- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20170324/00184_012.html 新疆官場最近大洗牌，所轄的烏魯木齊市、昌吉州、哈密市、阿勒泰地區、和田地區陸續更換黨委一把手。兩位自治區黨委常委下兼市州書記：現任紀委書記徐海榮兼任首府烏魯木齊市委書記，自治區黨委常委沙爾合提‧阿汗兼任昌吉回族自治州黨委書記。
- 中央新疆工作協調小組辦公室再換將。去年八月調任中央統戰部副部長的侍俊，履新新疆辦主任。自二○一○年以來，新疆小組及新疆辦經歷了多次變遷，集中折射了治疆策略的變化調整。新疆小組組建於本世紀初，起初是一個鬆散的協調機構，只有小量工作人員，沒有專門的辦事機構。二○○九年發生「七五」暴亂之後，新疆工作加碼，新疆小組調整組建了辦公室，設在中央政法委，由時任政法委秘書長周本順兼任主任。政法委全盤執掌新疆工作，既是當時鐵腕治疆方針的體現，又是權力圈地的產物。不過，當時的新疆辦，依然屬於「超負荷運作」，雖然新疆小組組長是政治局常委層級，新疆辦主任由正部級官員領銜，但新疆辦副主任卻只是幾位副局級幹部，負責承辦具體事務。中共十八大之後，新疆小組以及新疆辦經歷了一連串的整頓。新疆小組組長改由全國政協主席接管，剝奪了政法委對新疆工作話事權的割據壟斷。與之相對應，新疆辦則從政法委轉設到國家民委，新疆辦主任也改由全國政協副主席、國家民委主任王正偉兼任，規格抬升到副國級，這在當時所有中央層面的辦公室中都是很罕見的。而新疆辦副主任同樣水漲船高，由國家民委副主任李昭、發改委原副主任杜鷹、教育部原副部長魯昕等人擔任，一者改變此前副局級幹部充任的格局，二者打破單一部門壁壘，更為多元化，凸顯從民族宗教、社會經濟、文化教育各方面同時加強治疆工作的新思路，這與當時所謂的「柔性治疆」思維相契合。不過，儘管規格提高，實際工作效果卻未達預期要求。二○一六年，治疆班子進行重大改組，新疆黨委書記張春賢離職，王正偉不再兼任新疆辦主任。奉行強硬路線，敢於發聲亮劍，成為治疆工作的主軸。新疆辦從民委又轉移到統戰部。新疆政府副主席史大剛進京，擔任中央統戰部副部長兼新疆辦主任。其後，統戰部增設九局，專門負責新疆事務，新疆辦進一步加強了實體化。新疆工作從政府系統集中收歸到黨務系統。十九大後，國家民委、宗教局整體都劃歸統戰部領導，實現了空前的「大統戰」格局。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190329/00184_010.html
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20170414/00184_012.html 四月上旬，新疆生產建設兵團舉行共產黨全國代表大會（黨代會），選舉產生新一屆黨委常委領導班子。今次是新疆兵團第七次黨代會，與上一次已相隔了九年。除卻文革前夕的兩次，從改革開放後新疆兵團舉行的五次黨代會來看，此次黨代會是相隔時間最久的一次，當中透出了諸多改革措施。最突出特點是，在十四名兵團黨委常委中，設置了一位書記、三位副書記，打破了過往數十年兵團「一正一副」的格局。兵團名字雖帶「兵」，實非軍事機構，而是黨、政、軍、警合一，以經濟社會建設為主要職能的特殊機構，是一個準部級單位。參加新疆當地會議時，兵團副司令員、副政委排名在副部級的自治區高、檢兩院領導之前。
- 透過會場布局披露的新架構，新疆小組有四名副組長，包括中共中央辦公廳主任丁薛祥、中央政法委書記郭聲琨、新疆黨委書記陳全國、中央統戰部部長尤權；西藏小組副組長是丁薛祥和尤權兩人。由於新疆書記如今高配政治局委員成慣例，陳全國擔任副組長在情理之中；而西藏書記只是普通正部級幹部，故無緣副座。西藏小組另一個多出的崗位則是政法委書記郭聲琨。這直觀顯示了，當前新疆維穩壓力依然十分嚴峻，需要政法系統干預彈壓，而西藏的形勢這些年來要和緩得多。兩個小組共同的副組長是丁薛祥和尤權。丁薛祥除了擔任中辦主任，同時兼任國安辦主任，而疆、藏工作都事關國家安全大局，其擔任副組長在情理之中；而其身為執政中樞負責人，亦體現中央對疆、藏的集中領導。統戰部部長尤權擔任副組長，更是職責所在。西藏小組自成立以來，其辦公室一直設在統戰部，具體工作由七局承擔，統戰部常務副部長兼任西藏辦主任。在內部還同時掛「中央對達賴集團鬥爭小組」名義。新疆小組原本由政法委書記主導，中共十八大後，隨着政法委降格整頓，改由全國政協主席牽頭，與西藏小組一致。新疆辦則從政法委遷至國家民族事務委員會，二○一六年亦轉入統戰部，該部增設九局，負責日常事務。不過，在二○一八年機構改革後，新疆辦在統戰部內專設班子，不再列入局級序列。新疆辦主任由統戰部副部長侍俊兼任，他此前歷任政法委副秘書長、公安部副部長。而統戰部常務副部長兼西藏辦主任張裔炯，此前擔任江西政協主席。二人的不同背景，也側面顯示了疆、藏工作重心的差異。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20201002/00184_010.html
- white paper
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- 羅富和
新疆生产建设兵团，是新疆维吾尔自治区的重要组成部分，承担着国家赋予的屯垦戍边职责[2]，实行党政军企合一体制，在自己所辖区域内，依照国家和新疆维吾尔自治区的法律、法规，自行管理内部行政、司法事务，受中央政府和新疆维吾尔自治区双重领导，在国家实行计划单列的特殊社会组织，是国务院计划单列的省（部）级单位，享有省级行政区的权限。兵团辖区分布在自治区14个市（地、州）和10个自治区直辖县级行政单位境内，与蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦3国接壤，国境线有2000多千米。兵团辖区总面积7.06万平方千米，占新疆维吾尔自治区总面积的4.24%，约占全国农垦总面积的五分之一[1][3]。屯垦戍边是中国几千年开发和保卫边疆的历史遗产。中央政府在西域新疆大规模屯垦戍边始于2000多年前的西汉，以后历代沿袭。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160226/00184_012.html 國務院日前批覆新疆設立昆玉市，這是新疆第九個 「兵團市」，也是最深入南疆維族聚居區一線的一個。所謂「兵團市」，是新疆一類特殊的行政區劃，由新疆生產建設兵團所屬的各師改建而成，名義上是自治區直轄的市，實際上一切事務都歸兵團掌管，師與市合一。新疆生產建設兵團是全世界獨一無二的組織，集黨、政、軍、企四項職能、四套機構於一身，兵團自上而下地實行統一領導和垂直管理。既設有組織部、政法委、紀委等黨委機構，又有經濟、民政、教育、公安等行政機構，同時是一個準軍事實體，設有兵團軍事部和武警指揮部，並沿用兵團，師、團、連等軍隊建制和司令員、師長、團長、連長等軍隊職務稱謂。此外，兵團又是一個經濟實體，是集農業、工業、交通、建築、商業於一體的國有大型企業，也稱為「中國新建集團公司」，兵團政委兼任董事長，司令員兼任總經理。在國家管理體系中，新疆兵團單列，實際上等同於一個省級政區，只不過不具備行政區所需要的管理地域等要素。但其人口已超過二百七十萬，佔新疆總人口的一成二；實際管理面積超過了七萬平方公里，約等於兩個台灣的大小，星羅棋布遍及新疆南北。新疆兵團在一九七五年以兵團第八師為基礎建立了第一個兵團市石河子，其後長達近三十年時間，石河子是新疆唯一的兵團市。二○○四年，師建市再開閘，一口氣設立了五家渠（第六師）、阿拉爾（第一師）、圖木舒克（第三師）三個市，同樣是師市合一的體制，黨政機構設置均實行「一個機構、兩塊牌子」。師政委同時是市委書記。但此後，兵團建市又進入一個冷凍期。直到二○一一年以駐北疆阿勒泰地區的第十師建立了北屯市。十八大之後，兵團建市工作迅速提速。在二○一二、一四、一五、一六年相繼建立鐵門關（第二師）、雙河（第五師）、可克達拉（第四師）、昆玉（第十四師）等四個師，幾乎是年均一個，總數較之十八大前幾乎翻了一倍，而且未來兵團其餘各師也將倣效建市。師建市的重要性不言而喻，絕非簡單換個名字。這種方式，將依附於新疆各地的兵團組織實土化、進一步實體化，增強了兵團的控制力和影響力，成為了一個個維穩戍邊的戰略堡壘，對維護當地穩定具有重要意義。從經濟上而言，這也是推進城鎮化建設的有效舉措。習近平一四年視察新疆時提出，兵團的存在和發展絕非權宜之舉，而是長遠大計，只能加強，不能削弱，要讓兵團成為安邊固疆的穩定器。而師建市正是築牢地基、增強控制的重要措施。以此次新組建的昆玉市為例，位於南疆和田地區，是屬維族高度聚居的地區，處在反恐最前線，其周邊的皮山縣、和田縣都是暴恐案件的頻發地，不少暴恐分子也都將指揮所、訓練場、策源地設在周圍，行動猖獗，反恐維穩形勢異常嚴峻複雜。第十四師除了管轄若干農場、牧場、團、企業之外，還設有一個副師級武裝部、四個團級武裝部以及一個重點民兵應急營和數千基幹民兵。設立市之後，令兵團名正言順對所在地域具有絕對的管理權、執法權，更有利於加強反恐防暴、處置突發應急事件，打擊暴恐活動。在南疆建設昆玉市，令新疆的「兵團市」布局更為均衡合理，等於在南疆反恐最前線設立了一個堡壘，兵團在全疆穩定中的重要性愈加凸顯。
- 新疆生產建設兵團豫劇團
玛热勒巴什县), Bachu County 巴楚，是巴尔楚克的简称。《西域图志》作巴尔楚克，《西陲要略》作巴里楚克。据《西域同文志》释：“巴尔楚克，全有也。地饶水草，故名。”维吾尔语称作玛热勒巴什，旧有玛喇巴什、毛拉巴什等不同译名，意为鹿首。汉为西域尉头国地。三国、北魏时属龟兹。隋时属疏勒。唐代为安西都护府下属的尉头州。元代属别失八里行尚书省。明代属东察合台汗国，后属准噶尔。 清乾隆二十六年（1761年）设叶尔羌办事大臣，巴楚归叶尔羌管辖，是阿克苏与叶尔羌、喀什噶尔间的军事、交通重镇。清光绪三年冬（1877年）清军刘锦棠率部平定阿古柏之乱，驻扎在巴尔楚克。乾隆年间设军台，称巴尔楚克台，为叶尔羌到阿克苏十六军台之一。清道光十二年（1832年）筑玛拉巴什城。
拜城县，隶属于新疆阿克苏 baicheng
- 拜城县境，汉时为姑墨国、龟兹国地，归西域都护统领。
- note the The Statue of Kumārajīva in front of the Kizil Caves in Kuqa County
*********拜城县Baicheng County[4][5] (Chinese: 拜城县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Bay County[6][7][8] (pronounced like 'bye')“拜”为“巴依”一词音译变音而来，意为富庶。拜城县境，汉时为姑墨国、龟兹国地，归西域都护统领。唐时，这里有两城：西一城为“阿悉言城”，，东一城为“俱毗罗城”，均属姑墨州，为安西都护府下的龟兹都督府所治。元明为别失八里辖地。清乾隆二十五年（1760年），仍设“巴依”和“赛里木”两城。光绪八年（1882年），两地合建拜城县，隶属温宿直隶州。光绪二十八年（1902年），隶温宿府。民国九年（1920年），为阿克苏行政区所辖九县之一。民国十八年（1929年），后行政区划均属阿克苏地区。
- 克孜尔千佛洞（维吾尔语：قىزىل مىڭئۆي Qizil Ming Öy），又称克孜尔石窟或赫色尔石窟The Kizil Caves ( lit. 'Kizil Caves of the Thousand Buddhas'; Uighur: قىزىل مىڭ ئۆي, lit. 'The Thousand Red Houses'; also romanized Qizil Caves, spelling variant Qyzyl; Kizil means 'red') are a set of Buddhist rock-cut caves located near Kizil Township (克孜尔乡, Kèzī'ěr Xiāng) in Baicheng County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. This area was a commercial hub of the Silk Road.[3] The caves have an important role in Central Asian art and in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, and are said to be the earliest major Buddhist cave complex in China, with development occurring between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE.[3] The caves of Kizil are the earlier of their type in China, and their model was later adopted in the construction of Buddhist caves further east.[4] Another name for the site has been Ming-oi (明屋, "The Thousand Houses"), although this term is now mainly used for the site of Shorchuk to the east.
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, often abbreviated to Bayingol (literally "rich river")巴音郭楞蒙古自治州（略称巴州）是中国新疆维吾尔自治区下辖的一个自治州。占新疆总面积的四分之一，是中国面积最大的地级行政区。巴州石油天然气资源十分丰富，还具有丰富的太阳能资源。另外，巴州和静县的巴音布魯克草原，是中國第二大草原，面積約2.5萬平方公里。
- 巴音郭楞蒙古自治州境域早在西汉初期，西域36国就有若羌、且末、小宛、山国、乌垒、仑头、渠犁、焉耆、危须等11个“城国”和“行国”分立。公元前60年，西汉政府在乌垒（今自治州轮台县境内）设西域都护府。
- 新疆「巴州蒙古族小學」，近日被當地教育局更名為「巴州第一小學」，引發風波。反對者認為改校名等同扼殺蒙古族語言文化，教育局解釋是要配合教育發展和擴充學校需要。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180119/00178_015.html
Bortala
- Sayram Lake (赛里木湖; pinyin: Sàilǐmù hú) is located in the Bortala Prefecture near the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,Koktokay (Chinese: 可可托海; pinyin: Kěkětuōhǎi) is a town of Fuyun County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. It is also known as Santai Haizi. It is the largestalpine lake in Xinjiang and also the highest .
“赛里木”为哈萨克语音译，意为“祝愿（丝绸之路行人平安）”，也有蒙古语“山脊梁上的湖”音译之说。又名三台海子，因湖东岸的三台（即清代设立的鄂勒著依图博木军[來源請求]）而得名。
Fukang
- 阜康历史悠久，早在汉唐时期就是古丝绸之路上的重要驿站，明朝时建特纳格尔，清乾隆四十一年（公元1776年）建县，乾隆皇帝取“物阜民康”之意赐名阜康。1992年11月撤县设市。
霍城县新疆伊犁的直属县，霍城县地处伊犁河谷西北部的开阔地带，是以农为主、农牧结合的边境县。县境北依天山与博尔塔拉蒙古自治州温泉县为邻，南与察布查尔县隔河相望，东与伊宁市接壤，西以霍尔果斯与哈萨克斯坦国为界，边界线长183公里，具有沿边、沿路、沿河、沿山的独特地缘优势，是中国的西大门，是伊犁的门户，也是通往中西亚等国的“咽喉”。霍城县内辖地在西汉之前（公元前3世纪前）为塞种人居住。汉文帝前元四年（前176），乌孙国的势力已控制伊犁河北岸，县内辖地属乌孙国。公元4~5世纪，乌孙在占据漠北草原的柔然的打击下，部分南迁葱岭（今帕米尔）山中，伊犁河流域为后来兴起的悦般所占据。隋开皇二年（582），突厥分为东西两部，西突厥占据乌孙古地，霍城为西突厥牧地。唐显庆三年（658），唐朝击灭西突厥汗国，在伊犁河流域设立昆陵都护府，归安西都护府管辖，今霍城县境为昆陵都护府属下的双河都督府之地。长安二年（702），唐设北庭都护府，双河都督府改归北庭都护府管辖。天宝十五年（756），今霍城县境被葛逻禄人占据。9世纪后期，葛逻禄首领毗伽阙．卡迪尔称可汗，建立喀拉汗朝，霍城属其领域。宋绍兴二年（1132），耶律大石建立西辽王朝，霍城属其管辖。13世纪初，臣属西辽的葛逻禄部在今县城西北（六十一团场）建阿力麻里城。宋嘉定十二年（1219），蒙古成吉思汗西征，二子察合台负责开凿了今果子沟的通道。宋宝庆元年（1225）成吉思汗分封诸子，将伊犁河流域分给察合台。元至元十二年（1275），忽必烈为统治西北地区，在阿力麻里城设行中书省，皇太子北平王那木罕任阿力麻里总督。元延祐五年（1318），东察合台汗国定都在阿力麻里城。在元代，阿力麻里城一直是中亚的政治、经济中心和东西交通的枢纽。明永乐六年（1408），瓦剌进入新疆地区，其势力逐渐扩展到伊犁河流域，今霍城县境成为瓦剌游牧地。明崇祯十六年（1643），准噶尔首领巴图尔浑台吉率5万人征服中亚地区，霍城属准噶尔蒙古统治。清乾隆二十年（1755），清政府平定准噶尔部。乾隆二十七年（1762）在乌哈尔里克地区筑绥定城，任明瑞为总统伊犁等处将军（简称伊犁将军），掌管天山南北和巴尔喀什湖以东，以南广大地区的军政大权。乾隆二十八年（1763），在伊犁河北岸筑大城（今惠远镇老城村），乾隆帝亲赐名曰“惠远”。从此，伊犁将军移驻惠远城，惠远成为新疆的政治、军事中心。从乾隆二十五年（1760）至四十五年（1780），除修绥定、惠远两城外，又筑塔勒奇、广仁、瞻德、拱宸、宁远、惠宁、熙春（后三城在今伊宁市）等城池，统称“伊犁九城”，以驻军为主。伊犁九城历经乾隆、嘉庆、道光、咸丰4代，时间长达百余年。同治初年，伊犁相继发生回民起义。同治五年（1866），回民起义军占领惠远城，绥定、塔勒奇、瞻德、广仁、拱宸等城也相继被起义军攻占。继而起义军发生内讧，义军首领艾拉汗自立为苏丹（王）。同治十年（1871），沙俄借口“追查窃贼”，武力入侵伊犁。伊犁人民奋起抵抗，浴血奋斗，但终因力量悬殊，斗争遭到失败。7月初，沙俄侵略军以“代收代守”为名，完全侵占了伊犁九城。为达到永远侵占的目的，沙俄侵略者将伊犁将军衙署所在地惠远城毁坏，还彻底毁坏了拱宸、广仁、瞻德3城，对其他5城也进行了严重破坏，并派兵驻扎宁远城。光绪元年（1875），清廷命左宗棠为钦差大臣，督办新疆军务。翌年，左宗棠百营兵马进疆，粉碎了沙俄继续霸占伊犁的阴谋。清政府遣使俄国，交涉索还伊犁。光绪七年（1881）签定《伊犁条约》（又称《中俄改订伊犁条约》），虽然收回了伊犁地区，但霍尔果斯河以西共7万多平方公里的领土被迫划给俄国，对俄赔款增加到900万卢布，还给予俄国商人进行贸易的种种特权。光绪八年（1882），订立《中俄伊犁界约》，对划分中俄两国国界做了具体规定。是年，金顺将军率大军正式收复伊犁，其衙署暂设在绥定城。光绪十年（1884）清政府批准设新疆省，伊犁仍设伊犁将军，新疆的政治中心由惠远移至省会迪化（今乌鲁木齐），伊犁将军只管伊犁和塔城的军政事务。光绪十九年（1893），在惠远城北筑成惠远新城，伊犁将军移驻此城。光绪十三年十二月十九日（1888-1-31），清廷批准设伊犁府，驻绥定城，设附府一县，名绥定县，罗汉楂为第一任知县。绥定设县治初，霍城县纵4百余里，横180余里。同年置霍尔果斯分防厅（无辖地，不理民事），隶属伊犁府。
Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن, Хотән, ULY:Xoten, UYY: Hotǝn?), also transliterated from Chinese as Hetian (和田), is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of Hotan Prefecture.
- The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancientSaka Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang, China). The ancient capital was originally sited to the west of modern-day Hotan at Yotkan. From the Han dynastyuntil at least the Tang dynasty it was known in Chinese as Yutian (于闐, 于窴, or 於闐). This largely Buddhistkingdom existed for over a thousand years until it was conquered by the Muslim Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1006, during theIslamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang.The inhabitants of Khotan used Khotanese, an Eastern Iranian language, and Gandhari Prakrit, a language related to Sanskrit.
吉木乃县（维吾尔语：جېمىنەي）是中国新疆维吾尔自治区阿勒泰地区下辖的一个县 “吉木乃”系氏族名，为乌古斯汗国九姓氏族之一，又名“吉别乃”，“吉木乃”为“吉别乃”的音译演变。清朝平定准噶尔后，隶属伊犁将军辖下的塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣管理，1906年科布多、阿勒泰分治时划归阿勒泰办事大臣辖。辛亥革命后，于1916年设县佐；1930年正式建立县治，县城始设在吉木乃（今吉木乃镇所在地）；1962年4月原县城划归农十师一八六团管辖，县城迁至托普铁热克镇。
Gaochang (高昌; Old Uyghur: قۇچۇ, Qocho), also called Karakhoja, Qara-hoja, Kara-Khoja, or Karahoja (قاراغوجا in Uyghur), is the site of a ruined, ancient oasis city on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in present-day Xinjiang, China. The site is also known in published reports as Chotscho, Khocho, Qocho, or Qočo. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou. The earliest people known to have lived in the area were the Gushi (or Jushi). The region around Turfan was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the Jūshī, while control over the region swayed between the Han-Chinese and the Xiongnu. Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the Silk Road. It played a key role as a transportation hub in western China. The Jushi leaders invited the Chinese Han dynasty to take over,[citation needed] and pledged their allegiance. In 327, the Gaochang Commandery (jùn) was created by the Former Liang under the Han Chinese ruler Zhang Gui. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison, organized the land into multiple divisions and Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region. After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases. Gaochang was ruled by the Former Liang, Former Qin, and Northern Liang as part of a commandery. In 383 The General Lu Guang of the Former Qin seized control of the region. In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang, led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran Khaganate (which some scholars believe to have been the origin of the Avars).
lli or Yili
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170115/PDF/a18_screen.pdf 在曾紀澤的成 長過程中，曾國藩有很長一段時間都奔波在 與太平天國廝殺的戰場上，他對兒子的教育 更多地是通過寫家書的方式。成年後的曾紀澤學貫中西，工詩文、 書法、篆刻，善畫山水，出任過清政府駐英、法、俄國大使，曾與 沙俄力爭，修改崇厚擅自簽訂的《里瓦幾亞條約》，更立《中俄伊 犁條約》，收回伊犁等地。還曾同英國議定洋藥稅厘並徵條約，為 清政府每年增加煙稅白銀二百多萬兩。曾國藩成全了曾紀澤淳厚的 品性、卓越的能力，曾紀澤成全了曾國藩擅長家庭教育的英名。
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- 針對美國等多個西方國家指控，中國政府迫害新疆維吾爾族人及回教徒，國務院新聞辦公室周日（21日）發表《新疆的若干歷史問題》白皮書，詳述七項關於新疆的歷史問題，強調新疆從來不是「東突厥斯坦」，而是中國領土不可分割的一部分。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190722/00178_001.html
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- 羅富和
- 全國政協副主席羅富和日前率領食品科學和生物技術方面的專家組，在新疆調研葡萄酒產業發展情況。他指出，近年來，新疆釀製的葡萄酒在多個國際重要比賽中獲得金、銀獎，在國際市場逐漸嶄露頭角。新疆發展葡萄酒產業既有歷史基礎，更有廣闊前景，符合區域協調發展、綠色發展、共享型發展、創新驅動發展的要求。全國政協調研組將進一步向有關部門提出建議，將新疆發展葡萄酒產業納入國家「十三五」發展規劃。新疆維吾爾自治區黨委書記張春賢表示，發展葡萄酒產業有利於農業產業結構調整延伸產業鏈，促進當地群眾就業，拓寬農牧民增收渠道，帶動旅遊產業發展。新疆將抓好種植和工業化生產，加大宣傳，借助市場和品牌力量，結合絲綢之路經濟帶核心區建設，打造具有新疆特色的葡萄酒品牌，打進國際市場。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/09/10/a25-0910.pdf
新疆生产建设兵团，是新疆维吾尔自治区的重要组成部分，承担着国家赋予的屯垦戍边职责[2]，实行党政军企合一体制，在自己所辖区域内，依照国家和新疆维吾尔自治区的法律、法规，自行管理内部行政、司法事务，受中央政府和新疆维吾尔自治区双重领导，在国家实行计划单列的特殊社会组织，是国务院计划单列的省（部）级单位，享有省级行政区的权限。兵团辖区分布在自治区14个市（地、州）和10个自治区直辖县级行政单位境内，与蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦3国接壤，国境线有2000多千米。兵团辖区总面积7.06万平方千米，占新疆维吾尔自治区总面积的4.24%，约占全国农垦总面积的五分之一[1][3]。屯垦戍边是中国几千年开发和保卫边疆的历史遗产。中央政府在西域新疆大规模屯垦戍边始于2000多年前的西汉，以后历代沿袭。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160226/00184_012.html 國務院日前批覆新疆設立昆玉市，這是新疆第九個 「兵團市」，也是最深入南疆維族聚居區一線的一個。所謂「兵團市」，是新疆一類特殊的行政區劃，由新疆生產建設兵團所屬的各師改建而成，名義上是自治區直轄的市，實際上一切事務都歸兵團掌管，師與市合一。新疆生產建設兵團是全世界獨一無二的組織，集黨、政、軍、企四項職能、四套機構於一身，兵團自上而下地實行統一領導和垂直管理。既設有組織部、政法委、紀委等黨委機構，又有經濟、民政、教育、公安等行政機構，同時是一個準軍事實體，設有兵團軍事部和武警指揮部，並沿用兵團，師、團、連等軍隊建制和司令員、師長、團長、連長等軍隊職務稱謂。此外，兵團又是一個經濟實體，是集農業、工業、交通、建築、商業於一體的國有大型企業，也稱為「中國新建集團公司」，兵團政委兼任董事長，司令員兼任總經理。在國家管理體系中，新疆兵團單列，實際上等同於一個省級政區，只不過不具備行政區所需要的管理地域等要素。但其人口已超過二百七十萬，佔新疆總人口的一成二；實際管理面積超過了七萬平方公里，約等於兩個台灣的大小，星羅棋布遍及新疆南北。新疆兵團在一九七五年以兵團第八師為基礎建立了第一個兵團市石河子，其後長達近三十年時間，石河子是新疆唯一的兵團市。二○○四年，師建市再開閘，一口氣設立了五家渠（第六師）、阿拉爾（第一師）、圖木舒克（第三師）三個市，同樣是師市合一的體制，黨政機構設置均實行「一個機構、兩塊牌子」。師政委同時是市委書記。但此後，兵團建市又進入一個冷凍期。直到二○一一年以駐北疆阿勒泰地區的第十師建立了北屯市。十八大之後，兵團建市工作迅速提速。在二○一二、一四、一五、一六年相繼建立鐵門關（第二師）、雙河（第五師）、可克達拉（第四師）、昆玉（第十四師）等四個師，幾乎是年均一個，總數較之十八大前幾乎翻了一倍，而且未來兵團其餘各師也將倣效建市。師建市的重要性不言而喻，絕非簡單換個名字。這種方式，將依附於新疆各地的兵團組織實土化、進一步實體化，增強了兵團的控制力和影響力，成為了一個個維穩戍邊的戰略堡壘，對維護當地穩定具有重要意義。從經濟上而言，這也是推進城鎮化建設的有效舉措。習近平一四年視察新疆時提出，兵團的存在和發展絕非權宜之舉，而是長遠大計，只能加強，不能削弱，要讓兵團成為安邊固疆的穩定器。而師建市正是築牢地基、增強控制的重要措施。以此次新組建的昆玉市為例，位於南疆和田地區，是屬維族高度聚居的地區，處在反恐最前線，其周邊的皮山縣、和田縣都是暴恐案件的頻發地，不少暴恐分子也都將指揮所、訓練場、策源地設在周圍，行動猖獗，反恐維穩形勢異常嚴峻複雜。第十四師除了管轄若干農場、牧場、團、企業之外，還設有一個副師級武裝部、四個團級武裝部以及一個重點民兵應急營和數千基幹民兵。設立市之後，令兵團名正言順對所在地域具有絕對的管理權、執法權，更有利於加強反恐防暴、處置突發應急事件，打擊暴恐活動。在南疆建設昆玉市，令新疆的「兵團市」布局更為均衡合理，等於在南疆反恐最前線設立了一個堡壘，兵團在全疆穩定中的重要性愈加凸顯。
- 新疆生產建設兵團豫劇團
- 1949年，中國人民解放軍一兵團二軍和六軍挺 進新疆，隨部隊進疆的文工團將豫劇廣泛地傳播開 來，受到了各族群眾以及廣大支邊青年的喜愛。 應群眾的要求，經河南省民政部門批准，1959 年10月，河南童聲豫劇團兒童演員 河南童聲豫劇團兒童演員60餘人集體 支援邊疆，組建兵團政治部童聲豫劇團，後更名 為新疆生產建設兵團豫劇團。 近年來，劇團本着「出人、出戲、出精品，弘 揚民族文化」的藝術宗旨，在整理和改編傳統 戲、新編歷史劇、創作現代戲等方面不遺餘力， 先後創作現代豫劇《天雪》《天山人家》《大漠 胡楊》《戈壁母親》，通過一個個生動感人的藝 術形象，展現了中華民族傳統美德和以「熱愛祖 國、無私奉獻、艱苦創業、開拓進取」為主要內 涵的兵團精神，為推動兵團文化藝術的發展，作 出了重要貢獻。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/10/12/a14-1012.pdf
- 在近期內地省部級高層調整中，有一個重要崗位變動，新疆黨委常委兼政法委書記王君正，升任新疆生產建設兵團政委、黨委書記，躋身正部級。在新疆的權力譜系中，兵團政委僅次於自治區黨委書記和政府主席。王君正是原雲南省委書記令狐安的「大秘」，九三年隨老領導由勞動部空降雲南，但不久便離開省委辦公廳擔任地方職務。因此，當令狐安受雲南省長李嘉廷貪腐案牽連貶任國家審計署時，王君正並未受到太多影響。一二年其由麗江市委書記跨省調任湖北省副省長，並相繼轉任湖北省委常委兼襄陽市委書記、吉林省委常委兼長春市委書記、新疆黨委常委兼政法委書記，而今又出任兵團一把手。短短幾年轉崗四省。去年長春毒疫苗事件後，王君正遠調新疆，外界還曾有輿論認為其是受貶謫，而今看來實則是再受歷練。新疆生產建設兵團是現時中國獨一無二的一個政治實體，黨、政、軍、警、企合為一體，實行高度集中化的管理體制，肩負戍邊屯墾任務，下轄十幾個師、市，星羅棋布於全疆各地，人口近三百萬，實際是新疆的「省中之省」，在全國各項事務中均與其他省份並列。十八大後，隨着中央鐵腕治疆方略的確立，兵團作用更加吃重。從兵團近十幾年來的領導層更迭來看，呈現三大變化。其一是政委取代司令員，成為一把手。在○五年之前，司令員排名兵團第一，兼任新疆自治區黨委副書記，如張文岳、張慶黎。前者歷任遼寧省長，省委書記，後者更是直升西藏、河北兩地書記，現任全國政協常務副主席，位列國家領導人。在張慶黎之後，兵團司令員、政委位置倒轉，歷任政委聶衞國、車俊、韓勇、孫金龍排名第一，司令員退居次席，更加突出黨的集中統一領導。其二，政委、司令員分別兼任新疆自治區黨、政副職。歷史上，兵團兩位主官都曾兼任自治區黨委常委。從○六年開始，只有政委兼任自治區副書記，司令員不再「入常」。而自一七年後，又出現新架構。除了兵團政委繼續兼任自治區副書記，兵團司令員兼任自治區政府副主席。在黨、政兩個層面進行銜接，增強兵團與自治區的協調配合，強化治疆「一盤棋」力度。其三，從最近幾屆兵團領導班子的搭配看，已形成了固有模式。即一把手由內地省市調任，二把手則從新疆本地選拔。如政委車俊、孫金龍、王君正都是外省調入，司令員華士飛、劉新齊、彭家瑞則都是本土幹部。華、劉二人更是土生土長的兵團子弟。自十八大以來，新疆兵團加速城市化建設，先後以一些師、團為基礎設市，目前兵團轄市已增至十個，數量超過青、寧、瓊等省。近幾年一直有呼聲主張以兵團為班底建省，解決新疆幅員過大的弊端，特別是管控民族宗教問題突出的南疆。但實際上，把守要津、犬牙交錯恰是兵團的最大優勢，猶如在全疆各地嵌入一批楔子，穩固大局。建省反而是自縛手腳。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200424/00184_010.html
玛热勒巴什县), Bachu County 巴楚，是巴尔楚克的简称。《西域图志》作巴尔楚克，《西陲要略》作巴里楚克。据《西域同文志》释：“巴尔楚克，全有也。地饶水草，故名。”维吾尔语称作玛热勒巴什，旧有玛喇巴什、毛拉巴什等不同译名，意为鹿首。汉为西域尉头国地。三国、北魏时属龟兹。隋时属疏勒。唐代为安西都护府下属的尉头州。元代属别失八里行尚书省。明代属东察合台汗国，后属准噶尔。 清乾隆二十六年（1761年）设叶尔羌办事大臣，巴楚归叶尔羌管辖，是阿克苏与叶尔羌、喀什噶尔间的军事、交通重镇。清光绪三年冬（1877年）清军刘锦棠率部平定阿古柏之乱，驻扎在巴尔楚克。乾隆年间设军台，称巴尔楚克台，为叶尔羌到阿克苏十六军台之一。清道光十二年（1832年）筑玛拉巴什城。
- 巴楚县有卡拉姆达尔拜克古墓 、唐王城（托库孜萨热衣遗址、国家级重点文物保护单位）、沙呆提拜克古墓、图木舒克化石群（自治区重点文物保护单位）、泽梯木烽火台、琼梯木烽火台（自治区重点文物保护单位）、唐代谒者馆遗址、克克勒玛佛教遗址、图木舒克佛教遗址、夏河姑娘坟、恰尔巴格麻扎等历史古迹。
- 堯樂博士（维吾尔语：يۇلبارس خان，拉丁维文：Yulbars Khan；1889年8月13日－1971年7月27日），也译作尧乐博斯·汗，漢名黄景福，经名马木提·乌守尔，曾用名尧乐娃子，初名約勒瓦斯，维吾尔族[1]，新疆省巴楚县人。曾任新疆省政府主席。光緒15年（1889年）、英吉沙爾直隸庁（ヤンギ・ヒサール、現在のイェンギサール県）に生まれる。尧乐博斯儿时父母双亡，8岁时被姐夫、喀什噶爾道黄光达收为养子，更名黄景福。两年后黄光达因处理塔什库尔干边境纠纷不力，被清政府处斩。尧乐博斯的姐姐改嫁哈密回王沙木胡索特的亲信艾则孜哈孜，尧乐博斯随之进入哈密回王府。一年不到，尧乐博斯的姐姐又改嫁伊不拉音伯克（哈密大台吉玉素甫的表弟），此后尧乐博斯逐渐从事经商活动。1910年，尧乐博斯任哈密回王府通事（翻译）及掌事（商务帮办）.1950年3月，乌斯满成为新疆反共复国军总司令，组织起義，抵抗新政权。尧乐博斯亦成为其中一员，参与袭击中国人民解放军。同年4月，中华民国政府任命其为新疆省政府主席。后，其领导的军隊被解放军进剿。1951年，尧乐博斯逃到中印边界后转赴台北。1971年7月27日，82岁的尧乐博斯在台北病逝。
- 堯樂博士（维吾尔语：يۇلبارس خان，拉丁维文：Yulbars Khan；1889年8月13日－1971年7月27日），也译作尧乐博斯·汗，漢名黄景福，经名马木提·乌守尔，曾用名尧乐娃子，初名約勒瓦斯，维吾尔族[1]，新疆省巴楚县人。曾任新疆省政府主席。光緒15年（1889年）、英吉沙爾直隸庁（ヤンギ・ヒサール、現在のイェンギサール県）に生まれる。尧乐博斯儿时父母双亡，8岁时被姐夫、喀什噶爾道黄光达收为养子，更名黄景福。两年后黄光达因处理塔什库尔干边境纠纷不力，被清政府处斩。尧乐博斯的姐姐改嫁哈密回王沙木胡索特的亲信艾则孜哈孜，尧乐博斯随之进入哈密回王府。一年不到，尧乐博斯的姐姐又改嫁伊不拉音伯克（哈密大台吉玉素甫的表弟），此后尧乐博斯逐渐从事经商活动。1910年，尧乐博斯任哈密回王府通事（翻译）及掌事（商务帮办）.1950年3月，乌斯满成为新疆反共复国军总司令，组织起義，抵抗新政权。尧乐博斯亦成为其中一员，参与袭击中国人民解放军。同年4月，中华民国政府任命其为新疆省政府主席。后，其领导的军隊被解放军进剿。1951年，尧乐博斯逃到中印边界后转赴台北。1971年7月27日，82岁的尧乐博斯在台北病逝。
拜城县，隶属于新疆阿克苏 baicheng
- 拜城县境，汉时为姑墨国、龟兹国地，归西域都护统领。
- note the The Statue of Kumārajīva in front of the Kizil Caves in Kuqa County
*********拜城县Baicheng County[4][5] (Chinese: 拜城县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Bay County[6][7][8] (pronounced like 'bye')“拜”为“巴依”一词音译变音而来，意为富庶。拜城县境，汉时为姑墨国、龟兹国地，归西域都护统领。唐时，这里有两城：西一城为“阿悉言城”，，东一城为“俱毗罗城”，均属姑墨州，为安西都护府下的龟兹都督府所治。元明为别失八里辖地。清乾隆二十五年（1760年），仍设“巴依”和“赛里木”两城。光绪八年（1882年），两地合建拜城县，隶属温宿直隶州。光绪二十八年（1902年），隶温宿府。民国九年（1920年），为阿克苏行政区所辖九县之一。民国十八年（1929年），后行政区划均属阿克苏地区。
- 克孜尔千佛洞（维吾尔语：قىزىل مىڭئۆي Qizil Ming Öy），又称克孜尔石窟或赫色尔石窟The Kizil Caves ( lit. 'Kizil Caves of the Thousand Buddhas'; Uighur: قىزىل مىڭ ئۆي, lit. 'The Thousand Red Houses'; also romanized Qizil Caves, spelling variant Qyzyl; Kizil means 'red') are a set of Buddhist rock-cut caves located near Kizil Township (克孜尔乡, Kèzī'ěr Xiāng) in Baicheng County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. This area was a commercial hub of the Silk Road.[3] The caves have an important role in Central Asian art and in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, and are said to be the earliest major Buddhist cave complex in China, with development occurring between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE.[3] The caves of Kizil are the earlier of their type in China, and their model was later adopted in the construction of Buddhist caves further east.[4] Another name for the site has been Ming-oi (明屋, "The Thousand Houses"), although this term is now mainly used for the site of Shorchuk to the east.
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, often abbreviated to Bayingol (literally "rich river")巴音郭楞蒙古自治州（略称巴州）是中国新疆维吾尔自治区下辖的一个自治州。占新疆总面积的四分之一，是中国面积最大的地级行政区。巴州石油天然气资源十分丰富，还具有丰富的太阳能资源。另外，巴州和静县的巴音布魯克草原，是中國第二大草原，面積約2.5萬平方公里。
- 巴音郭楞蒙古自治州境域早在西汉初期，西域36国就有若羌、且末、小宛、山国、乌垒、仑头、渠犁、焉耆、危须等11个“城国”和“行国”分立。公元前60年，西汉政府在乌垒（今自治州轮台县境内）设西域都护府。
- 新疆「巴州蒙古族小學」，近日被當地教育局更名為「巴州第一小學」，引發風波。反對者認為改校名等同扼殺蒙古族語言文化，教育局解釋是要配合教育發展和擴充學校需要。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180119/00178_015.html
Bortala
- Sayram Lake (赛里木湖; pinyin: Sàilǐmù hú) is located in the Bortala Prefecture near the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,Koktokay (Chinese: 可可托海; pinyin: Kěkětuōhǎi) is a town of Fuyun County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. It is also known as Santai Haizi. It is the largestalpine lake in Xinjiang and also the highest .
“赛里木”为哈萨克语音译，意为“祝愿（丝绸之路行人平安）”，也有蒙古语“山脊梁上的湖”音译之说。又名三台海子，因湖东岸的三台（即清代设立的鄂勒著依图博木军[來源請求]）而得名。
Fukang
- 阜康历史悠久，早在汉唐时期就是古丝绸之路上的重要驿站，明朝时建特纳格尔，清乾隆四十一年（公元1776年）建县，乾隆皇帝取“物阜民康”之意赐名阜康。1992年11月撤县设市。
霍城县新疆伊犁的直属县，霍城县地处伊犁河谷西北部的开阔地带，是以农为主、农牧结合的边境县。县境北依天山与博尔塔拉蒙古自治州温泉县为邻，南与察布查尔县隔河相望，东与伊宁市接壤，西以霍尔果斯与哈萨克斯坦国为界，边界线长183公里，具有沿边、沿路、沿河、沿山的独特地缘优势，是中国的西大门，是伊犁的门户，也是通往中西亚等国的“咽喉”。霍城县内辖地在西汉之前（公元前3世纪前）为塞种人居住。汉文帝前元四年（前176），乌孙国的势力已控制伊犁河北岸，县内辖地属乌孙国。公元4~5世纪，乌孙在占据漠北草原的柔然的打击下，部分南迁葱岭（今帕米尔）山中，伊犁河流域为后来兴起的悦般所占据。隋开皇二年（582），突厥分为东西两部，西突厥占据乌孙古地，霍城为西突厥牧地。唐显庆三年（658），唐朝击灭西突厥汗国，在伊犁河流域设立昆陵都护府，归安西都护府管辖，今霍城县境为昆陵都护府属下的双河都督府之地。长安二年（702），唐设北庭都护府，双河都督府改归北庭都护府管辖。天宝十五年（756），今霍城县境被葛逻禄人占据。9世纪后期，葛逻禄首领毗伽阙．卡迪尔称可汗，建立喀拉汗朝，霍城属其领域。宋绍兴二年（1132），耶律大石建立西辽王朝，霍城属其管辖。13世纪初，臣属西辽的葛逻禄部在今县城西北（六十一团场）建阿力麻里城。宋嘉定十二年（1219），蒙古成吉思汗西征，二子察合台负责开凿了今果子沟的通道。宋宝庆元年（1225）成吉思汗分封诸子，将伊犁河流域分给察合台。元至元十二年（1275），忽必烈为统治西北地区，在阿力麻里城设行中书省，皇太子北平王那木罕任阿力麻里总督。元延祐五年（1318），东察合台汗国定都在阿力麻里城。在元代，阿力麻里城一直是中亚的政治、经济中心和东西交通的枢纽。明永乐六年（1408），瓦剌进入新疆地区，其势力逐渐扩展到伊犁河流域，今霍城县境成为瓦剌游牧地。明崇祯十六年（1643），准噶尔首领巴图尔浑台吉率5万人征服中亚地区，霍城属准噶尔蒙古统治。清乾隆二十年（1755），清政府平定准噶尔部。乾隆二十七年（1762）在乌哈尔里克地区筑绥定城，任明瑞为总统伊犁等处将军（简称伊犁将军），掌管天山南北和巴尔喀什湖以东，以南广大地区的军政大权。乾隆二十八年（1763），在伊犁河北岸筑大城（今惠远镇老城村），乾隆帝亲赐名曰“惠远”。从此，伊犁将军移驻惠远城，惠远成为新疆的政治、军事中心。从乾隆二十五年（1760）至四十五年（1780），除修绥定、惠远两城外，又筑塔勒奇、广仁、瞻德、拱宸、宁远、惠宁、熙春（后三城在今伊宁市）等城池，统称“伊犁九城”，以驻军为主。伊犁九城历经乾隆、嘉庆、道光、咸丰4代，时间长达百余年。同治初年，伊犁相继发生回民起义。同治五年（1866），回民起义军占领惠远城，绥定、塔勒奇、瞻德、广仁、拱宸等城也相继被起义军攻占。继而起义军发生内讧，义军首领艾拉汗自立为苏丹（王）。同治十年（1871），沙俄借口“追查窃贼”，武力入侵伊犁。伊犁人民奋起抵抗，浴血奋斗，但终因力量悬殊，斗争遭到失败。7月初，沙俄侵略军以“代收代守”为名，完全侵占了伊犁九城。为达到永远侵占的目的，沙俄侵略者将伊犁将军衙署所在地惠远城毁坏，还彻底毁坏了拱宸、广仁、瞻德3城，对其他5城也进行了严重破坏，并派兵驻扎宁远城。光绪元年（1875），清廷命左宗棠为钦差大臣，督办新疆军务。翌年，左宗棠百营兵马进疆，粉碎了沙俄继续霸占伊犁的阴谋。清政府遣使俄国，交涉索还伊犁。光绪七年（1881）签定《伊犁条约》（又称《中俄改订伊犁条约》），虽然收回了伊犁地区，但霍尔果斯河以西共7万多平方公里的领土被迫划给俄国，对俄赔款增加到900万卢布，还给予俄国商人进行贸易的种种特权。光绪八年（1882），订立《中俄伊犁界约》，对划分中俄两国国界做了具体规定。是年，金顺将军率大军正式收复伊犁，其衙署暂设在绥定城。光绪十年（1884）清政府批准设新疆省，伊犁仍设伊犁将军，新疆的政治中心由惠远移至省会迪化（今乌鲁木齐），伊犁将军只管伊犁和塔城的军政事务。光绪十九年（1893），在惠远城北筑成惠远新城，伊犁将军移驻此城。光绪十三年十二月十九日（1888-1-31），清廷批准设伊犁府，驻绥定城，设附府一县，名绥定县，罗汉楂为第一任知县。绥定设县治初，霍城县纵4百余里，横180余里。同年置霍尔果斯分防厅（无辖地，不理民事），隶属伊犁府。
- 中國國際象棋協會日前正式授予新疆伊犁哈薩克自治州霍城縣「全國國際象棋之鄉」稱號，是新疆唯一獲此殊榮的縣市。http://news.wenweipo.com/2016/09/19/IN1609190028.htm
Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن, Хотән, ULY:Xoten, UYY: Hotǝn?), also transliterated from Chinese as Hetian (和田), is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of Hotan Prefecture.
- The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancientSaka Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang, China). The ancient capital was originally sited to the west of modern-day Hotan at Yotkan. From the Han dynastyuntil at least the Tang dynasty it was known in Chinese as Yutian (于闐, 于窴, or 於闐). This largely Buddhistkingdom existed for over a thousand years until it was conquered by the Muslim Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1006, during theIslamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang.The inhabitants of Khotan used Khotanese, an Eastern Iranian language, and Gandhari Prakrit, a language related to Sanskrit.
- The Saka people were known as the Sai (塞, sāi, sək in Old Sinitic) in ancient Chinese records.[29] These records indicate that they originally inhabited the Ili and Chu River valleys of modern Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. In the Chinese Book of Han, the area was called the "land of the Sai", i.e. the Saka.[30] According to the Sima Qian's Shiji, the Indo-European Yuezhi, originally from the area between Tängri Tagh (Tian Shan) and Dunhuang of Gansu, China,[31] were assaulted and forced to flee from the Hexi Corridor of Gansu by the Mongolic forces of the Xiongnu ruler Modu Chanyu in 177-176 BC.[32][33][34][35] In turn the Yuezhi were responsible for attacking and pushing the Sai (i.e. Saka) south. In the mid 2nd century BC the Saka crossed the Syr Daryainto Bactria.[36] The Saka, later also moved into Northern India, as well as to Tarim Basin sites like Yanqi (焉耆, Karasahr), Shache (莎車, Yarkand) and Qiuci (龜茲, Kucha).
- Petroglyphs were recorded in Qutubi County at Kangjiashimenzi (Chinese: 康家石门子; pinyin: Kāngjiāshíménzi) and are interpreted as representing male fertility worship. This is because in the two depictions of copulation, the males have faces on their chests, suggesting that the petroglyph's creators believed that males were the source of children. The alleged superiority of the petroglyph's male subjects was the basis for the researcher's conclusion that they were created after 1500 BCE, when it is believed that matriarchal societies were replaced by patriarchies.
- 5月27日，新疆呼圖壁縣石梯子哈薩克鄉第二屆牧草香旅遊文化節開幕。圖為當地牧民在文化節上表演「姑娘追」。這項活動是哈薩克族男女青年的一種戀愛方式，即姑娘騎馬追上心愛的青年，用皮鞭輕輕抽打他，來表達愛意。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/29/a20-0529.pdf
吉木乃县（维吾尔语：جېمىنەي）是中国新疆维吾尔自治区阿勒泰地区下辖的一个县 “吉木乃”系氏族名，为乌古斯汗国九姓氏族之一，又名“吉别乃”，“吉木乃”为“吉别乃”的音译演变。清朝平定准噶尔后，隶属伊犁将军辖下的塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣管理，1906年科布多、阿勒泰分治时划归阿勒泰办事大臣辖。辛亥革命后，于1916年设县佐；1930年正式建立县治，县城始设在吉木乃（今吉木乃镇所在地）；1962年4月原县城划归农十师一八六团管辖，县城迁至托普铁热克镇。
Gaochang (高昌; Old Uyghur: قۇچۇ, Qocho), also called Karakhoja, Qara-hoja, Kara-Khoja, or Karahoja (قاراغوجا in Uyghur), is the site of a ruined, ancient oasis city on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in present-day Xinjiang, China. The site is also known in published reports as Chotscho, Khocho, Qocho, or Qočo. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou. The earliest people known to have lived in the area were the Gushi (or Jushi). The region around Turfan was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the Jūshī, while control over the region swayed between the Han-Chinese and the Xiongnu. Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the Silk Road. It played a key role as a transportation hub in western China. The Jushi leaders invited the Chinese Han dynasty to take over,[citation needed] and pledged their allegiance. In 327, the Gaochang Commandery (jùn) was created by the Former Liang under the Han Chinese ruler Zhang Gui. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison, organized the land into multiple divisions and Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region. After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases. Gaochang was ruled by the Former Liang, Former Qin, and Northern Liang as part of a commandery. In 383 The General Lu Guang of the Former Qin seized control of the region. In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang, led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran Khaganate (which some scholars believe to have been the origin of the Avars).
lli or Yili
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170115/PDF/a18_screen.pdf 在曾紀澤的成 長過程中，曾國藩有很長一段時間都奔波在 與太平天國廝殺的戰場上，他對兒子的教育 更多地是通過寫家書的方式。成年後的曾紀澤學貫中西，工詩文、 書法、篆刻，善畫山水，出任過清政府駐英、法、俄國大使，曾與 沙俄力爭，修改崇厚擅自簽訂的《里瓦幾亞條約》，更立《中俄伊 犁條約》，收回伊犁等地。還曾同英國議定洋藥稅厘並徵條約，為 清政府每年增加煙稅白銀二百多萬兩。曾國藩成全了曾紀澤淳厚的 品性、卓越的能力，曾紀澤成全了曾國藩擅長家庭教育的英名。
- tacheng塔城地區西漢神爵二年（公元前60年），隸屬西域都護府。後為西突厥鐵勒等部遊牧地。唐朝統一西域後，先後隸屬於安西大都護府下設的昆陵都護府和北庭都護府。顯慶元年（656年），唐高宗以開國大將程咬金為蔥道行軍大總管，率兵討伐反叛做亂的西突厥貴族阿史那賀魯，攻克咽面州（今塔城市附近），大敗西突厥兩部，後叛亂平息。唐天寶年間，塔城地區境域設有曹祿州（今塔城市西）、火撥州（今和布克賽爾蒙古自治縣），並有清海軍城、葉河守捉（今沙灣縣內），黑水守捉、東林守捉（今烏蘇市內）等軍事建置。元世祖至元十九年（1282年）二月，置塔爾八合你驛，其地多旱獺（蒙語為塔爾巴哈），所以用此命名。1635年，蒙古準噶爾部首領巴圖爾建立準噶爾汗國，其統治中心為今和布克賽爾蒙古自治縣。今塔城地區轄境為準噶爾汗國核心地帶。清乾隆二十五年（1760年），清軍討伐平定阿睦爾撒納於伯雅爾，乾隆二十八年（1763年），清政府在雅爾（今哈薩克斯坦烏爾扎爾）設塔爾巴哈台軍台，1764年，參贊大臣綽勒多率綠營士兵600名，由烏魯木齊前來雅爾地方屯田，1765年接任參贊大臣阿桂以雅爾「夏多白蠅叮咬，冬地嚴寒，軍民不堪其苦」，奏請次年築肇豐城，作為塔爾巴哈台地區首府，設塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣駐防朝廷，將參贊大臣駐地東移至200里的楚乎楚（今塔城市區），創建新城，乾隆帝親賜城名「綏靖城」，即現在的塔城市。
- 國務院12月15日發函，同意設立新疆塔城重點開發開放試驗區，試驗區建設實施方案由國家發展改革委印發。試驗區位於新疆維吾爾自治區西北部，與哈薩克斯坦接壤，是中國對中亞合作、向西開放的重要窗口。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/16/a13-1216.pdf
karamay“克拉玛依”，维吾尔语即“黑油”之音，因市区东北部有天然沥青山丘——“黑油山”而得名。克市的前身为县级建制的“独山子镇”，1958年5月29日正式设立“克拉玛依”县级市，1982年2月16日自治区升格为地级市，1984年8月17日改为自治区直辖的县级市，1990年1月8日恢复为地级市建制至今。
- 秦代，今克拉玛依辖境为塞种等人游牧之地。汉初，辖境为西迁的大月氏人控制。南北朝时期，辖境为高车、突厥诸部落游牧之地，后为突厥汗国辖地。隋代，辖境为西突厥铁勒等部之地。唐初，辖境为西突厥五咄陆部胡禄屋等部游牧之地。公元657年，唐朝平定西突厥汗国后，在其地设盐泊都督府（地址在今克拉玛依市区附近），归安西大都护府治下的昆陵都护府管辖。公元702年，归北庭都护府管辖。唐末，今克拉玛依市辖一带为葛逻禄等回鹘别部游牧地，后为喀喇汗王朝东北境。 1130年，辽宗室耶律大石率部西迁叶密立（今额敏县），今克拉玛依辖境为其领地。1132年西辽建立后属西辽。1218年，成吉思汗击灭西辽政权，今市辖境为蒙古汗国辖地。成吉思汗分封诸子时，今克拉玛依地区为窝阔台封地。1251年，蒙哥汗即位后，设别失八里行尚书省，今克拉玛依一带归其管辖。1309年，今克拉玛依一带属察合台汗国明代，瓦剌蒙古土尔扈特部在此游牧。1628年，土尔扈特部西迁后，属准噶尔部游牧地。 1755年，清朝平定准噶尔部后，今克拉玛依辖境内附。1762年，清政府在库尔喀喇乌苏设办事大臣，今市境南部独山子及五五新镇、共青镇等地归其统领。
- diaspora
- scmp 25nov18 uygurs in exile struggle to keep lanugsuge alive
Kashgar
- 喀什的经济和地理位置非常重要，历来均是各方势力争夺的对象，其归属曾发生过多次变化。早在6000年前的新石器时期，喀什便有人类生活。根据《穆天子传》的传说，周穆王西征之时，曾经路过喀什附近，与当地部落进行了大规模的贸易。至迟在公元前2世纪，喀什地区出现疏勒国，为西域城郭诸国之一。前177年左右，疏勒受大月氏压迫，被迫投靠匈奴，为其属国。前128年，西汉张骞出使西域之后，经过反复争夺，前60年，疏勒正式被纳入了汉朝势力范围，受西域都护府节制。西汉末年，汉朝内乱，疏勒再次成为匈奴、大月氏、莎车等势力争夺的战场。公元74年开始，东汉班超又长期以这里作为根据地，与北匈奴争夺对西域的控制权。东汉势力进入三国时代后，疏勒在116年左右成为大月氏贵霜帝国和东汉的共同属国，定佛教为国教。国力强盛，称霸西域南部。3世纪末年，疏勒内乱不断，323年，被龟兹征服，成为附庸，后又先后从属于柔然、嚈哒和突厥。突厥人因当地玉石贸易发达，将当地命名为Khasa，即“玉”之意。675年，唐朝在击溃西突厥后，在此设疏勒都督府，为安西都护府的四镇之一。之后唐朝又与吐蕃经过多年争夺，最终控制了疏勒。754年，唐朝爆发安史之乱，安西都护府全军回迁，疏勒成为吐蕃和阿拉伯帝国争夺的对象。840年左右，回鹘西迁，成为天山以南的主体民族，疏勒也归附于其建立的黑汗王朝，并改用突厥语名称喀什。893年成为回鹘都城。915年，其汗萨图克·布格拉[谁？]皈依伊斯兰教，喀什地区逐渐伊斯兰化。960年，伊斯兰教成为喀喇汗王朝国教。之后，喀喇汗与信仰佛教的于阗进行了长期的宗教战争，一度惨败。但是在圣战的号召下，终于在1006年，喀喇汗国依靠来自于伊斯兰地区的支援军队征服了于阗。1017年，契丹辽朝军队西征，引起喀喇汗国内乱，1041年，分裂成东西两部，喀什成为东喀喇汗国首都。1134年，东喀喇汗国被西辽征服，成为其附庸。1215年，屈出律篡夺西辽皇位，迁都喀什。1218年，被成吉思汗灭亡。1225年，为察合台汗国的陪都，在阿里不哥和忽必烈争夺汗位的战争中遭到毁灭性的打击。1306年，察合台汗国分裂，喀什成为东部汗国首都，1387年，东部汗国首都北迁伊犁。1392年，喀什被帖木尔帝国占领，1432年被收复。1466年后陷入长期战乱，成为杜格拉特氏族属地。1514年后属叶尔羌汗国。1680年，喀什的伊斯兰教白山派领袖阿帕克和卓引导蒙古准噶尔汗噶尔丹进军叶尔羌，叶尔羌汗国成为附属于准噶尔的傀儡政权。策妄阿拉布坦继任准噶尔汗后，将天山以南置于准噶尔汗国的直接统治之下。1757年，清朝平定阿睦尔撒纳，灭准噶尔汗国。定北将军班第释放了被蒙古人囚禁在伊犁的阿帕克和卓曾孙波罗尼都和霍集占。不久二人发动叛乱，史称大小和卓之乱。1759年，清军进驻喀什噶尔，并在当地派驻了总理回疆事务参赞大臣，管理新疆回部的军政要务清朝灭亡后，1913年中华民国设疏勒县。1933年，沙比提大毛拉、穆罕默德·伊敏在此成立东土耳其斯坦伊斯兰共和国。
- 身為蘭台令使的班超，當年與書案相伴 ，與墨香相偕，編史編志，悠哉游哉。他投 筆從戎了，劍拔弩張，向灰沙濛濛、烈日炎 炎的西域挺進。班超率領了他的三十六名勇士，所向披 靡，迅即征服了整個疏勒國。盤橐城下，他 出其不意，他兵不血刃。他贏得的不僅是土 地，還贏得了一片民心。他文武雙全，治國 平天下，在西進三年後，本可以奉詔返京， 但官民們不忍他離去，上演了一場感人肺腑 的十八相送。班超被打動了，他又一次毅然 決然，留在了盤橐城。has picture of 喀什盤橐城的班超像 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190118/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
Khorgas
- Korgas (pinyin: Huò'ěrguǒsī, Kazakh: قورعاس), also known as Khorgos, Chorgos and Gorgos, is a Chinese city near the border with Kazakhstan. It is located in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The city on the Kazakh side of the border is also known as Khorgas (Kazakh: Қорғас, قورغاس, Qorğas; Russian: Хоргос, Khorgos; the train station there is Altynkol (Russian: Алтынколь). 霍尔果斯市是2010年5月中国新疆生产建设兵团党委规划建设的师团级县级市。霍尔果斯，蒙古语意为“驼队经过的地方”，哈萨克语意为“积累财富的地方”，自古以来就是古丝绸之路北道上的一个重要驿站。位于新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州、素有“塞外江南”之美誉的伊犁河谷谷口，气候温暖湿润，霍尔果斯河、卡拉苏河和东风干渠流经 该地。霍尔果斯口岸是中国西部历史上最长、综合运量最大、自然环境最好、功能最为齐全的国家一类陆路公路口岸。霍尔果斯口岸是新疆与中亚各国通商的重要口岸，霍尔果斯口岸是新疆对外开放的一个重要窗口，与南疆中巴边境的红其拉甫口岸和北疆阿拉山口口岸同为新疆目前向第三国开放的3个口岸之一。
- 日前在新疆投資最大的機器人公司霍爾果斯博士皓電子科技有限公司，目前已落戶中哈霍爾果斯國際邊境合作中心配套區一期，計劃總投資10億元(人民幣，下同)。 公司負責人表示，一期將建設12條生產線，生產智能機器人及傳統電子產品。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/02/09/a17-0209.pdf
Koktokay (Chinese: 可可托海; pinyin: Kěkětuōhǎi) is a town of Fuyun County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
- *****近日一首《可可托海的牧羊人》在網 上大熱，被許多人翻唱，翻唱的效果比原 唱還要打動人心。 詞曲作者王琪本不出名，他出身吉林 農村，家庭沒有任何音樂背景，但他堅守 音樂理想十餘年。創作的《站着等你三千 年》、《送親》等歌有些反響，但這首《 可可托海的牧羊人》掀起的熱度是他自己 始料未及的。 可可托海是新疆一處荒漠，曾蘊藏珍 稀礦石。上世紀六十年代中蘇交惡，蘇方 指明中方需以該地礦石抵債。在極其艱苦 和屈辱中開礦採石，成就了一段中國人自 力更生、發奮圖強的歷史。這段秘史近年 公開，此處也被建成愛國教育基地，成了 「新疆遊」 的重頭戲。 此外可可托海還有大片草灘可供放牧 ，據說這首歌表現的就是牧羊人和養蜂姑 娘間一段刻骨銘心的愛情。但姑娘不辭而 別遠嫁，牧羊人因此失落痛苦，唱出了撕 心裂肺的呼喊與無法遏止的哀傷。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201125/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
Kucha
- Kucha or Kuche (also: Kuçar, Kuchar; Uyghur: كۇچار, Куча, sC: 龟兹; tC: 龜茲; pinyin: Qiūcí; also romanized as Qiuzi, Qiuci, Chiu-tzu, Kiu-che, Kuei-tzu, Guizi from Chinese: 屈支 屈茨; 丘玆; Sanskrit: Kucina) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River. A specific style of music developed within the region and "Kuchean" music gained popularity as it spread along the trade lines of the Silk Road. Lively scenes of Kuchean music and dancing can be found in the Kizil Caves and are described in the writings of Xuanzang. Kuchean music was very popular in Tang China, particularly the lute, which became known in Chinese as the pipa.
- people
- 鸠摩罗什，祖籍天竺，出生于西域龟兹国（今新疆库车），自幼天资超凡，七岁随母出家，曾游学天竺诸国，遍访名师大德，深究妙义，博通大乘、小乘。史载，后凉建国初年，鸠摩罗什到达凉州，此后十七年间，鸠摩罗什在凉州弘扬佛法、学习汉文，后秦弘始三年（401年）入长安，至十一年（409年）与弟子译成《大品般若经》、《法华经》、《维摩诘经》、《阿弥陀经》、《金刚经》等经和《中论》、《百论》、《十二门论》等论，总计翻译经律论传九十四部、四百二十五卷，与玄奘、不空、真谛并称中国四大佛经译家。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170626/PDF/b1_screen.pdf
Moyu (Karakax) County or Qaraqash County 墨玉县
- 汉唐时期，归于阗国统辖。汉神爵二年（公元前60年），西汉王朝在西域设立西域都护府。西汉元寿元年（公元前2年），于阗王接受汉王朝印绶，下属官员由汉王朝授予官职，完善汉王朝在西域的统治。东汉时期，西域有55国，于阗仍为大国。到东汉中期，于阗国更加强大，相继吞并精绝、戎卢、渠勒、皮山、扜弥等国，从精绝至莎车十三国皆服从于阗。唐高宗上元二年（675年），高宗在于阗设毗沙都督府，分境为十州隶属于安西都护府。北宋景德三年（1006年），喀喇汗王朝灭“大宝于阗国”，于阗国地域归喀喇汗王朝，墨玉县境也归喀喇汗王朝。宋嘉定五年（1212年），东喀喇汗王朝灭亡，西辽王朝统治于阗，今墨玉县境属西辽王朝。
nilka 尼勒克，系蒙古语，意为“婴儿”。为多民族聚居之地。古代的塞族人、大月氏人、乌孙人、匈奴人、突厥人都曾在此地栖息繁衍。自汉迄晋，为乌孙国辖地。南北朝时，为悦般国地。 [5] 隋朝，为西域校尉管辖的西突厥石汗那国辖地。唐朝时，受辖于昆陵都护府，北庭都护府。大辽时，为契丹护府；西辽时，为黑汗国地。元朝时，属达鲁花赤管辖的察合台汗国地。明朝时，为别失八里管辖下的鞑靼瓦刺游牧地。清初，尼勒克地区为准葛尔所据。乾隆二十四年（1759年），清政府平定准噶尔和大小和卓木之乱后，清政府将西域改称新疆，尼勒克地区受辖于清政府。光绪十一年（1885年），新疆省政府决定成立宁远县，辖今尼勒克地区。
- 新疆尼勒克縣吉仁台溝口遺址近日發現一個高級貴族墓葬，該墓建造年份距今約三千五百年，屬於青銅時代的墓葬。新疆文物考古研究所史前考古部主任阮秋榮表示，該墓建築文化體現太陽崇拜觀念，可見是青銅時代中晚期的喪葬思想。該墓葬位於吉仁台溝口遺址南部，地處喀什河溝口，被修建的水渠、房屋、道路等分為南北兩部分。該墓佔地約一萬五千平方米。阮秋榮表示，該墓的石條帶以墓室中心向周邊輻射擴散，猶如太陽周邊的萬丈光芒；而墓底鋪紅土，墓室外圍用紅土包裹，高台外圍鋪墊紅土面，「這是『尚紅』現象，與太陽有關」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200701/00178_018.html
雙河
- 双河隶属于新疆维吾尔自治区，位于新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州州府博乐市以东约20千米处，地处原博乐市境内。市中心位于东经82°21'30"，北纬44°50'34"。属自治区直辖县级市，由新疆生产建设兵团第五师进行管理，实行“师市合一”的管理模式。双河市名源于唐代在西域的博乐一带建立的双河都督府，取自于精河和博尔塔拉河双河之意。
塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县 Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County (also known as Taxkorgan County, sometimes spelled Tashkurgan or Tashkorgan) is a county of Kashgar Prefecture in Western Xinjiang, China. During the Han dynasty, Taxkorgan was known as Puli (蒲犁; during the Tang dynasty, it was a protectorate of the Parthians, during the Yuan dynasty it was part of the Chaghatai empire. Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County was created in 1954 and is part of the district of Kashgar. On September 17, 1954, Taxkorgan was made an autonomous region. On February 1955, it was made an autonomous county. In August 2013, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences announced that they excavated a cluster of Zoroastrian tombs in Taxkorgan.塔什庫爾干在西汉时是西域36国中的蒲犁国；东汉时称“德若国”，属汉朝在新疆设置的“西域都护府”，90年西域都護班超在此擊退貴霜向葱嶺以東的入侵。塔什庫爾干在東晉時叫「竭叉國」，北魏時叫「漢盤陀」，唐代時叫「竭盤陀」，歷代信奉上座部佛教。唐開元年間(713-741)，唐軍擊破竭盤陀，在此設立邊城「葱岭守捉」。
- 「塔縣」 全名塔什庫爾干塔吉克 自治縣，可以說是中國近三千縣級行 政區劃中十分特別的一個。為什麼這 麼說呢？塔縣位於新疆西南部，西北 相望塔吉克斯坦，西南相接阿富汗， 南連巴基斯坦，是全國唯一一個與三 國相鄰的縣城。湖區外圍更是群巒疊嶂，南岸矗 立着崑崙山脈慕士塔格山的最高主峰 ──公格爾峰，海拔高達七千七百一 十九米。金字塔形的山體終年被冰雪 覆蓋，巍峨莊嚴，壯觀至極。若能翻 過此峰，就能直抵塔吉克斯坦與巴基 斯坦。慕士塔格山被稱為 「冰川之父 」 ，就是當年擋住唐僧西行取經的險 峰。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201130/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
The Taklamakan Desert /ˌtæk.lə.məˈkæn/ (塔克拉玛干沙漠 Tǎkèlāmǎgān Shāmò, Xiao'erjing: تَاكْلامَاقًا شَاموْ; Uyghur: تەكلىماكان قۇملۇقى; Dungan: Такəламаган Шамə), also spelled "Taklimakan" and "Teklimakan", is a desert in southwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwest China. It is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, the Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon) to the west and north, and the Gobi Desert to the east. The name may be an Uyghur borrowing of the Persian tark, "to leave alone/out/behind, relinquish, abandon" + makan, "place". Some sources claimed it means "Place of No Return", more commonly interpreted as "once you get in, you'll never get out" or similar. Another plausible explanation suggests it is derived from Turki taqlar makan, describing "the place of ruins".
- The archaeological treasures found in its sand-buried ruins point to Tocharian, early Hellenistic, Indian, and Buddhist influences. Its treasures and dangers have been vividly described by Aurel Stein, Sven Hedin, Albert von Le Coq, and Paul Pelliot. Mummies, some 4000 years old, have been found in the region. Later, the Taklamakan was inhabited by Turkic peoples. Starting with the Han Dynasty, the Chinese sporadically extended their control to the oasis cities of the Taklamakan Desert in order to control the important silk route trade across Central Asia. Periods of Chinese rule were interspersed with rule by Turkic, Mongol and Tibetan peoples. The present population consists largely of Turkic Uyghur people and ethnic Han people.
- This desert was explored by several scientists as Xuanzang, a monk in the 7th century and by the archaeologist Aurel Stein in the 20th century.
- The desert is the main setting for Chinese film series Painted Skin and Painted Skin: The Resurrection. The Chinese TV series Candle in the Tomb (TV series) is mostly spent in this desert as they are searching for the ancient city of Jinjue (see Niya (Tarim Basin).) The desert has been also mentioned in Japanese manga The Doraemons, as the gang travels to the desert finding the missing "Mirage Kingdom".
Tekes County 特克斯县 “特克斯”，一说是突厥语，意为“野山羊”或“阴面、阴坡”之意；二说系蒙古语“特克协”之音变，意为平原旷野溪流纵横之意。公元前176年以前，特克斯境域居住着塞种人。境内阔克苏河谷的迈特格尔至今留有塞种人墓地。西汉前元四年至西汉后元三年（前176～前161），原居住在敦煌、祁连间的月氏人被匈奴击败后西迁，驱逐塞种人，占据伊犁河特克斯河流域地区，史籍称大月氏。西汉建元二年至西汉元光六年（前139～前129），乌孙王猎骄靡与匈奴老上单于联合进击大月氏，大月氏人西迁大夏，乌孙人在伊犁河、特克斯河流域，建立了历史上著名的乌孙国。乌孙国与汉王朝，有着千丝万缕的联系。隋唐时今特克斯县为西突突厥地。唐朝统一西域后，特克斯河流域隶属西域都护府管辖。公元10世纪，喀喇汗国建立。南宋建炎四年（1130）喀喇汗国被西辽所灭，特克斯属西辽地。成吉思汗统一西域，特克斯河流域为成吉思汗次子察合台的封地，史称察合台汗国。明代为蒙古卫拉特（又称瓦剌、厄鲁特）等部游牧地。民国3年（1914）1月，宁远县因与湖南省宁远县、甘肃省宁远县重名，故改为伊宁县。民国19年（1930）2月，国民政府内务部制定《设治局组织条例》，并于是年6月2日颁布执行。次年，经批准由巩留县析置特克斯县设治局。设治辖区包括今特克斯昭苏全境和巩留县吉尔格郞乡。设治局治所设在科布（今齐勒乌泽克乡阔布村）。民国26年（1937）3月1日，特克斯设治局正式升县。民国27年（1938）2月，昭苏设治局从特克斯县析置。民国28年（1939）10月22日，特克斯新街市（今特克斯镇）建成，县政府由科布迁入。民国32年（1943）特克斯县隶属伊犁专署。民国33年（1944）11月，“伊宁起义”爆发，成立三区（伊犁、塔城、阿勒泰）临时革命政府。特克斯县县长锡钧弃城逃往南疆。特克斯县隶属三区革命临时政府。1945年1月1日，三区革命临时政府决定，特克斯县改称克孜勒库热县。1951年12月19日，按照中华人民共和国政务院《关于更改地名的指示》精神，统一使用特克斯为县名。
- 1938年2月，原县府所在地科布前面临河、后面靠山，地域狭窄，难有大发展。当时任伊犁屯垦使兼警备司令的邱宗浚到特克斯亲自勘查，按照易经八卦的形制建造八卦城，以放射状的4环、64条街路路相通。1939年夏，在时任县长班吉春的指挥下，聘请前苏联水利技术人员帮助测量和打桩放线，用二十张牛犁沿着八卦图的八条射线犁出八卦城街道的雏形。当年10月22日，八卦城建成，县政府正式迁入办公。八卦城在今日的行政上屬於特克斯鎮，八條主要街道的名稱按周文王的後天八卦順序，從北起順時針的順序分別如下：
- 阿扎提街（坎街）
- 闊克阿尕什街（艮街）
- 霍斯庫勒街（震街）
- 阿熱勒街（巽街）
- 博斯坦街（離街，亦作波斯坦街）
- 闊布街（坤街，亦作闊步街）
- 阿克奇街（兌街）
- 古勒巴格街（乾街）
Ürümqi or Urumchi (UK: /ʊˈrʊmtʃi/, US: /ˌʊrʊmˈtʃiː/; Uyghur pronunciation: [ʏrʏmˈtʃi], Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى, CTA: Ürümçi; 乌鲁木齐; pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí), abbreviated Wushi (乌市; pinyin: Wūshì), formerly known as Tihwa (迪化; pinyin: Díhuà), is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
- 達坂城區（維吾爾語：داۋانچىڭ رايونى）是中國新疆維吾爾自治區烏魯木齊市所轄的一個市轄區。1970年11月，國務院批准，設立烏魯木齊市南山礦區，以和靜縣阿拉溝、艾維爾溝為其行政區域。面積約1800平方公里。1971年6月，正式成立南山礦區革命委員會。
- 《達坂城的姑娘》原是一首維吾爾族的民謠，原名《康巴爾罕》（Qambarxan），旨在表達維吾爾青年對一位名叫康巴爾罕的美麗女子的嚮往之情。歌曲的背景為新疆達坂城地區。1938年，被時為西北抗戰劇團演員的王洛賓配以漢語改編，以《馬車夫之歌》之名傳唱於蘭州地區。由此成為現代中國第一首漢語譯配的維吾爾民歌。[1]後來又有人把王洛賓版本的歌詞稍改，變成《達坂城的姑娘》；也有人再度改編，變成江南風光的《杭州姑娘》，《杭州姑娘》往往變成《達坂城的姑娘》的第二段。在1960年代，隨着《達坂城的姑娘》流傳至廣東、港澳地區，被當地兒童改編成粵語童謠《大笨象會跳舞》；由於是口耳相傳，《大笨象會跳舞》歌詞有不同版本，但都以「大笨象會跳舞，馬騮仔會上樹」兩句開始。also translated as「大阪城的姑娘」
- 霍尼韋爾擬在烏魯木齊設立中亞智能電網基地，聯合烏魯木齊政府推進智能電網建設，並會同第三方合作開展電網改造及配套生產。此外，雙方還將積極合作支持烏魯木齊國際機場建設，拓展多元化航空業務，推動通用航空發展和支線航空開發，攜手助力烏魯木齊建設中西亞地區的國際化門戶城市航空樞紐http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/10/03/b07-1003.pdf
- history
- [barnett] in 1947, chang chih-chung was the president's personal representative in tihwa
Xayar County, formerly as Shayar County沙雅是维吾尔语“沙雅尔”的转音。沙，“部落长”之谓；雅尔，“轸恤”之意，即“首领对其部下爱抚”之意。。是古丝绸之路的重要通道，古龟兹国的重要组成部分。沙雅县是世界四大文明汇集地之一。中原汉文化、南亚佛教文化、波斯阿拉伯文化、希腊罗马文化在此交融。在其未设治以前，属于库车。库车为汉龟兹国，沙雅仅其南一回庄。唐、五代及宋朝时仍属龟兹，元明之时属“别失八里”。乾隆二十三年（公元1758年），在库车设办事大臣一员，兼辖沙雅。光绪八年（1882年）设库车抚民厅，辖沙雅。光绪二十八年（1902年）建县，建县后属阿克苏道。民国十二年（1922年）改道后为第四专员公署。1949年和平解放后仍属阿克苏地区至今。 2011年，设立央塔克协海尔乡。2012年，设立哈德墩镇（镇政府于2013年2月25日正式挂牌成立）。2014年5月26日，自治区政府（新政函[2014]80号）批复同意撤销古勒巴格乡，设立古勒巴格镇。至此，全县辖6个镇、5个乡。
- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/10/11/asia-pacific/social-issues-asia-pacific/death-uighurs-long-reach-china/#.XaLzdo7_yM8 China is destroying burial grounds where generations of Uighur families have been laid to rest, leaving behind human bones and broken tombs in what activists call an effort to eradicate the ethnic group’s identity in Xinjiang.In just two years, dozens of cemeteries have been destroyed in the northwest region, according to an AFP investigation with satellite imagery analysts Earthrise Alliance.Some of the graves were cleared with little care — in Shayar County, journalists saw unearthed human bones left discarded at three sites. At others, tombs that were reduced to mounds of bricks lay scattered in cleared tracts of land.
葉城縣（維吾爾語：قاغىلىق ناھىيىسى；拉丁維文：Qaghiliq）是中國新疆維吾爾自治區喀什地區所轄的一個縣。清朝時稱「哈爾哈里克」。Kargilik County (transliterated from Uyghur: قاغىلىق ناھىيىسى; Chinese: 喀格勒克县); from Mandarin Chinese Yecheng County叶城县辖20个乡镇、5个农林牧场、1个管理区，总人口50余万人，聚居着维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、回、柯尔克孜、蒙古、塔吉克、俄罗斯、乌孜别克等13个民族分布，其中维吾尔族占93%、汉族占6%、其它少数民族占1%。叶城县与巴基斯坦、印控克什米尔地区接壤，边境线长达80多公里。是一个以农业为主、农牧结合的农业县，也是中国西部边陲的军事重镇及国家扶贫开发重点县和边境县。叶城县素有“中国核桃之乡、石榴之乡、玉石之乡、歌舞之乡”的美称。叶城县距今约有2181年的历史。叶城为叶尔羌的简称，因叶尔羌河而得名。西汉为西域三十六国之一的西夜国。东汉分属西夜国与子和国。唐为疏勒都督府下的朱俱波州。北宋时属喀喇汗王朝，南宋属西辽。元为察合台后王封地。明代属叶尔羌。清乾隆二十三年（1758年）清军征讨大小和卓，定边将军兆惠驻兵于此。清光绪九年（1883年）设叶城县，县治叶尔羌回城（今莎车），叶城即叶尔羌城的简称。光绪十年（1884年）正式设叶城县，而移县治至喀格勒克，县名仍沿用叶城。光绪九年（1883年）叶尔羌改名为莎车，为直隶州治所。喀格勒克原为叶尔羌回庄，设县后隶莎车直隶州，地域包括今叶城、皮山、泽普三县范围，辖大回庄十一个。后属莎车府。民国三十二年（1943年）属莎车督察专区。1949—1956年属莎车专区，1956年后属喀什专区、喀什地区，一直沿袭至今。
Company
- 崑崙銀行，前身為克拉瑪依市商業銀行。2009年4月，中國石油天然氣集團公司控股克拉瑪依市商業銀行。2010年4月20日，中國銀監會批准原克拉瑪依市商業銀行更名為崑崙銀行。崑崙銀行在克拉瑪依、塔城、烏魯木齊、庫爾勒、吐魯番、哈密、伊犁、鄯善、喀什、大慶、西安、樂山設有分支機構。2012年7月13日，由於涉及伊朗的外貿進出口，美國財政部宣布對其實施制裁，切斷其與美國金融系統的聯繫，並阻止其涉足美國金融體系。此外，美國政府也要求任何持有其帳戶的金融機構必須在10天之內關閉。導致其只能用歐元和人民幣結匯。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-09/06/content_26710133.htm Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co Ltd, China's leading energy equipmentproducer, announced that construction of the iconic Angola backbone grid is towind up in less than 10 months, helping the firm tap the prosperous internationalmarket in Central Asia and Africa. The $1.18 billion project, which was launched in 2013, is one of the biggestprojects Chinese companies ever engaged in Africa, linking Angola's electricalfacilities together and easing its power shortage, according to TBEA. TBEA, based in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, is a global manufacturer ofhigh-performance transformers which started business 28 years ago. Thanks to theBelt and Road Initiative, it is seeking a greater share of the power infrastructurebusiness in Central Asia and Africa. The company won the contract for the $500million state grid construction project in Tajikistan and a $580 million north-southgrid construction project in Kyrgyzstan. The latter is the largest energy deal so farbetween China and Kyrgyzstan. "We have a great geographic advantage because Xinjiang is at the core area of theBelt and Road Initiative. The neighboring countries share a similar culture with usand all of them are in great need of high-level electrical facilities," said Zhang Xin,chairman of TBEA. We are honored to share our world-level technology andknowhow with them, benefiting both sides." A source from the company said that it has provided equipment and service formore than 60 countries, including Pakistan, Russia and India. In 2014, TBEA even helped set up an ultra-high voltage transformer research baseand industrial park in Vadodara, India, at which 95 percent employees are locals.
- Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-05/09/content_29258617.htm
Chinese wind turbine generator maker Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd announced its plan on Monday to purchase a wind farm project in Australia for A$110 million ($81.5 million), vying for a greater presence in the international market. The project's 149 wind turbines will be Australia's largest single wind farm. Goldwind said it will buy Stockyard Hill Wind Farm Pty Ltd from a unit of Origin Energy Ltd, and will invest up to A$335 million for further development to strengthen its competitive advantage in the country.
It had already obtained investment approval from Australia's Foreign Investment Review Board, said the Chinese company.
- 克里木（クリム、1940年6月12日 - 2020年3月3日）は、中華人民共和国の軍隊歌手、俳優。少数民族の一つであるウイグル族に出自する。中国人民解放軍總政治部歌舞団歌唱家、階級は正軍級文職幹部（現役の少将に相当）。政府から中国国家一級演員に認定されている。第八期、九期、十期全国政協委員。曾編寫出無數著名的民謠歌曲，包括《掀起你的蓋頭來》、《大阪城的姑娘》等。曾參加1998、2008年央視春節聯歡晚會。2010年他參與了賀歲片《約爾特奏鳴曲》的拍攝。
- 特殊的年代和定期去中南海慰問演出的成長歷程，成就了克里木與開國元勳間的諸多佳話。他與妻子古蘭丹姆的愛情與婚姻便是由時任國務院總理周恩來牽線而成。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/04/10/a19-0410.pdf
PPP
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151223/PDF/b2_screen.pdf 中國中鐵（00390） 昨公布，12月15日與烏魯木齊市人民政府簽署《戰略合 作框架協議》，將根據烏魯木齊市經濟和社會發展規劃 ，結合中國中鐵發展戰略，雙方以政府與社會資本合作 （PPP）模式，擬在城市基礎設施、軌道交通、公路、 水利和環保、土地整理、保障房等領域投資建設，城北 新區、城南經貿合作區等城市綜合開發，建立全面戰略 合作關係；計劃 「十三五」期間，該公司投資2000億元 人民幣用於雙方合作項目建設。
Kashi 喀什special economic zone
- http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amy-reger/from-kashgar-to-kashi_b_1424243.html The ancient Silk Road oasis of Kashgar, where Uyghurs have played host to a vibrant Central Asian trading culture, is getting a makeover. Uyghurs view Kashgar as the spiritual and cultural heart of their culture, and the cradle of Uyghur civilization. However, reminiscent of the demolition of traditional Tibetan buildings in the city of Lhasa that were carried out around a decade ago, Kashgar's Old City has been demolished piece-by-piece since early 2009. As the Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP) wrote in a recent report, Living on the Margins: The Chinese State's Demolition of Uyghur Communities, the majority of the Old City has now been demolished, together with traditional Uyghur communities throughout East Turkestan (also known as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwest China). At the same time as hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs are being pushed out of traditional buildings to the outskirts of Kashgar, Chinese state policies are bringing Han Chinese investment and construction into Kashgar at an unprecedented pace. The city's newest residents refer to it by the Chinese name of Kashi, instead of its Uyghur name of Kashgar. Beijing officials mandated the creation of a special economic trading area in Kashgar in 2010, in the hopes of linking the city at the edge of Chinese control more closely with Han political, economic and cultural spheres. The policy brought the advent of a new, non-direct flight from Beijing (and more recently from Hong Kong), together with construction projects subsidized with billions of yuan from the central government. A new frenzy to develop Kashgar in the model of Shenzhen, China's first "Special Economic Zone," was represented in a banner hung underneath Kashgar's towering statue of Mao Zedong, reading "Learn from Shenzhen, Pay Tribute to Shenzhen."
- starting point of china pakistan economic corridor http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201509/0910/HA08910CZB2.pdf
Thinktank
- http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2015-02-22/china1424588313d5450773.html 農曆新年加上全國「兩會」召開前夕的敏感時期，新疆近日屢傳襲擊案。為爭奪新疆問題國際話語權，官方首個新疆智庫日前在北京成立。
- 由香港國際投資總會領銜漢唐教育集團、新疆財經大學、新疆歐亞金融研究中心等國內二十餘家機構共同發起的中亞智庫，日前在新疆首府烏魯木齊市正式成立。香港國際投資總會董事會聯席主席、中國國際商會投融委主席、城開（北京）投資集團董事長余延慶先生親臨現場，並冀望中亞智庫帶領中國企業成功「走出去」。中亞智庫成立當日還舉行了2015中亞智庫建設研討會，近200名中外專家、學者、名流與會。余延慶在研討會發言時指出，不少內地企業因為對投資對象國的政治體制、法律和國民文化不熟悉，走出去後遭遇投資失敗。這些企業應事先聘請智庫機構專業人士對投資對象國的有關情況進行了解。「國家實施『一帶一路』戰略，最終依靠商業運作和民間參與得以落實。中亞智庫搭建中亞各國民間學術交流平台，有利於加強各國人民之間的相互了解和合作，將為中國企業成功走出去做開路先鋒。」余延慶說。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/08/a20-0608.pdf
Energy
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/chinafocus/2015-01/08/content_15211184.html The fate of a strip of land in the far west of China about the size of Beijing was changed forever when a thick seam of coal was discovered beneath it. The unpopulated, arid land in the Gobi Desert in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region is closely connected with the country's development because the central government is counting on it to fuel the economy in the years to come. "There's enough coal under our feet to support China for another 100 years," said Xiao Renjun, director of the administrative committee of the Xinjiang Zhundong Economic and Technological Zone, as he stamped his foot on the ground at Zhundong, or the East Junggar Basin, about 200 kilometers northwest of the regional capital, Urumqi. The area is believed to be China's largest integrated coalfield: Experts estimate that 390 billion metric tons of coal, about 7 percent of China's reserves, are buried under an area 200 km long and 60 km wide. The average thickness of a single layer of the coal seam is approximately 43 meters, but it could reach 80 meters in some parts of the basin.
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-03/17/content_19833360.htm The resource-rich Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in western China will become the center of State-owned energy companies' reform this year with the launch of a pilot project by the country's biggest oil and gas producer in the area. China National Petroleum Corporation will make available a 49 percent stake in its oilfields in Xinjiang to other investors, including private companies, said Xie Wenyan, general manager of Tarim Oilfield Company of PetroChina Co, the listed arm of CNPC. He said that Tarim Oilfield Co has achieved an initial agreement with Xinjiang Energy Co and Aksu prefecture government to co-develop the Tarim oilfield.
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-07/08/content_21221210.htmNorthwestern China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region launched bidding on Tuesday for six oil and gas blocks to private enterprises, a move that may end the monopoly of State-owned enterprises in oil and gas exploration, industry insiders said. The bidding extends beyond State-owned energy giants to qualified Chinese private bidders with net assets of more than 1 billion yuan ($162 million), the Ministry of Land and Resources said in a statement on Tuesday. The ministry announced that it had decided to transfer oil and gas exploration blocks in Xinjiang through competitive bidding, aiming to expand investment in oil and gas exploration and exploitation and further diversify investment entities in the upstream of the oil and gas industry. "Public bidding is the first step toward the country's reform of oil and gas exploration and exploitation, and will likely break the domination of the State-owned oil giants in the upstream of the industry," said Wang Kun, director of the ministry's geological exploration department. " China's oil and gas exploration market has long been closed, compared to the copper ore and iron ore sectors. "Outsiders can't come in, while insiders are unwilling to invest for some reason," he said, adding that this has resulted in a slowdown in the development of oil and gas exploration. Four State-owned oil companies－China National Petroleum Corp, China Petrochemical Corp, China National Offshore Oil Corporation and Yanchang Petroleum Group－are qualified to engage in oil and gas exploration. China is seeking to reform oil and gas exploration and is encouraging more competition in the sector by inviting privately owned companies.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2064638/china-auction-more-xinjiang-oil-and-gas-exploration China will auction about 30 oil and gas blocks, also called exploration sites, in the northwestern region of Xinjiang this year to investors outside the top state energy firms, state media reported. The move comes as Beijing steps up efforts to boost private participation in the sector. A lack of private investment in oil and gas exploration has been a big stumbling block in Beijing’s attempts to reform the sector and it has picked the hydrocarbon-rich autonomous region of Xinjiang to try to break the grip of the big companies. China’s top two energy giants, China National Petroleum Company and Sinopec Group have been the dominant players onshore China, while China National Offshore Oil Company dominates offshore exploration and production.
Financial
- Financial services development http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20140311/PDF/a38_screen.pdf
- bank
- 隨着烏魯木齊高新區（新市區）與巴基斯坦哈比銀行有限責任公司關於「哈比銀行烏魯木齊分行」項目戰略合作協議的簽署，巴基斯坦哈比銀行中華區總部正式落戶烏魯木齊，結束了新疆無外國銀行中華區總部的歷史。哈比銀行成立於1947年，截至2015年末，該行總資產約為210億美元，在該國內擁有近1,600家分行，總計擁有近60家海外分行、下屬機構及關聯機構。哈比銀行烏魯木齊分行將於今年9月正式營業。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/05/28/b06-0528.pdf
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-12/06/content_27580435.htm Overseas tourists bound for the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region can obtain a refund for value-added taxes paid during their trip, as local authorities try to increase the lure of the region. The refund policy will begin on Jan 1, according to the Xinjiang regional office of the State Administration of Taxation. Fan Bingwu, head of the export and import tax management division at the office, said the new policy will increase the popularity of Xinjiang as a tourist destination.
Air Transport
- urumqi air set to take off with new silk road http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-08/29/content_18507838.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201907/17/WS5d2e7f2aa3105895c2e7de1b.html China's top economic planner approved a new airport project worth 760 million yuan ($110 million) in Yutian, a remote county in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. "The construction of the airport, in line with the region's air transport development, will improve its emergency rescue ability, promote local social and economic growth and boost the development of tourist resources," the National Development and Reform Commission said on Monday in a statement on its website. The central government will allocate 228 million yuan to the project, and the Civil Aviation Development Fund will invest 380 million yuan. The regional government will contribute the remaining 152 million yuan, according to the statement.
Railway
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160928/PDF/a21_screen.pdf隨着新疆克（拉瑪依）塔（城）鐵路二期項目建設日前正式啟動，位於新疆西北角的塔城將徹底結束在自治區地州首府城市中唯一不通鐵路之歷史。
- 今年6月，新疆北屯至阿 勒泰鐵路（簡稱北阿鐵路） 將正式開通運營。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170426/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
textile and apparel
- 新疆 日前正式發佈促進紡織服裝產業發展的八項優惠政 策，包括將紡織服裝企業貸款貼息、出疆運費補貼等補貼周期 從一年縮短到一季度，以及設立規模 100 億元（人民幣，下 同）左右的紡織服裝產業引導基金，對內地知名紡織服裝企業 在疆投資企業開展股權投資，降低融資成本等。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/03/29/a16-0329.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/09/24/b02-0924.pdf 最新數 據顯示，新疆紡織服裝產業自 2014年 1月至 2016 年8月間，固定資產投資已經達到700億元（人民 幣，下同），預計到今年年底將達到900億元，相 當於1978年至2013年的前30年投資總和。
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-02/15/content_28202922.htm With preferential policies, including lower raw cotton prices, cheaper electricity rates and transportation subsidies, every metric ton of cotton yarn produced in Xinjiang can save manufacturers 3,600 yuan ($520) compared with eastern China where the textile industry traditionally flourished, Yin said. The autonomous region now has more than 1,800 textile factories. Investment in the region's textile industry reached 47.9 billion yuan last year, an increase of 51 percent compared with 2015, according to data released on Monday by the regional statistics bureau. A total of 112,300 workers were recruited to the region's textile sector last year, accounting for more than 50 percent of new industrial jobs.
Silk
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/weekend/2015-08/29/content_21740167.htm Tarim and countless other villagers in Jiya, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang Uygurautonomous region, have been making etles for more than 2,000 years and aredetermined to ensure that their fine skills will still exist in another 2,000 years. "Little has changed," Ausman says, sitting at the end of a wooden loom six and ahalf meters' long. We still use the same techniques and natural dyes, so what yousee now is exactly what would have been sold on the ancient Silk Road."
- 由科研院校、彩棉產業相關企業組成的非營利性聯合組織-中國彩棉產業聯盟日前在新疆烏魯木齊成立。該聯盟以發展綠色紡織品、創建生態文明、可持續發展的健康生活方式為宗旨，共同開發天然彩棉纖維及其紡織產品，制定行業技術標準，解決生產過程中的技術難題，建立天然彩棉製品的可追溯體系，最終實現天然彩棉產業健康、可持續發展。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/20/b03-1220.pdf
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-cotton-insight-idUSKCN0UQ00320160112The Youngor cotton spinning factory is one of the biggest employers in Aksu, an agricultural town on the edge of the Taklamakan desert in China's restive Xinjiang region. Youngor, one of China's largest shirt-makers, opened the plant in 2011 to be closer to the main cotton-growing region in Xinjiang. Soon it will be joined by others: Beijing wants to create 1 million textile jobs in Xinjiang by 2023. Xinjiang fits into Beijing's larger vision of shifting labor intensive industries such as textiles out of the Pearl River Delta and into the interior. China is putting less value on being "the world's workshop" amid labor shortages and competitive pressures from Southeast Asia.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-02/15/content_23484820.htm 1 million textile jobs to be created by 2023 in the autonomous region The Youngor cotton spinning factory is one of the biggest employers in Aksu, an agricultural town on the edge of the Taklamakan desert in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Youngor, one of China's largest shirtmakers, opened the plant in 2011 to be closer to the main cotton-growing region in the Xinjiang region. Soon it will be joined by others: China wants to create 1 million textile jobs in Xinjiang by 2023. According to the regional government's 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020), Xinjiang will become a key hub for textile production. It will also extend the industry chain from cotton spinning to making garments. By 2020, Xinjiang is expected to produce about 500 million garments annually and create more than 600,000 jobs. Aksu, in southern Xinjiang, will become one of three textile cities in the region, the plan for 2016-2010 said. It also will encourage residents to start their own textile workshops to make traditional ethnic clothing and carpets. Xinjiang fits into Beijing's larger vision of shifting labor-intensive industries such as textiles out of the Pearl River Delta and into the interior. China is putting less value on being "the world's workshop" amid labor shortages and competitive pressures from Southeast Asia. The textile hub is also a key initiative in President Xi Jinping's Belt and Road Initiative, which seeks to link development from western China to Central Asia and onward to Europe. "We must promote employment as a permanent cure to maintain social stability and achieve long-lasting peace, and particularly solve the unemployment problem for people in southern Xinjiang," a 2014 official document stated, outlining a massive expansion of Xinjiang's textile industry. Xinjiang, which is home to more than half of China's Muslims, has always been China's front line on religious extremism that is blamed for terrorist attacks in the region in recent years. The regional government believes employment and better education can help young people stay away from such extremism.
animal husbandry
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-cotton-insight-idUSKCN0UQ00320160112The Youngor cotton spinning factory is one of the biggest employers in Aksu, an agricultural town on the edge of the Taklamakan desert in China's restive Xinjiang region. Youngor, one of China's largest shirt-makers, opened the plant in 2011 to be closer to the main cotton-growing region in Xinjiang. Soon it will be joined by others: Beijing wants to create 1 million textile jobs in Xinjiang by 2023. Xinjiang fits into Beijing's larger vision of shifting labor intensive industries such as textiles out of the Pearl River Delta and into the interior. China is putting less value on being "the world's workshop" amid labor shortages and competitive pressures from Southeast Asia.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-02/15/content_23484820.htm 1 million textile jobs to be created by 2023 in the autonomous region The Youngor cotton spinning factory is one of the biggest employers in Aksu, an agricultural town on the edge of the Taklamakan desert in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Youngor, one of China's largest shirtmakers, opened the plant in 2011 to be closer to the main cotton-growing region in the Xinjiang region. Soon it will be joined by others: China wants to create 1 million textile jobs in Xinjiang by 2023. According to the regional government's 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020), Xinjiang will become a key hub for textile production. It will also extend the industry chain from cotton spinning to making garments. By 2020, Xinjiang is expected to produce about 500 million garments annually and create more than 600,000 jobs. Aksu, in southern Xinjiang, will become one of three textile cities in the region, the plan for 2016-2010 said. It also will encourage residents to start their own textile workshops to make traditional ethnic clothing and carpets. Xinjiang fits into Beijing's larger vision of shifting labor-intensive industries such as textiles out of the Pearl River Delta and into the interior. China is putting less value on being "the world's workshop" amid labor shortages and competitive pressures from Southeast Asia. The textile hub is also a key initiative in President Xi Jinping's Belt and Road Initiative, which seeks to link development from western China to Central Asia and onward to Europe. "We must promote employment as a permanent cure to maintain social stability and achieve long-lasting peace, and particularly solve the unemployment problem for people in southern Xinjiang," a 2014 official document stated, outlining a massive expansion of Xinjiang's textile industry. Xinjiang, which is home to more than half of China's Muslims, has always been China's front line on religious extremism that is blamed for terrorist attacks in the region in recent years. The regional government believes employment and better education can help young people stay away from such extremism.
animal husbandry
- [barnett] in 1948, animal husbandry utilizes about 5pc of the total area of the province (as compared with just over 1pc for agriculture), and the economy of certain groups, including the kazakhs, mongols, and kirghiz, is based almost entirely upon it. Much of the available pasturage in kunlun mountains is not used, and most of the utilised grazing areas are in the altai mouintains and the tien shan. Livestocks of all sorts - sheep, goats, cows, horses, donkeys, camels - is raised, but sheep and goats are most numerous and are the primary basis for the livelihood of the nomadic peoples.
diplomatic activity
- hkcd 27feb19 diplomats from 8 countries visited xinjiang
human rights
- 國務院新聞辦1日發表《新 疆人權事業的發展進步》白皮書。白皮書包括 九部分，分別是前言、政治權利、公民權利、 經濟權利、社會權利、文化權利、環境權利、 宗教信仰自由權利和婦女、兒童、老年人、殘 疾人權利。白皮書指出，1978年至2016年， 新疆城鎮居民人均可支配收入和農村居民人均 可支配收入分別增加了88.2倍和84.6倍。新疆 地區生產總值和人均生產總值分別增長245.2 倍和128.2倍。此外，新疆還充分尊重保護信 仰自由，同時國家堅持遏制極端、打擊犯罪， 有效保障了公民權利。白皮書指出，民族語言文字在 新疆司法、行政、教育、新聞出 版、廣播電視、網際網路、社會 公共事務等領域得到廣泛使用。 白皮書介紹說，現有13家出 版社使用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、 柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯六種語言 文字出版圖書、音像製品和電子 出版物。公開發行報紙110種，其 中少數民族文字報紙52種。發行 期刊200種，其中少數民族文字期 刊120種。新疆人民廣播電台現有 維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古、柯 爾克孜5種語言的15套廣播節目。 新疆電視台現有維吾爾、漢、哈 薩克、柯爾克孜4種語言的12套電 視節目，是全國播出頻道、語種 最多的省級電視台。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170602/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
diplomatic activity
- hkcd 27feb19 diplomats from 8 countries visited xinjiang
human rights
- 國務院新聞辦1日發表《新 疆人權事業的發展進步》白皮書。白皮書包括 九部分，分別是前言、政治權利、公民權利、 經濟權利、社會權利、文化權利、環境權利、 宗教信仰自由權利和婦女、兒童、老年人、殘 疾人權利。白皮書指出，1978年至2016年， 新疆城鎮居民人均可支配收入和農村居民人均 可支配收入分別增加了88.2倍和84.6倍。新疆 地區生產總值和人均生產總值分別增長245.2 倍和128.2倍。此外，新疆還充分尊重保護信 仰自由，同時國家堅持遏制極端、打擊犯罪， 有效保障了公民權利。白皮書指出，民族語言文字在 新疆司法、行政、教育、新聞出 版、廣播電視、網際網路、社會 公共事務等領域得到廣泛使用。 白皮書介紹說，現有13家出 版社使用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、 柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯六種語言 文字出版圖書、音像製品和電子 出版物。公開發行報紙110種，其 中少數民族文字報紙52種。發行 期刊200種，其中少數民族文字期 刊120種。新疆人民廣播電台現有 維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古、柯 爾克孜5種語言的15套廣播節目。 新疆電視台現有維吾爾、漢、哈 薩克、柯爾克孜4種語言的12套電 視節目，是全國播出頻道、語種 最多的省級電視台。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170602/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- 中國駐澳洲領事館前晚於悉尼一個劇場內舉辦文藝表演。有網上流傳照片指期間有兩維人拉出代表疆獨的藍色星月旗幟，並高喊「不忘二‧五伊犁大屠殺（即九七年伊寧騷亂）」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160210/00178_014.html
National day
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2113874/staff-called-back-work-xinjiang-scraps-week-long Authorities in the Chinese region of Xinjiang have abruptly cancelled the week-long National Day holiday “to prepare” for the Communist Party congress later this month, residents say.
Ethnic groups
- [barnett] the ethnic diversity of sinkiang is a result of its long and complicated history. For centuries, it has been a passage area, swept by waves of invasion and migration. It is believed that originally the area was populated by a group that spoke different types of indo-european lanuages, but scythians, huns, uighurs, mongols, chinese and many other peoples have at various times occupied the region as conquerors, settlers, or both. In 1948, the chinese administration in sinkiang lists 14 different racial groups: uighur (roughly 75pc), kazakh (over 10pc), han chinese (slightly under 6pc), tungan (chinese muslims, chinese-turkic mixture, speak chinese, about 2pc), taranchi (roughly 2pc ), kirghiz (less than 2pc), mongol (about 1.5pc), white russian, uzbek (under 1pc of population), hsipo (sibo), tadjik, tatar, solon, and manchu - in order of numerical importance. The uighurs are a racial group whose name derives from that of a turkic people, originally inhabiting northern mongolia, who invaded sinkiang in 9thc and sometime thereafter embraced islam. The present-day uighurs are probably the result of some racial admixture, but they all speak turki and are muslims. Many have a very caucasian appearance, and they dress in many-colored, embroidered skull caps, trousers, jackets, and leather boots. They are primarily an agricultural people, and the oases of southern sinkiang are inhabited almost exclusively by them. Traditionally, princes, mullahs (religious leaders), and begs (gentry) have been dominant in the oases, which have been quite self-contained. This pattern of organisation is only gradually changing. The taranchi (a special name given to a group of uighurs who migrated from the southern part of the province to the north) and the uzbeks can be grouped together with the uighurs as having the same religion, essentially the same language, and a similar way of life. Kazakhs are concentrated in northern districts of the province. Although they speak a variety of turki and are muslims, they live a very different sort of existence from that of the uighurs. They are a nomadic people who live in yurts and move with their flocks. They are militant. Kirghiz are related to kazakhs and also a nomadic group. Han chinese are concentrated in the northern areas, particularly in the tihwa, ili, and tacheng districts. They are farmers and merchants, and because they are the ruling group, many are officials and government workers. Many tungans hold government positions, or are wealthy landowners or flockowners under whom members of other groups, such as uighurs and kazakhs, work as tenants and flock-herders. Mongols are divided into three groups: one under ch'ao ch'ing wang in the region between tacheng and chenghua, one under min ch'ing wang at wusu, and one under man han wang in the vicinity of karashar. They are also a nomadic people. The other minorities each accounts for less than 1pc of the population and are mainly in the northern districts. They include the white russians (who fled russia at the time of the bolshevik revolution), the hsipo, solon, and manchu groups (all three of which are manchu remnants of garrisons kept in sinkiang by the manchu dynasty) and the tatars. Tadjiks (a sedentary iranian people who belong the the ismaili sect of islam and speak an iranian lanaguage) is in the far southwestern corner of the province. Despite such diversity, 90pc of population speak in turki language in one form or another and accept the muslim faith.
- 羅布人長者吾加曼．沙吾爾雙手舉向天空，向太陽祈禱。祭祀儀式很短，在吾加曼．沙吾爾用盛着火的器皿在跳《捕魚舞》的青年人頭頂盤繞三圈後，這些青年人將到河流或湖泊中打魚。羅布人是新疆獨有的古老部族。在樓蘭王國消失以後，一部分樓蘭人固守舊俗，與羅布泊水域相依千年，後來這個由多種族、多民族融合而成的部族，就因祖輩生活在羅布泊地區而得名。據介紹，古羅布人崇拜太陽，多以魚為食。在祭祀現場，羅布人後裔們拿着魚叉，跳着《捕魚舞》，祈禱村寨五榖豐登。曾經生活着羅布人的村寨，如今已成當地的知名景區。 羅布人的傳統烤魚是新疆著名土特產美食，他們沿魚腹剖開但魚脊相連，用細的紅柳枝將魚展平，粗紅柳枝一端沿魚脊肉穿過，另一端就插在沙土裡。像是張開翅膀的魚壓彎紅柳貼近地面，用一堆燃燒的胡楊木烘烤。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/05/03/a25-0503.pdf
Gushi (姑師文化; pinyin: Gūshī wénhuà) or Jushi (車師文化; pinyin: Jūshī wénhuà), was an ancient culture around the Turpan basin, in what is today the Xinjiang region of China. The area around Ayding Lake in the Turpan region was said to be the territory of the Gushi people, who were Causcasian. According to historical accounts, these people "lived in tents, followed the grasses and waters, and had considerable knowledge of agriculture. They owned cattle, horses, camels, sheep and goats. They were proficient with bows and arrows". The Gushi and the kingdom of Kroran were linked in the account of Zhang Qian, presumably because they were under the control of the Xiongnu. Both the Gushi and Kroran likely spoke one of the languages now known collectively as Tocharian. In the years around 60 BC, Gushi fell to the Chinese after the Battle of Jushi and was subsequently known as Jushi. Jushi then further differentiated into two kingdoms, the "Nearer Jushi" (whose capital wasJiaohe) and the "Further Jushi" (in the Jimsar area).
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170508/PDF/a19_screen.pdf近日在新疆吐魯番高昌區葡萄溝景區 ，新疆吐魯番燒烤大王帕塔爾．吾甫爾現 場展示技藝，在 「世界大饢坑」中烤製了 兩頭合計重570公斤的烤全牛。 高8米、直徑10米的 「世界大饢坑」 於2004年4月在吐魯番建成，可以同時烤1 峰駱駝、2頭牛、10隻羊。2009年，帕塔 爾．吾甫爾在此饢坑中出爐了一峰重200 多公斤的烤全駝。
尼雅文明
- 尼雅遺址是新疆塔克拉瑪干沙漠南緣現存規模最大的漢晉時期綠洲城邦聚落（「西域三十六國」之一的精絕國）遺址群，這裡地處古代絲綢之路西域南道要衝，曾繁榮一時。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/11/21/b07-1121.pdf
Naming
- https://www.ft.com/content/dea20996-2986-11e7-9ec8-168383da43b7 Chinese authorities in the western frontier region of Xinjiang have banned parents from giving newborns Muslim names such as “Mohammed” and “Jihad”, the latest clampdown on symbols of Islam in an ethnically fractious area of China.
- Urumqi as testing ground for eurasian economy http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201501/0113/HZ15113CZXX.pdf
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-07/02/content_21159897.htm The farm sector in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region will export more agricultural technology to countries in Central Asia as the Belt and Road Initiative is further implemented, officials and experts said. "The geographical and the natural conditions in Xinjiang are very similar to Central Asia. The initiative has created an once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for us to pitch our seeds, machinery and fertilizers to those countries," said Bao Zhenxing, deputy director of the administrative committee of the Xinjiang Changji National Agricultural Sci-Tech Park. Bao said that every year, the park receives more than 20 delegations from Central Asian countries that want more farm technology from the park. The zone is a pioneer in the implementation of agricultural technology in the western region of China. The park has established a western region agricultural research center, in a partnership with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which will pursue cooperation between China and Central Asian countries.
catholicism
- 亞洲天主教媒體近日報道，新疆政府日前指違建，下令拆除位於伊犁哈薩克自治州伊寧縣的天主教堂耶穌聖心堂，要求教徒須在本月19日前撤離，並預料會在一周內拆毀教堂。該教堂於2000年落成，2018年曾遭到破壞，教堂的十字架、圓頂和雕像被拆。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210226/00178_007.html
islam
- 关于白山派与黑山派名称的由来有以下几种说法：①当时取得蒙古人支持的为白山派， 获得拔达克山- 坎居提支持的为黑山派。②因穆罕买提·依敏的跟从者多居阿图什北面，有白色大山，故名白山派；伊斯哈克耶的信徒聚居在叶城、叶尔羌，西面有黑色大山，故名黑山派。③两派因追 随者以白旗、黑旗为标志而得名。后世逐渐衍变为白山派信徒戴白帽，黑山派信徒戴黑帽为标记。两派的教义基本一致，只是在斋拜仪书上略有不同。白山派主张默诵真主赞颂词。黑山派则主张朗诵赞颂词，两派为争夺政权进行了几十年的流血战争，直到乾隆二十四年（1759）清军平定大小和卓，统一南疆后，20世纪初，两派的区别才逐渐消失。17世纪中国新疆喀什噶尔和卓家族分 裂形成的伊斯兰教苏菲主义派别。与黑山派相对称。系维吾尔语Ak-taghlik的汉译。喀什噶尔和卓家族先祖麦赫杜姆·阿扎姆是中亚著名教义学家，在中 亚土库曼、哈萨克、塔吉克、乌兹别克等地享有盛名。他于16世纪中叶逝世后，留有13个儿子，长子依禅卡朗与弟伊斯哈格吾里因争夺教主继承权而分立门户， 在中亚马维阑纳儿(河中地区)形成对立两派。16世纪末至17世纪初，随着两派和卓进入新疆传教，这种斗争扩大到新疆各信仰伊斯兰教的民族中。由于两派矛 盾不断加深，其斗争形式也由宗教分歧演化为政治权力的角逐，以致发生武装冲突。这种对立从旗帜、标志和帽子颜色等外部特征上直接表现出来。以依禅卡朗为教 祖的一派称为“白柳派”、“白帽派”，以伊斯哈格吾里为教祖的一派称为“黑柳派”、“黑帽派”。两派并分别与不同地区骁勇善战的柯尔克孜部落结盟。当时居 住在喀什噶尔以北天山山脉西部的柯尔克孜部落追随依禅卡朗后裔，以“白山派”闻名，居住在帕米尔一带的柯尔克孜人则追随伊斯哈格系和卓，以“黑山派”闻 名。因此，两派便分别被称作“白山宗”、“白山派”和“黑山宗”、“黑山派”。17世纪80年代初，白山派领袖阿帕克和卓勾结准噶尔封建贵族出兵南疆后，开始了和卓封建教权统治，先后两次执政共16年半，并与黑山派分治南疆，管辖喀什噶尔地区7年。清代统一新疆时(1759)，镇压了白山派大小和卓之乱，大和卓波罗尼都长子萨木萨克逃至中亚浩罕，其后裔和卓自嘉庆末年(1820)起即开始不断举事入境肇乱，与黑山派纷争不休，直到近代白山派和卓败亡，白、黑两派间的宗教政治斗争方渐平息。
- https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2188216/last-king-xinjiang-how-bertram-sheldrake-went Chinese Turkestan, or Sinkiang (now Xinjiang), was, in the 1930s, subject to tribal rebellions and warlord uprisings. It was ultimately concluded by the chiefs of various tribes in the region that only an outsider (but necessarily a Muslim one) could bring unity to the region. Having read newspapers brought by travellers, they sent a delegation to south London to visit an Englishman who had caught their attention. Sheldrake was invited to assume the throne of Islamestan. Not being quite sure of the correct title for the new ruler, the British press helpfully offered some suggestions – “The Pickle King of Tartary”, “The English Emir of Kashgar”, “Lord of the Rooftop of the World”.Bertram William Sheldrake was born in the same year that Kipling’s cautionary tale was published, the son of Gosling Mullander Sheldrake (known simply as “George”), who ran the successful firm of G. Sheldrake, Manufacturers of Pickles, Sauces, Chutney, Ketchup, Vinegar, etc.; Bottlers of Capers, Curries, and other Condiments, located at 293-295 Albany Road, London, SE5. The business had done well since being founded in the 1870s, changing its name to the rather pedestrian South London Jam and Pickle Manufactory and then Sheldrake’s Pickles while trading up from the insalubrious surroundings of Southwark to the leafier environs of Denmark Hill.
Bertram must have been a precocious schoolboy. Although raised Catholic, in 1903, at the age of 15, he converted to Islam (then generally termed “Mohammedanism”), learned Arabic and changed his name to Khalid. British people converted for various reasons. For Headley and Pickthall, it seems to have been because of an aesthetic appreciation of the Middle East and “Arabia”. Similarly so for the Scottish noblewoman and Mayfair socialite Lady Evelyn Murray, who had grown up in Cairo and Algiers. She converted and became Zainab Cobbold, undertaking the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, several times. She was buried on her estate in the Scottish Highlands facing Mecca.
For others, such as Charles Hamilton, who converted in 1924, it was part of a wider search for order. Hamilton became Sir Abdullah Charles Edward Archibald Watkin Hamilton. A staunch Conservative, he would, in the 1930s, change tack and join Oswald Mosley’s far-right British Union of Fascists. Less extreme was well-known Liverpool solicitor and temperance advocate William Quilliam, who converted after visiting Morocco. Having changed his name to Abdullah Quilliam, he used a donation from Nasrullah Khan, the crown prince of Afghanistan, to buy three terraced houses, establishing the Liverpool Muslim Institute in one of them.The success of Sheldrake’s Pickles meant young Khalid didn’t need to work full-time for the family firm. He devoted his spare hours to Muslim causes, helping to found the journal Britain and India in 1920, launching the Muslim News Journal and serving as editor of The Minaret, an Islamic monthly based in London. He wrote frequently and sometimes provocatively. An article by Sheldrake in The Minaret in September 1927 suggesting Napoleon had flirted with conversion to Islam caused a stir on both sides of the English Channel. Dr Khalid Sheldrake, as he was now referred to in the newspapers (having been awarded an honorary Ecuadorean doctorate of literature), found a wife, Sybil, who also converted, becoming Mrs Ghazia Sheldrake. They had two sons, who they raised in the Muslim faith. The family set up home in a detached house on quiet Gaynesford Road, in Forest Hill. It had a decent-sized front drive, a well-tended rear garden and was only a short commute from the Denmark Hill pickle factory. Sheldrake worked hard and committed his resources to opening mosques in Britain. He was involved with the financing and construction of London’s first purpose-built mosque, in Wandsworth, in 1926 (previously, London’s Muslims had gathered in private houses). He organised another mosque in Peckham Rye, in the converted basement of a house he donated. Here, Sheldrake presided over his own group of activists and missionaries, the Western Islamic Association, which sought to spread the word of the Prophet among the Christian English. In 1927, it was reported that he had opened a mosque in East Dulwich, known as the Masjid-el-Dulwich, after raising funds through “Oriental Bazaars”.What is now known as
Xinjiang (“new frontier”), home to the Uygur people, was largely converted to Islam in the 9th and 10th centuries by Turkic Muslims. In the 1200s, Uygur rulers retained control of their kingdom by offering taxes and troops to the Mongol empire. Tribal alliances formed and collapsed, khanates came and went. By the time of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), part of the region was under Peking’s control and, by the 1870s, the Chinese considered it a province. All of this was (and, of course, still is) contentious and many tribal chiefs, warlords and political factions bickered, fought and brokered alliances only to break them the next day. China was the dominant influence, though the area was contested by first the Russian empire and then the Soviet Union, just over the border in Central Asia.
In November 1933, the Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (known simply as the ETR) was officially announced by various tribes and warlords who were united in their desire to form an Islamic kingdom with the city of Kashgar as its capital. It was decidedly not to be part of either the Chinese empire or the Soviet Union.https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2188216/last-king-xinjiang-how-bertram-sheldrake-went
The Uyghurs (/ˈwiːɡʊərz/, /uːiˈɡʊərz/) or Uighurs, are a Turkic people who live in Central and East Asia. As of 2019, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China, where they are one of China's fifty-five officially-recognized ethnic minorities. Uyghurs primarily practice Islam.
- In the Uyghur language, the ethnonym is written ئۇيغۇر in Arabic script, Уйгур in Russian, Уйғур in Uyghur Cyrillic, and Uyghur or Uygur (as the standard romanisation in Chinese GB 3304-1991) in Latin;[29] they are all pronounced as [ʔʊjˈʁʊː]. In Chinese, this is transcribed into characters as 维吾尔 / 維吾爾, which is romanized in pinyin as Wéiwú'ěr. In English, the name is officially spelt "Uyghur" by the Xinjiang government[32] but also appears as "Uighur", "Uigur", and "Uygur". (These reflect the various Cyrillic spellings Уиғур, Уигур, and Уйгур.) The name is usually pronounced in English as /ˈwiːɡʊər/,[20] although some Uyghurs and Uyghur scholars have advocated for using the closer pronunciation /uːiˈɡʊər/ instead.[21][22] The original meaning of the term is unclear. Old Turkic inscriptions record a word uyɣur[33] (𐰺𐰍𐰖𐰆),[34] which was transcribed into Tang annals as 回纥 / 回紇 (now Huíhé, but probably *[ɣuɒiɣət] in Middle Chinese).[35] It was used as the name of one of the Turkic polities formed in the interim between the First and Second Göktürk Khaganates (AD 630-684).[36] The Old History of the Five Dynasties records that in 788 or 809 the Chinese acceded to a Uyghur request and emended their transcription to 回鹘 / 回鶻 (now Huíhú, but [ɣuɒiɣuət] in Middle Chinese).[37] Modern etymological explanations for the name "Uyghur" have ranged from derivation from the verb "follow, accommodate oneself"[20] and adjective "non-rebellious" (i.e., from Turkic uy/uð-) to the verb meaning "wake, rouse, or stir" (i.e., from Turkic oðğur-). None of these is thought to be satisfactory because the sound shift of /ð/ and /ḏ/ to /j/ does not appear to have taken place by this time. The etymology therefore cannot be conclusively determined, and its referent is also difficult to fix. The "Huihe" and "Huihu" seem to have been a political rather than a tribal designation or to have just been one group among several others collectively known as the Toquz Oghuz. The name fell out of use in the 15th century, but it was reintroduced in the early 20th century by the Soviet Bolsheviks to replace the previous terms "Turk" and "Turki". It is presently used to refer to the settled Turkic urban dwellers and farmers of the Tarim Basin who follow traditional Central Asian sedentary practices, distinguishable from the nomadic Turkic populations in Central Asia. The Uyghurs also appear in Chinese records under other names. The earliest record to a Uyghur tribe appears in accounts from the Northern Wei (4th–6th century A.D.). They are described as the 高车 / 高車 (lit. "High Carts"), now read as Gāochē but with the reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciation *[kɑutɕʰĭa]. This in turn has been connected to the Uyghur Qangqil (قاڭقىل or Қаңқил). They were later known as the Tiele (铁勒 / 鐵勒, Tiělè).
- ft 17dec18 "forced labour emerged in china camps" 中國被指在新疆設立「再教育營」關押大量維族人，近日有美國傳媒指，營內人士被強迫在工廠工作，提供無償或低價勞動力，產品更被出口至海外市場。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181219/00178_005.html
- https://www.wsj.com/articles/western-companies-get-tangled-in-chinas-muslim-clampdown-11558017472 Adidas AG, Hennes & Mauritz AB, Kraft Heinz Co., Coca-Cola Co. and Gap Inc. are among those at the end of the long, often opaque supply chains that travel through China’s northwest region of Xinjiang. Residents there are routinely forced into training programs that feed workers to area factories, according to locals, official notices and state media.
- 中國政府被指在新疆設立「再教育營」，關押大批維族回教徒，引發國際社會關注，不過包括回教國家在內的三十七個國家的駐瑞士日內瓦大使，上周五聯署致函聯合國，為中國對新疆問題的政策辯護。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190714/00178_010.html
- 有美媒周三報道，有份聯署的卡塔爾近日宣布退出，並稱聯名信將損害該國外交政策，希望保持中立，並提供調解和協調。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190823/00178_008.html
- people
- 伯锡尔，哈密回王，其受封始祖曰额贝都拉，畏兀儿种人。 康熙中，献玉门、瓜州地，立为一等紥萨克。再传曰额敏，晋封贝子。传玉素卜，晋封贝勒，加郡王衔。三传至伯锡尔，於道光十二年进封郡王。同治三年，以助开渠功，加亲王衔，署理哈密帮办大臣。会南、北路各城叛回煽变，八月二十九日，哈密汉装回匪马兆强、马环等焚掠附城村庄，伯锡尔及办事大臣文祺率回丁出战，斩兆强、环，馀党溃，叙功赏用黄缰。九月初二日，图古里克回匪马添才戕税局吏役及汉民七十馀家，南攻沁城，伯锡尔令章京巴海、守备赵英杰追捕，至北山板房沟，斩添才。
- 哈密回王陵位于新疆哈密市区西南1公里，又称哈密王墓，该陵墓位于哈密市西郊回城沙枣井。陵墓建筑群占地面积约1.3公顷，四周有围墙。建筑群共分三部分：第一部分膸大拱拜（即回王坟），埋葬着七世回王伯锡尔及其大小福晋，八世回王默哈莫德及其王妃、王族40人。该墓为新疆著名的伊斯兰建筑，下方上圆，通高17.8米，建筑面积1500平方米，雄伟壮观素雅庄重。第二部分是南边的五座亭式木结构小拱拜，东西排列，为历代回王陵墓，现完整保存的只有两座。第三部分为艾提卡大清真寺，该寺东西长60米，南北宽36米，占地2280平方米，可容纳5000人做礼拜。大寺顶棚内由108根雕花木柱承重，四壁饰花卉图案及阿拉伯文古兰经，是哈密地区最大清真寺。维吾尔族称之为“阿勒同勒克”(意为黄金之地)。1709年第一代哈密王--扎萨克额贝都拉死后便葬于此。从此这里便成为清代哈密历代回王的墓葬建筑群。
现在的回王陵建筑群由大拱背、小拱背和大清真寺 (艾提卡清真)等三部分组成。大清真寺殿高大宽阔，可容纳5000人同时礼拜，史料记载，该寺修建于一世回王额贝都拉时期（即康熙年间）。四世回王玉素甫时（1740年－1760年间）和六世回王额尔德锡时（1740年－1813年间）曾两次扩建。同治六年(1867年)七世回王白锡尔死后，清廷追封他为硕亲王，并拨专款修建大拱背(即回王坟)。
- 新疆維吾爾族富商兼慈善家阿卜杜勒加帕爾（Abdughapar Abdurusul），疑因未獲中國政府批准及未有參加特定朝聖旅行團，自行到沙特阿拉伯回教聖城麥加朝聖，被中國當局判處死刑，目前等待執行。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181223/00178_003.html
- [booklet by china national tourist association] 库木塔格 means sand dunes
- 248年前，成吉思汗的一支後裔、英雄的土爾扈特蒙古部落，在年輕首領渥巴錫率領下歷盡千辛萬苦「東歸」回到了祖國懷抱。他們中的一部分被安置在現今新疆博爾塔拉蒙古自治州境內。歲月荏苒，昔日因這裡有「小榆樹」而得名的「決肯村」（「決肯」，蒙古語「小榆樹」），如今已是「舊貌變新顏」，成為中哈邊境線上的「明星村莊」、博爾塔拉蒙古自治州首個集中蓋別墅的「別墅村」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/09/29/a12-0929.pdf
Facts
- china daily pages on 60th anniversary of autonomous region china daily 2oct15
arts and crafts
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/07/a22-1107.pdf 新疆維吾爾自治區博物館推出《瀚海霓 裳——新疆古代服飾精品展》，從小河 墓地發現的斗篷、腰衣，到樓蘭、尼 雅、山普拉、吐魯番等地出土的奢華精 美漢唐絲綢服飾；從錦、繡、綾、羅、 綺、絹、紗到毛罽、織繡、花蕊布等品 類繁多的服飾衣料；從海貝、羽毛等素 雅的衣飾到貼金、織金、瑞符、珠飾、 敷彩等典雅華貴的等級之體現；從樸素 衣裳之初具到服飾文化禮制規約之創 成，展示了新疆古代服飾文化的博大精 深、絢麗多姿。
- 毛織物是我國古代先民的重要衣 着原料，早在原始社會即已出現。 在文獻中，毛織品被稱為褐、斜 褐、絨褐、罽、絨錦、氍毹。除營 盤遺址外，新疆哈密的五堡和焉布 拉克、鄯善的蘇貝希、吐魯番的艾 丁湖、和靜的察吾乎溝、且末的扎 袞魯克、若羌的樓蘭和米蘭、民豐 的尼雅、於田的克里雅和屋於來 克、洛浦的山普拉、巴楚的托庫孜 薩來等墓葬和遺址中都發現過大量 的毛織物。 關於罽一類的毛織物，《漢書 ．西域傳》罽賓「織罽，刺文 繡。」《後漢書．西域傳》大秦 「刺金縷繡、織成金縷繡、雜色 縷」，「又有細布，或言『水羊 毳』。」天竺「西與大秦通， 有大秦珍物。又有細布、好 毾（登毛）。」郭璞註《詩經》 說「胡人績羊毛作衣曰罽。」 《 說 文 》 說 「 罽 ， 西 胡 毳 布 也。」後人說到罽有斑罽、絳 罽、紫青罽、豹頭罽、鹿子罽和 花紋罽等等。漢高祖劉邦八年詔 令「賈人勿得服錦繡綺縠絺紵 罽。」可見漢初罽已較為多見。 「營盤美男」臉上的麻質面具被 認為是從埃及傳過來的，並且融合 了中原的貼金工藝。據 悉，貼金是漢魏時期較為 盛行的工藝。營盤、樓蘭 以及孔雀河沿岸漢墓中屢 有發現。其特點是將捶打 得極薄、不加背襯的金 箔，按所需形狀、尺寸切 割，然後用黏合劑黏貼在 織物上。 營盤貼金印花的圖案有圓形、方 形、三角形和用這些金飾組成的簡 單的幾何形花紋。小型花紋多裝飾 在織物接縫處的鑲邊上、衣緣上， 花形較大的一般裝飾在下襬上，貼 金還常常和貼繡結合。「營盤美 男」所着絹內袍的前胸、領口、絹 面氈襪的襪面襪底、腰間所掛香囊 的鑲邊上都見有幾何形的貼金貼繡 花紋。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/07/a22-1107.pdf
archaeology
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201701/0122/HT01122CFMM.pdf
History
- etymology
Facts
- china daily pages on 60th anniversary of autonomous region china daily 2oct15
arts and crafts
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/07/a22-1107.pdf 新疆維吾爾自治區博物館推出《瀚海霓 裳——新疆古代服飾精品展》，從小河 墓地發現的斗篷、腰衣，到樓蘭、尼 雅、山普拉、吐魯番等地出土的奢華精 美漢唐絲綢服飾；從錦、繡、綾、羅、 綺、絹、紗到毛罽、織繡、花蕊布等品 類繁多的服飾衣料；從海貝、羽毛等素 雅的衣飾到貼金、織金、瑞符、珠飾、 敷彩等典雅華貴的等級之體現；從樸素 衣裳之初具到服飾文化禮制規約之創 成，展示了新疆古代服飾文化的博大精 深、絢麗多姿。
- 毛織物是我國古代先民的重要衣 着原料，早在原始社會即已出現。 在文獻中，毛織品被稱為褐、斜 褐、絨褐、罽、絨錦、氍毹。除營 盤遺址外，新疆哈密的五堡和焉布 拉克、鄯善的蘇貝希、吐魯番的艾 丁湖、和靜的察吾乎溝、且末的扎 袞魯克、若羌的樓蘭和米蘭、民豐 的尼雅、於田的克里雅和屋於來 克、洛浦的山普拉、巴楚的托庫孜 薩來等墓葬和遺址中都發現過大量 的毛織物。 關於罽一類的毛織物，《漢書 ．西域傳》罽賓「織罽，刺文 繡。」《後漢書．西域傳》大秦 「刺金縷繡、織成金縷繡、雜色 縷」，「又有細布，或言『水羊 毳』。」天竺「西與大秦通， 有大秦珍物。又有細布、好 毾（登毛）。」郭璞註《詩經》 說「胡人績羊毛作衣曰罽。」 《 說 文 》 說 「 罽 ， 西 胡 毳 布 也。」後人說到罽有斑罽、絳 罽、紫青罽、豹頭罽、鹿子罽和 花紋罽等等。漢高祖劉邦八年詔 令「賈人勿得服錦繡綺縠絺紵 罽。」可見漢初罽已較為多見。 「營盤美男」臉上的麻質面具被 認為是從埃及傳過來的，並且融合 了中原的貼金工藝。據 悉，貼金是漢魏時期較為 盛行的工藝。營盤、樓蘭 以及孔雀河沿岸漢墓中屢 有發現。其特點是將捶打 得極薄、不加背襯的金 箔，按所需形狀、尺寸切 割，然後用黏合劑黏貼在 織物上。 營盤貼金印花的圖案有圓形、方 形、三角形和用這些金飾組成的簡 單的幾何形花紋。小型花紋多裝飾 在織物接縫處的鑲邊上、衣緣上， 花形較大的一般裝飾在下襬上，貼 金還常常和貼繡結合。「營盤美 男」所着絹內袍的前胸、領口、絹 面氈襪的襪面襪底、腰間所掛香囊 的鑲邊上都見有幾何形的貼金貼繡 花紋。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/07/a22-1107.pdf
archaeology
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201701/0122/HT01122CFMM.pdf
History
- etymology
- [barnett] sinkiang (1940s) -- > chinese turkestan
- 在新疆眾多歷史古城中，位於吐魯番的高 昌和交河是保存得最好的兩座。在公元前那裏 已經大規模屯田，那時是漢代。漢武帝派出的 西征師旅路經火焰山麓時，部分病弱殘兵已無 力舉步。無奈之下只好把病弱的留下，讓他們 屯田自養──這標誌着中原漢人在西域定居下 來，始自漢朝。後來東晉在此設高昌郡，東部 成為高昌郡的轄地，西部交河為中心。隨着歷 史煙雲變幻，高昌數易其主，卻始終沒有更動 過城名。 高昌故城分內外兩區。城內有一條光滑的 黃土古道，那是歲月留下顯著痕跡。高昌數易其主，麴氏王朝未滅於唐前，玄 奘去印度取經，路過高昌，國王親自率領王后 和一眾大臣在城外歡迎，懇請玄奘說法。每次 國王必持香前來引路；玄奘上座，國王跪下為 階。後來聽法的信眾越來越多，國王要求玄奘 取消取經，強留繼續為高昌國導法。玄奘去意 堅決，絕食明志，國王遂開出條件，歸來時留 在高昌一年，玄奘答應了。臨別國王送他許多 禮物，並修書二十四封，請沿途二十四個小國 的國王，讓玄奘順利過境。當玄奘取經歸來， 國王已經死了，高昌也滅亡了，歸屬為唐朝的 西州。高昌迭起興衰之快，由此可見一斑。 交河與高昌是同樣命運的兩座故城，同樣 毀於十三世紀末。最早是車師國的都城，創建 時間比高昌更早。車師滅亡後，交河成為麴氏 高昌的軍事重鎮。入唐之後，一直是屯駐重兵 的堡壘。作為軍事重鎮的交河，也因此飽經戰 火蹂躪，歷盡滄桑。 交河地形奇特，它是一個島。坐落在河床 高拔突起三十多米高的土台上。從高處看，像 是一艘停泊的航空母艦。城下被兩道河水環抱 着，分流的河水流到尾端再度交匯，故名交 河。交河的形狀宛如一片柳葉，兩端狹長，中 間較寬。四周峭崖如刀削。交河為兵家必爭之 地，並且一直作為軍事重鎮，原因就在於其易 守難攻的地形。 交河也和高昌一樣，是土坯迭壘而成的城 池。沒有樹木，沒有城牆。城內一條中心大 道，縱貫全城，將城分為東西兩個部分。並分 劃出王家、貴族、官家、行政官署等區，其餘 的是寺院、佛塔、商市和平民區。平民區縱橫 交錯着許多小巷橫路，再將民居分割成多個小 區。小區的房舍是從土崖上往下掏空而成。換 言之，交河像是戰壕般的地下城，是從地表往 下挖的城池，有的深達十餘米，所以牆都很 高，卻沒有窗戶。有的土牆上至今仍可看到一 些洞孔，其作用是將支撐的木樁打進洞孔裏。 大道盡頭是一座全城最大的寺院，也是唯一的 磚瓦建築。除了高大的寺院和佛塔以外，一些 民居、水井、釀酒、製鞋的作坊也清晰可辨。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210405/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- [barnett]very little is known about the sarakol revolt which took place in the region of southwestern sinkiang around tashkurgan, near the borders of india, afghanistan, and the soviet union. It started about aug1945 and lasted for roughly a year during which time the revolting forces threatend kargalik, yarkand, and to a lesser extent, kahsgar. The timing of the trouble suggests that it might have been a diversionary incident, designed to distract the chinese authorities from the more important probles related to the ili revolt. In a similar way, the periodic attacks by outer mongolia, a satellite of soviet union, upon peitashan (both outer mongolia and china claim the range) may have been attempts to give indirect assistance to the ili group. The ili group in ining have set up an autonomous regime called east turkestan republic (use own flag bearing a white star and crescent on a green background). The three administrative districts of ili, tacheng, and ashan, are controlled by the ining govt. Although the leadership is predominantly uighur(russian-educated or pro-russian) , the population in the region is predominantly non-uighur (majority being kazakhs (53pc), followed by uighurs and taranchis (23pc together)
- artefacts
- 丹丹烏里克（今新疆和田境內）遺址發現的 木版彩畫證實蠶種西漸傳說- 貴婦人把蠶 種藏在帽子裏 帶到于闐; 新疆古樓蘭遺址出土的絲 綢殘片 「漢代長葆子孫錦」; 新疆于田縣克里雅遺址出土的玻璃珠 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210405/PDF/b1_screen.pdf
world bank
- 世界銀行日前宣布，已停止一項資助中國新疆職業學校的計劃，但又指出未有證據證實計劃中的貸款，被用於資助當地的回教再教育營。中國外交部發言人耿爽周二回應稱，世銀是對新疆的職教項目作出調整，而有關的報告只是澄清事實。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191113/00178_005.html
USA
- 新疆人權狀況近年成為西方國家關注的議題，美國參議院周三審議通過《新疆人權政策法案》，要求美國政府就新疆問題向中國施壓。中國外交部發言人華春瑩周四呼籲美方摒棄冷戰思維，停止推動有關法案。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190913/00178_015.html
- 美國有超過四十名國會議員，於當地時間上周五再次致函特朗普政府，敦促制裁中國新疆涉侵犯當地維吾爾族人及其他少數民族權益的官員，當中包括新疆黨委書記陳全國（圖）。據了解，上述的多名議員，包括美國參議員魯比奧（Marco Rubio）、麥戈文等人。他們表示，上周五是二○○九年新疆烏魯木齊「七．五騷亂」發生十周年，「在這個悲傷的周年紀念日，我們再次呼籲讓中國官員承擔責任」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190707/00178_004.html
- The US Commerce Department on Monday added 11 Chinese companies implicated in what it called human rights violations in connection with the treatment of Uygurs in Xinjiang to the US economic blacklist.The department said the companies were involved in using forced labour by Uygurs and other Muslim minority groups. They include numerous textile companies and two firms throse government said were conducting genetic analyses used to further the repression of Uygurs and other Muslim minorities.Blacklisted firms cannot buy components from US companies without US government approval.It was the third group of companies and others in China added to the US entity list, after two rounds in which the Trump administration cited 37 companies and others that it said were involved in China’s repression in Xinjiang.The companies added to the blacklist include Nanchang O-Film Tech, a supplier for Apple’s iPhone, which hosted Apple chief executive Tim Cook in December 2017, according to O-Film’s website. It is also a supplier to Amazon and Microsoft, according to an April congressional letter. The US companies did not immediately comment.The list includes two subsidiaries of Beijing Genomics Institute, a genomics company with ties to the Chinese government, Senator Marco Rubio said.Also added are KTK Group, which produces more than 2,000 products used to build high-speed trains, from electronics to seats, and Tanyuan Technology, which assembles high thermal conductive graphite reinforced aluminium composites.Another company is Changji Esquel Textile, which Esquel Group launched in 2009. Esquel Group produces clothing for Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss. In April, Esquel denied it used forced labour in Xinjiang.Also on the blacklist is Hetian Haolin Hair Accessories. On May 1, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) said it was halting imports of the company’s hair products, citing evidence of forced labour.https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3093992/us-blacklists-more-11-chinese-firms-over-treatment
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 美国美腾能源集团与1998年与新疆风能公司达成协议，合建风电场
- A delegation from China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region visited New York on Saturday, promoting mutual understanding and communication by holding discussions with leaders of overseas Chinese communities, local cultural organizations and scholars from local think tanks.http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-10/30/content_33907463.htm
- cotton
- Trade records show that the United States has sold nearly half a billion dollars’ worth of heavy-duty cotton-harvesting equipment to Xinjiang since 2017, helping the region produce one-fifth of the world’s cotton.Apparel companies have faced huge pressure to divest from supply chains linked to forced labour in Xinjiang. But so far, the firms making and selling the equipment used in Xinjiang’s vast cotton country have flown under the radar. "The XPCC has made important contributions to promoting Xinjiang’s development, ethnic unity, social stability and border security – living in harmony with all ethnic groups as a friendly and supportive companion,” Wang said.The dominant XPCC has jurisdiction over seven cities in Xinjiang, including Beitun and Shihezi, where there are multiple John Deere dealerships.One cotton farmer in Shihezi named Qiao said he was trying to buy a second-hand John Deere cotton picker to use in the city’s plentiful cotton fields. He and all the farmers around him are using John Deere – “because it is highly efficient and usually works well”.After harvesting, he said, he sells his cotton to a company affiliated with the XPCC.https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3096510/us-farm-brand-john-deere-forefront-surging-cotton-machinery
canada
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 加拿大兴盛国际资源公司and新疆哈巴河县黄金公司 cooperation agreement in 1999
europe
- 日前，滿載44節車廂核桃 與核桃仁的 「和田─喀什─烏 魯木齊集拼集運貨運班列」 轉 中歐班列，預計在18天至20天後抵達終點 站土耳其梅爾辛港。這是新疆林果產品第 一次以專列的形式出口國際市場。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191229/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
russia
- [barnett] the Ili army (dominated by uighurs) have received aid from the russians. They also wear a russian-type uniform. They maintain complete military control of territory in sinkiang west of manas river and in three administrative districts under the Ili regime.Russians are supervising the operation of gold mines under ili control, as well as the fuwen and wenchuan tungsten mines. They are said to be obtaining large amounts of wheat, wool, and animal products, as well as gold and tungsten, from ili territory. Russian trade with sinkiang has expanded rapidly with completion of main line of turk-sib railway in 1930. Materials of interest to russia- tungsten, oil and gold. During the initial and critical stages of ili revolt, russians followed an ominous policy of enlisting soviet citizens within sinkiang by granting citizenship papers to large numbers of native people, many of whom had never been in soviet union. Almost the only tangible asset now belonging to the soviet union in sinkiang is the sino-soviet airline, which operates biweekly flights between alma ata and hami. This corporation was set up under a special ten-year sino-soviet agreement signed in 1939.
Spain
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2015-09/02/content_15311753.html Yantai Changyu Pioneer Wine Company Ltd, a leading winery based in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, is planning to take a 75 percent stake in the Spanish wine maker Dicot Partners SL, which officials said will help the Chinese firm globalize its brand portfolio. The company is set to spend a total 26.25 million euros (US$29.5 million) on the acquisition. The stake is being bought from Spanish firms ComercialGatar and Gestion Ganuza, both of which will be left with equal shares of the remaining 25 percent of the business. Dicot Partners is considered among the top five Spanish wine producers. It has annual capacity of 16,000 metric tons, spread across seven wine brands. Over half of its revenue is from exports, just 1 percent of which is sold in China.
Spain
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2015-09/02/content_15311753.html Yantai Changyu Pioneer Wine Company Ltd, a leading winery based in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, is planning to take a 75 percent stake in the Spanish wine maker Dicot Partners SL, which officials said will help the Chinese firm globalize its brand portfolio. The company is set to spend a total 26.25 million euros (US$29.5 million) on the acquisition. The stake is being bought from Spanish firms ComercialGatar and Gestion Ganuza, both of which will be left with equal shares of the remaining 25 percent of the business. Dicot Partners is considered among the top five Spanish wine producers. It has annual capacity of 16,000 metric tons, spread across seven wine brands. Over half of its revenue is from exports, just 1 percent of which is sold in China.
central asia
- 致力于打造丝绸之路经济带核心区区域性金融中心的新疆，日前投资81.77亿元人民币在乌鲁木齐经济技术开发区（头屯河区）建设首个金融服务综合体—国际金融服务中心，预计“十三五”期间全部建成。届时，该中心将领跑中亚区域金融中心建设发展。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170923/PDF/a14_screen.pdf Eurasia
- 中國 亞歐博覽會 http://en.caeexpo.org/
Kazakhstan
- 中國 亞歐博覽會 http://en.caeexpo.org/
Kazakhstan
- [barnett] kazakhs at the time of 1948 - they are organised tribally. There are three main tribes - naiman, concentrated in ili district (many of them in soviet union); kirei, formerly concentrated in ashan district but no spread over several regions, including the tien shan; auwak, scattered in small, unimportant groups throughout northern sinkiang. These tribes are supposed to be related through close blood ties. Each has a chief called the wang (a chinese title, meaning prince, bestowed on chiefs during the manchu period).The main tribes are broken down into subtribes. The kazakhs also have a number of popular leaders called bator (hero) who have achieved a position of prominence and leadership through their heroism and military prowess. The women look medieval in their long skirts and muslim headgear (complete cover except for their oval faces) and do most of the routine work. The men dress in high black boots and wear colorful fur-lined, silk-covered bonnets, spend most of their time riding through the mountains.
- http://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X0A5JIX/hktdc-research/China-Kazakhstan-Border-Co-operation-in-Xinjiang?utm_source=enews&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=hkmb-edm In September 2011, the State Council issued Several Opinions on Supporting the Building of the Kashgar and Khorgas Economic Development Zones, which clearly spelled out the relevant supporting policies and established Khorgas' special position in the opening up of Xinjiang, and indeed China, to the outside world. Khorgas was officially established as a city in September 2014 and combines the characteristics of a border area, a customs checkpoint, a commercial city and an international city. It is positioned as a gateway for international trade "linking the east and the west" and a bridgehead for opening up to the west. Khorgas, the westernmost port of China, is an important trading port between China and Kazakhstan as well as a node for the opening up of Xinjiang and China as a whole to the Silk Road Economic Belt and other countries and regions. An increase in Chinese exports to Central Asia in the past few years has attracted many logistics service suppliers to set up business in Khorgas. Apart from local firms, there are also logistics companies from other provinces. These serve not just local enterprises in Ili and Xinjiang but also provide transportation, customs clearance and other logistical support to traders and manufacturers outside the northwestern region in their exports to Central Asia. According to reports, the number of companies providing foreign-related warehousing and logistics services in this city has increased from 13 in 2013 to 49 at present. The number of international freight forwarding agents has also increased to 100.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/06/a22-0606.pdf 新疆中哈霍爾果斯國際邊境合作中心（簡稱「合作中心」）哈方區已於本月1日開關運營。開關運營後，哈薩克共和國公民可持身份證進出合作中心，未成年公民也可憑出生證明，由一位家長陪同進出合作中心。同時，霍爾果斯口岸簽證業務料將於下月正式啟動。由霍爾果斯市委副書記、市長莫拉力．阿不都滿金帶隊赴合作中心哈方區與哈方總裁哈米托夫．阿思哈特．扎思別克維奇等相關負責人，近日進行了第四次工作會晤並達成共識。除哈方區開關運營外，由哈方投建的總面積20,000平方米的新型市場，將於9月投入使用。
Pakistan
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160410/00178_006.html 新疆維吾爾自治區黨委書記張春賢本月三至六日到訪巴基斯坦，期間新疆企業與巴基斯坦政府及企業簽署一系列合作協議，涉及國際物流、民生項目等，新疆能源企業特變電工與巴基斯坦尼沙特集團，簽訂近二十億美元（約一百五十六億港元）的火力發電站項目合作協議。
china
- http://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X0A5JIX/hktdc-research/China-Kazakhstan-Border-Co-operation-in-Xinjiang?utm_source=enews&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=hkmb-edm In September 2011, the State Council issued Several Opinions on Supporting the Building of the Kashgar and Khorgas Economic Development Zones, which clearly spelled out the relevant supporting policies and established Khorgas' special position in the opening up of Xinjiang, and indeed China, to the outside world. Khorgas was officially established as a city in September 2014 and combines the characteristics of a border area, a customs checkpoint, a commercial city and an international city. It is positioned as a gateway for international trade "linking the east and the west" and a bridgehead for opening up to the west. Khorgas, the westernmost port of China, is an important trading port between China and Kazakhstan as well as a node for the opening up of Xinjiang and China as a whole to the Silk Road Economic Belt and other countries and regions. An increase in Chinese exports to Central Asia in the past few years has attracted many logistics service suppliers to set up business in Khorgas. Apart from local firms, there are also logistics companies from other provinces. These serve not just local enterprises in Ili and Xinjiang but also provide transportation, customs clearance and other logistical support to traders and manufacturers outside the northwestern region in their exports to Central Asia. According to reports, the number of companies providing foreign-related warehousing and logistics services in this city has increased from 13 in 2013 to 49 at present. The number of international freight forwarding agents has also increased to 100.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/06/a22-0606.pdf 新疆中哈霍爾果斯國際邊境合作中心（簡稱「合作中心」）哈方區已於本月1日開關運營。開關運營後，哈薩克共和國公民可持身份證進出合作中心，未成年公民也可憑出生證明，由一位家長陪同進出合作中心。同時，霍爾果斯口岸簽證業務料將於下月正式啟動。由霍爾果斯市委副書記、市長莫拉力．阿不都滿金帶隊赴合作中心哈方區與哈方總裁哈米托夫．阿思哈特．扎思別克維奇等相關負責人，近日進行了第四次工作會晤並達成共識。除哈方區開關運營外，由哈方投建的總面積20,000平方米的新型市場，將於9月投入使用。
- 隨着「一帶一路」戰略構想的逐步推進，中國企業與沿線國家在基礎設施、能源、港口、金融等諸多領域的互利合作消息也頻繁傳來，然而大單簽訂背後依然有着例如法律法規糾紛、風俗習慣難融等系列問題，雙邊經貿往來中似乎「隔」了些什麼。對此，全國政協委員、《中國作家》前主編、哈薩克族作家艾克拜爾．米吉提在接受本報專訪時表示，中國經濟走出去，必須文化先行，要讓當地的消費者真正了解、認可中國，才會具備持久的國際競爭力。「比起鋼筋水泥，終極競爭應是人心的競爭，而人心只有文化才能突破。」他說，「經濟競爭最終還是文化的競爭。」http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/05/28/a17-0528.pdf- 新疆海關人員日前在克拉瑪依市錦泰國際物流園的跨境電商公共監管倉內啟動「電子商務通關服務平台」，用「清單核放、匯總申報」的通關模式，成功辦理了新疆第一票跨境電子商務出口零售業務。據悉，當日通關貨物共502件，是由服裝和手提包等商品組成的百貨類快件小包。其中，102件貨物是由新疆本地服裝企業所生產的服裝。貨值約2萬美元，均出口到哈薩克斯坦。此舉也標誌着設立在克拉瑪依錦泰國際物流園內的新疆首個跨境電商監管倉正式運營，該監管倉圍網面積9,326平方米，將為新疆製造及外貿企業拓展出口新通道，助力產業升級。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/22/b06-0622.pdf
india
- Chitai or Jethai is a village on the Almora-Pithoragarh highway, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Almora in Uttarakhand state, India. It is known for the temple of Golu Devata.
- [barnett] to double confirm if it is the same place - osman bator, kazakh hero at the time of 1948 living in chitai, south of tien shan
Pakistan
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160410/00178_006.html 新疆維吾爾自治區黨委書記張春賢本月三至六日到訪巴基斯坦，期間新疆企業與巴基斯坦政府及企業簽署一系列合作協議，涉及國際物流、民生項目等，新疆能源企業特變電工與巴基斯坦尼沙特集團，簽訂近二十億美元（約一百五十六億港元）的火力發電站項目合作協議。
china
- [barnett] sinkiang was china's principal front door and pathway to central asia and the west. Its importance increased in middle of 19thc at the time when british imperialism consolidating in northern india and russian imperialism expanding throughout central asia. In 1851 and 1860, russians established consulates n ili and kashgar respectively and began urging chinese to oppose the british actively. The british, even though they were supporting the manchus in coastal china, respnded by supporting a muslim adventurer named yakub beg (native of khokand) in a revolt against chinese rule.a preliminary sino-russian treay in 1879 gave russia valuable parts of the region, an indemnity for occupation costs, and commercial privileges, but this treaty was denounced by the peking govt. A treaty in 1881 settling the problem was signed and the ili region was retained by chinese and evacuated by russians.Sinkiang was made into a chinese province in 1882.From 1911 to 1944, sinkiang broke away from cpg and was ruled by a succession of chinese warlords each of whom received recognition by first peking govt and then nanking: yunnanese yang tseng-hsin (he concluded a trade agreement with soviets in 1920s and allowed five soviet offices for commerce and foreign affairs to be opened in the province. Formal sino- soviet diplomatic relations was est in 1924. He was assassinated in 1928); yang's subordinate chin shu-jen, a kansu man (he signed a new agreement with soviet govt permitting a no of trade agency offices to be opened in sinkiang and reducing customs levies on trade bw sinkiang and soviet union. He tried to abolish princedom but hami revolt broke out in 1932 and white russian officers launched a coup); manchurian sheng shih-ts'ai took power in 1933 (he had been educated at hsaokwan military academy and in japan. He set up a sheng-soviet provincial regime in 1937 to counter the puppet mongol regime of ma chung-ying and japan. Several hundred soviet advisers were attached to the govt. In 1942 sheng re-oriented his policy toward china and began arresting russians and pro-russians. Soviets withdrew in 1943. He was eased out of his ruling position of an oppressive govt in 1944 and was shited to a powerless post in the central govt as minister of agriculture and forestry); central govt appointed wu chung-hsin as governor in 1944 and revolt shortly broke out in ili valley proclaiming the establishment of an east turkestan republic.General chang chih-chung was sent to find a peaceful solution.The russians then stepped in as mediators. Peace agreements were signed in 1945 and 46. A coalition government was formed with most of top-level posts in provincial govt filled by non-han political figures, though chang chih-chung was governor. Following more unrests and protests, masud sabri (uighur) was appointed as governor in 1947.
shanghai
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 上海市政府和新疆签订合作协议，在新疆设立上海产品销售中心, selling shanghai products to european and former soviet union states
wenzhou
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] there were nearly 80,000 wenzhou individually owned stores there selling products from zhejiang; a wenzhou shangmao cheng was being built in urumqi
guangdong
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china]1999年八月广州市对外贸易总公司，广州对外服务贸易有限公司与新疆乌鲁木齐经济技术开发区建成广货商城
Taiwan
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160223/PDF/a19_screen.pdf來自寶島台灣的50餘家旅行社，共計67位老總組團考察新疆旅遊市場，旨在實現兩地旅遊資源對接，展開兩地全面的旅遊合作。據悉，受新疆旅遊局和新疆旅遊產業聯盟共同邀請，來自台灣各地的旅行社老總們，于19日至23日在烏魯木齊、昌吉州、五家渠市、吐魯番市等地考察，精品景點有5A級景區天山天池、絲綢之路滑雪場、交河故城、坎兒井、鄯善縣沙漠公園、火焰山等，並將觀看大型室內實景民族歌舞秀《千回西域》、野馬生態園等。 新疆旅遊界人士指出，是次台灣旅行社組團考察新疆，並舉辦“新疆─台灣旅遊資源對接會”，新疆旅遊產業聯盟將組織本地優秀旅行社與台灣旅遊企業對接，以加強雙方遊客互送。這將為強勢復甦的新疆旅遊業注入新的活力。
Hong Kong
- official visit
- 保安局副局長區志光前日率領新成立的跨部門反恐專責組成員到新疆訪問五日，與當地就反恐工作進行交流，下周一返港。保安局發言人證實，區志光率領代表團，與相關單位就反恐有關事宜進行交流，代表團成員包括跨部門反恐專責組內六個紀律部隊的人員。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181208/00176_029.html
- association
- 香港新疆聯誼會創會典禮日前於香港環球貿易廣場「天際100」觀景台舉行。典禮特邀中聯辦社聯部副部長黎寶忠、新疆維吾爾自治區工商聯副主席盧平、香港商務及經濟發展局副局長梁敬國等蒞臨主禮。守正基金（香港）行政總裁翟普榮膺香港新疆聯誼會創會主席，來自香港及新疆的賓主150餘人聚首一堂，同申慶賀。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/11/a13-0611.pdf
- mission to HK
- 新疆兵團港辦投資招商會 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/05/20/b07-0520.pdf, http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201405/0520/HA16520CSTA.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/11/a35-0611.pdf 「新疆生產建設兵團（香 港）招商引資推介會」昨在港 舉行，推介 52 個招商投資項 目，範疇包括紡織服裝、能源 化工、食品醫藥及電子產品 等。新疆兵團商務局局長助理邵安軍表 示，隨「一帶一路」戰略逐步 實施，新疆將成為絲綢之路經濟帶的 交通樞紐和核心區，東邊聯繫亞太經 濟圈，西邊緊接歐洲經濟圈，料將覆 蓋 40多個國家和 30多億人口，資源優 勢和區位優勢已成為經濟優勢，新疆 前景廣闊商機無限。 新疆兵團現有 14 個師， 176 個團 場，總人口達 275萬人，擁有 7萬平方 公里轄區和 2,000萬畝耕地，共 8個城 市，31個產業園區，當中有 5個國家 級園區，共4,000多間企業。 邵安軍又提到，兵團實行黨、政、 軍、企合一的特殊體制，正構築開放 性經濟新體制，新的發展思路是以城 鎮化為載體、以新型工業化為支撐、 以農業現代化為基礎，信息化貫穿發 展路徑。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/07/11/b07-0711.pdf 周四（7日），新疆生產建設兵團建設局（下 稱「兵團」）在港舉行招商引資（香港）推介 會，副局長郭曉軍於會前接受本報專訪時稱， 兵團有政策、區位、資源、體制等方面的優 勢，可以與香港的金融、物流、旅遊、商貿等 支柱產業相結合，利用港資企業的管理理念、 先進技術、營銷網絡、生產加工等方面的優 勢，加強雙方合作，實現資源共享、優勢互 補、合作共贏。
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 新疆广汇石材有限公司是香港和新疆合资的私营企业，利用当地各种花岗岩材料进行就地加工
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 香港海茂实业集团有限公司和甘肃金川鎳都实业公司，广东南海市华创化工有限公司共同投资2200万元合资的金川鎳钴化工有限公司，生产各种鎳钴盐类产品
- xinjiang and hk joint venture 曼帮吉里农业开发有限公司 in 1997; hk invested 新疆啤酒有限公司 manufactured 卢云堡啤酒 for selling in countries independent from soviet union (tdc trade alert jan2000 issue)
- 新疆首家獲得備案的供港澳蔬菜種植基地生產的有機西紅柿和有機水果番茄，一個月以來已陸續空運至香港8次銷售近4噸，受到香港同胞青睞。這些有機蔬果是香港莎蓮娜企業有限公司訂購的，產自新疆巴音郭楞蒙古族自治州相思湖畔「半畝園」有機農場。該農場隸屬於新疆益禾生態農業科技有限責任公司，於今年4月獲得了新疆出入境檢驗檢疫局供港澳蔬菜種植基地和加工企業備案兩份證書。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/08/28/b07-0828.pdf
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 天山毛纺织品有限公司is a jv of xinjiang, japan and hk peninsula knitters set up in jan1981, manufactured products with xinjiang wool and technology from japan and italy； 1995年七月香港溢达集团收购了吐鲁番棉纺厂， 独资成立吐鲁番溢达纺织有限公司
- 溢達是全球 最大的棉質衣服生產商之一，也是香 港首個去新疆種棉花、開展棉花產業 鏈的企業。新疆盛產的是長絨棉， 「長」 也者，是纖維較長，懸垂感比 較好，而且因為質地好，具有絲綢一 樣的光滑質感；此外，柔軟舒適度 高，透氣排濕度也很好。二十 多年前，1990年代中，在大家也不看 好之下，接手父親那盤生意、溢達集 團的楊敏德，到新疆種棉和設廠。楊敏德於1995年接手溢達集團。 當時，全球紡織業陷入蕭條狀態。楊 敏德知道要用提升質素來渡過周期性 難關。她當時做 了一個決定──到新疆去！新疆是產 棉花的大戶，品質也高。想要做紡織 成衣上的高端產品，就要用最好的棉 花。就算現在有合成材料，仍然深信 棉花是沒可能被取代的。 楊敏德對新疆棉花的質量十分滿 意，但當時當地的紗廠很落後，紡紗 和織布的環節跟不上。於是楊敏德據 報投入了5000萬美元，引進最好的設 備開棉紡工廠；不止的，她還管理棉 花種植、收購等環節。原來，從前是 靠當地中介收購商去向個別棉農收購 棉花的，收購中介以重量計價，導致 棉農會為了重量而犧牲質量。楊敏德 決定，跳過中間商直接從棉農那兒收 購。而為了令長絨棉的品質精益求 精，她請了很多專業人士指導農民種 棉。還常年提供免費培訓、零抵押貸 款給棉農。甚至設立獎金制度鼓勵棉 農，不要以量計，要以質計；棉花品 質愈高，他們賺到的錢會愈多。 可以這樣說，1990年代新疆棉花 遇上楊敏德，是雙劍合璧。溢達是良 心企業，楊敏德是有理想、有抱負的 企業家，新疆棉和溢達一起成長。所 以，只談賺了多少錢，不足以反映當 中多元互惠的關係。 新疆棉加上溢達經營上的實力， 最終令中國可以在世界紡織業上佔一 席位。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210602/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- [hktdc jan2000 report on opportunities for hk in nw china] 港资参股改造吐鲁番绿洲宾馆
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/07/17/b10-0717.pdf 經香港《文匯報》牽線並 組織的香港企業高層考察團，13日到訪新 疆維吾爾自治區政府及新疆生產建設兵 團，就「一帶一路」巨大商機與新疆官員 及相關企業作務實交流。考察團13日傍晚 拜會新疆自治區主席雪克來提·扎克爾。考察團主要由 AECOM大中華區首席行政總 裁關景輝和大嘉國際集團有限公司主席、馬 來西亞拿督斯里（爵士）高艾歷領銜的人員組 成。當日召開的兩場座談會氣氛熱烈，雙方就彼 此關心的話題和達成的共識踴躍發言交流。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/07/21/b04-0721.pdf
- 由香港著名工程師、銅紫荊星章獲得者、特 區政府土力工程處前處長陳健碩率領的香港 高校教授工程師訪問團一行 20餘人近日蒞 臨新疆http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/07/18/a18-0718.pdf
- 中華 文化學院（中央社會主義學院）第5期 新疆中青年愛國宗教人士培訓班與第33 期港區省級政協委員國情研修班學員9 日在北京座談，多名學員紛紛表示要做 維護家園繁榮穩定的守護者。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191210/PDF/a11_screen.pdf
- hk investors
- 在疆港商邱偉汶http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201408/0811/HA02811CCXX.pdf
- 新疆發現價值400億金礦 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/08/13/b09-0813.pdf 一家頗顯神秘的 名為「阿歷克斯投資有限公司」的香港企業已經與新疆地礦局成立同源礦業合作勘探，並擁有同源礦業控股權, http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/china/20140730/52744115, http://news.wenweipo.com/2014/07/30/IN1407300011.htm, http://m.news.sina.com.tw/article/20140730/13002829.html
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/11/13/a18-1113.pdf 「60後」港商鄔啟明是新疆烏魯木齊環球國際大酒店（下稱「環球酒店」）的總經理。從小 生長於香港一個普通的草根階層家庭，14歲出來工作至今，已經在餐飲和酒店領域摸爬滾打 30多年，並在內地擁有自己的餐飲和酒店品牌。去年，鄔啟明應邀來到新疆，面對特有的社會 形勢和當下強力反腐的大背景，致力於將環球酒店打造成新疆最好的五星級酒店。
- 香港屈臣氏日前與烏魯木齊高新區（新市區）簽署了關於「屈臣氏新疆總部」項目戰略合作的協議，正式落戶烏魯木齊。屈臣氏中國區行政總裁羅敬仁表示，爭取7月在烏魯木齊開出第一家總店，並於年內在全疆新增3到5家店舖，未來5年在全疆開50家店舖。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/04/b03-0604.pdf
- 由香港美食家、烏魯木齊環球國際大酒店總經理鄔啟明（Simon Woo）一手策劃主辦、為期一個月的「香港美食節」近日正式拉開帷幕。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/06/20/a19-0620.pdf
- 香港四大中資企業之一的招商局集團，日前由副總經理蘇新剛帶隊在新疆考察，並受到中共中央政治局委員、自治區黨委書記張春賢接見。蘇新剛說，招商局代表團此行來疆，目的是為了進一步促進其所屬企業中外運長航集團在新疆對口扶貧的莎車縣、葉城縣脫貧攻堅加快發展，深化招商局集團與新疆各領域合作交流。招商局集團承諾，投資2億元人民幣支持喀什保稅物流園建設，促進喀什綜合保稅區發展。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/14/b01-0814.pdf
- 在新疆經營酒 店的港商鄔啟明，於其酒店推出 「香港美 食節」，慶祝香港回歸祖國20周年。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170702/PDF/a13_screen.pdf
- 花田紡織時裝（香港）有限公司在新疆投資運營的阿爾泰戈寶茶股份有限公司副總經理黃景鳳近日接受記者採訪時表示，企業目前復工率達100%。在做好企業自身疫情防控的同時，更以實際行動擔起企業社會責任。黃景鳳介紹，自疫情爆發以來，中醫的防治極為得力。戈寶紅麻茶是一款純天然中藥茶，疫情期間，該公司提供300盒戈寶紅麻茶支持在那裏奮戰的深圳第二批醫療隊以及湖北省監利縣人民醫院，助力當地全力打贏這場防疫戰，守望相助，共克時艱。黃景鳳說，戈寶公司主要投資方是香港一家服裝企業，質量上幸獲12個以上世界一、二線時裝品牌長期認同，產品出口意大利、法國等歐美國家。花田紡織時裝（香港）有限公司、阿爾泰戈寶茶股份有限公司董事長劉起棠於2002年起先後20餘次往返深圳與南疆，為保護瀕臨滅絕的羅布麻，歷經10年的艱辛，終於先後建立了羅布紅麻興地基因庫、羅布紅麻阿拉洪村培植試驗地、中國首個阿爾泰戈寶麻研發基地、世界唯一的阿爾泰戈寶麻保護區、並實行了前人未做過的「大規模優化仿生培植」。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202003/0327/HA03327CZGG_HKCD.pdf
- 自詡為「資深吃貨」的港商鄔啟明來新疆工作已屆兩年， 目前是烏魯木齊環球國際大酒店的總經理。憑着自幼對美 食的酷愛，以及在餐飲酒店行業幾十年的摸爬滾打，鄔啟 明如今已是圈內外知名美食家。由其親手操盤推出的「港 式早茶」日前正式面向公眾開放。 作為長居新疆、屈指可數的港人之一，鄔啟明個性鮮明， 「三句話不離老本行」。他說自己醞釀推出「港式早茶」已 有時日，直接原因在於對本地現存港式餐飲的不滿意。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/05/30/a14-0530.pdf
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