at-new-status-but-china-angered-idUSKCN1UW1QL The Buddhist enclave of Ladakh cheered India’s move to hive it off from Jammu and Kashmir state, a change that could spur tourism and help New Delhi counter China’s influence in the contested western Himalayas.Beijing, though, criticized the announcement, made on Monday by the Indian government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi as part of a wider policy shift that also ended Jammu and Kashmir’s right to set its own laws. In a statement on Tuesday, China said the decision was unacceptable and undermined its territorial sovereignty.
- Pakistan said that with the support of China, it will take up India’s unilateral actions in Kashmir with the UN Security Council and may approach the UN Human Rights Commission over what it says is the “genocide” of the Kashmiri people. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/diplomacy/article/3022295/india-bring-supplies-kashmir-pakistan-set-go-un-support-china
- economist 5cot19 "state of disgrace" india judiciary seems determined to ignore the government's abuses
- 最新衞星圖片顯示雙方在喀喇崑崙山脈附近加強建設活動。印度傳媒則指，印軍正密切監視中國於西藏及新疆的軍事基地。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200629/00178_013.html
- china
- 中國外交部發言人耿爽於10月31日 例會上表示，印度政府正式宣布成立 的所謂 「查謨和克什米爾中央直轄區 」 和 「拉達克中央直轄區」 ，將部分 中國領土劃入印行政管轄範圍，中方 對此表示強烈不滿和堅決反對。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191101/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- 印媒近日引述最新衞星圖像顯示，解放軍正在邊境阿克賽欽地區興建直升機坪，且為指揮與控制中心修建地下建築。該處與邊境實控線和印軍空軍基地相當接近，具重要戰略意義。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201217/00178_011.html
- Kashmiri Muslims are ethnic Kashmiris who practice Islam and are native to the Kashmir Valley. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni.[1] They refer to themselves as "Koshur" in their mother language. Presently, the Kashmiri Muslim population is predominantly found in Kashmir Valley. Smaller Kashmiri communities also live in other regions of the Jammu and Kashmir state.
- Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie FRSL (born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist.was born on 19 June 1947[9] in Bombay, then British India, into a Kashmiri Muslim family.[10][11] He is the son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a Cambridge-educated lawyer-turned-businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher. Anis Rushdie was dismissed from the Indian Civil Services (ICS) after it emerged that the birth certificate submitted by him had changes to make him appear younger than he was.[12] Rushdie has three sisters.[13] He wrote in his 2012 memoir that his father adopted the name Rushdie in honour of Averroes (Ibn Rushd). He was educated at Cathedral and John Connon School, Bombay, Rugby School in Warwickshire, and King's College, Cambridge, where he read history.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180514/00180_013.html 巴基斯坦控制的喀什米爾地區一座木橋，昨日疑不堪負荷倒塌，橋上超過四十名遊客墮河，多數是大學生，部分人被河水沖走。消息指，事故造成至少五人死亡、三十六人失蹤。
india-china-nepal boundary
- The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli, Soogoulee and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions. The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo-Nepal border. In the Susta region, 14,500 hectares of land is generally dominated by Indian side with the support of Seema Shashatra Bal (SSB) forces.
- the dispute came into existence after Nepal’s borders were demarcated in the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli between Nepal and British India. Thetreaty stated that the Maha Kali River would form Nepal’s western boundary. But this has been a protracted, complicated border dispute. At the root of it is the fact that neither side can agree on the location of the Kali river.In November, after India revoked the special status of Jammu & Kashmir and bifurcated the state, it issued fresh maps showing approximately 62 square kilometres of territory, known as Kalapani, as its own. The move stirred a political storm in Nepal, with the Nepali government declaring that India had “encroached upon two per cent of Nepali territory”.In the current tussle, the immediate provocation arose when the Indian defence minister remotely inaugurated an 80km road, much of it through the disputed territory, a move that was seen in Nepal as India further consolidating its hold over the disputed territory. Nepal’s objections – calling the Indian move “unilateral” – were dismissed by New Delhi. Many believe that domestic political factors forced Prime Minister Oli to respond to the situation. Oli, on the day his government cleared the new maps, took a dig at India and wondered aloud if India still subscribed to the motto under its emblem – “truth alone triumphs”. The next day, Oli struck again, attributing the rise in Nepal’s coronavirus cases to Indians visiting Nepal, calling it the “Indian virus”.Yet, experts say that there is history to it. “This isn’t sudden at all. Tensions have been building in the India-Nepal relationship and have escalated since the 2015 blockade,” said Dr K Yhome, a senior fellow at the New Delhi-based think tank, Observer Research Foundation.Yhome was referring to the economic crisis in Nepal, five years ago, caused by crippling shortages of essentials like fuel, medicines and food items, a crisis that was believed to be caused by India’s decision to hold back supplies to protest against changes in Nepal’s constitution. India’s perceived high-handedness and bullying, under the regime of Narendra Modi, forced Nepal to think hard about its reliance on India. That’s when it looked north – to China.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3085676/china-their-mind-why-india-nepal-border-has-become-global
- Saran was foreign secretary between 2004 and 2006 and played a key role the 2005 “Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the Boundary Question”, a landmark document signed by India and China providing a framework for resolving their vexed seven-decade-old border dispute. The agreement laid out an 11-point plan which took into account historical and geographical factors as well as the interests of the population in these disputed areas. Both countries also agreed to carry out field surveys and make “meaningful adjustments” to their respective positions on the dispute.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3087030/china-using-border-tensions-warn-india-not-side-us-ex-foreign
- 印度外交部前日表示，兩國官員舉行視像會議，同意透過和平方式解決分歧，確保不會演變成紛爭；雙方將首先把增援士兵及裝備，撤回到五月前的部署位置。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200607/00178_012.html
sikkam
- 1890 agreement
- 中國外交部發言人陸慷指出，中印邊界錫金段由一八九○年《中英會議藏印條約》劃定，具有明確的法律依據。根據當年的條約，「藏哲之界，以自布坦交界之支莫摯山起，至廓爾喀邊界止，分哲屬梯斯塔及近山南流諸小河，藏屬莫竹及近山北流諸小河分水流之一帶山頂為界」，當中所說的「哲」就是哲孟雄，是錫金的古稱。一九四七年印度獨立後，印度政府多次以書面形式確認錫金段邊界。 http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170628/00178_003.html, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170630/00178_003.html 中國在接壤西藏、印度及不丹的錫金段邊境修路招印方不滿，據報不丹已向中國政府提出抗議，要求中方停工。另有印軍參謀長早前稱正為「2.5線戰爭」做準備，中國國防部批評印方言論極不負責任，冀印軍吸取歷史教訓。
- 中國和印度就邊界主權問題存在爭議，美國前日罕有就事件開腔，批評中國利用邊境衝突試圖改變現狀，同時鼓勵印度反抗。中印軍隊近年多次在邊界小規模衝突，最近兩國士兵在接壤印度錫金邦與中國西藏地區的乃堆拉（Nathu La）對峙。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200522/00178_005.html
- india
- 據印媒報道，印度計劃在接近中印邊界的錫金邦鋪設鐵路網，將有助提升印方在錫金邦部署士兵和火力的軍事行動。據報道，該寬軌鋪設工程預計耗資六百億盧比（約七十二億港元），在錫金邦內只有一公里長路段，剩餘五十一點七公里的路段，處於西孟加拉邦的大吉嶺和噶倫堡地區內。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180414/00178_006.html
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2167071/indias-sikkim-airport-doesnt-just-border-china-its-sign-modis The Pakyong airport in the northeastern state provides strategic advantage in the region – but also underlines the Modi administration’s desire to cement its bond with the rest of the country
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2179904/how-indian-secret-agents-removed-god-king-sikkim-and-claimed
Doklam, Zhoglam (in Standard Tibetan), Droklam (in Dzongkha and Chomo Tibetan)[citation needed]or Donglang (洞朗) is a narrow plateau lying in the tri-junction region of Bhutan, China and India. Doklam lies close to the modern day Yadong county of Tibetan Autonomous Region and the Ha Valley of Bhutan. It is a disputed territory claimed by both Bhutan and China. Doklam is situated roughly 15 kilometers southeast of the Nathu La pass that connects India and Tibet and about 30 kilometers southwest of the Dramana Chhu (river) area often shown (Google Maps, World Factbook map on this page) as disputed between Bhutan and China. Doklam borders the Chumbi Valley on the south. On the western edge of the Doklam plateau is Doka La, marked as Troka La on some old maps, a pass connecting the Indian state of Sikkim with either Tibet in China according to numerous Chinese government statements and maps or linking Sikkim and western Bhutan according to equally numerous maps and statements from the Bhutan and India governments. The Anglo-Chinese treaty of 1890 was signed between the British Commissioner A.W. Paul and the Chinese Commissioner Ho Chang-Jung to negotiate trade relations and demarcate boundary along the Chumbi Valley. China and Bhutan have agreed via written agreements of 1988 and 1998 that both countries will maintain peace and the status quo in the region. In 2017, China attempted to extend a road in a sector of Doklam triggering a stand-off between China and India and a demarche against China from Bhutan.
- http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/03/asia/bhutan-india-border-dispute/index.html The Doklam dispute is the latest in a long-running series of territorial flare-ups between India and China. In 1962, the two countries engaged in a bloody border war, and skirmishes have continued to break out sporadically in the decades since.
- hkej 11aug17 shum article
- China says India has withdrawn troops from a disputed Himalayan border area, ending a tense stand-off lasting weeks. The foreign ministry in Beijing said it was pleased that "trespassing Indian personnel have all pulled back to the Indian side of the boundary". India's foreign ministry confirmed troops were "disengaging" at Doklam after agreement between the countries. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41070767
The Galwan River flows from the disputed Aksai Chin region in southern Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang of China to Ladakh of India. The river is named after Ghulam Rasool Galwan, a Ladakhi explorer from Leh, who first explored the course of the river. In 1899, he was part of a British expedition team that was exploring the areas to the north of the Chang Chenmo valley, when ran into this previously unknown river valley. The Galwan river is to the west of China's 1956 claim line in Aksai Chin. However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line to the west of the river along the mountain ridge adjoining the Shyok river valley. Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.
- 內地官媒周一引述中國軍方消息人士透露，本月上旬以來，印度士兵越過中印邊境加勒萬河谷地區進入中國領土，並構建設施，阻攔中國邊防部隊正常巡邏執勤。中方已加強該地區管控，堅決應對印方越線侵權修建設施。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200519/00178_006.html
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20170830/20136891至昨日，包括《印度時報》、《印度斯坦時報》等多家印度媒體引匿名印度政府高層人士透露，雙方確認中印部隊都已依序撤離洞朗對峙地點，中國因運輸問題，剩下少數設備暫留當地，惟中國已同意「洞朗不會再有修築道路活動」。http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-08/30/content_31302784.htmChina will plan the construction of infrastructure in Donglang as "actual circumstances" allow, Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said on Tuesday, adding that Chinese border troops are continuing to patrol and defend the area. http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170831/00178_002.html中國外交部周三否認中方向印度提供二百億美元（約一千五百六十億港元）貼息貸款，換取雙方撤兵。另有消息指，為避免中印因語言出現誤會，印度決定強制邊防部隊新兵學習中文和藏語。
- 印度傳媒近日報道，中國在嚴寒天氣掩護下，近月不動聲色地在接近洞朗境內修建新道路，隨時可截斷印度「咽喉」西里古里走廊，令印度「如鯁在喉」。有印媒形容，中國新修建的道路對新德里產生了「嚴重的戰略影響」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180324/00178_001.html
- 內媒近日報道，中國在邊境洞朗地區亞東縣建成第一條行政村「龐達村」，海拔4,630米，現已有人入住。龐達村由上海援藏工作組和當地政府共同規劃、出資、興建，上海市委副書記、組織部長于紹良上周三出席開村儀式。西藏共青團上周四在社交網站發文指，亞東縣27戶、124名農牧民自願搬遷至龐達村，讚揚這些首批龐達村村民是開啟了守邊固邊興邊的新征程。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201122/00180_005.html
- 印媒日前發表分析文章，引述一名匿名不丹政治分析家指，中方在2017年中印洞朗衝突前拉攏不丹，提出解決領土糾紛方案，共同對抗印度。中方願意接受洞朗平原的狹長一小塊領土，但必須包括支莫摯山（Gyemochen），以俯瞰印度本土通往東北各邦的通道，不丹最終拒絕。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201204/00180_005.html
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170912/00178_012.html印媒指出，在中印「實際控制線」附近，幾條具有重要意義的道路將提前竣工。目前，總長三千四百公里的道路，只需開鑿剩下的二百七十公里，即可實現完全接通。印度國防部還向印度鐵路公司撥款十五億八千萬盧比（約一億九千萬港元），於去年九月開始測繪一條長約六百五十公里、由德里通往中印有領土爭議的拉達克地區列城縣的鐵路，預計整個測繪工作仍將需兩年時間完成。
- 中印洞朗對峙曾導致中方禁止印度官方香客團，經中印邊界錫金段乃堆拉山口入藏朝聖。惟對峙事件雖已結束四個月，中方仍未恢復安排印度香客團入境。印度傳媒報道，印度政府正與中方就印度香客往西藏的「神山聖湖」朝聖一事進行接觸。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171231/00178_006.html
- 印度上月在中國有領土爭議地區，設立拉達克中央直轄區，令兩國關係再度陷入緊張。印媒報道，中印軍隊周三在拉達克地區附近的班公湖爆發肢體衝突，但未知有否傷亡。盛傳雙方將展開談判，以緩和緊張局勢。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190913/00178_016.html
- 中印在有主權爭議的邊境拉達克地區衝突頻頻，有指解放軍已派出超過五千名士兵進駐當地，而印方的駐軍數目亦不遑多讓；印度陸軍參謀長納拉瓦內（Manoj Mukund Naravane）直指「局勢已非常嚴峻」。有中國網民上載中印兩軍月初在班公湖對峙的模擬照片，可見一排解放軍艦艇在湖上待命；印軍則展示警告橫額，要求解放軍遵守協議、退出印度領土。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200527/00178_001.html
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170810/00178_002.html 中方官員稱，不丹已明確表明洞朗屬於中國。另一鄰國尼泊爾官方亦首次表明保持中立，而尼國民間組織更大力支持中國。
The Galwan River flows from the disputed Aksai Chin region in southern Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang of China to Ladakh of India. The river is named after Ghulam Rasool Galwan, a Ladakhi explorer from Leh, who first explored the course of the river. In 1899, he was part of a British expedition team that was exploring the areas to the north of the Chang Chenmo valley, when ran into this previously unknown river valley. The Galwan river is to the west of China's 1956 claim line in Aksai Chin. However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line to the west of the river along the mountain ridge adjoining the Shyok river valley. Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.
- 內地官媒周一引述中國軍方消息人士透露，本月上旬以來，印度士兵越過中印邊境加勒萬河谷地區進入中國領土，並構建設施，阻攔中國邊防部隊正常巡邏執勤。中方已加強該地區管控，堅決應對印方越線侵權修建設施。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200519/00178_006.html
- 解放軍士兵與印度士兵前晚在主權爭議的拉達克地區爆發激烈肢體衝突，印方指至少三名印度軍人被殺，包括一名團長，三十六人被俘。印方宣稱，解放軍亦有五人在衝突中死亡，十一人受傷，惟中方並未證實消息。中印兩軍的高級軍官事後召開會議，試圖緩和緊張局勢。印度古吉拉特邦爆發反華示威，抗議有印軍士兵在衝突中被殺。事發於加勒萬河谷(galwan)，大批印軍士兵與解放軍士兵以棍棒、鐵剷互毆，並互擲石頭及赤手空拳打鬥，雙方均堅稱沒有開槍。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200617/00174_001.html
assam
- ****note a place called khamun - connected to ancient afghanistan and the use of blue
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3024155/assam-edge-indias-rohingya-moment-threatens-millions-modis-hindu
Tibet
- China's long-time negotiator on the border talks, who retired in 2013, has said that Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh is an "inalienable" part of Tibet and that a boundary settlement would not be possible unless India agreed to make concessions in the eastern sector. But if India did so, China would also make concessions in Aksai Chin, suggested Dai Bingguo, spelling out in detail for the first time his thoughts on a solution. Dai, who was the Special Representative on the boundary issue for 15 rounds of talks until his retirement in 2013, said that India "held the key" to the settlement and that if it took into account China's concerns in the eastern sector, Beijing would similarly do so in other areas.http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aksai-chin-china-india-tawang-dai-bingguo/1/895657.html
- https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-moves-mountains-to-build-military-road-to-china-border-1491384609 Modi Ramps Up Spending to Defend Contested Himalayan Territory. India is rushing to build strategic roads to transport military supplies and ...
- https://www.ft.com/content/e5d141b0-2584-11e7-8691-d5f7e0cd0a16 China and India have renewed a war of words over the north-eastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, a Tibetan Himalayan region claimed by Beijing, after China said it would “standardise” six place names in the territory.
- 印度總理莫迪正展開其一連兩日的印度東北行程，並於上周六早上抵達中印邊境的藏南地區（印度稱阿魯納恰爾邦）出席活動。中國外交部發言人華春瑩同日回應稱，中方從不承認所謂的「阿魯納恰爾邦」，對於莫迪此行表達強烈不滿。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190210/00178_019.html
- Most of the six places in Arunachal Pradesh that China renamed recently have some significance related to the Dalai Lama or Tibet, a China expert said today. "This is only an attempt to show its severe displeasure to India for allowing the Dalai Lama to visit the Tawang monastery in Arunachal Pradesh and address religious congregations there," Srikanth Kondapalli, a professor of Chinese studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, told PTI. China had earlier this week given a new name, Wo'gyainling, to Guling Gompa, located on the outskirts of Tawang. This is the place where the sixth Dalai Lama was born. Daporijo town in Upper Subansiri district was named Mila Ri. It is located besides the river Subansiri, which is one of the principal rivers of Arunachal Pradesh and a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. Kondapalli said this place has been used by people from Tibet to enter into India and was a corridor that has not seen military presence from either side for many years. Renaming of Mechuka as Mainquka was to challenge India's claim on the area as it is strategically located, with heavy military presence, he said. The Indian Air Force maintains an Advanced Landing Ground there, which is located in West Siang district. Bumla, the place where the Dalai Lama made his first stopover during his April 4-13 visit to Arunachal Pradesh, has also been renamed by the Chinese as Bumola.Kondapalli said this area was invaded in 1962 by the Chinese troops who were subsequently pushed back by the Indian Army. Namaka Chu area has been renamed as Namkapub Ri, he said, adding the area has a huge potential for hydro-electricity. China renamed a sixth place as Qoidengarbo Ri area but it is not clear which place in Arunachal Pradesh it refers to.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/most-places-renamed-by-china-have-dalai-lama-tibet-links-expert/articleshow/58326098.cms
- The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) will construct two tunnels through 4170-metre-high Sela Pass in Arunachal Pradesh, which would cut down the distance to China border through Tawang by 10 km. "The tunnels would cut down at least an hour of travel time between the Army's 4 Corps headquarters at Tezpur and Tawang. Moreover, the tunnels would ensure that NH 13 and especially the 171 km stretch between Bomdila and Tawang, remains accessible in all weather conditions," a BRO release said here today. This is in keeping with India's bid for faster access to the Tibet frontier through the tough terrain of the state in the Eastern Himalayas. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bro-to-construct-tunnels-to-cut-down-distance-to-china-border-in-arunachal/articleshow/59740010.cms
- 除夕是中國普天同慶的重要節慶日子，但印度總理莫迪卻選擇在這天，再度踏足中印存在主權爭議的藏南地區（印稱阿魯納恰爾邦），並逗留一天。事件引發中方不滿。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180216/00178_009.html
- 洪森昨在首都金邊表示，三十名老撾士兵今年四月入侵柬埔寨北部上丁省。他說：「我不能再保持耐性，我們互相打鬥是不對的，但如果他們不撤走，我們需要採取行動。我們不想宣戰，只是要求取回我們的領土。」洪森續指，已經向老撾總理通倫表達對方無條件撤兵的要求，更指已下令軍隊，在有關地區部署士兵及多管火箭發射器。orientaldaily 12aug17
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4784166/Cambodian-leader-says-border-crisis-Laos-averted.html Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, who threatened Friday to use force over a border crisis with neighboring Laos, announced Saturday that the situation had been peacefully resolved after he made a lightning trip for face-to-face talks with his Laotian counterpart.
Fantasy island
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/48f9f5f8-27b0-11e6-8ba3-cdd781d02d89.html
An argument has broken out between South East Asian neighbours after a holiday resort’s map appeared to show a group of Indonesian islands as belonging to Singapore. Singapore has made clear that it does not lay claim to the Pulau Manis islands after the website error prompted an Indonesian flag-planting mission to assert sovereignty.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54314341Border clashes in July killed at least 16 people, prompting the largest demonstration in years in the Azerbaijani capital Baku, where there were calls for the region's recapture.Any upsurge in violence could unsettle markets as the South Caucasus is a corridor for pipelines carrying oil and natural gas from the Caspian Sea to world markets.Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan pledged support for Azerbaijan, urging the world to stand with the country in its "battle against invasion and cruelty". Azerbaijanis are a predominantly Turkic people with whom Turkey has close ties.Russia, traditionally seen as an ally of Armenia, called for an immediate ceasefire and talks to stabilise the situation.
- 亞美尼亞與阿塞拜疆的衝突未息，美國加州洛杉磯周日有大規模和平示威，十萬名亞美尼亞支持者在比華利山出發，遊行至土耳其駐當地領事館外抗議，譴責阿塞拜疆及其盟友土耳其，攻擊納卡地區的亞美尼亞人。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201013/00180_020.html
Sakhalin
Hans Island is a small, uninhabited barren knoll measuring 1.3 km², 1,290 m long and 1,199 m wide, in the centre of the Kennedy Channel of Nares Strait—the strait that separates Ellesmere Island from northern Greenland and connects Baffin Bay with the Lincoln Sea.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/48f9f5f8-27b0-11e6-8ba3-cdd781d02d89.html
An argument has broken out between South East Asian neighbours after a holiday resort’s map appeared to show a group of Indonesian islands as belonging to Singapore. Singapore has made clear that it does not lay claim to the Pulau Manis islands after the website error prompted an Indonesian flag-planting mission to assert sovereignty.
納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫 Nagorno-Karabakh (/nəˈɡɔːrnoʊ kɑːrəˈbɑːk/ nə-GOR-noh kar-ə-BAHK; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, lit. 'mountainous Karabakh'; Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ; Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ), also known as Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախ), is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, within the mountainous range of Karabakh, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur, and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains. The region is mostly mountainous and forested. Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed territory, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but mostly governed by the Republic of Artsakh (formerly named Nagorno-Karabakh Republic), a de facto independent state with an Armenian ethnic majority established on the basis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Azerbaijan has not exercised political authority over the region since the advent of the Karabakh movement in 1988. Since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have been holding peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group on the region's disputed status.Nagorno-Karabakh falls within the lands occupied by peoples known to modern archaeologists as the Kura-Araxes culture, who lived between the two rivers Kura and Araxes.
- http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/03/asia/azerbaijan-armenia-violence/ Azerbaijan says it is laying down its weapons in its recent conflict with Armenia, according to state media, a day after 30 soldiers from both sides were killed. "In the light of persistent calls from international organizations and given the fact that the government of Azerbaijan is pursuing a peaceful policy, the Azerbaijani armed forces took a unilateral decision to stop counter-attacks and retaliatory action against the enemy in the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan," the country's ministry of defense said in a statement, according to Azerbaijan state news agency Azertac. However, Azerbaijan said it will respond to any continued "provocations" with "offensive operations in order to destroy the enemy." The announcement comes a day after long-simmering tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan flared again, with at least 18 Armenian and 12 Azerbaijani troops killed in fighting, according to state media reports. The violence was centered in Nagorno-Karabakh, a region occupied by Armenian forces but surrounded and claimed by Azerbaijan. Where it belongs has been in dispute for years, though it's been relatively rare of late for this discord to erupt in bloodshed.
- 阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞在塔武什州邊界地區衝突持續，兩國衝突自一九八八年二月開始，因爭議領土納戈爾諾—卡拉巴赫自治州（簡稱納卡）而屢次交火，一九九二年起在OSCE交涉下展開和平談判。阿塞拜疆堅持維護領土完整，亞美尼亞則維護納卡利益，納卡並未參與會談。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200715/00180_017.html- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54314341Border clashes in July killed at least 16 people, prompting the largest demonstration in years in the Azerbaijani capital Baku, where there were calls for the region's recapture.Any upsurge in violence could unsettle markets as the South Caucasus is a corridor for pipelines carrying oil and natural gas from the Caspian Sea to world markets.Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan pledged support for Azerbaijan, urging the world to stand with the country in its "battle against invasion and cruelty". Azerbaijanis are a predominantly Turkic people with whom Turkey has close ties.Russia, traditionally seen as an ally of Armenia, called for an immediate ceasefire and talks to stabilise the situation.
- 亞美尼亞與阿塞拜疆的衝突未息，美國加州洛杉磯周日有大規模和平示威，十萬名亞美尼亞支持者在比華利山出發，遊行至土耳其駐當地領事館外抗議，譴責阿塞拜疆及其盟友土耳其，攻擊納卡地區的亞美尼亞人。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201013/00180_020.html
Sakhalin
- Sakhalin (Russian: Сахалин,pronounced [səxɐˈlʲin]) is a large Russianisland in the North Pacific Ocean, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N. It is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin, which is about one fifth the size of Japan, is just off the east coast of Russia, and just north of Japan. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks and Nivkhs. Sakhalin has been claimed by both Russia and Japan over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. This has led to bitter disputes between the two countries over control of the island. Russia seized the island from the Japanese near the end of World War II. Most Ainu moved to Hokkaido when the Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2061561/russia-picks-chinas-huawei-speedy-internet-project-japan-claimed
- kuril islands
- The Soviet Union did not sign the Treaty of Peace with Japan in 1951. On October 19, 1956, Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration providing for the end of the state of war, and for restoration of diplomatic relations between USSR and Japan.[1][2] The two parties also agreed to continue negotiations for a peace treaty, including territorial issues. In addition, the Soviet Union pledged to support Japan for the UN membership and waive all World War II reparations claims. The joint declaration was accompanied by a trade protocol that granted reciprocal most-favored-nation treatment and provided for the development of trade. Japan derived few apparent gains from the normalization of diplomatic relations. The second half of the 1950s saw an increase in cultural exchanges.The Joint Declaration did not settle the Kuril Islands territorial dispute between Japan and the Soviet Union, whose resolution was postponed until the conclusion of a permanent peace treaty. However, Article 9 of the Joint Declaration stated: "The U.S.S.R. and Japan have agreed to continue, after the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between them, negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty. Hereby, the U.S.S.R., in response to the desires of Japan and taking into consideration the interest of the Japanese state, agrees to hand over to Japan the Habomai and the Shikotan Islands, provided that the actual changing over to Japan of these islands will be carried out after the conclusion of a peace treaty".At the time, the United States threatened to keep Okinawa if Japan gave away the other islands, preventing the negotiation of the promised treaty.
- Iturup (Russian: Итуру́п and Oстров Итуру́п, Ostrov Iturup; Ainu: エﾂﾟヲロプシㇼ, Etuworop-sir; Japanese: 択捉島, Etorofu-tō) is one of the Kuril Islands. It was formerly known as Staten Island.Initially inhabited by the Ainu, Iturup was reached in 1661 by the Japanese Shichirobei and his fellows after they had drifted there. The island saw both a Russian settlement (late 18th century) and a Japanese garrison (1800) at the site of the present-day Kurilsk. In 1855 Iturup was ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimoda. Its name comes from the Ainu エﾂﾟヲロプ (Etuworop), meaning "Place possessing [many] capes." On 26 November 1941, a Japanese carrier fleet left Hitokappu Bay (now called Kasatka Bay[6]), on the eastern shore of Iturup, and sailed for an attack on the American base of Pearl Harbor. In 1945, according to decisions of the Yalta Conference, it was occupied by the Soviet Union after Japan's defeat in World War II. The Japanese inhabitants were expelled to mainland Japan.[7] In 1956 the two countries agreed to restore diplomatic relations, but the peace treaty, as of 2017, has not been concluded due to the disputed status of Iturup and some other nearby islands.
- Kunashiri Island (Russian: Кунаши́р; Japanese: 国後島, Kunashiri-tō; Ainu: クナシㇼ or クナシㇽ, Kunasir), possibly meaning Black Island or Grass Island in Ainu, is the southernmost island of the Kuril Islands archipelago. The island is currently under Russian control, though Japanalso claims the island.In 1789 Kunashir Island was one of the settings of the Menashi-Kunashiri Battle in which Ainu revolted against Japanese tradespeople and colonists.
- https://www.ft.com/content/1b62108a-bc6b-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080 Abe and Putin seek to end the 70-year-old territorial dispute over the Kuril archipelago
- http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2132040/japans-shinzo-abe-has-few-choices-island-dispute-after-russia Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree allowing the country’s defence ministry to utilise facilities on the island of Iturup, which is known in Japan as Etorofu, for both military and civil aircraft.
- Japan has expressed displeasure with a Russian plan to lay fiber-optic cables on disputed Pacific islands, seized from Japan at the end of World War II, to provide local residents with internet access. Both countries, who have yet to sign a treaty formally marking the end of the war, claim sovereignty over the island chain known in Russia as the Kuril Islands and in Japan as the Northern Territories. The dispute over the fiber-optic cables is only the latest tension in the region, where Russia is paving the way for its first military base in the area.https://themoscowtimes.com/news/japan-protests-russian-internet-expansion-61745
- 俄羅斯和日本對南千島群島（日稱北方四島）主權存爭議，兩國正磋商該島共同經濟活動法律框架。日本共同社昨日引述消息人士報道，俄羅斯願意讓步，提議擱置南千島群島的管轄權問題。消息指，俄方在磋商中，以俄日政府於一九九八年締結的四島周邊海域日本漁船《安全作業協定》為例，表明兩方可在完全不觸碰管轄權問題下，來制訂共同活動法律框架。日本對擱置管轄權持謹慎態度。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200525/00180_004.html
- https://www.businessinsider.com/canada-and-denmark-whiskey-war-over-hans-island-2016-1since the early 1930s, this nondescript rock has been at the center of an ongoing disagreement between Canada and Denmark. According to World Atlas, Hans Island is located in the middle of the 22-mile wide Nares Strait, which separates Greenland, an autonomous territory of Denmark, from Canada. Due to international law, all countries have the right to claim territory within 12 miles of their shore. As such, Hans Island is technically located in both Danish and Canadian waters. World Atlas notes that the island was decided to be Danish territory by the Permanent Court of International Justice of the League of Nations in 1933. However, as the League of Nations fell apart in the 1930s and was then replaced by the United Nations, the ruling on the status of Hans Island carries little to no weight.The issue of Hans Island then loss traction in popular consciousness and the concerns of the Canadian and Danish governments throughout World War II and the heights of the Cold War, only to reemerge in 1984. On that year, Denmark's minister of Greenland affairs visited the island and planted a Danish flag. At the base of the flag, he left a note saying, "Welcome to the Danish island," along with a bottle of brandy, CBC reports. And since then, the two countries have waged a not-quite-serious "whiskey war" over Hans Island.Although the two countries have continued to disagree over the territorial status of the island, the governments have managed to continue the "whiskey war" and keep a good sense of humor over the incident.Peter Takso Jensen, the Danish Ambassador to the US, has said that "when Danish military go there, they leave a bottle of schnapps. And when [Canadian] military forces come there, they leave a bottle of Canadian Club and a sign saying, 'Welcome to Canada.'" Currently, a plan is in the works that could turn Hans Island into a shared territory that would be jointly managed by the Canadian and Danish municipalities bordering it.
Shatt al-Arab (Arabic: شط العرب, River of the Arabs) or Arvand Rud (Persian: اَروَندرود, Swift River) is a river formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The southern end of the river constitutes the border between Iraq and Iran down to the mouth of the river as it discharges into the Persian Gulf. The area is judged to hold the largest date palm forest in the world. In the mid-1970s, the region included 17 to 18 million date palms, an estimated one-fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees. But by 2002, war, salt, and pests had wiped out more than 14 million of the palms, including around 9 million in Iraq and 5 million in Iran. Many of the remaining 3 to 4 million trees are in poor condition. In Middle Persian literature and the Shahnameh (written between c. 977 and 1010 AD), the name اروند Arvand is used for the Tigris, the confluent of the Shatt al-Arab. Iranians also used this name specifically to designate the Shatt al-Arab during the later Pahlavi period, and continue to do so after the Iranian Revolution of 1979.按照1847年奥斯曼帝国和波斯帝国的《埃尔祖姆条约》，阿拉伯河的主权归属奥斯曼帝国。1913年，两国又签订《君士坦丁堡边界议定书》，规定霍拉姆沙赫尔港一段以主航道中心线为界。伊拉克独立之后，同伊朗于1937年再次签署协议，将阿巴丹一段亦改为以主航道中心线为界，其余部分仍归属伊拉克，伊朗使用阿拉伯河航道需要向伊拉克缴纳租用费。伊朗巴列维国王在位期间，美國出於圍堵蘇聯，大力支持伊朗王朝大量向伊朗售賣先進武器，伊朗軍力强盛，多次向伊拉克交涉该河主权问题，1969年伊拉克卡塞姆政權宣佈，阿拉伯河為伊拉克領土不可分割的一部分。1969年4月19日伊朗單方面廢除了該條約。1975年3月6日，在阿尔及利亚总统布迈丁的调停下，巴列维同伊拉克总统萨达姆·侯赛因在阿尔及尔签署协议，正式规定两国以主航道中心线为界划分阿拉伯河，史稱《阿爾及爾宣言》（Algiers Declaration），重新劃定兩國邊界。1979年，伊朗爆发伊斯兰革命，局势动荡，在阿拉伯诸国和美国等国的支持下，萨达姆于1980年9月17日宣布單方面废止《阿尔及尔协定》，收回全部阿拉伯河主权。1980年9月22日，伊拉克革命指揮委員會命令伊拉克武裝部隊攻擊伊朗，軍隊分多路向伊朗境內推進，最遠達80公里，伊拉克又出動飛機，襲擊伊朗十個空軍基地，致使两伊战争爆发，戰爭歷時八年。两伊战争之后，阿拉伯河的航道被大量沉船淤塞，至今未能恢复。
Shatt al-Arab (Arabic: شط العرب, River of the Arabs) or Arvand Rud (Persian: اَروَندرود, Swift River) is a river formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The southern end of the river constitutes the border between Iraq and Iran down to the mouth of the river as it discharges into the Persian Gulf. The area is judged to hold the largest date palm forest in the world. In the mid-1970s, the region included 17 to 18 million date palms, an estimated one-fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees. But by 2002, war, salt, and pests had wiped out more than 14 million of the palms, including around 9 million in Iraq and 5 million in Iran. Many of the remaining 3 to 4 million trees are in poor condition. In Middle Persian literature and the Shahnameh (written between c. 977 and 1010 AD), the name اروند Arvand is used for the Tigris, the confluent of the Shatt al-Arab. Iranians also used this name specifically to designate the Shatt al-Arab during the later Pahlavi period, and continue to do so after the Iranian Revolution of 1979.按照1847年奥斯曼帝国和波斯帝国的《埃尔祖姆条约》，阿拉伯河的主权归属奥斯曼帝国。1913年，两国又签订《君士坦丁堡边界议定书》，规定霍拉姆沙赫尔港一段以主航道中心线为界。伊拉克独立之后，同伊朗于1937年再次签署协议，将阿巴丹一段亦改为以主航道中心线为界，其余部分仍归属伊拉克，伊朗使用阿拉伯河航道需要向伊拉克缴纳租用费。伊朗巴列维国王在位期间，美國出於圍堵蘇聯，大力支持伊朗王朝大量向伊朗售賣先進武器，伊朗軍力强盛，多次向伊拉克交涉该河主权问题，1969年伊拉克卡塞姆政權宣佈，阿拉伯河為伊拉克領土不可分割的一部分。1969年4月19日伊朗單方面廢除了該條約。1975年3月6日，在阿尔及利亚总统布迈丁的调停下，巴列维同伊拉克总统萨达姆·侯赛因在阿尔及尔签署协议，正式规定两国以主航道中心线为界划分阿拉伯河，史稱《阿爾及爾宣言》（Algiers Declaration），重新劃定兩國邊界。1979年，伊朗爆发伊斯兰革命，局势动荡，在阿拉伯诸国和美国等国的支持下，萨达姆于1980年9月17日宣布單方面废止《阿尔及尔协定》，收回全部阿拉伯河主权。1980年9月22日，伊拉克革命指揮委員會命令伊拉克武裝部隊攻擊伊朗，軍隊分多路向伊朗境內推進，最遠達80公里，伊拉克又出動飛機，襲擊伊朗十個空軍基地，致使两伊战争爆发，戰爭歷時八年。两伊战争之后，阿拉伯河的航道被大量沉船淤塞，至今未能恢复。
east mediterranean
- 希臘和土耳其近日在地中海東部主權爭議海域，因能源勘探問題起摩擦，甚至發生軍艦對峙。法國軍方周四表示，將派遣拉斐特護衞艦和兩架疾風戰鬥機往該區，加強軍事部署。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200815/00180_013.html
-東地中海局勢因土耳其與希臘，就能源勘探問題起衝突而緊張之際，美國海軍一艘新服役的遠征移動基地艦駛至當地。與此同時，土耳其聲稱在黑海發現三千二百億立方米的天然氣儲量，可滿足未來二十年的需求。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200823/00180_032.html
- 土耳其與希臘就東地中海的能源勘探問題交惡，導致區內局勢持續緊張。美國海軍近日先後與上述兩國軍隊演習，被指扮演中間人，圖平衡各方勢力。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200828/00180_021.html
- economist 22aug2020 battling over boundaries
- ft 8sep2020 disputes over gasfields and libya war raise east mediterranean tensions
- exclusive economic zone (eez) problem https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Turkey-and-Greece-fighting-for-sea-borders
ionian sea
ionian sea
- Greece and Italy signed an agreement on maritime boundaries on Tuesday, establishing an exclusive economic zone between the two countries and resolving longstanding issues over fishing rights in the Ionian Sea.The deal, signed during a visit by Italian foreign minister Luigi Di Maio, follows months of tension over natural resources in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where Turkey, Greece and Cyprus have been caught in a complex diplomatic standoff. Details of the accord, which effectively extends a 1977 agreement between the two states on continental shelves in the Ionian Sea, were not immediately available.Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias said the accord confirmed the right of Greek islands in the area to maritime zones and settled fishing rights issues.“This is a historic day,” Dendias said, adding that Greece seeks to establish exclusive economic zones with all its neighbours.The Greek-Italian accord comes months after a deal on maritime boundaries between Turkey and Libya’s internationally recognised government, led by Fayez al-Sarraj. That agreement angered Greece, which says it infringes its own sovereign rights.“Maritime boundaries are defined only with valid deals,” Dendias said.Greece and Turkey are at odds over various decades-old issues ranging from mineral rights in the Aegean Sea to ethnically split Cyprus.Italy and Greece are already partners in the EastMed gas pipeline project intended to transport 10 billion cubic meters of gas per year from offshore reserves in the eastern Mediterranean to Greece, Italy and other southeastern European countries.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-italy-foreign/greece-italy-sign-accord-on-maritime-zones-in-ionian-sea-idUSKBN23G0X5
Graham Island (also Graham Bank or Graham Shoal; Italian: Isola Ferdinandea) is a submerged volcanic island in the Mediterranean Sea. It was discovered when it last appeared on 1 August 1831 by Humphrey Fleming Senhouse, the captain of the first rate Royal Navy ship of the line St Vincent and named after Sir James Graham, the First Lord of the Admiralty. It was claimed by the United Kingdom.When it last rose above sea level after erupting in 1831, a four-way dispute over its sovereignty began, which was still unresolved when it disappeared beneath the waves again in early 1832. During its brief life, French geologist Constant Prévostwas on hand, accompanied by an artist, to witness it in July 1831; he named it Île Julia, for its July appearance, and reported in the Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France.
- Graham Island lies in a volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia (Phlegraean Fields of the Sea of Sicily), in between Sicily and Tunisia in the Mediterranean Sea. Many submarine volcanoes (seamounts) exist in the region, as well as some volcanic islands such as Pantelleria. Volcanic activity at Graham Island was first reported during the First Punic War, and the island has appeared and disappeared four or five times.[7] Several eruptions have been reported since the 17th century.
- Graham Island was subject to a four-way dispute over its sovereignty, originally claimed for the United Kingdomand given the name Graham Island. The King of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, after whom Sicilians named the island Ferdinandea, sent ships to the nascent island to claim it for the Bourbon crown. The French Navy also made a landing, and called the island Julia. Spain also declared its territorial ambitions. Each wanted the island for its useful position in the Mediterranean trade route (to England and France) and its close position to Spain and Italy.
imia/kardak
- Imia (Greek: Ίμια) or Kardak is a pair of two small uninhabited islets in the Aegean Sea, situated between the Greek island chain of the Dodecanese and the southwestern mainland coast of Turkey. The islands are also referred to as Limnia (Λίμνια) in Greek, or İkizce in Turkish, or as Heipethes in some early-20th century maps. Imia/Kardak was the object of a military crisis and subsequent dispute over sovereignty between Greece and Turkey in 1996. The Imia-Kardak dispute is part of the larger Aegean dispute, which also comprises disputes over the continental shelf, the territorial waters, the air space, the Flight Information Regions (FIR) and the demilitarization of the Aegean islands. In the aftermath of the Imia/Kardak crisis, the dispute was also widened, as Turkey began to lay parallel claims to a larger number of other islets in the Aegean. These islands, some of them inhabited, are regarded as indisputably Greek by Greece but as grey zones of undetermined sovereignty by Turkey. The European Union backed the Greek side on the Imia dispute, and warned EU-candidate country Turkey to refrain from any kind of threat or action directed against the sovereignty of EU member state Greece. Turkey was called upon to solve any border disputes with its neighbors through peaceful ways, in accordance with the United Nations Charter, and or by raising the matter at the International Court of Justice instead.
- http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/30/world/greek-turkish-warships-brief-standoff-near-disputed-islets/
Chagos Archipelago
- Sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom. Mauritius has repeatedly asserted that the Chagos Archipelago is part of its territory and that the United Kingdom (UK) claim is a violation of United Nations resolutions banning the dismemberment of colonial territories before independence. The UK has stated that it has no doubt about its sovereignty over the Chagos, and has also said that the Chagos will be returned to Mauritius once the islands are no longer required for defence purposes. Given the absence of any progress with the UK, Mauritius has decided to "internationalise" the dispute and take up the matter at all appropriate legal and political forums. TheAfrican Union and the Non-Aligned Movement have expressed unanimous support for Mauritius on the Chagos issue. The Constitution of Mauritius states that the Outer islands of Mauritius includes the islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga, Cargados Carajos and the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia and any other island comprised in the State of Mauritius. The Government of the Republic of Mauritius has stated that it does not recognise the British Indian Ocean Territory which the United Kingdom created by excising the Chagos Archipelago from the territory of Mauritius prior to its independence, and claims that the Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius under both Mauritian law and international law.[2] In 1965, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago away from Mauritius, and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches from theSeychelles, to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. The islands were formally established as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on 8 November 1965. However, with effect from 23 June 1976 Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches were returned to the Seychelles on their attaining independence. On 18 March 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration unanimously held that the marine protected area (MPA) which the United Kingdom declared around the Chagos Archipelago in April 2010 was created in violation of international law. The Prime Minister of Mauritius has stated that this is the first time that the country's conduct with regard to the Chagos Archipelago has been considered and condemned by any international court or tribunal. He described the ruling as an important milestone in the relentless struggle, at the political, diplomatic, and other levels, of successive Governments over the years for the effective exercise by Mauritius of the sovereignty it claims over the Chagos Archipelago. The tribunal considered in detail the undertakings given by the United Kingdom to the Mauritian Ministers at the Lancaster House talks in September 1965. The UK had argued that those undertakings were not binding and had no status in international law. The Tribunal firmly rejected that argument, holding that those undertakings became a binding international agreement upon the independence of Mauritius, and have bound the UK ever since. It found that the UK's commitments towards Mauritius in relation to fishing rights and oil and mineral rights in the Chagos Archipelago are legally binding.
- 雖然英國在分割查戈斯群島的時候，向毛里求斯支付300萬英鎊(現值約5,472萬英鎊，即約5.43億港元)，並承諾一旦群島失去軍事作用便會歸還，但毛里求斯認為英國當年切割查戈斯群島違法，要求聯大就此徵詢國際法庭意見。根據決議，國際法庭將回答兩條提問，分別是「毛里求斯在1968年的去殖民地化過程是否已合法完成」，以及「英國繼續管治，而且未妥善安置查戈斯群島居民，根據國際法須承擔何種後果」。國際法庭程序上仍要考慮是否接受聯合國的徵詢。決議獲非洲國家及不結盟運動國家一面倒支持，並在大多數歐盟成員棄權下，以94票贊成、15票反對和65票棄權通過。歐盟成員國中只有保加利亞、克羅地亞、匈牙利及立陶宛支持英國，塞浦路斯支持毛里求斯，德法等22國則棄權。 受英國分割和興建美軍基地的影響，查戈斯群島2,000名原住民都被逼遷至毛里求斯，有島民提出訴訟，但去年遭英方拒絕，理由是回遷的成本太高。英國常駐聯合國代表里克羅夫特聲稱，駐守查戈斯群島的英美軍有助印度洋和平穩定，對毛里求斯也有利。他有信心英國對查戈斯群島的控制權經得起法律考驗，並表示英方尋求以談判解決紛爭，聯合國不應介入。美國全力支持英國的立場，常駐聯國副代表西松警告，將爭議帶到國際法庭危害所有成員國。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/06/24/a23-0624.pdf, http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/diplomacy/article/2099643/humiliating-blow-britain-un-asks-international-court-advise The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution presented by Mauritius and backed by African countries asking the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague to offer an opinion on the island chain’s fate. The resolution requested the ICJ to advise whether the process of decolonising Mauritius was lawfully completed, following the separation of the islands. It also asked the court to advise on the “consequences under international law ... arising from the continued administration by (Britain) of the Chagos Archipelago, including with respect to the inability of Mauritius to implement a programme for the resettlement on the Chagos Archipelago of its nationals, in particular those of Chagossian origin.”The measure was approved by a vote of 94-15 with 65 abstentions, notably from many European countries including Germany, France, Italy and Spain. China and Russia abstained.The vote was seen as a test of Britain’s ability to rally support at the United Nations from fellow Europeans after it voted to leave the European Union.
- timelinehttp://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/06/24/a23-0624.pdf
- 2000年 英國高等法院裁定，迫遷查戈斯群島島民違法
- 2008年 英國上議院終審裁定島民無權回鄉
- 2010年 英方計劃在查戈斯群島周邊設立海洋保護區(MPA)，被視為是要阻止島民回鄉
- 2015年 海牙常設仲裁法庭裁定英國設置MPA違反《聯合國海洋法公約》
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/22/asia/uk-chagos-islands-un-intl/index.html The United Nations General Assembly has voted overwhelmingly to condemn the UK's continued occupation of the Chagos Islands -- a humiliating defeat for London on its continued colonial legacy. The Indian Ocean islands, which are home to US military base Diego Garcia, were separated from the former British territory of Mauritius during decolonization in 1968. On Wednesday, UN member states voted 116-6 for a non-binding resolution endorsing a decision by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that separation was illegal and calling for the UK to return the islands to Mauritius within six months.
Only Australia, Hungary, Israel, the Maldives and the US voted in support of the UK.
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/22/uk-condemned-ignoring-un-deadline-hand-chagos-islands-back-mauritius/ A six-month deadline to return control of the overseas territory came and looked set to pass on Friday, with the UK refusing to recognise Mauritius's claim of sovereignty over the islands. The UN overwhelmingly voted in May to set the six-month deadline for UK withdrawal from the Indian Ocean archipelago in a major diplomatic blow.The islands have been at the centre of a decades-long dispute over Britain's decision to separate them from Mauritius in 1965 and set up a joint military base with the US on Diego Garcia, the largest of the isles.Olivier Bancoult, from The Chagos Refugee Group, led a peaceful protest of few dozen islanders outside the British High Commission on Mauritius on Friday, where many of the displaced Chagossians live after being barred from their homelands.
- Kenya will not take part in Monday's hearings over its maritime border dispute with Somalia at the International Court of Justice, government sources have told the BBC.Kenya accuses the ICJ of bias in the case, which concerns a 62,000 sq miles (160,000 sq km) triangle in the Indian Ocean.The area is thought to be rich in oil and gas.The dispute is at the heart of a diplomatic row between the neighbours.
Palmas
- hkej 20jul16 shum article
dumeira
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-djibouti-eritrea-border-idUSKBN1971JR Djibouti accused neighboring Eritrea on Friday of occupying disputed territory along their border after Qatar withdrew its peacekeepers. Foreign Minister Mahamoud Ali Youssouf said Djibouti's military were "on alert" and that it had lodged complaints with the United Nations and the African Union. The United Nations Security Council is due to discuss the situation behind closed doors on Monday, diplomats said.
- http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/23/eritrea-djibouti-border-dispute-china-opts-to-intervene// China has offered to mediate in the lingering border dispute in the Horn of Africa region, where Eritrea and Djibouti are both claiming ownership of the Dumeira mountains and Islands.
Dakhla (Arabic: الداخلة, Berber: Eddaxla, Spanish: Villa Cisneros) is a city in Western Sahara, a disputed territory currently administered by Morocco. It is the capital of the Moroccan administrative region Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab.
northern europe and arctic
- [tr berg] in van geelkerck's maps of border areas, abris der smaa lehnen (ostfold), bahuslen is shown as a part of norway - a part that was transferred to sweden the year van geelkerck had left the country. At the same time, a treaty regarding the demarcation and setting of new international border was signed. The border dispute at finnmark continued after christian iv of denmark's voyage around cap of the north to show his power. In 1709, when denmark-norway went to war with sweden again, the disputes were mentioned in the declaration of war. Only when the two countries were back onntruly amicable terms in 1734 was a treaty signed, which stated that the countries must settle disputes in all the places where any dispute regarding the norwegian border may arise.
north sea
- Heligoland (/ˈhɛlɪɡoʊlænd/; German: Helgoland [ˈhɛlɡolant]; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun lit. '"the Land"', Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj, Danish: Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea.[2] A part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890, the islands were historically possessions of Denmark, then became the possessions of the United Kingdom from 1807 to 1890, and briefly managed as a war prize from 1945 to 1952. The islands are located in the Heligoland Bight (part of the German Bight) in the southeastern corner of the North Sea and had a population of 1,127 at the end of 2016. They are the only German islands not in the vicinity of the mainland.[not verified in body] They lie approximately 69 kilometres (43 miles) by sea from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.[not verified in body] During a visit to the islands, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics to "Deutschlandlied", which became the national anthem of Germany.[not verified in body]In addition to German, the local population, who are ethnic Frisians, speak the Heligolandic dialect of the North Frisian language called Halunder.[not verified in body] Heligoland used to be called Heyligeland, or "holy land", possibly due to the island's long association with the god Forseti.
english channel
- El canal de la Mancha (en inglés, English Channel, literalmente «Canal Inglés»; en francés, La Manche, «La Manga») es el brazo de mar del océano Atlántico que lo comunica con el mar del Norte, al oeste de Europa, y separa el noroeste de Francia de la isla de Gran Bretaña. El nombre español (también utilizado en portugués) no es más que una mala traducción del francés, ya que La Manche significa realmente La Manga, puesto que el estrecho tiene una ligera semblanza con la forma de la parte de la camisa dentro de la cual se mete el brazo.
Kenya had asked for the case to be delayed while it briefed a new legal team, and also cited the coronavirus pandemic, but the ICJ ruled the case should be heard virtually on Monday.Kenya also objects to the presence on the ICJ panel of a Somali judge, saying he should recuse himself.Somalia brought the case in 2014, saying the maritime frontier should follow on in the same direction as the land border, while Kenya argues that it has always been taken in a horizontal line from the point where the two countries meet at the coast.However, the two countries are allies against the al-Shabab Islamist group, which controls many rural parts of Somalia and has staged numerous deadly attacks in Kenya.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56391643
Palmas
- hkej 20jul16 shum article
dumeira
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-djibouti-eritrea-border-idUSKBN1971JR Djibouti accused neighboring Eritrea on Friday of occupying disputed territory along their border after Qatar withdrew its peacekeepers. Foreign Minister Mahamoud Ali Youssouf said Djibouti's military were "on alert" and that it had lodged complaints with the United Nations and the African Union. The United Nations Security Council is due to discuss the situation behind closed doors on Monday, diplomats said.
- http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/23/eritrea-djibouti-border-dispute-china-opts-to-intervene// China has offered to mediate in the lingering border dispute in the Horn of Africa region, where Eritrea and Djibouti are both claiming ownership of the Dumeira mountains and Islands.
The Chinese Ambassador to the African Union suggested that China will consider sending troops to the border between the two East African countries. Kuang Weilin, however, told the Associated Press that Beijing was ready to help with mediation if requested. There is currently no mediator in the impasse after Qatar withdrew its peacekeeping forces in the area in the wake of the Gulf crisis, that saw Doha blacklisted by Saudi and its allies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
白宮前日發聲明說，特朗普當天與摩洛哥國王穆罕默德六世通電話，支持摩洛哥就解決西撒哈拉問題的提議，並「承認摩洛哥對西撒哈拉的主權」。穆罕默德六世在通話中同意「恢復」摩洛哥與以色列的外交關係，並將擴大經濟文化合作以促進地區穩定。特朗普女婿庫什納隨後宣布，摩洛哥與以色列將分別在特拉維夫和拉巴特重開聯絡處並有意向在未來互設使館，兩國還將互相允許對方航班飛越各自領空並開通直航。西撒哈拉過去為西班牙殖民地，摩洛哥與由阿爾及利亞支持的西撒哈拉人民解放陣線爭奪這個地區數十年，聯合國在區內部署維和部隊，同時有意舉辦公投來解決領土爭議，但因摩洛哥反對而停擺。美國單方面宣布承認摩洛哥對西撒哈拉地區的主權後，西撒人陣即表明反對，批評美方違反國際法，聯合國亦表示，對此爭議地區的立場「並未改變」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/12/a14-1212.pdf分析指，摩洛哥和以色列並非「死對頭」的關係，自1970年代末期起，兩國暗中交好，「國安合作」不斷。而特朗普為了再給自己留下一筆外交戰績，美國促成以摩「建交」，卻罔顧西撒哈拉人民的意願，將之當做政治祭品。對此，美國參議院軍事委員會主席、特朗普的忠實盟友殷荷菲批評特朗普這項決策：「他不必犧牲這群發不出聲音的（西撒哈拉）人民，也可以完成交易。」摩洛哥與爭取獨立建國的「西撒哈拉人民解放陣線」長期在該地區軍事對峙，在聯合國的斡旋下，雙方1991年達成停火協議，其中包括承諾舉行「西撒哈拉人民解放陣線」要求的獨立公投，相關公投原定1992年舉行，但因摩洛哥拒絕任何獨立選項、只能接受區域自治而停擺。雖然這項承諾一直沒有兌現，但西方主要國家均未承認摩洛哥對西撒哈拉的主權地位。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201212/PDF/a23_screen.pdf
The Republic of Nicaragua v. The United States of America (1986) ICJ 1 is a public international law case decided by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua and against the United States and awarded reparations to Nicaragua. The ICJ held that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by miningNicaragua's harbors. The United States refused to participate in the proceedings after the Court rejected its argument that the ICJ lacked jurisdiction to hear the case. The U.S. later blocked enforcement of the judgment by the United Nations Security Council and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation. The Nicaraguan government finally withdrew the complaint from the court in September 1992 (under the later, post-FSLN, government of Violeta Chamorro), following a repeal of the law requiring the country to seek compensation.[3] The Court found in its verdict that the United States was "in breach of its obligations under customary international law not to use force against another State", "not to intervene in its affairs", "not to violate its sovereignty", "not to interrupt peaceful maritime commerce", and "in breach of its obligations under Article XIX of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Parties signed at Managua on 21 January 1956." The Court had 16 final decisions upon which it voted. In Statement 9, the Court stated that while the U.S. encouraged human rights violations by the Contras by the manual entitled Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, this did not, however, make such acts attributable to the U.S.
Solovyovo (Russian: Соловьёво; Finnish: Taipale), formerly Taipale, is a rural locality (a settlement) in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the western shore of Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus about 80 kilometers (50 mi) north of Saint Petersburg. Taipale, at the Mannerheim Line then approximately 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the Finnish–Soviet border, became known for heavy fighting during the Battle of Taipale in December 1939 during the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union. The area was held by the Finnish forces until the end of that war, when all of the Karelian Isthmus was ceded to the Soviet Union and had to be evacuated in haste.
arctic and antarctica
- usa
- 美國總統特朗普前 日向多個聯邦政府部 門發出備忘錄，提出 在 2029 年前成立新的 破冰船隊，確保美國 在北極和南極地區的 利益，更準備研究建 造 核 動 力 破 冰 船 。 《衛報》分析指，這 反映特朗普政府有意 採取更進取的策略， 與俄羅斯和中國爭奪 極地資源。備忘錄形容，美國與俄羅斯的破冰能力 存在極大差距，在新的破冰船隊未投入服 務前，美國或需從其他國家購買或租借破 冰船使用。美國海岸防衛隊此前已計劃建 造 3艘重型和 3艘中型破冰船，第一艘重型 破冰船料於2023年服役。 特朗普過去亦曾表達對極地資源的興 趣，去年更提出購買格陵蘭島，但遭格陵 蘭的宗主國丹麥拒絕。備忘錄表明除了北 極，美國也會依照《南極條約》框架，建 立在南極持續存在的勢力。 美國智庫「戰略暨國際研究中心」 (CSIS)高級副總裁康利指出，備忘錄反映 美國或會擴大破冰船隊擴充計劃，當中 更提到為破冰船興建新基地，構想屬此 前未見，估計美國其中一個基地將位於 阿拉斯加，駐海外基地則預料分別設於 南北半球。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/11/a22-0611.pdf
- russia
- 俄羅斯連接北冰洋的海岸 線長逾 1.1萬公里，對破冰 船需求極大，早於 19 世紀 末已開始建立破冰船隊，目 前軍方加上私人企業，估計 有多達52艘制動馬力逾1萬 匹的破冰船服役，俄羅斯也 是唯一擁有核動力破冰船的 國家。 俄羅斯第一艘現代破冰船 是在 1899 年服役的「葉爾 馬克」號，當時為全球首次 有船隻能在北冰洋破冰。前 蘇聯當局繼續擴充破冰船艦 隊，讓船艦可使用北方航道 來往歐亞，無須南下經過歐 洲，更在 1957 年建造出全 球第一艘核動力破冰船「列 寧」號。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/11/a22-0611.pdf
northern europe and arctic
- [tr berg] in van geelkerck's maps of border areas, abris der smaa lehnen (ostfold), bahuslen is shown as a part of norway - a part that was transferred to sweden the year van geelkerck had left the country. At the same time, a treaty regarding the demarcation and setting of new international border was signed. The border dispute at finnmark continued after christian iv of denmark's voyage around cap of the north to show his power. In 1709, when denmark-norway went to war with sweden again, the disputes were mentioned in the declaration of war. Only when the two countries were back onntruly amicable terms in 1734 was a treaty signed, which stated that the countries must settle disputes in all the places where any dispute regarding the norwegian border may arise.
- the village of indre, east of elverum, was occupied by sweden almost 100 years earlier. In earlier times, the border of indre parish towards rendalen had passed thru the lake at femunden from south to north, norway would like to reclaim part of indre, but even more important was to ensure that the copper mill at roros, a significant consumer of timber for its smelting works, had access to large areas of forest. On 2oct1751, a treaty regarding the border was signed.
- in 1965, all parties agreed to use the centre-line principle - to draw a line that split waters between the countries equally. Norway was then able to seek applications from oil companies wishing to undertake exploration activities
- [trberg] norwegians believe that arctic islands (bear island, greenland, jan mayen and svalbard belonged to norway in ancient times. Towards the end of 1800s an increasing number of historians asserted that norway had justified sovereignty and right of ownership of polar islands, basing thei claim onnthe norse sea voyages and settlements, and icelandic chronicles that described a new land, svalbardi - the cold coasts - discovered in 1194 and identical to the group of islands willem barentzs sailed around 400 years later. After ww1, the svalbard treaty gave the islands to norway in 1925 (name of spitbergen changed to svalbard) . The period of norwegian arctic ocean imperialism followed with expeditions to defend norwegian interests - to greenland, franz josef land, jan mayen, bear island and antarctica. Bouvet island was occupied in 1927 and peter i island in 1929. Greenland was occupied in 1931.
- in 1930, the british chose to acknowledge norway's right to jan mayen - fourteen days after norway acknowledged canada's right to the sverdrup islands
north sea
- Heligoland (/ˈhɛlɪɡoʊlænd/; German: Helgoland [ˈhɛlɡolant]; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun lit. '"the Land"', Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj, Danish: Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea.[2] A part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890, the islands were historically possessions of Denmark, then became the possessions of the United Kingdom from 1807 to 1890, and briefly managed as a war prize from 1945 to 1952. The islands are located in the Heligoland Bight (part of the German Bight) in the southeastern corner of the North Sea and had a population of 1,127 at the end of 2016. They are the only German islands not in the vicinity of the mainland.[not verified in body] They lie approximately 69 kilometres (43 miles) by sea from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.[not verified in body] During a visit to the islands, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics to "Deutschlandlied", which became the national anthem of Germany.[not verified in body]In addition to German, the local population, who are ethnic Frisians, speak the Heligolandic dialect of the North Frisian language called Halunder.[not verified in body] Heligoland used to be called Heyligeland, or "holy land", possibly due to the island's long association with the god Forseti.
- The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty (German: Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag; also known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890) was an agreement signed on 1 July 1890 between the German Empire and Great Britain. The accord gave Germany control of the Caprivi Strip (a ribbon of land that gave German South-West Africa access to the Zambezi River), the strategically located island of Heligoland in the North Sea, and the heartland of German East Africa (Tanganyika). In return, Germany recognized British authority in Zanzibar. Heligoland was needed to control the new Kiel Canal and the approaches to Germany's North Sea ports. Britain now used Zanzibar as a key link in the British control of East Africa.
english channel
- El canal de la Mancha (en inglés, English Channel, literalmente «Canal Inglés»; en francés, La Manche, «La Manga») es el brazo de mar del océano Atlántico que lo comunica con el mar del Norte, al oeste de Europa, y separa el noroeste de Francia de la isla de Gran Bretaña. El nombre español (también utilizado en portugués) no es más que una mala traducción del francés, ya que La Manche significa realmente La Manga, puesto que el estrecho tiene una ligera semblanza con la forma de la parte de la camisa dentro de la cual se mete el brazo.
- Bien qu'en 1768, Antoine-Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière répertorie dans son grand dictionnaire géographique, historique, et critique, plus de quinze Manche, l'usage va tout au long des siècles suivants restreindre le mot à la simple dénomination de la Manche britannique, les autres bras de mer étant appelés détroit et canal en fonction de leur taille
Selling territory
- ecomomist article "a country market" (17jul16)
Selling territory
- ecomomist article "a country market" (17jul16)
Oil discovery
-中國海洋石油集團有限公司（下稱「中國海油」）25日對外宣布，近日自然資源部油氣儲量評審辦公室審定惠州26-6油氣田探明地質儲量為5000萬方油當量，標誌着中國珠江口盆地再獲重大油氣發現。 惠州26-6油氣田位於中國珠江口盆地，距離香港東南162公里，平均水深約113米，探井鑽遇油氣層厚度約422.2米，是中國在珠江口盆地自營勘探發現的最大油氣田。該發現將有效增強華南地區的清潔能源供應能力，為粵港澳大灣區和中國特色社會主義先行示範區建設提供能源保障。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0126/545798.html
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